ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY

1. Fundamentals
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. The
notion of word can refer to a lexeme, word forms or grammatical words.

The notion of word

A word is a linguistic unit made up of one or more morphemes that
can stand alone in a language. A word can be a lexeme, the abstract
vocabulary item that is listed in the lexicon (list of vocabulary in a language)
with a common core of meaning. They are always written in capital letters,
e.g. BOYFRIEND, WORK
Somebody donated a map because I like maps (7 lexemes)
* Somebody is a compound made bay two roots, but its another
lexeme (SOMEBODY)
* Map and maps are two word-forms that belong to the same lexeme
(MAP)
A word-form is the physical realization of the lexeme. For example,
the lexeme WORK has four word-forms (work, works, worked, working). In
this case, the inflection is very little. In Spanish, however, the lexeme
TRABAJAR has around 59 word-forms.
In the case of word forms, we can find syncretism, consisted of the
same word-forms that belong to the same lexeme, but have different
grammatical meaning. Lets take these two sentences as examples:
Usually I cut the bread on the table.
Yesterday I cut the bread in the sink.
In this case, cut is the same word-form, but have different
grammatical meaning, as in the first sentence is the present tense and in
the second sentences is the past tense.
I have a cut on my finger.
In this one, there is no syncretism, since CUT is another lexeme (it is a
noun).
Polysemantic words are words that have several meanings which
are related (one lexeme with related meanings).

Suppletive forms are word-forms related to a lexeme but

grammatically unrelated. In the case of the lexeme GO went is a suppletive
form.

The notion of words, exercise G

I cant stand having to stand on the bus

Homonyms: words that are written and pronounced in the same

way but have unrelated meaning and belong to different lexemes.
Homophones: they are written differently, but pronounced in the
same way.
Homographs: written in the same way but pronounced differently.
Polysemous: words with related meanings. Ex.: column (columna /
fila de soldados)

A paradigm is the group of word-forms that belong to a lexeme. It is a

grid or table consisting of all of the different inflectional forms of a particular
lexeme or class of lexemes. For example, the lexeme BOY has four
paradigms when writing and two when speaking, since both possessives and
the plural noun are pronounced equally.

As explained before, a word can be a lexeme, families of words that

differ only in their grammatical endings or grammatical forms. For example,
the words walk, walking, walked, and walks all belong to the same lexeme.
These are called word forms, differently inflected forms that belong to the
same lexeme.

Morphemes: basic units of analysis

Morphemes are the smallest units of semantic content or
grammatical function that words are made up of. Morphs are divided by dots
(ex: re.place). Morphemes, which are abstract, are realised by morphs, the
physical realisations of the morpheme.

Exercise of morphemes
1- How many morphemes do these words have?
-

Untidy: 2 morphemes {un} or {negative} and {tidy}

Unsafe: 2 {un} and {safe}

Unlock: 2 {un} or {reversible} and {lock}

Under: 1

Undo: 2

Unpack: 2

Unjust: 1

Uncle: 1

2- Divide these words up into morphs

-

Baked: bak(e).ed

Naked: one morph

Retreat: one morph

Reheat: re.heat

Flicker: one morph

Sticker: stick.er

Hardest: hard.est

Harvest: one morph

Cafeteria: one morph

Wisteria: one morph

Enlarge: en.large

Enhance: one morph

Allomorphs are the different morphs that represent, realise

and belong to the same morpheme. In English, for example, we have three
allomorphs for the regular past tense: /ed/, /d/ and /t/.
Allomorphs of the same morpheme are in complementary
distribution, they represent the same meaning or serve the same
grammatical function and they are never found in identical situations.
-

Impossible
/mpsbl/l

Intolerable /nIncomplete
tlrbl l/
plit/

Impatient /m
pent/

Indecent
disnt/

Immovable
muvbl/l

Intangible /nIngratitude
tndbl l/
rttjud/

/
-

/km

/nIncompatible
/kmptbl l/

{negative prefix}

{in}

/n/

/m/

//

Cups
/kps/

Mugs
/mz/

Mazes
mezz/

Carts
/kts/

Keys /ki:z/

Beaches /
bitz/

{regular plural}
/z/
/z/ (after sibilants)

