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Page(s) 1
IAGPA-CSF Forrn 6-R
1 Sep 93

ract i ces and lvlethod s of

[ast-Bloc (Secret) Intel 1 tgence

Serv i c es
by

Federal

0ffice of Crirninal Investigations

Counteri ntel I igence Di vi sion

i Accesslon For
cfit&r
I nttsTAB

w
n

i ilTrc

I t;i:.-.t: t'r o t:l: c o d

I J,r;itllLcnIlo
: n:.sl.rtbutiu1il
/
''
t'-

'0tst i
-.yt

|.

5-c"c1

^tll ,

rt.- |

i_lr__l.-l

I
I

sI

:r:::l',:::

Ii-3g-f ,j.q"-nce SerY:Se

f

f'leth.P

r;ery cl andesti ne i ntel I i gence serv i ces

Hovr can it be combatted?

i{haiis espioirage?
rT

LL

The activities of foreign

Republic of Germany - or:

ffii

The seq-qpnge

ffi$$

1.
?.
3.
4.
5.
5. 1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
7,
8.
8. 1
8.2
9:
i0.

FT
[Fr1

lf$

of

intelligence services against (or in) the Federal

an i nte-l.l i qence operati on:

Assessment

Forgeries.

Infiltration

Legalization

anC

Secret lllriting

Cut-outs
Di rect Contact (lvleeti ng)
Dead Drop (DD)'
Live Drop (LD)
Safeguards

'

Clandestine CommunicationCode Key

Transmission Scheduie'
A-], A-2, A-3 Radio Traffic.
Two-way Radio Communication
l-.istening Devices (Interception Operations)

lntelligence

.,

'

PhotograPhY'

"Photographi ng".
crof i 1m"ing
Concealmenti and Means
.

Mi

of Transmission (Containers)
(0ther) Clandestine Intelf igence Transmissjons."

i5*
I

tii

n{
::.-

ra !-x

1F_r<-M|lr^

rlra*a\^EaLiir*tu{-1r-rtEliltdtM***Iatan&atlM

tspionage Against lhe Federal

Repub;ic of Gerrnany
The Federal Republic ci Gerrany occupies a special place among all sta+-es
parti cu'1 arl y as the targe: anci site of foreign clandestine'intelligence
operafi ons.

As one part of the two Ger,ta:3,s, it'l ies as a buffer between East and West,
between the communist an: free worlds - different from South Korea and
I the former ] South V'i etn an,

agent rings spans --re Feiel^al Republlc of Germany. fastertt intelligence services (insofar as --^..
-,E , J:g to the EaSt Bl oc ) Support one another.
-ir=-v -^''!^

A net

of

t of the agents who hav'e

to date were n]embers cf in3

l'los

J.

GDR:

?.

USSR:

CSSR:

Pol and:

in the Federal Republic of

fc- lcw:ng I nte'll jgence services:

D3en Lnccvered

st,-y for^ S:ate SecLr^ i -r.j (MfS) and i ts

trat,iori icr Ir,:elIi errcs ColIecbion.

14i

ni

Mai

Germany

ACmi n'i

s-

Ko;ri--et 3:su:a-Strer,:oy Bezopasnosti = Ccmrn'i ttee for State

Se.urii,),' (ilcB) and :ts First Main Adrninistration,
Seciict ?. urc --he ir,dependent l"lain Administrat'i on for
Iniel l-i ger-r C lcllec-uion, Glavnoye Razvedovateltnoye
Upravle: ;ra i3a.U).

Federalr,i i,iir,isiel'stvo Vnitra (FMV) Federal l4inistry of

I r",teri ci wi --n i --s l'1ai n ACnri ni strati on for Intel I i gence
Col I ect:o:,, rrl a"'ni Sprd\,/d Rozvedky.
siers--wc Sr raw 1,,,je'y'recznych ( t"1SbJ) ' Mi ni stry of the
intei-io!^, Sluzba Bezpieczersfwa (SB), Secur-i ty Service.

lt'ii n i

Savezni Sekretariiat za Un;trasnije, Federal Secretariate

Yugoslavia:
'
for Internal Matters and i,he Department "Federal Service
for state Secur.ity" (0celjerje Savezne Sluzbe Drzavne
Bezbednosti (SDB)).

In addit,ion to these, a whole row of other states conducts espionage against

the Federal Repubf ic of Germany and 'its f aci I 'iti es. Thei r mai n targets
are: the economy, the German Army, and the polirical part'ies.

q,

Esp'ionage and Ccunter-Esp'i onage

Espionage

is the activfty of ferneting ou+- secrets for the benefit of

an-

other state.

state conducts "esp'ionage" (ma'intairs inielIigence agents or clandestine

of an operational intelligence service) and each state has pun'itive measures - in some cases of considerable severity - against espionagePersons who engage i n espi onage are cal led "fra'i tors". In 1ega1 terms, they
cornmi t "treasont' even i f they tr'ere i nf i I ira:,.qC i i-,to the Federal R*publ i c of
Ge rma ny by a foreign power' e,g. as an cf f i cef ' on speci al assi gnment and
fhus are on an ttofficial nrission".
Each

operatives

in the u:derE.o:rd' CounterintelIigence

in the Federaj'Republic of Germany is the respcns'i:ii'ity of the 0ffice for
the Protection of the Constitution (Federal ci:ice or state offices) and the
Serv'ice (MAD) tcgether with the Office for Security
Mi'l.itary Counterintelligence 'fhe
service respol,sible for operational,intelliof the Federal Army (ASBtl).
gence or information col'lection is the Federal In:elligence Service (BND).
Ti,e intelligence and counterintelligerce services cf the Federal Republic of
Gernany are not crirninal prosecut'icn ager'cies a:C are not compelled to pursue
of Criminal Proceedings.
crininii p.or".ution per Article 163 of -ure lcCe
The prosecution of punishable acts anc --:=:r -'n';es:iEation is the responsibility of -,1,e pciice which for rts part r:y nct, ccnCuci countermeasures in
Espionage

is

"permanent co'ld war"

thi s area.

Thus '"he fi3nt aEainst i-is (:.3as3''-cus) cllense against, state securitY is
ci :v'i ded intc 'r ccJnt,er,nt=,Iiger. ce" t.b-t ti''e Cftlce f or the Protect'i on of the
Const,i tu:i on e rii tne llAD) aic "cr:t''-'al pr3sEc:-t,i 3:r" (b-u police and state
prosecutcrt s U I;1 C3 ,' .
aF-

Spot:
Assess:
Develop:
Recruit:

s-pg!!ri!_

Rernarks:
C

I ande

sti

ne

intelligence services obtain

D-orsonnel replacements from two

SOUTCES:

J.

Recrujtment frorn state offjces (voluntary servjce

ass i gnments and transfe rs ) .

?.

ti ng i n one's own country or i n ihe "targe: arear' 'i n which the

dgent" is to operate 1ater, but alsc ir ar,y "ron-parti ci pati nS" forei gn
cou n try.

but also temporary

Recru,
fl

e i nte.I I i gence servi ces, parti cu i ar1 y ;hcs= c' the GDR, placed more
emphasis on quant,itative saturaticn (many agenis 'i :, nany pl aces ) unti I about
the beginning of the 1960's, far fewer bu-' ilc l^3 Q,3lii'i eC agents are used
today.
!.Jhi I

As a

ruie, recruiting occurs according to ire

spotter-researcirer-rec

ru i

ter

s.vs--96.

Spottinq means f]agging those persons wno.cu'l: be cf poiential interest, to

the intelligence headquarters. The spct:er tesis the person for poss'ibi'lities,
abilities and experience which would apoear to rake:his person suitable for
work in clandestine'intelligence - withou:, hc'*e'.'er, rielving into the personal sphere of the individual.
The spotter reports weaknesses of the.f,ers'ln cr ot:.er avenues pertaining to
the person himse'lf (debts, relat',ves in rh: GDR, ccncealeC criminal
record,
etc. ). Further. the spotter aiso reports circ;mstances and the 'like having
a bearing on the personai sphere of the person (security c'learance).

fi
-J{:.

;:

-.}-Ti

L.'t.\

t }'.t'

* } \'\

R_esearchi nq

The headquar'-ers receives the reports of the spotter and evaluates t'hem.
tJhi'le the spotter essentially only performs "informantt' services, the researcher m;s-, accomplish real invest'igative work" He receives the evalualed
(anc siftec) reports of the spotter to support his research-

Researcirn: (irvestigat'i ng)

means determ'ining

a1'l personal,

p'.,.

itical,

and

c.;..rrrr:.n."s, with all the positive or negative characteristics of

the ":arget person", in order to obta'in a comprehensive picture of him.
In or"der:c be able lo confirm or also d'iscredit the spotter's reports turned
over --o hin for "investigation". he must perform administrative tasks or take
opera:icnal neasures (interviews of persons in the l'ife of the person concerned cr even intercept operations such as mail intercepts and wire-tapping).

ilG;I;l

The r^esearc:er then reports the results

evaluar.es (and s'.fts) these reports.

to

headquarters which again carefully

F-t

(
I

Recruitinq

ting for clandestine 'i ntell i gence servi ce rneans to commi I a person
"i ntel I igence-neutral" to 'i nte I I 'i gence work. Headquarters h as
g'i ven '"he eval uated rePorts of the researcher to the recruiter So that he can
Bgqnu-i

ffi

ionduct, the " recrui t'i ng pi tch".

The recruj-uer Eust always be able to adapt himself to the indiv"idual potent'ia1
agent, 'i.e. he must use a different basjs for recruiting different persons.

f.

ideology should be at the forefront but actua'lly assumes the srnallest

position; it is practically never successful with i'ecru'ited "citizens
of the Federal Republic".

?.

Fi nanci

ai

I nducement

a) Bribery (greed or neerl of the person to be recruited).

b) Extortion (intimidation to compe'l the person to act followed by a
"generous payment").

3.