/s/

Allomorphs can be phonologically, grammatically and lexically

conditioned. In the case of phonologically conditioned allomorphs, they
follow two general rules:
1. Insertion or epenthesis: when two sounds are so alike you have
to insert a sound in order to make pronunciation possible (// or
//).
2. Voice assimilation: we make the suffix agree in voicing with the
preceding sound if it doesnt do already.
With regard to lexically conditioned allomorphs, they dont
follow any rule. We just have to learn them by heart. Examples of this type
of allomorphs are, for instance, ox > oxen or child > children.
We talk about grammatically conditioned allomorphs when
there are subcategories that follow some kind of pattern. Depending on the
grammatical function we choose one or the other. Lets look to some past
tense forms:
-

work
worked

shake
shook

meet
met

play
played

take
took

keep
kept

introduce

forsake
forsook

sweep
swept

introduced
ular past

Reg

Types of morph

Subregular

Subregular

Allomorph: several morphs that realise the same morpheme and

are in complementary distribution.

Portmanteau morph: a morph that realises several morphemes

at the same time.
-

Ex: Peter works

{3rd

Brought
person}

{bring}
tense}

{singular} {past

{present tense}

Zero morph: a morph that is not physically represented by any

morph.
-

Ex: Yesterday, I put the carnations in the vase.

Empty morph or formative morph: a morph that doesnt realise

any morpheme.
-

Ex: person personal {person} {al}

-

medicine medicinal {medicine} {al}

sense sensual (sens.u.al)

fact factual (fact.u.al)

Types of morphemes
-

Bound: They cant appear in isolation. Affixes are always going to

be bound morphemes.

Free: They can appear on their own.

-

Ex: work.s

Obligatorilly bound

Potentially free: even though it appears bound

here, it can be free
-

Affixes:

Prefixes: they come before the root (reorganised, incomplete)

Suffixes: they come after the root (homeless, books, truth ful ness)

Infixes: they come in the root itself. These affixes are very weird in
English but in other languages are used a lot.
-

Arabic:

ktb

to write

- k_t_b

means something related with writing

The only English infix appears in the middle of the root

cub. This is a Latin root, which means lay on.
-

Ex: It is incumbent upon you to do something

To sucumb

Circumfix: it surrounds the root (prefix + root + suffix)

-

German: singen

gesungen

Trisyllabic laxing rule: when we add a suffix to a word and it

becomes trisyllabic, the tense vowel (long vowels and diphthongs) is
shortened.
-

Inflectional and derivational morphology

-

Inflection
(grammatica
l)

(basic)
meaning
-

book (noun)
books (noun)
work (verb)
worked (verb)

4. It is marked
further
from
the root than
derivation in
many
languages

2. It produces
word-forms of
a lexeme

5. It cannot be
iterated
(repeated)

WORK:
work,
works, working,
worked

6.
Inflection
only can add
suffixes

Noun -s
Verb -ed, -ing,
-s, -en (written)

1. Does not
alter
the
word-class

3. No shift in
cognitive

Adjective -er,
-est

vsDerivation
(lexical)

worker (n.)
WORKER

1. May alter
the word-class
or subclass

3.
Possible
shift
in
cognitive
meaning

humour (n)
humourless
(ad)

2. It produces
new lexemes

work
WORK

(n.)

4. It is marked
closer to the
root
than
inflection
duck.ling.s

5. It can be
iterated

truth.ful.ness

6. Derivation
can
add
suffixes
and
prefixes

7. It can be
replaced
by
another word
teacher

person

Root, stem and base

Root: the form that remains in the word once we remove the
affixes.

Stem: only applies to inflectional morphology. It is the form to

which you attach an inflectional affix.
Example: in the word teachers, the stem is teacher and not
teach.

Base: all the roots and stems.

- 2. Compounding
-

The nature of compounds

Compounding is another word-formation process, which is

different from derivation, conversion or other word-formations. A compound
is a word that contains at least two bases. It creates new lexemes.
-

Compounds

Derivation (suffixes)

hardbook seller
-

post box

hardship
womanhood

In order to know that a word is a compound, we cannot rely on

orthographic conventions, because compounds can be:
-

Just in one word together (i.e. girlfriend)

Two words (i.e. toy factory)

Hyphenated (i.e. ice-cream)

The best guide is the stress. A compound is typically

pronounced with early stress (the first element).
t
oy factory
-

Compou
nd

(A
factory that
produces
toys)vs

- toy
factory
-

Syntactic
phrase

(A factory
that is
childrens
toy)

There might be exceptions when compounds take late stress.

These are the three rules for late stress:
1. If the first element names a material or ingredient out of which a
thing is made:
-

cherry
pie

rice
pudding

cotton
socks

- Exceptions: expressions involving the words cake, juice or

water have early stress.

- cherry
cake

- ginger
cake

- perrier
water

2. If the first element is a proper name:

3. Wimbledon
Hill

4. Oxford
Circus

5. Camden
Town

6. Exceptions: expressions involving street take early stress.

7. Oxford Street

8. But! Euston Road

9. If the first element names a place or a time:

10.
To
wn Hall
13.

11.city centre

12.summer
holidays

Exceptions: expressions with the word card.

14.

birthday card

15.Christmas card

16.
There can be compounds with more than two
elements, but they will always have a binary structure.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

University teaching award committee member

23.

30.

Syntactic phrases

24.

Early stress

31.

Late stress

25.

dark room

32.

dark room

26.

29.

Compounds

the white house

33.

the white house

27.

moving van

34.

moving van

28.

toy factory

35.

toy factory

yellow hammer (bird)

36.

37.
38.colour

yellow hammer

39.

green

40.
-

red

crimson

yellow
scarlet

Colour is a hypernym of green, red or yellow

Green, red or yellow are hyponyms of colour
Green, red and yellow are co-hyponyms
41.
42.
43.
44.

45.Types of compounds
-

Endocentric compounds: compounds where the whole

compound is a hypernym of the head (the semantic and syntactic
head is in the compound), which means that the compound has
the head inside:

46.

They contain a constituent which functions as the syntactic

head.

The syntactic properties of the head percolate to the entire

compound.

The head is on the right hand.

Tendency for a semantic relation: modification.

In endocentric compounds, the compound itself is the

hyponym of the head.
schoolboys

bookshops

47.
48.
-

semantic and syntactic heads

Exocentric compounds: the semantic head is not inside the

compound, but the syntactic head yes.
49.

pickpocket

butterfinger

50.

51.
52.
-

a type of thiefa person who drops things,

not a type of pocket not a type of finger

Copulative: both of them are important, both are semantic heads

and the second one is also the syntactic head.
53.

Austria-Hungary Empire Sour-sweet flavour

54.What kind of compounds are they?

to typewrite: endocentric

a beehive: endocentric

high brown (very intellectual person): exocentric

schoolboy: endocentric

an undergraduate: endocentric

a wallflower: endocentric or exocentric (shy person)

a turncoat (chaquetero): exocentric

an overcoat: endocentric

a scarecrow: exocentric

Austria-Hungary: copulative

seabird: endocentric

greenfly: endocentric

a bulldog: endocentric

week-end: copulative

a lazy bones: exocentric

mother-child relationship: endocentric

a blockhead (idiot): exocentric

55.
-

Verbal compound (special endocentric compounds)

A complex head (adjective or noun) derived from a verb.

The non-head constituent is interpreted as a syntactic argument of
the deverbal noun (like the direct object).
The meaning is transparent.

56.
57.
58.
59.
noun

60.

shoemaker
v s
noun
s

handwritten
v
s
Adjective

Headedness of compounds

61.
In every compounds there is going to be an element which is
more important than the other: head. There are two different heads:
-

Syntactic head: the one to which you attach inflection

Semantic head: the one which gives the meaning. It can be

inside (schoolboy) or outside (pickpocket)

62.

Compounds are classified following two criteria:

Whether they have a head (dominant constituent of the entire

compound).

If they have a head:

63.

The word-class of the head

Whether the head appears at the right or at the left of the

compound

Examples

64.Noun
noun

65.bookcase
66.pencil case
67.motor-car

68.Adjective
+ noun

72.Preposition
+ noun

69.greenhous
e

73.undergradu
ate

70.wet-suit

74.oversight

71.High Court
75.
76.Noun
77.Adjective
Noun
Percolation (the head gives its features to
the whole compound)
78.Preposition

(head)

79.non-head
80.(modifier)
81.
82.Noun
+
adjective

86.Adjective
+ adjective

90.Preposition
+ adjective

83.worldwide

87.blue-eyed

84.waterproof

88.goodhearted

91.overwhelmi
ng

85.seaworthy

89.hardheaded
94.

92.outspoken
93.undermentioned

95.Prep + verb
96.undersell
97.outstay
98.oversee
99.underestimate
100. overrate
101. Derivation or compounding?
102. There are instances where it is not clear if a word is derivational
or is a compound:
-

Neo-classical compounds (handouts)

Cranberry words (one of the elements doesnt mean anything).

Example: strawberry (straw means paja in Spanish), but in
cranberry (cran doesnt mean anything)

Words like fishmonger and ironmonger. Monger is not a free word.