Materiai Inducement (promise of lucrative deals)-

4. Int'imidation (threats aga'inst the person himself or relatives

in the area of jnfluence of the headquarters),,
5.
6,

J,

residing

Extor--icn (compromising material which can be real or forged and whose

purlicat:or or release can be threatened).
"utdei^ the\a'rcr! :1ag" (a pel'son relieves ne 'i s bei ng recrui ted for a
pri ,/ate firn cr a "cwn or friend'l y intelligence serv'i ce". )
False flag operations -- used by Israelis
ly RecI^uiting (wit,hcut pr-i or "=p3r,:i-g" cr "researching"),

Cpportr.in-,

Th

The commitrnent for work

orally or in writing.

Cornnri '"me

t,

in a clandestine intelligence servjce

can be

made

The wording of the declaration is not prescribed and is usually'indiv'idua11y

tailored Uy ttre recruiter to the person being recruited (see the example
bel ow)

A person who has commi tted hinrself for work in a c I andesti ne 'i ntel I i gence
servicef can generallY not avoid perforr'ri ng such wcrk. He wcrks as 1 ong as
the headquarters desi res but not a bit lonqel^ e'i ther !
The relationship can only be terminated

J.
Z.

fcr

the

follorving reasons:

death

deacti vati

on

a) for a specified period (conservaiicn) rcstly for security

(by warning signa'l via rad'ic bu: arsc by other
tel ephone, couri er).

reasons
means such as telegram'

permanentl y

because
because

of
of

ac'.:r-e

danger:c::'

unlrcduc--'i venesq

a3ent
source

cf ihe

source (9..s. douule asent); in this

;;;;;;; o; ffiliau,llTF-i:e
case. ocstl!T-pp ri eC_'*,?-,.. "pl ay na:eri al " or orherwise played into
t.he hands cf -,:,e o:pcsirg ccu:terinielligence.

ri^Tt"'"
Comir

i tne

nt

Dec

'

ara:i

on

service rvitho',t reservaI commit myself io work for --he Scviet intel'l igenceextent
it'i s in ty power to
the
tc
ssuec:re
tion and to carry out ihe orCers'i
Should I ever
service.
tigence
in'"el
Scviet
ilie
cf
do so to the satisfac--ion
--o
work
with
me Or
who
me
persons
knowr.
other
or
erdanEer
commit treason
the
expect
am
to
I
activj:y,
oi
espionage
the
cJurse
in
me
known
to
become
'i'he Sov'iet
harshest punishmeni from the Scviei'inte'lligence service.
intelligence serv'ice has the rea:s to ajso reach me in the t'Jest.
N

ame

Forqgri es

al

Par:i

Forgeri es (simp1 e or general forg eri

es )

ialsifications
-ctal Forgeri es
fu11y back-stopped
I

ha

f-bac k-s top

carti

nct

il i

ped

iy

back-stopped
back-stopped
a1

locunents (passports, identity documents, and other written or photographic

133resentations provid'ini personai or materia'l information) that are "interes:ing" for a clandestine intelligence service or are othervtise needed and
;t which the originals cannot be used by the opposing intelligence service,
- .. io"ged.

rce these ;orgeri es do not 'i nvolve "criminal s" but ratheri nvol ve a
"tcrge.y workshop operated by the state so-to-speak. forgeri es by an i ntel 1 i :31ce servi ce are di ff i cul | (for the non-spec'i al i st impossible) to detect,
S:

Fcrgeries -,n categories A and B are practically no longer used by intell'i;erie servlces today; they are mentioned here in the interest of completeness:

'1-

al

?ar''.i

Foroeri es:

Th:y primarily involve passports, identity documents, _or other official

of whicir someone i11ega11y acquired "blank forms" (during a
:jc:'rre:,ts
o: ine r,
i-^6lnef: at a Registry Office or the like)' fills them in w'i th a false name
personally or prov'ides
i anc possi bi y affi xes a photograph), and uses them
then --o cihers for use, In this connection' it is of no consequence
xhet.rier s:cl en cr f abri cated stamps were used.

lal

fi

s:

cat ions

{,r-rhen:i: (ctf i cl al'l y i ssued) docul,ients are a'! tered. 0n docurilents wi thlrt ^,hn-- 1craJ.ls, erasures or razor del eti ons are made to the original
Lex:; on Das S pcrts ar,d :hot,c i denti ty dccurnents, photos are swi tched and
acci ii cna i al'"erati cns nay al sc i:e rnadeVJUr'llVvVL

nce t,he f orgel i. categori es A ar:d B are detected rel ati vely easily, they are
nrar-ticaliy unsuitable for intell-i gence purposes.
S'i
Fr,

c.

-.u

I vu

Total

Fcr-geri es

are fal s i fi cati cns i n wh i ch nothi ng i s authenii c i ncl udi ng the materi al
of rvh'i ch t,hey are r,lade (paper, bark cl oth, etc. ) . Thi s type of forgery
'i s preferred alrnost exclusive'ly by intelf igence serv'i ces. The samples
are "acquired" itt that an orig'inal i denti ty document ( or passport, dri ver ' s
licenser etc.) are photographed or reproduced duri ng the ownerrs border
crossitlg without the owner tak'ing not'ice of what 'Lranspired,

10

f the total forgery and the ori gi nal correspond i n every deta'i I
for the photograph), the forgery is referred to as being
f_u l].v b,ac ls-stopped or as a d"oub l,e i denti ty doculnent, passpoFt, etc
I

(except

y the "of f i ci al partt' are the same i n forgery and ori gi na1
(nunber, offi ci al seal , i ssu'i ng agency, i ssue date, etc, ), the forgery
'i s considered
belf back-st,opPell.
3. ]f a Lcta'l forgery contains entries from severa'l orig'i nals, it is
referreci to as partial'ly back-stopped.

?.

If

onl

+. If the forgery only bears the same number as an authentic identity

document anA ut 1 rlmai ni ng entri es are at vari ance w'i th the ori g'i na1 '
it is not back-stopped.

10

T'F

.L.L

f*.
n:e l l i gence l i fe hi story" of an agent.
, - i UU s or authentic (authentic to the extent
that r't contains
a of the agent but another name or even the life h-i storv
f..hS_Co

-l-'^.,

.l-l
|UUU
'-l

' i nn
'tv v I tllf

pers on

t :r3 ccver , the agent so-tc-speak receives another "self".

j:E trcn ou iside the area of operations,
he is "infiltrated"

2f

agent. must be

jn better

comrnand

of his cover than h'i s

own

If he is
with tlrjs
rife history.

i1

L2

*.f,

H
ffi

The Infiltration

fr
H
.c
{L
x.

ii

iJ

"J

'J

id
H
;1
.J

T
.J

'j
u

The secret border crossing of an agent vrith the knowledge

of his headquarters or hii case ofiicer js referreJ to u,

A border crossing'is also secret, if, it occurs openly but is not recognized
as a secret crossing bv thilSppropriate authcrii.iesi (ivitn-tui."'ili".. o.
the rike).

infiilration point for East Bloc ageits'is the Friedrichstrasse

in the eastern sector of Berlin.
Until construction of the Berlin rvall :n 1951, 'infiltrations at other border
The-main

rai'lway station located

crossing points was relatively simple; --lday they are inposs.i b'l e or nearly
impossible in nany areas.

H
F'
4,

It

ifr

It

llts
lfi

li
It

of or at the d.irection
infiltration.

l};::ll;"i,.|;ri::i::.who
-cou
'i

are

tc

becc;re co=r-a:icnar

'

the rorlowins are

ri ers

nstruc+r,ors (theoreti

cal

instructor"s (teciinical

knciv e:ce

kricv/l edce'i

recru i iers and oiher case

cffi:e:s.

1r)

t/

L3

The Leqal i zat'j

on

living in the target sfate (country of operations) like a

false personalia (and papers). The cover forms the
lEilcitizen despite
baiis for lega'l -ization: the agent receives strict instruct'i ons for h'i s conLega]ization

means

duct wh'ich he must fol

I or,r.

Remarks: Agenci es control 1i ng agent,s i r :he ccuniry of operati ons are cal I eo
%sidencesf'; their agent. handlers are cai'l ec "Res'i dentst'. There are "legal"
and "illegal" residences. Legal resiCe:ice : enbassyr trade mi ssion, consul ate,
etc,(i.. a 1egal representative of a c3'irl-t'-v' i n rhe tar get country).
I I lega1 residence = "resident," cl andes*'i vel',' carri es out agent handl er functi on
but officially pursues a cover occupat,ic:,
An example

of

legaf ization the resrden" :cup:e

BAUDE:

Heinz and lngeborg Baude, married to one anc-'her in the GDR' are'infiltrated
into the FRG-as the unma.ried refugees !ie:rich Schroeder and Helga Eimert in
order to be later activated as resicie:.-"s. The-v are both sent to the same
refugee camp. There they "meet one arc--h3:", They provid"-g considerable
umornt of false docurnents to legitimize --^.e'r personalia. A'l I are made out
in the'ir cover names. Problen! Total fcrgeries? Officially'issued identity
documents consist'ing cf aufhentic 3lF. iCe:.:::y document paper-with false
(driver's
namesl They narry tnd then apply 'or -e* iCer,t',ty documents
'in
the
names
of D. Schroeder
Cer
nany
licenses, .i.. ) in the Federal ielu: irc:
Thus
are legalized'
they
dcc;:ients!
and Helqa Schrceder nee ii:e-: - au;her:ic

r3

L,*

Secret l,lri ti

nc

Secret wri ti nq i s rvri tten commun'i cati on wli'i ch are not readi 1y readabl e
mu;t-Tirst be translated cr made readable. There are two calegories:

and

A) visible secret writ'in9 (a1so called "crypi,cSraphy")

B) invisible secret writing
A.

ca1led latenr rvriting.

Vi s i b-lg._Secret

Writi

nq

l.

writing" (also referred to as "Robber ABC" in the vernacu"Hierogiyr:-c

lar). -r"--.-..= u.. ,ibttituted with symbols (circles, angles, stars, etc.)'

2.