Words like postman are becoming derivational.

103. The right hand head rule

104. The base of this rue is that in Germanic languages the head of
the compound is on the right. In morphology, we define the head of a
morphologically complex (derived compound) to be the right-hand member
of that word (Williams, 1991). The rightmost element in the word assigns
its properties by percolation to the entire word.
105. In order to prove the Right-Han Head Rule we look at the
inflection, which is attached to the head:
-

Inflection must be attached to the head of the compound

106.

wetsuits (not wetssuit)

Even if it is irregular inflection, it is in the head

107.

wetsuit

fireman

firemen (not firesman)

The inflectional affix moves to the rightmost element because this

is the head
108.
trousers
trouser-hangers
109.
scissors
scissor-handles
110.

binoculars

binocular-cases

In some cases, s it is not inflectional, but a formative joiner of

words. So these words are not exceptions: craftsman, swordsman,
kinsman

Exceptions: you always attach inflection to the head. However, we

may see words like notary publics due to the influence from the
RHHR.
111.
passer-by
passers-by
112.
notary public
notaries public
113.

attorney general

attorneys general

114. That is
-

RHHR is not a universal principle.

Left-hand heads are not rare in romance languages: nios

prodigio

Although right-hand heads are usual in English, there is also a

minority of non-right headed compounds (passers-by, mothers-inlaw).

Inflectional affixes are normally attached to heads, whether it is on

the left or on the right.

115.
116.
117. Do these words contradict the RHHR?
-

Underestimated: yes, you attach inflection to the head.

Bookshops: yes.

Sales receipt: yes. The non-head is plural (the plural of the

compound is sales receipts)

Arms merchant: yes. The same thing.

Understood: yes.

Hombre rana: no.

Scissor-handles: yes.

Turn up: no. Phrasal verbs are exceptional (they are left-headed).

Overseas inspector: yes.

Craftsman: its a formative joiner of words.

118.

119.

3. Conversion

120. Conversion or zero affixation is a word-formation process

whereby you change the word-class without the input word. There is no
change of form. It is the most productive way to form new lexemes.
121. I usually cut the bread on the table but yesterday I cut it in the
sink.
122. In this case, cut and cut are the same word-form, the same
word-class and they belong to the same lexeme. So there is syncretism.
123. I have a cut in my finger.
124. In this occasion, it is the same word-form, but they are two
different lexemes. There is no syncretism, but conversion.
125. Clear cases of conversion (from most common to the
less common)
1. Noun to verb (denominal verbs): to mail, to garage, to rain, to
post
2. Verb to noun (deverbal nouns): a call, a spy
3. Adjective to noun: the poor, a roast, a dyslexic, the daily, a gay, a
crazy
4. Adjective to verb: to better, to empty, to dirty, to open, to faint
126. If we consider, for example, the word down, it could be a
preposition (He went down the heel), an adjective (the down train), a noun
(He has a down on me) or a verb (He downed his beer).
127. Marginal or partial cases of conversion
128. It is not a perfect conversion. It can be made by the shift of the
stress, a change in spelling and pronunciation or a change in the sub-class.
-

Shift of stress
129.
130.
131.
(adj)
132.
(adj)

Early stress
record (n)
present
(n)
abstract

(n)

133.
134.
135.
136.
137.

frequent (adj)
Late stress
record (v)
present (v)
abstract (v)

138.

frequent (v)

140.

/dvas/

A change in spelling and pronunciation

139.

advice (n)

141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
-

close (adj)
/kls/
sheath (n)
/i/
advise (v)

/dvaz/
close (v)
/klz/
sheathe (v)
/i/

A change in the sub-class

o

From uncountable to countable

- tea a tea
-

coffee a coffe

From countable to uncountable

-

146.
147.
148.
149.
150.

goat a slice of goat

We can also quantify, for example, proper names

- Which John do you fancy?

- 5. Productivity
Productivity refers to generality. The more general a
word-form process is the more productive it will be.