"ForeiE;r i*r'i--i:,g symbols" =

e.9. cyrillic alphabet (if a Gernan text is

vrritren'*-::.- "1,]ssian" letters, it can only be deciphered by persons

a; leasi '".ncw i:e cyrillic a'lphabet. ).

who

letters of the alphabet are "mixed up";. an. ccr.,sonants are separated in such a way that pronouncable
bu-- seise ess;v:rCs are formed.
4. "Br:i.le' = coes not have to be identical to "authentic" Braille.

3.

"Transccsi:;cr-, Aiphabet" = the

oflen

y,3!;e-.s

which:s a rule are not identi-

5.

"l,'orse Signs" = 3gries of Cots and dashes

cal tc -,'e !..:'se alp:abe'"'

6,

"Incr-yp--=c ivr::irig" (-rhe ncst used visible secret vrriting in inte]lig"n".)'= l--,uers tr^e substi:rte,i wi.L digits or numbers. Used in c'l an-

des:ir',e radic corr.un'i :a-'icns (se= radio rey).

of Code" = cer--aifl pfCo';erninec phrases are used for commun'ication:

(".S. "Uncle Fritz has:aken'iIl" cc-ld mean: "the'last film was unusable:
or something sin:ilar).
B. Invisible Secrei hr^'i-u-'nq
secret writing is also knorvn as "laten: writing" of "'latency
This type of
-ft-inuoiues
wriiing that is present tut'is "absolutely invisible"
"riii;;ll.
and muit f-irst be made visibie (developed) in crCer to be read.
7,-

".Jse

"l.rlater Wri

ti ng"

a) "tlater immersion writing" - an innocuous text is first vlrjtten on the

paper (with a water-resistant mediun such as a ballpoint pen, penc'i1,
Lti:.); then the paper is placed in water and subsequently onto a glass
p1ate. A message is then rvritten "between the lines" vrith a hardwood,
agate, or glass penc"i1. After dry'ing, noih'ing can be seen of the
secret text. After the paper is again piaced jn vrater, the writing
can be seen as "yrater marks" when a light is placed behind the paper
or is used to'i'l'luminate it from an angle.
b) "hater writing" = paper with a smooth (coated surface) is vrritten on
rvith rvater instead of ink. After drying, the vriting is invisible;
t4

15

b!

:l

t.

,,{a
d,

_t

a,ta

-t'
II
I
t

.'

however, the rvater has nade the coated surface dull vrhere it has come
contact vrith the paper. It can be read with illumination from a
"poi nt I .ight" sou rce appl i ed at an ang'l e.

in

Both these processes are no longer used by intelligence services because of

the danger of detection.

?.

"Chemical writing" = any chemical (regardless of whether from organic or

'inorganic cher.ristry) is suitable for crealion of jatent writing. The on'ly
requ'irement is that the rvriting be done on a surface (carrier) on which
the writing-is cornpletely inv'isible and remains so after drying. Latent
vrriting can be accomplished either by
a)
b)

use of a llquid (a liquid secret wri ti ng materi al ) or

through transfer vrith dry chemi ca I s. Both method s are used by
i nt.el I i gence servi ces,

a) "'liquid secre! writing substances" are those chemical so'lutions which

are used like ink but, are not visible on the carrier. Pract'icai'ly
all headache medicat'ions or other medications that are soluble in
rrater or alcohol are suitable for thejr producl'ion. The only prerequis'ites are complete invisfbility after dry'ing and the capabiiity to
later initiate a "color conversion" by chemical reaction. (Example:
!'irit,ing w'ith dissolved starch - invis'ible on white surface. If the
entire paper is treated with an iodine solution, the paper turns a
brownisr color but the wrjting furns a violet color. (0r: citric
acic and high heat; quinine so'lution and ferric chloride).
b

t'C-paperf
The prcces s ;,rst f reqientl;v used tcday i s the use of
sheet cf paper is p ref,ar ed or thi n I y coated wi th a "whi tet' chemi cal
(simi lar^ tc carbc:, parer jei ng ccated wit,h a bl ack or bl ue substance).
paper ((t'c-paper"
carbon Paper
rike a conrnerclal
connerc'ia'l caroon
Th" ".-paper".s'..:seC
s ,Jse3 exac!iy
exact'iy tlKe
prccess
was
known
as the
I969, ihi s
car'con paper ) . i.Jr,ti I abc:'t
t'
l

"contact pap'er

h)
rr

'r"Oa
vveJJ

is placed on the back siCe cf an innocuous-leller and

another sheei of paper is p'laceC on i:p cf tie c-paper. The message
is written on the top sheet wiih a soft, renctl. At the points of
contacf with the paperr ihe cheriical :ari'.cles are transferred from
the D-paper onto the underlying siee:. S-.nce they are rvhite on a
white surface, they remain invisible. They :an De made visible by
means of a chenrical react'ion (through a s:ec'ific deve'loper).
The c-paper

Practically any sheet of paper is su'itable as a c-paper. Depend'ing

on writing pressure and the amount of writing, it can be used 30 to
50 times before 'it is "useci up".

t5

L6

i?

\T

tt

Jl{
'.i{.r
*g

#
FI
-1

,!

ntel I i qen-c,e. Servi ce

Dead Drops
Li ve Drops

i+

H
*1

hl
.\
l!
a

li
.1

$
T

il

In order to maintain the clandestiness and its associated separation of

agents from one another to the greatest extent possib'le ("compartmenta'lization"), many intell'igence services use cut-outs whereby the agents do not
meet directly or exchange information directiy,
A "dead drop" (DD) is a depository used by intelligence personnel (usually
the agent and a cour"ier). The size of the DD'is dependent on the amount or
size of the material.

is "estab'lished" according to several firm rules:

1. A DD must be easily accessible by public means of transportation.
2. It is to be eslablished in areas not consp'icuous to third persons, i.e.
it should not be discovered by playing children or alert passers-by.

A
H

*
il
H

q
j
I

i-r
lr
llIt
l1
t,

DD

is to

3.
4.

The DD

5.

Each DD receives a name. This is particularly important if several of

such Cepositories have been eslab1ished by one agent. This should preclude errors in referring to specific dead drops.

6.

The agent reports the estarl'isrnent

of a sketch.

7.

Each DD has approach safeguards.

l^
la

i 'i
lr
I i:

Cu.t.-Outs

Ir

be kept as small as possible.

0n1y those locales are to be selected for the estab'lishment of a

can be accessed inconspicuously at any time of day or night.

of a DD io his

DD

headquarters by

that

means

of intelligence materia'l at such a cut-out location is called

the
dead drop".
"servicing
A "'live drop" (LD) is aiways a human being, a person who relays intelligence
material without being conscious of that fact. An LD is arranged. Bot,h DD
and LD can be either "mcbile" or "staiionary". lt'lobile DD are also referred
to as "rolIing DD": depositories iir Iavatories of trains or in other transportation means between [ast Germany and f'lest Germany.

The deposit

I
It.

t.
-t

f1

tlr

c
H

tr

Mobile LD are often trave'lers between East Germany and tJest Germany who take
along "gift packages". Stationary LD can be persons who are asked by.-"friends"
to hold-packages or the l'ike so that these can be picked up by other ''friends".

F.

E
F-.

E;

ts
ff

(DD and LD) is that they are "cut-outs",

i.e. they are serviced by one person and pick-up'is made by another. If one
and the same person "services" anci p'icks up the materiaj from a DD or LD,
the main characterist-ic of a "drop" is missing. In such a case, it is merei;'
an "intelligence cache". The path taken by Lhe inteli'igence material (i.e.
from headquarters to the agent or vice versa) is of no consequence in fer:rs

The one

criterion common to all drops

of the operation of a DD or

Er

F
F.
Ft

fr,
b

E:
alr-

;t

*:

3rr

f.:.

LD.

_t,
,

't

D{l

t'r

1?

Hiij
F""

w
F.:

{.
fr

l ntel I'iqence Cut:0uts

The Aqenl Contact

A "contact" is a clandesline mee'u'ing cf intelligence persons. If two agents

(e.g. an agent and a courier agerri) who do not lnow one another are to meet,

a) recogniiion signai s and

b) recognition safeguards
are arranged which are

to

preciude cc:fus:ng the'identity

with that of the "contact parlner".

of

another person

a)

Recognit'ion signals must be rnristakable; this is a basic rule for

clandestine meetings. 0ne co.tact partner must be at a predetermined
location at the prescrjbed iine and must have a certain item with him
that fs visjble (e.g. a white carnat'ion in a buttonhole) or he must
perform a specific action (f igh*" a cigarette, drop 'it, step on it to
extinguish it), The other pe)'son steps up to him in such a way that
Lhe first person can recognize :is recognition signal.

b)

The recognit-ion safeguard then follcws. It can consist of 'tcontact

signals", for examp'l e: eacn of -.he'uwo agents receives one ha'l f of
an item that must be ioined to form a whole (a button broken apartr a
postcard torn in two, etc.). -.0r, passwords are agreed upon ("coffee
prices in Braz'i1 are dropping" - answer: "But, I prefer tea"). 0ften
recognition with the aid of an i:en and verbal recognition are mixed;
the same applies to safeguards, of course.

17

1S

:J
cJ
!l

RJ
vr

si

d
f,

Intel'l i gence Cut-0uts

.1
-4,
..,

t-t
A

Safeou ards

',f

3
is
q
t

t
I
I

i
a,

Approach Safeguards

l.{arning S"ignals and 0ther Signals

.j::r-:ach safeguards are required for each dead drop and ai'l'live drops. They
::-s'st of both a pre*sign and a post-sign. As a rrle, these are small .itemi
:'s::e kird which are deposited at certain s'ites (thumb tacks, bott'le corks,
::--.r :cxes, or the like) or signa'ls that are marked some\rhere with nencil
cr cial<. These sites are usually located relatively far from the depositories.

-:e:r purpose is to inform a partner agent rrrhether, for example. the dead
.-cf, |:as h;en serviced or picked up, or whether there.is the suspicion that
--r-e ceac drop has been discovered by counterintelligence
and is under surt'danger safeguard"
is effected). Example: an agent
"eillance (in i.his case a
se:'t:cec his dead drop then affixed a thumb tack to the frame of a shop ninc:r and ihen stuck a bottle cork behind a downspout of a house. If the agent
rl: Cetecied a danger, he uas to have used a white thumb tack instead of a
;:':-colored one. The warning signal of the courier. 'in case he had detected
:1--:er, ccnsisted of substituting the bottle cork of one firm for that of
'

2F^-10r
b'
v!r.br

-= :'clli

:g

-2eo
\rUJL?

e--3r,

Ii

dlt i

ve d rop

ntel

res i ded

across the street from a clock store.

gence agent, had the

drop. A kitchen clock in the

se: 3t 5 c'clcck. In case of danger, fhe store
: ::r --t '2 o'clock.

sole responsibility of sur-

disp'l ay window was constantly

owner would have set the

:' i:fcmaticn signals are affixed by agents for agents, I ney serve
-- i:s:I uc-- an agent (tc do something pre-arranged or not to do some-,--i:-:
'":e :irect ccniact between intelligence per"sonnel.
-l't

se.' ca:, -,aie

Ii
rO*;3

es 'i n the fact that the target person

them wi thout attracti ng attenti on

of

t3

1e

ll
R

-d,

"'1.-,-,-.

andest'i ne Radio Comrnunication

.ja j or {gI!
9?4, intelligence services have used radio communication
--o a'l'l oiher means) for relaying messages. Since then, the
beco:re considerably more detection-proof but the systems

same. For encryption or decreption (enessentially

the agent commun'icator requires encryption
Je:"iphering)."he

l:-.:---e.: A ccnver^ter is used as a "main keyttwith whose help 1et::r''s ca- )e converted to numbers, and vice versa. This type of key
ant
years old and is traced to Julius Caesar" The converted
> ::l-:2-1C0
:
- LJ
s s:- ; :cCay called "Caesarrr in intelligence iargon.
i.

JV

:':-.,.'--he agent has one

''::---:
r,arion key":

:ive
g

rc,

(or more) encryption keys also referred

in an endless chain of sothey are on f i lm or paper stri ps, they

t'nunrbers

nunbe,'s are combined

ps

[dhen

of thei r i nf ini te f ormaf .

each agent and for each transmjssion,
nurnbers worrnrr, or i n i ntel I i gence i argoil,
lr,e agent recei ves numbers vi a radi o communi cati on
,:3-:'r,:'' w'i r,-h those in thetti-worrnrr and deciphers the
-s :,: :*e "iaesar'r converter. 0r he takes nurnbers from
:ic: i;:s ihenr by rneans of the tti-worfittt and 'i s now able
: 3n- f^31:C ngSSagS,
as the

vary
"'i :Ci v: dual

,gr,3uDS

for

wormrt because

Bror: \i:': -r-3 3;g-t, 3-c :-e ^caJ';uarterS must use the same issue of
;he bcc.:, ;h: :31.'i ke, :,3s:i:'' set'^'Jes as a converter. The nevJ numbers
cbtainei v'ia 3 lu-:,e:^s rr3rrn .:o:lired v,''i th tho se conta i ned i n the
t,ranSm'i ssicn) r'^epr:se-: pa;e -; u ji:'S, line nuFlbers, and number of I etters.

c: a t'Cagsarrt , the I etters of ( not

:ie:c r i zed by the agent, are contoo long) a ser,tence
verted to numbe:^s wh i ch are use'j tcr encrt'pi'i on.
,.,-.--1, t,he al:
'*h : cn n'u s i, )=

d)

f$gl,qp.ry. Sentence Ke v:

e)

l'lemory 1'Jo_f4: The I et"ters of a prece--3riri:.ec i.,'"crc are extracted from

the al phabet and are assigr-,ei :irle's; lt: reriain'i ng I etters are
sequenti al I y nurnbereC wi;h twc-ci:;it n'i1be,^s and are used for
encrypLion.

f)

[4emory Sentence

Cqrnbination: lhe 1e:te:s cf a nenory.,sentence are

numberillnE are sorted al phabe"'i cai i 5': i.:e f : rst "a" = I , the second
2, the third = 3, etc. lihen al l ''a's'' are numbered, the fir st
"a"
rrbrr =
is assigned the next number and sc on:.:nt-'il lhe ent'ire text of
the sentence is converted tc digirs and numbers. The advantage of
this procedure is that, no number is used twice; the disadvantage is
that the lowest number a'lways represents the letter "a". This method
is used in place of a "Caesar". By constanily changing the starting
number for "a", new converters can be crea;ed again and again.
19

?0

3/

code chilts: some intel'ligence services use code charts, r.cgether

with a "Caesar". on which frequently used phrases are represent,eC
by (mostly 3-digit) numbers, In this wayr a radio transmission can

be shortenecj considerabiy.

h)

Key: This usually invoives one of the codes described

c) through f) which are on'ly used in case the agent had to
destroy all his codes.
Emeroengv

under

ij.

C.

Transni ssion Schedules

a)

Chart: In order to enable the agent to adhere to the exact transmjssion and receptfon times, he has a "time chart,'from which weekday,
date, and time can be read or computed. various intelligence services do not provide any documentat'ion to their agents for this purpose; in such casesr the agent is g'iven fixed reception times which
he must adhere to,

b)

Call Gloup Chgrt: Each agent has a different ca1) group or identity
group for each transmission. This group must be delermined from the
''call group chart". Such a chart 16oks'like a part, of an " -i -worlntf
(one._or two columns) but is usually not on "soft,'film but o n t'norma I
f i lrn" and not posit'ive but rather iregative (black numbers on clear
background in soft filnr; 1ight numbeis on black background on t,he
cal 1 group chart). Some intel iigence services combine the cal'l group
chart ard'uime charts.

Time

2a-a^

'->++r^

i^i
.ut,v

--

-:

A-l racjic traffic is a :w3-way Forse-teleErapny communication

between the
headquarters anc -,ne ager--; --hi s means t,hat, I i ke the headquarters, the
ageit tcc m;Si' iave:ra:tS:iSSjon:-d
receivinc p:r..i
todav usuarlv o,reraies in the "ro,.'1,::::'lllirll;,!lill;r.li:1";;'lln':n'
high speed. Such transntssicns car, *,nerefcre, not be broadcast directly
(1ive) but rather are prepared befo:^eranc anc are run on "tra":miision
machin":l'. The pick-ups operate with perfcrated iape or n:agnetic audio
!up*. They have a speed of up to 2400 nunibers per minute; iheir audio
frequency is approximately 20,000 tc ?Z,c-ic Hsrtz. These comnuni.iiton
devices are small and easy to handle but with tricxs and manipulation can
have a worldwide ranee.

A-Z Traffic

traffjc'is a one-way morse transmiss.ion from headquarters to the agent.

The agent has a receiver (radio); accordingiy, he can neither respond to
or confirm the transmissions of the headquirters. In this case too,
lransmiss'ions occur at high lpeed (400 to 600 numbers per minute) or are
recorded by the agent, rec;ified and deciphered.
A-2

}{
g

EJ

ii.

f'.F
F#'
r {:'
E-"

A-J I raftlc

a;

9-;:
E"Fq+

is (l'ikewise) a one-way (radio)

!'=
F=

t=

transmissjon from headquarters

tr
tr

20

'fr?
a;i.1rhi

21
>r -L

5l
fl;1
Eta
ri"r*{

-.t
I..-

i}.:;

ft
t{

+rJ

f,
case too the agent is tflghle to transmit. He
which
are spoKen i n groups of f i ve; he rnust wri t,e thern
receives numbers
down, "comb'i ne" them rvith a "corirrT'runi cati ons k*ytt, and f i na'l 1y, deci pher

to the agent. In ihis

thern.

H
fi
ij,1

i&

fraffi c takes p-i ace cn shortwave frequencies. Every

a shortwave tanc is suitable tor rece.qt'i on of such commun'i-

Al I communi cati ons

wi th

rad i

cati

on s .

Suppiemental devices are required

Transmi ss'i on equ i pnrent i

for A.-2 tr affic.

s requ'i red f or^

,
-f\l.

??.
att'l I

tal

l\ri

IH

21

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23

.ETanrp.Le: 0eci pheri nq

(f{ai n I nte 1 1 i gence Di rectorate of the
GDR !'f i ni stry for State Security)
Excerpt frorn an [-worm
( Shown ; B loc t< tl -El
b I oc ks

are

nurnbe

'

1!,

?3364 r,t,?Bg t9723 ?1253 ?.Bt,zL 1?202

55020 830ri3 48932 7|g'.l9 50106 t,J/,?"i
5g1BO 9BlB 5 16299 03482 59741 9']?:tt-

red )

33839 64412 35439 47033 09431 151i1

??6t$ 98161 8270? 2 ?84 t 01t r,

Identi ty Group (or
'-!t 'cal l number)
Lhe seven groups of five that
fol low are needed, then cut off
and destroy Lhe "used" portion!

- -

3sB0i J2{e0 00318.'.B01eL 51800 . ?5085.

- J-:,."'0-s5-50

sgitf T1z 6g 98309 86198 ?{B1z

033/,8 4 0/,03 3??Bg ?1250 2g/,$4 329?5

957/,f 9553/. 5?535 1?33:t

53?.{

1 t:'tgt

864ss 21717 15849 s0263 36?{ 3

u "Cagsar"
.'
'F The l etters I
.R I N S T E
are "sr ngle-digi t":
al 'l olher l etters, s i gns
and code words are read by
the i ntersecticn method
and are Z-Cigit
, Examp'l e;
9l E Attccntactt'
35 =

620?5

. -?-

rl---

?1681

10?658tr973
N

(D

1t
o
-t

*tr{)
tu'

7
3

H
=
o
(n

.*Q
-1 3
3l

..rd
:JC
lof

d'o o.
o
-1 o(D
l
i<* l

e'

rt')
so

z5

|_

cll

In
g''

Nr

Ei
3? W
a

3 n-r
s(o.!
-.-J.l

.<
o

Ei-@

ty Group" wi th
+', ''tO*tl
the number of g roup s
Groups recei ved '
Groups determi ned
tt
f rom the I -Llorm"

Result

(deduce

wi fhout
ttcarrytngt'
the ten

- -

then

Letters determi ned

from the "Caesar"

Erwa rte drinoend Nadrrio\ t

IUrSently a'rrait

messageJ

23

24

Examp r e

for
Deciphering

1.