Limitations on productivity

Productivity has some constraints that need to be

applied. There can be phonological, morphological or semantic
constraints.
-

Phonological constraints

1. Adjective + en (derivational) = verb

- The base must be monosyllabic
- The base must end in an obstruent (plosive, fricative or
affricate)
-

Examples: blacken, whiten, soften, harden, lengthen

2. Adjetive + ly = adverb
- It is impossible to add the suffix ly to a form that ends with
ly
3. -ee
-

Examples: kindly, elegantly, seriously, *friendlily (it sounds

awkward)
Examples: employee, narrate (euphony: sounds good),
*freee (cacophony)

Morphological constraints

1. -hood or ant
When the base is native, we attach the native affix (maiden maidenhood). If the word is latinate, we attach latinate forms
(participate - participant).
There are exceptions. For example, parenthood is fully
assimilated. The more assimilated are the words, the more
possibilities are for these productions to be grammatical.
-

Semantic constraints

1. un + word (unclean, unwell, unoptimistic, *unill, *unsad, *unfoolish)

Un cannot be attached to words with negative meaning
words.

2. Intrinsic part of something (a blue-eyed girl, a red-haired man, a

three-legged stool, a green-roafed house, *a two-cared family, *a
big-dogged boy)
-

- 6. Lexicalization
Also called frozenness or fossilisation, lexicalization is the
morphological process which is not productive any longer. A
stablished word comes to diverge from the productive methods of
word-formation (the words are outside the norm).

Types of lexicalization

Phonological lexicalization

One of the examples of phonological lexicalization comes

from the use of the suffix ic. This is a pre-accenting suffix, which
means that by attaching the suffix the stress shifts. Therefore, words
like demonic, linguistic, bureaucratic, patriotic or photographic are
morphologically lexicalised.
However, there are some words that dont follow this rule
(i.e. Arabic and chivalric). So, it is said that this words are
phonologically lexicalised.
There are some other words which have been lexicalised
because of an evolution in their pronunciation. These are some
examples:

waistcoat /wes.kt/ ---- /wes.kt/

housewife /has.waf/ ---- /hzf/

forehead /f.hed/ ---- /fr.d/

Morphological lexicalization
-

It refers to the ones that are no longer productive.

Derivational suffixes: -ter, -id, -th

Compounds: pick pocket, killjoy, scarecrow
Inflectional en (for the plural).

Semantic lexicalization

1. Amelioration: a word whose meaning becomes positive

-

nice (originally it meant ignorant), terrific or wonderful.

2. Pejoration: a word whose meaning becomes negative

-

awful, criticise, silly (from happy to foolish).

3. Narrowing: more specific meaning

- deer (from any four-legged best to the animal itself)
- starve (from die to die of hunger)

- meat (from food to a type of food: one mans meat is another

mans poison)
4. Widening
- manage (from
successfully)

handle

horse

to

handle

something

- 7. Phonology and word-formation

-

Lexical morphology

Lexical morphology says how to organise morphemes. From the

root, we add non-neutral morphemes (stratum 1) and then the neutral
affixes (stratum 2). The non-neutral morphemes have a phonological effect
on the root to which they are attached, such as stress shift or vowel or
consonant changes. Neutral morphemes dont have any phonological effect
on the root.
-

Examples:

Word: sanity /snti/

Root: sane /sen/
-

S
tratum
1
S
tratum
2

Morphology
[sane]adj. + [-ity]suf.
[sanity]n.

Phonology

/sen/ + /ti/
Vowel change
/snti/

Non-applicable rule

Non-applicable rule

Word: alertness /ltns/

Root: alert /lt/
-

S
tratum
1
S
tratum
2

Morphology

Non-applicable rule
[alert] + [-ness]
[alertness]

Word: grammarianism /rmerinzm/

Root: grammar /rm/

Phonology
Non-applicable rule

/lt/ + /ns/
/ltns/

Morphology

S
tratum
1

[grammar] + [-ian]
[grammarian]

S
tratum
2

ism]
-

[grammarian] + [[grammarianism]

Phonology

/rm/ + /in/
Stress shift
/rmerin/
Vowel change
Consonant change
/rmerin/ + /zm/
/rmerinzm/
-

Word: carefulness /keflns/

Root: care /ke/
-

S
tratum
1
S
tratum
2

Morphology

Non-applicable rule

[care] + [-ful]
[careful]

Phonology
Non-applicable rule

/ke/ + /fl/
/kefl/
/kefl/ + /ns/
/keflns/

Word: originality /rdnlti/

Root: origin
-

S
tratum
1

S
tratum
2

Morphology

[origin] + [-al]
[original]
[original] + [-ity]
[originality]

Non-applicable rule

Word: officially /fli/

Root: office /fs/

Phonology

/rdn/ + /l/
Stress shift
/rdnl /
Vowel change
/rdnl / + /ti/
Stress shift
/rdnlti/
Vowel change
-