Cal I

of

the

of 66.6fi. 197X, ,|100 Hours

an A-3 Transm'ission

t"o::at

" 08309

(Identity

2, Call:

(at

"Attenti

i on

0 5rt

Transmi ss i on

Group

on

11

05 hours

08309"

Separati

11 (one, one)"

on

number

of 5

nurnber

groups to fo I 1 ow )

each 5-di gi t group

are written

n after 1i00 hrs)

( ! I identjty Group
(

Beg i

down

repeated once)

'l s

as they are broadcast

(a total of 11 groups).

t'i-worm" are
The e eve- 5-ci,:',t g:o,.rps that follow the identity group in an
wri'uien :el i'*' :re nJ-Jer grcu,ts that are transmitted. The individual numbers
are then su:ira::ei froi-, cr.e a:ciher, number by number (Chinese subtraction:
'if t:e bot--::r nJi-:3r is :ar^Eer thar the top number, 10-is added to the top
nUmf,er a rC ::? S-:--arC:i
c:i cri -i s l:.f crn'ec wi r.,hcut cal ryi ng the one( Exarnpl e:
"6 minus I = E"),
The resulting n-:lerS a:C

the "Caesart'.

:igits

ar^e

?ranS,at:C in'"c ;etl.ers with the aid of

If the resul'"'is'l ower than "6", 'i -' i':e-ls a s-:;'e-iigit nunber (from 0 to
5); if it'is higher, it -"'ields a Z-cji3:: -rn::- i;'c:r 73 lo 99). The number
6 in the result means tha: the next :hree 'i;::a!^s r,3; --3 )e ca:rli nec 'i nto a
3-digit number (even if rt, again inc'l uces a "i')' "ir--: 'iie a:d :f t' s
3-digit number, a word or phrase 'i s then 'cur': 3' ::: :3:e a^:r-- an j : s 'nserted in the text. If the number t9 is -rhe res-:. -, rea:-'s --hai a number
follows or ends. Th'i s number is compu+"eC as: clear it.-- --:'r:e';:res per
dlgit (as a check); for this purpose symbcls sucr as '':e':c:" iir.:n:s caset
be incjuded. This neans '-:a: ''.r,e Cesigra-''.cn "n;mber"
the number 90) mpvt'open
parenthesis" or "s'i ose oar^eniresi s".
can be equated to

Nqte: A 5-digit group is arbitrari'ly

separateC

f'on --h: preceCing anC

following Eroups. Spaces have no mean'ing.

If a number group'is incomplete (does not contain 5 cigits) at the end of

a "statement"o the digits 9 and 0 = 90 = period appear untr t as oflen as
required unti-l the numben group contains 5 digils.
24

?5

.ffi

n lry'p3!Tr?q.!.aq=!1-s

ffi*Q+F}'

ffi

ffi5P?s

.0
5408r

57401 46,838 7&7A7 8$CI18

070

77 aTs 07

454

7 66 95 0 ,67 763

t 9CIT2 t 32,93 05 0 05 2{?9,?,

t-i-@

&B

t gcr

a--'4'l-.e g+i r B' .6 o.o tq

$64?5 2137r 92085 73893 05447

,7.7 53-G 86 ?e5 567 39 1 e005 84 0r$ A

j?g aoiTo TzJFp, c+45gT

4572t+ 6o5f o 65t?3 t ?io8 g'rj?4

ogso?

g+

t381 89444 06$ gg 5TT66 06T96

tt 'i

*wo rm"

?0

7J

Tl

,
iTl
'-l
lT6fnlrr

?rl

0l

0l

et

f.J

I
I

i1

92

9l

q{

95

f
9r

rtlulu
l-l+

f{

e]

n
1..,

cofufu li

Hlllr:

---+--

mlrfxj

25

26

i"

:03

505 continucusly
514 cover sfor"y
523 readabl e
532 meas ure
541 materi al
550 mi crofi I
569 n1 litary, militarilY
578 b ri ng a'l ong
587 i mpart
596 rnessage
604 nearest
61 3
negatj ve
6?2 normal
631 neces sary
640 instal'l ation, site
659 operati onal y
665 small package
617 pol ti cS, pol i ti ca1 1y
685 mai l
ma'i I not yet recei ved
69 5
703 reaction (to)
712 send, -'i ng
721 security
730 imnredi ately
+9 statement,
758 tuning
767 dead drop
77 6
appo'i ntment
785 rneeti ng
794 rneeti ng as agreed
802 meeti ng pl ace
rneet'i ng ti me
81 1
820 about
839 transfBF, i ng
848 check, -ing
85i wi thout fai I
866 supportr -i ng
co;lnect, -i on
87 5
BB4 ag ree, -ment
893 destructi oFr , destroy
901 tcntatively
310 preparationr prepare
929 prel imi nary
938 s uggest, -i on
941 !^lest, Berl i n
955 West, Germany
955 repea'f, -ing
eccnomyr econorni ca1 1y
37 4
i83 signal
992 h eada uarters

s:1,-,-')'f

:23

::.
:-:
'- l:

^-:f
V

U!

J\

---

= >rt

t-s*-

^-:

|.r-(.

:::

S:s:'

.t 3,t

--:
. ?:

-:'-:_
:/

1.

-AA
.v:

i nf orn'rati on ]

-(E

j
r-

--,

-=

-r:.

_.

-:
t->-1a-t

el

-..;

!
,

a V-r

lr
^Il>

.i

.Jr

F:.

. Y-J

lr

,^

2'

-.r nhqprvation

lS

.'yl

vl/r)rvl

vt

a1:
L-4.
?23

- Fl
-1 I | 'v

lL4
26?

ar],,'aa 3::-ess
::C-,],i^--

?71

'rf
ur

280

ass'i ;:

25i

299

30i
316

325
334
343
352
361

370
389
395
406
41 5

4?4
433
442
451

460
479

'a dttL
!! vr'

'-'
-1

| -:eif -,
eslirra-u3. es--t;3
agreeable ,::.,.
receive, recei ri l;'l
pick-up
p'i c ked -u p

result
received, recs': P-i nvest,i gati cn, 'i nv'e s: i ga*-:
expectr ati cn
deterrni ne' deteFriii r-.3;'i 'lr,

frequency

cati on
secret wri t'i ng mater' a I
border crossi ng
i nfoFfil, -ati on
i n stru cto r
i nterest

communi

map

4BB

n tact
contrcl

497

couri er

co

Coce Chart?6
.c---

3r-:

;rr
{d:

/l
r-l

!X\ar.v,\r'.liu.1-\1,ri'jr,]-\1.xn\4[jL1,t+fVlJdsF'Lr;-LtrainnnN^'-tL-"t1]"k'1-lf'l'ti1,i1d1]i'

r{{

x a m p l_e

cf :: A-3 Tra:rsmjssion of the l'lain inteliigence Directorate of

Cll
!'1-,'s:r-y
::r S:ate Security:
',he
Decr^;'p:-cr-,

Ra:'c -.:3i:--ss-3-. o:. the 49 meter band (short

ie:.,r:

:-:c:

vtave

MHz).

l;.i .:ers Grcup - Code Key (t'i-worm")

'*c. 35?79 (Block 01);

li-:':e. -eir,e: ]cr,vt'r.er ("Caesartt)

c:,3':s il: :: 19l anc 5C5 io 992.

L'i

re l: *rarsr:ss:c:

L'i

ne 2:

AEINRS and

the two (associated)

code

as ncted

l:p:'' fr:,r, t'i-wct-i,n"

-!: ?es-' i, af :e:' "Chi nese Subtracti on:

:: ne ,i: --3- s' ai',0- - rf : I etfers (the decrypted
L:

6.45 or 5.95

ne

mes s ase )

:3:-: cf the "usedt' i-worm is cut off and destroyed!

(f

Identi f i cat'i cn:

r^l
v\l

Transmission:

?z

A./
rl\\
L/eJ

l-

+)

l.
n
.?U

g_?

655

-L^Jo

rm :

Result:

1 B e 31
1 6I+ ?,
ffi
+gjgig-g*5
IT

Code

:urt^, I i ne in Block 01 )

9-z-2-g-f

),c

7-7-9.9-?

I 523l*
I 5? 4 3
t-O

-?-2-"
e

ce

Code

7 2I3

? 3 8. ^g_t

2-2-J:9-9

9:2-9-2-2

rt 5. BERICHT
"

["6th
I,I

27

I TH

B'-

o9

50,9

g4l+zG
o 5 4 4'l
99089

5069
529c
---------

3-9-Q-:1
oCs

Code

1259

z 8l+ 18
o855,

17 1g
3EL= t )

g895o 25
? 1,, 2,-L:, 9 ? .C 8

3 o 11 g 2
? ? 4 ?.-3
g-I-g

I'les s age :

'

ERH

ALT!]}{.

IIINVERSTANDEN

}1T

"

RTPORT RTCE I VED. AGREI

9/30

APP0INTI4ENT. " l

.I5I]}..II

"-t-*r--*

h5',
l-rr.

i.r)

:'lir
r/. !'2.n'

d$

ffi
l:)
f-tJ

ExpJ

rl,

i'i

anati on:

1 = Code key strip (i-*orm) for

encryption, r-Bcogni zabl e by
the vertical space between

a*-x

L?j
$r{

ffi

>.!:1
li':#
a
r'14
-tll. .
;

the second and third

fi1

ii

number

groups.

,1.

2 = Code key

!!

g!

$E
JlE

strip (i-worn) for

ec rypt i on no s pace.

Both code key stri p ori

)r:
Xb

g'i nal s

are folded by blocks (al*

ternately fol ded forward and

ft

tc the rear ( uccordj onrl i ke) .

,_-^F,

3 = Convert,er (ttCuesartt)

TH
l-r{

code

charts

and
I ami nated

together i n pl asti c.

flt

Ltl

t1
11

ts

Concern i 4g_J_.juLd 2:

r-?
'.t

Each code key strip contains 20

numbers bl ocks (consecuti vel y
numbered from 01 to 20) consi sting of five s-digit groups per

ti\.
iI >l
'-I
I

Ft

| 1r
I i:

l;i

line x 10 lines = 50 groups =

250 digits per nunrbers block :
5000 digits pen strip.

IH

IF

Ii:
IT

li:
IH
IH

?B

?q
Ft 1)

.-,_..{l-11d1,^-fr..Tr+-(L(

^-{ti.rlF:|FE

lL { - fJ x!x'-

F-L r-rr

: a't itr.,-r'F

-.2: i

: ]:-:-ni

:a--t

c's

Devi ce

:a?,Ci,s i:',"i :e C3ilbineS a traiismitter and reCeiver

I Kir, :e:ef ii ^g Cp, ira:,STi sSion lOcatiOn and antenna
Ce:-:.=ter^ n.,,e "'e:uercy; its operating frequencies
,.a:prC:<ina:: 3' i.5 bjIIion cycles per SeCOnd).

:res "lin3 c: Sigh:" crientation the Same or a

the :eceivrn: enl. The co'i I antenna affixed to the
charac:eristic :n a sector of 15 to 30 degrees.

T-e:-a:S-li!:erl,:eceiverisslungovertheshoulder;theperipheralequipment
belt. Further there are a
ilC cc:,,,=:--er a:.C bat--ery case) are worn oninathe
hand and worn on the head'
carpied
ire
*nich
r:cr::rcn:.ra
r^espe:ti ve l1r.
3=ceJSe
e: q' I
ver

'.,i

r-'

=urphon"

shape. the radio adapfs well to t'he body contours and can
ccvered (camouflaged) with outer garments'

cf its

be

i+- can pract.ically not be"intercepted since this would require positioning
receiver.
between the two communicators and the avaiiability of a gigahertz

29

30

-i c^,t lcrn,un'i :a:i

'-r,t ra-l.ei

clt ]e','i cgs

of I i
fr
s o'orfi a m'i crophone and earPhone' A ray
aPerture a-it' er +th at exiis the device through 3n
i n thi s openi ng so
o
n rarei g-i ass i s i nserted
n 'i nf
n
1 i ght compol gnts
e,
i nvi s'i bl
n(9't f or human
'y'rel
lyv) 1 oong
"y.r
rf- f requencyof-thedecimcterwaveradioliesin
caar'r'i eer
.h e c
wave is used in
+ he
olu corllrsid
er'ab1y shorteri nfrared 119ht
S 1 de
the microvia
t
ray of iisht
;hiris
:d oInr th
a t'9;ed
rti:i on
o r)
rl aL
ghi

<1(
1S'
IS
c1 NS
rni'it +,e
SN
alNS:

5'
e

e
a

-iii"Jtiur"l

to

,a

the cornmunication has the

he can Iikewise transm'it'

'e :3-'S3: rece.i vi ng

t'aiaa
dt

same

(or a similar) device

--er=:e.ive!^isanopticaldevjcewhichcanspecifical.ly'.capture'.thelight
this purpose'
utu particuiarly''.r:ll"l:Td^for

Uito"'iu"'

-1.s. lareras
-l-.'..*-,lr-....ru"" ;;;;;;; i,-'o'nt"a
una

"*,:1",:*llildli*.:f:ii"r::1il",
o.yi::-ti':
t,;::n;'.1:'!o{;i'l?'"li
iF'"t"i"".
on the-qualitv of the rece'iver:
defendent
ulYl{:
i:
range
The
';i.;:=,::
'i::he earphone.
lino"'lurt.oiteiephoto lens)'
i.r can be up to Z km with-good opt'ics tp"."iiiii
j::qr;, i::"lii1}ft
ll:"i::;::, ::.?: "?:':
,j f lLirultk]ru#:liffiiiwhi c
--ra-"i w'i t:'. an apprcpri ate . recei ver
pre:k'i :9 c:f '-:e transnr ss icn'

J*J

31

il

F
i
I
t

\
I
t1

rr= intercept Cpel-a!'i

Cev'i

on

ces f or speci f ic I i steni ng (the i ntercept

the I i steni ng or i ntercept for the

aci I 'i tat,e

cf l.sten'ing devices: wire-based and wireless.

.'::s a.e referred to as telephone transmitters (regardless of
not-intelligence jargon:
:-3 rcrnected to a "telephone" or
t'microphone
transmitterstt are
led
ca'l
: *'i 'e-less devices
--:.::s

:.t^; c nl-"ni ni -spyt')

3-=S Cf theSe rni n i atu re transrni tters cr I i sten i ng dev i ces are
t3*'erf:l and in some cases no larger than a smalJ pea. They can be
'"'3rywhere and are al most never detected.
^

4!.i
l--

\F
'-v9tgv

l::i :-,:es

have very considerab'le advantages and disadvantages.

Si:,ce it is w'ire-based, 'it has a nearly unlimited life. It can draw

from an available source (telephone, electrical net)' 0n the other
:s more easily detected.

;:e iii::-Spv:

A wire-less system can be more easily camouflaged and installed.

Tr
srrpply is a critical point because these syslems almost aiways have
a iisproportionately high power requirement, i,e.. energy. Even_though the
pic<-up (microphone) and transmitter parts can be kept very sma'l'l today,_
the po*e" supply takes up a relatively large amount of space on its performance
pc,t,et^

is

so snort-lived that stationary

instajlation is

unpr

ofitable.

ACcjitionally, there is ajso listenjng through tapping into the telephone

system. No "Lransmitterst' are required for this but frequently record'ing
devices are used to record the conversations beirg he1.-.i.
Non-techn i cal Search

Room s

l,lith the aid of a building blueprint, de'"erl:ine the locat'ion of hoilow

spaces in wa11s, ceilings, and floorsr shafts, firepiaces, false cejl'ings and floors, etc. in the vicinity of the rocm.
2.
3.

4.

Begin a systematic search of the room with tire aid of a flashlight'

mirrors and the required keys.

ceiling, walls, and floor foi poss'i ble changes such as srnall drjll
holes, needl e pri cks, and the I i ke " l4ove al I f urni ture away from the
walls for this purpose.
Check

Check

a'll furn'iture for

loose parfs and

i nstal led o', these parts.

5.

Tilt

6.

Carefu 1 1 y

wardrobes, desks, and other large

underside w'ith mirrors.

for wires

or

heavy

connected

furniture

to or

and check the

pat the enti re surface of furniture cushions. Pay particular

and g rooves . Narrow slits can be checked with the

to s I i ts
a'i d of a thin rod.

attent i on

31

B3

't
dll

lareiul li, c^ec(

larfs, :har^,eest
C,:en

,1
^.^rc
tl <c \ni

\;

a-F^3a

r/v

VV

l.i

-'l

furn'i shings rnade of woodr

ll holsr cavjties, etc,

ds
- ulil

metdl

, or

pl asfi

c for

I oos e

? and covers, take out al I drawers and look for

s and hcl J ow spaces.

-:i.:-,:::- ',' check al I door frames, doors, window frames, paneling'

-base:."rcri ci:ck for hollow spaces or loose parts by knocking' Careful'ly
:he:.::racis. grooves. and other openings suitable for hiding wires or
i':r-a:-:tes.
ri^'t-rrres: check p'i cLure frames for cavities and drilling
y'

rvv9l

s'i

LJt

Ces of curtains and drapes; check drawcords and opening

co;'rcealed w'i res and hollow spaces. Check curtain rods

:r.
r('^
.

rV

I r:-cs and carpets and search fori

lr^

!:

'a:." all shafts, fireplaces,

',

and

tems concealed 'i n the weave.

similar hollow spaces w'ith a

c:.--.

t
il . el=,ttl^-.cal cc-:ec::cns, c.,itlets, iamps i rad i os and TV s, s peakerS,
an3 c--'i3- 3 e:!-: : a , i' Eechal,: cal dev'i ces tl:at can not be removed f rom
the :c3rii t:.' ::-t-.:Ei^.--i al i:;eeti n3s are t'o be checked for recogn i zabl e
cha-ce<. cr ac:i--i:, -s. :f the ievices are opened, fhe power suPPl Y cord
ir,usf firs-- :e r^e:3,' C t*o: lhe receptacle.
\r,

J5,

rt-.

Telephci^,e
expc

'l

6.

17.

:V-

ec

l:nes are :J

De ches(ed

lor

changes

insofar as the lines are

Find all wiring insiCe the:^c:n, ieier^irine

path 'in the area ;o be Prc:ected-

ils

the extericr surfaces o: wal ls, v;l nco\vs r

leading from the room and deter;:,lne :rei

Check

F
r

pur^pose, and
a-,d

Cocrs

trace itS

for

wires

nllnF^!<A
;'Zlf l vV-)bl

fcr the presence

Check

all raciiatoFs, water PiPCS,

microphonps, vJi res, or other suspi

pes

plants and f'l owers inc.ucIn-r

interwoven wires and concealed itens.

thei' containers for

18.

19.

Check decorat'i ve

20.

0pen books and f t I es and check for i nsert,ed i t erns.

all other items that can be oPened.

of

The sarne applies to

Ispp:,!an_!j.

presence
If concealed objects, installations, or any incj'ications of the'inspection
have
technical
a
immediateiy
found,
are
devices
of listen'ing

performed.