Non-applicable rule

Word: nationalise /nnlaz/

Root: nation /nen/

All in all, in Stratum 1 there are only non-neutral affixes, they

are exceptional and less productive. In Stratum 2, we find neutral affixes,
which are rule-governed and more productive. Moreover, the application of
the rule in Stratum 1 prevents the application of the rule in Stratum 2 (ex:
child > children, *childs). This is called blocking. However, Lexical
Morphology has its downsides. For instance, some grammatical words do not
follow the order of the strata, like in the example of carefulness.
-

- 9. Semantic issues in word formation

-

Synonymy: a similar meaning in words (perfect synonyms are

almost impossible). English is very rich in synonymy.
Example: freedom liberty

You have the liberty / freedom to do this (the same meaning at

least on one or several contexts).

She took a real liberty with me

The Statue of Liberty

- In the last two sentences, they cannot be mixed (they are fixed
expressions).

Antonym: words that have a contrastive meaning. It is said that

antonyms are adjectives and gradable.

Homonyms: two or more words that, written and pronounced the

same way, have unrelated meanings. They are homophones and
homographs at the same time.

Example:

The snake has shed its skin.

I put the spade in the shed (hut)

Homophones: they are pronounced in the same way but written

differently.

Examples:

/e/: their, there

/red/: read, red

/rat/: write, wright, rite, right

Homographs: they are written in the same way, but pronounced

differently.

Examples:

Read: /red/ and /ri:d/

Lead: /led/ and /li:d/

Polysemy: it is the capacity for a sign (such as a word, phrase, or

symbol) to have multiple meanings, usually related by contiguity
of meaning within a semantic field.

Example:

The bridge over the river

The bridge of the glasses

- 10. Borrowing
Borrowing is the process in which the target language
includes or takes words from the source language. There are two
kinds of borrowing: loanwords and loanshifts. With regard to the first
one, it can be direct or indirect.
-

Direct loanwords: it comes straight from the source language to

the target language.
Ex: Omelette (French) > Omelette (English); paella;
siesta; spaghetti.

Indirect loanwords: the word goes from the source language to

the target language through other languages. The more indirect it
is, the more phonological changes it has.
Ex: kahveh (Turkish) Kahva (Arabic) Koffie (Dutch)
Coffee (English)

Loanwords: you take the word from the source language, and you
borrow the word itself with its meaning. It can be direct or indirect.

Loanshifts: you take the meaning of the word from the source
language, but you translate it into the target language.
-

Examples from German: bermensch > Superman

- Lehrwort > Loanwoard

Examples from Latin: Omnipotens > the Almighty, All

Powerful
Spiritus Sanctus > Holy Spirit, Holy
Ghost

Examples from French: a va sans dire > it goes without

saying
-

dun certain age > of a certain age

en principe > in principle

dialogue de sourds > a dialogue of

the deaf

The most borrowed words are nouns and then verbs and
adjectives. Before the Norman Conquest the most important sources were
classical languages (Greek and Latin) and Scandinavian languages. After
1066, the most important source became French, although English had
borrowed some French words before.
-

There are several reasons for borrowing words:

The need for a word when we get in touch with another country.

New concepts that are being created.

Prestige (to impress and to be more fashionable).

Identity purpose (to express that they belong to a certain

community).

Cant find a word to describe something.

Exercise

Can you guess the source of these words?

Food and animals

Barbecue:
Haitian
via
French

Paella:
Spanish
Chocolate:
Aztec
via
Spanish

Tomato: Aztec
via Spanish

Molasses:
Portuguese

Curry:
Tamil
(from India)

Tea: Chinese

Mammoth
(mamut):
Russian

Frankfurter:
German

Moussaka:
Greek

Kiwi:
Maori
(New Zeeland)

Jackal: Persian
via Turkish

Everyday life words

Kayak:
Eskimo

Khaki: Urdu
(Pakistan)

Sauna:
Finish

Democracy
: Greek

Ukulele:
Hawaiian

Tulip:
Turkish

Waltz:
German

Soprano:
Italian

Ballet:
French

Cafeteria:
Spanish

Mayonnais
e: French

Denim:
French

Coach:
Hungarian

Yacht:
Dutch

Native and Latinate words

die
expire

>

walk
>
promenade

limb
>
member

get
obtain

house
>
domicile

Ski:
Norwegian

Sex: Latin

Algebra:
Arabic

gushy
>
sentimenta
l

leave
depart

put out >

extinguish

Kangaroo:
Australia

>

sweat
>
perspiratio
n

>