32

33

lreParqlt

oq

Pbotoqraph v

ces to provi de the

c P'i ctures are favored by al I i ntel I i gence set'vireported
'i n an
items
of
headquarters wi th the nro st ex act representations
agentts report. "The photog raph does not liel".
perforned
Photograph-v has the advantage of_(mostlV) bging capable of being
being
of
possibility
the
in a fraction of.-t..onJ *f,i1u later piovidingexperts
headquarters'
the
at
examined at teisure-q|1!L of being evaluated by
descript'ions
Even ihe ncsi cc:i:p.el"'ensive rep6rt of an agent with detailed possible with
made
dep'iction
gra6hic
of an ins--alla+,ion iun n.u"r^ rnatch the

Photographi

nhairrrati
s: yilv

In order tc be abl e to
explciiec b5' agerts I

photograph cl andesti

acllv.

ne'l

y,

The agent photographs

there are varj ous Possj bi 1 i ti

es

with u c11et"u.,Y:ilg

.lltl'l1arv
lens; the "MINoX" has a
X;i:lj:_i;f#ii.u',"..t,-il
'"i"J-=c-mount ir i-i6t"bnoto
the camera, o"!l ^9
;:;";;.i *li.i I '
-tl:-:t:l:: :l.IT: th"
ti'"ougf .tn:.bi1o911iit.:h::^l:]::ll?.
;Ji;;l,t,l-.';."'.;'."= "-piiir"..roi.
opti"l]]Y i:::
Dista^,t

P:c--cgr

ur

wPe

L-Li-l

:;::.i'."'i.

!L^

-in
o'.."r:"i'"g-""1v
st'il1
itit-*unnut. details are ::-ll

-:?i;"1 i.r.tn;--."i;-;:
at great distai'':es.

7.

^f

h.ina-

tT:::iill{
recosn'izable

on
I: orCer^ to keep f rom attract'i ng attent'iphotothen
and
camera
tlg
age
fj
camcu
wh.i je phctograPhi rg' an age:: can
i f s "cinouf l aged ni di ng..P1199::'
graph the i t,en wi t,'l'' i^e 3arera t r^or,'-i'ESSI.,lA" in a uruijet, the "R0B0T" in a
r
ihe
bee'
ar':
Di s ccvered so f ar
in the
briefcase, the "i'ill.Ci: " in ar. ui:,3rella, i:r 3 cigareLte CaSe' or

;i:;;:"illit=or"a

;';=#;"[il^ii""r*li
il"1;;;; .ung"-;t
3.

^^,,1--

through a perforation
Fhctograpr-,-u'cal'ua<e-clace .^-i--nl*cirla
--^
outside
ngs are
cpeni
S:
nce
'-ne
iu.i'ot""t-"p='.,,
. J ^!^^
an
f
as
-stop'
a:iiv
inp
i
i.3lv
carera.
the

su'tt.

"s.

cetern'ine the possibilities

l'inits

""ti lech:clc;y
be as small in size
clandest.in. p1F6srupnr. Since the car.:e:a:s toformal
is likewise
prcture
'.he
purposa=),
iao,ortiase
;.;;;bi. (ioi
'fn o"J"i-to
the
evaluation.
optimun
for
6Utain'phc'"cgraphs

oocument Photooraphy- The

of

;;
"*ri-t*uff. (in th".ur" of fine-gi'a',n illn)'rery bright light or a readditional
"ilit-r""Oi
1at.ive1y tons e*poiure timei hovreier, thrs usualiy requires
are almost
conditions
or the ,se ot-u-trlpod for the camera. These
frequentlv trv
asents
;il!; i""iliUi"'t.i ir..'" rvirkplace) and therefore,
'it there, "in
photograph
to
able
to take the material home in'ordcr io-u"met:iod was developed which
makes
For this purpose, a
;;";;^;.i"iri"ii.
a
to
etc')
reports,
drawings,
Ooiu*"i.rts'(p1ans,
it possible to reduc"
lamOs

fract'ion of convential film format s'ize:

l4icrofi
Between

usi ng

Im

Produc!-ion

two wcrl d warsi int,elligence S C TV'} CES

a h'i gh-resol uti cn "normal
s'i mple method:

the

tri

ed

came

rd

create
to
rf

"mi ni -photos"
was J oaded wi th a

33

s4

i:-:. i cc:ur=n-- page was then photographed at a relatively far

c:sia::e. !::a-:le: "L::cAl" format: 24 x 36 mm, size of object: approxinaie ;, 2l .1--: - ii s--:"ce: about 5 meters. Result: Size of object on
f 'j lir; ::prc>.i-a*-e'-/ 2 x 3 mm - good readability when enlarged. The-aEen+oper
:e:-'re: ---e --c- -.aui";: camera, tfipod, lights, document film. deve'lattracted
items-which
darkrgom),
I
(poisibly
also
.=,e.:ler. =.ir.n1 bath
=..,
a:--e---::: :;::.. = ,=l-.t u.d'had to create suspic'i on. Intel'l igence services
.;-:-.e GrR) then equipped their agents with the so-ca'lled
.es:e:::'-t
t;;:-.-i .--i'--.=::===
which had
:..*i:,9 belorv). This invoJves a simple board
ng 91ass
magnify'i
a
of
i,*t -3,:s :-. , .e.: :: cer---ain intervals for the mounting
Coc-:re:--

and a specia'l optical

:.:,=r;.:; jens (called "sparrow-hawk"
'light
source, a message fastened
a
b.ight
Through
r:..,1.r i:-",oriii).
, !r
+h^
-ftri -^-l +^
=r;.'.:---^.-r -.' affixed
to the
the
car'ier
onto
's:
greatly
ieduced
'Jas
?r^i,-i3.t<"
:,,' :-:

,s::

3s a

ccatec with an emulsion prepared by the agent himself'

":.i---3.;:i' n-ic: *3s
i. -1.....'.- riS 'treaJ-v," immed.i ate'l y; it required no developing.

;^tr

e:s-' :- f-':,dle
:-i:-.'r l,i'l

V'

,7^

!v

ch the agent. can produce real mi croi{e r^ c e\ e i oped by the GDR i ntel I i gence servi ces.
c

aneras

rvi

th

wh'i

i,vpes have become known" 0nlY -..

3 ccirventional "FlINOX film Spoolt'; however, only a
nr i s uti j i zed per picture, (Format size of the
:r3:eri al 11 DiN, *xposure tirne approximately 5 to

::;CiC

'l

amp.

--'1
Cne chara3-,-Eli s:j: -s :3*-: : :C ?',: nrcrof-i ln cameras: they have fixed,en-:fh) ani no depth of fccus of any kind. All
focus (teFi:r3r',e-.i, ;,' se: f;:"
the
p'i ctures rust i:er^3fcr:, l! --.**i fri':t a i'istance of exactly 150 cm from
-','
photos
the
--'r3
cause
-r
lesS
C3:itrr,eters inore or
itern -"o be Phofogra:f,sl. :'
to be bl u rreC '
:-, cr^:f:lr',s i:' ihe size 1.4 x l.B rnm on
i:to a nagazi ne in the forrn of a narrolv
inse::ei
is
rvhich
filni
6-DlN special
strip. Twelve microfi ln rrages can be sv.P3se3 cn s uch a "fi lm stri p".
tYP e Inumber rnissing]. It
iTyp* 3_ is a considerable iniprovt'irr-; iveri: carera
+.oc
a 6-DI N speci al fi I
u
ses
i
is
sri-ialler^
)'et.
is easier to handJe and
r-he
co'i n). Fifteen images
1-lferrig
a
(
i
ze
cf
s
about
rounC
i
S
whi ch however,
,ll.
f
s
ihi
cn
are
exposed
mrn
1.5
1.?
x
size
of the
opmeni cf Ty Fe 3. Thre s ane film materiai is used
l,'Jv-fr-e 4'l i s a f urther devel 'i
n the f i ln i s quad:^ati c i n shape whereas it is
hold
center
except that the

"Typ*-{'

al

ready prov'l ies "rea-.''

can be used 'i n Type 3

round rn Typ* 3. The films for the T),pe 4 canera-ypes
--i
2 through 4 is 17 to
carneras but no vi ce versa. The exposu re u e cf
15 seconds wi th a 500-watt piroto 1arnp.
l4i

cro-fi-b PhqtqcopJj nq Dev'i ce

Agents were equ'i pped by the KGB (Soviet intel I i gence servi ce) with
'i
c ame ra for use i n photographi ng docurnents n the microfilm forrnat.

spec j al
The carnera

34

35

;,
T

El
r
q''

J
I

{rl
' {/ll
X
.ml.
. ,-1"
3l
.rl
l

It
i{
t
F
t,
J

0.)

4J

dO'

a)&.
*r-,

o
L
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(J

o-a
L=
o-&

r?-

ll

=il
ull

ad

:llil

OJ

'

-If,

rr5

+)

'a

N
r-O

(,s
()

_ .rl

'Fl

"lol
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f-T

16

ol

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a(ll
tA -o

cll
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t]-

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,{rl -y
In
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ll

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g LtLI
Ot 'r 'rul E Ir^l o:l
ol cd o-

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ro om
u{
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sl
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3/1

tt1

co

fFJ

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{nlr- Lqt (ILtn

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c0)

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urs L

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ul
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rO
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r

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zo

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rt

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rr-rl

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(o

.f

te E
.nl Etn

c.fl E <ll ol
ti _Ia*i
'r o
'-i !P
r+l 7f

Pl
1gi -.r n O
g{ (-l

orl FP n
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z:

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CO
'F

{,

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ii'= 'r r*
-l-(5

tF r'1- (9
C
gl
rtt'

tBi

EI

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ut-ao
r

=,' E
=l
Ol i?
o
.nl
lot-

\-cl
\01
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EI

7i
0Jl
(I
D_l

4.:ll

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=
rFl

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Ji c{o
t* +)
L'r

ooo

lOL
f.
(9

!4

t,
ol

(eI
-

l
|

o)l
t)
Q) 't'- t'l Vt
c-o C{u
(dE 'r CO
g-c
rF O.'t-= rF -c
+J(fE 'r*J
tUr- O E'lE (tr 3
-fooE .fttl
(.D(J<

case, ]: has ar. elec--l^ical illuninat-i c: device

-.1 :3(e l,:;Jres, t.h= a;en: piaces the cj'3ar3t:e

-e--*-e

$:r

3 ,\"

#j

Cl ::,g laagi SJi'f aCe; a --h'i fi i'Cl-i ef aC*"',','a'rgS

:,a:i:i'ii^ei th= CaSe is placeC cn t:,e plper (an
s r,:-* :ec.-i-e:). By 'tr,jiling o'y'er" the textu w"i t,- an
--: r I g rrr-, the ccr, t,ent.s of the ciocument can be phct,o:n3 'rrage ,s a lr+---le more than a third of a paEe c:
= all-, 3 a x ll in. j; t,rerefcre, the spec].al canera
a h,ai, rhat ther^e i s a sl ight "oVerl appi ng" i n carrel'a
:,':'S

*'r

,
JgV'r

t--.:-:::--

rvas Ceve I oped duri ng

ni atu r 1 zeti on of a wri
:

;\{

*t
r\*
YJ

-,- 3-

a>7
\-\r'

I v

;\

t'tv

raF^-,,^
vv:Jv:

rI

I suLr\,\-s

lf

E>);>=

ir>

ft,
T

crof i I m -i rnages have noth i ng i n

1y; then thi s reducti on i s exposeo

graphical 1y;
3qe i s reduced photographical
3 *ess
'"e:
i s secret ) and_thereby
composi
evr'ryvr
iaYr
iIqJsr
ayer" (*nose
iu liolllt
Ju ldnann
e- "3,3
\wtrvJs
' ti on
eye', ln9, tay91 1Q
for
the.human
invis'ib1e
b..o*.s
it
.r,"t
;l=u--ii
format
that it will
small
:=l:--in ar.d.is stamped out in such a
scriPt.
i:: c: an r" of typewriter
t
:-e 3,:vaniage ihat 'i t won t be det,ected "by chance" (or
r'.'i:es). But'it aJ so has cons iderabl e di sadvantages

-:

f.-l

mi

-AF

vv!9

: fr -.j

ro.ess arid the producti on of

the second worl d war. It repretten message.

U J

?f ='-

vl'\-rho

:
-.:
'v

^z^

tg>v

:rp3'ss'.:.e
--'?
I

L,

nca .i -=c
I

UVU

Vv

::
:

in crder --3 :

i or

.e^'^'-'

.'--1.
__dt=:

vt

vi

-.n3,

'
'J

\trlvf

eUe

ri
.

'vi

^rr\e/^n,no
vJV\rr'/\-

where

it is located; i!

(ai least a magnif-i cation of 130 -,-inres)

.^^_e Fe3:3D lg.

V-V

s3:"'a'-,a:iS, the nicrodot process is no l,.gnqe-J".-used.

"l
sa:'.,, 1f-,:a;: oi possibly being detected, microfilni S

Because
Desp'i

and. t h erefore
agg nt, himsel f ;
t^re
:': : -ce= Dit
-:c3'.',e i: :',:t nust know exactl
^'i^:l9r-

--e

tc

l-

s'_.i:3r-

-i-r'agSDSCtS.

Conta'i ner^s

The ch'ief characteris--:c ot'i:,telIiEe:jce services is clandestineness' II

nlsi hide the "intelligence-materra-1
order to assure c aides::i-ie:ess' agents
.intelligence hiding places (ca11ed
Bas'ical1y, there are --hree i3,33s cl

"contaitrirs" in in:e'l :i::nc=

1.
2,
3.

;ar^9on):

Canrovflaoed Ccncealr:n-Ca.c,he--gr Stcraqe : ' a:e

Sh-lpping Cont.?iner^s

'lagec

cc:cealrer,t: a caiTlouf l aged concealment off ers th:

oppo""unity o; wcr<..n3 I'ciancjestine'l y" with a..device; to acc:::
ti-,i=, the ievi:e is.:Sncealed (e.g. "m-ini-spy" in a lamp, "bt:"
tel ephone, ca:r13] a i n the ci garette case).

camouf

36

f:

Type i

l-

Aciual

2=

Carnera housi ng
Lens
Sl i

l{=

I
I

de shutter

Fi'l m
f4'i

transport lever

nox

film

spool

__Ic

Typ.

(-i

I nsertabl e Fi I rn
;a= Exposed Fi lm
)o= Unexposed Fi I m
5
t-

.a
l.-

g-

Came
14ag

ra

4 = l,ling-nut
retai ner

atr

az 'i n e

7c= Fi 1m package

Type

1 = Camera
2 = Magazitre
3 = Knurled screw knob
4 = Pressu re s pri ng
5 E Connector for tri

f
a

sc rew

.6 E Shutter sl'i de
-;

-l

it

ii

'n

tlil

ii
ii

Special

r\

Can'rera

Brii

in Cigarette

Case

("l''licrofilrn Photocopying Device")

,.li

9'r;

T'

1 = Fi lm cassette
2 =Refai ner arm for
7 =Battery ccnrPartmenl
I+ =['l ect,rical suppiy cab]e
, =Pri sm mi rrcrs
5 =Sreciai LomP

!'

/1O

Rubber Roi I ers "Gl idd

Rol jers)
MetiaI (Touch and Switch)

Roller

.9b

9a
10
411

ta

Di

rection of

= Case Closure

Fi lm counter
= Lever for Device
Mov

l4ov ement

ement

'\

\\

I r."'

-- ^,.'1-t\*

*,.

l'It I

ll

i\
,1.

1\

I L"
--.itl- .)

39

s*

tr
&;
t:- ----

4S

bQu
(t

'

Type

Carnera

iE!

?E

Hag az

i ne

Retaining
l,

?-I
I

I
t
I

--

I
I
I

1o

E!

Arm

Shutter slide

t'.

Remote cab'le

5=

Reta i n i

cabl

(connected) '.

nq screw for

e held

'

rernoLe

? ri Lens
B H Light shaft (top view)
I s Fllu
1O s Tripod mounti ng threads

40

4i

{.

or Storage Place: used to descrrbe locations at which intel I imaterial and devices are placed in order to store them for
i a;et use or io protect them from detection but sti11 provide ready

Cache
AA
I
H
:\'"v\'l

to

ACCESS

them

(false identity

documents, C-paper, communications

racjjos, microfilm cameras).

CCC3S,

If intelligence material is to be transa secret hid'ing place which has been in,
c in a conlainer (suitcase. bag, case). The delineations
r: 2 and 3 are not absolute. Thus, for examp'l e, a compartment
a ''coniainer" located in the apartmeni of an agent can serve
\ cache cr can be used as a means of transportation or shipment.

Shr 3pi ng Containers:

! c r;ec the cour^ier uses
-l

t^

\atP
r^,^\

-^_Cr_r^rC=
r^F-t'l^
, il \

( lij

vJ'J

-,gence

i^*^-I
ll,

hiding places can be protected and unprotected,

^.3 ianref I n wh i ch a conceal ment i s safeguarded often depends on i ts

ccis:r*ct;on or the purpose for whi ch i t i s to be used; I i kewi se, the
l1;arl1j
tI-C ir rvhich the corTipartrnent consist,s that is built^i nto a
,:'it nc :l ace r Diays an essential role.
^?

tr''3^

:al (te:iLnical )

Safeguards:

coniai nerr res'i stance must be overcome (e, g,

lever, rolt lock).

nc : a:t c?:r -ie prc--ecteC i n a "dangerous" or ttnon-dangeroustt

.wavs directed only
onl.y toward the content,
iancer j s a .ways
:re;1. --le iar,ger^
',ih:rel'.'
:

:-te.,'ge':e ;-:--er'al. Suilt in exp'lostves and the like have

her-r =: t- --:e iiG af--er the second world war. it mostly
--c rir3:(B 3xposed 3u'i undevelcped filnr unusable
ci^ a flnsh',n'hi:l'nrcci\'t
rc d,,2'
. The "r,,rn-:engerous" safeguarC consists only
ov erccn-e tna:i s carrlcuf l aged j n such a way t,hat
of an ofsta:-e
it =reo..eilt-r'"'
ce:ecr:i. i-- , s t,o Drevent the chance
-ae
_.-^^;r.lEi!-.
opening of t.:e
\

H,

b)

\-

.l

'Y

: L.r'

-'v

t-X-\

rr

Psychol og-,cal, Sa;ecLa-is:

ves prc-ue ct,-i i,; --he i ,:, 3 pl ace i'y l'reans of a t'tri ck"
designed to prevent c^scc"'cri, ; --rre c3rcel'l relt. cr the manner Of
opening. Bul perhaps il shcul: ass-r:e'-hat ther^e is not even any
suspicion crea'ueC rn tne fir s: p.a:: (e,9. use cf a ivater-tight container in a sewage pit; a fer:ale em:lc;'ee cf a government. office
carried prophy'l act'i cs anc syn:ne'i-ic bra inserts with her in her purse
in order to elicit feelings cf chance among the checkpo'int personnel;
or the musical clock r+i'uh the secret compartment - it plays during the
entire time of the search and "causes nervousnesst'; the bottom or the
top of a can are provided with left-hand threads and the more an
attempt'is made to open it by rirning to the'left, the more the ljd
is t'ightened). 0f course, a concealment can a'lso be safeguarded per
a) and b).

Th

i s i nvcl

'i-'

41

A+

-(i

la

A concealrnent'is considered "unprotected"

pressure of the safeguards described.

if it

can be opened without the

A container can be installed in any object! Each device into which a conta'iner has been insta]1ed, must in any case be able to be used in the same
manner as an unprepared device. The item in which a secret h.id.ing place
is located may never deviate from the original in terms of size, we-ight,
and appearance,
A prescript'ion for how to find "something" or where one has to look and
"how" to 'look cannot be provided. Often the "knowledge" of the ttwhat" and
"how" of opposition intell'igence services is already oF netp'in eliminating
or-.lessening the avers-ion of investigat'ing officials to the investigation

of"crimes aqainst the state".

Isiened]
(1^lerth) Chief
Detecti ve Superi ntendent

42

rf:
ilq