About ndedzechokwadi mubvunzo

ari

Holbein'schen Madonna.
Kukurukurirana uye mafaira
pamusoro
Fechner.

Leipzig,
Yakadhindwa uye rakabudiswa Breitkopf & Hartel.
1871

Musumo.
Vamwe, zvingaita sezvinoshamisa, mishonga ine nyaya sezviduku anoratidzwa
sezvo pano, wakayeriswa nzvimbo kudai kuona, sezvo yezvinoreva Fonts yakauraya,
uye saka yakawanda nesimba, sezvo zviri zvimwe chinowanzoitika apandukire; - Asi
mubvunzo une kana zvechitendero kana ezvematongerwo enyika, kana evanhu kana
kufarira sayenzi zvakasikwa. Asi iye ane kwake pachena obtuseness ane asina
vasingakoshi kunsthistorisches uye artis diagram, panguva imwe chete, ndaizoti
National kumunetsawo mubereko; uye ichi, rugare munyika yacho zvombo nonvachipindira zvido senzvimbo zvakanaka isunungurwe tabva nyika zvido kunge
zvakare kusiya nzvimbo.
Ndicho chinhu chikuru basa, kana kwete zvikuru basa German rokupenda
makanaka, panguva imwe chete ari kufarira mufananidzo rudzi German wacho
nderechokwadi ndechokuti, uye kurwa.Mukurumbira womufananidzo, saka
mupfungwa, unyanzvi German rinobatanidzwa pano. A itsva kopi standenes
vanotyisidzira kubwinya vanoshamwaridzana, kuzvikudza kuDresden Gallery,
neumambo wokuGermany Raphael kwakaita Sistine Chapel, kubvisa kuburikidza
mumakwikwi zvidiso zvawo pamwe yayo nderechokwadi nezvenhamba uye
nokudaro vashoma runako zvaaitaura. Uyu hanya munhoroondo mifananidzo, kana
asina hanya kubwinya uye kwechirwere basa. Hongu akabvumira kuzorwa
nokusingaperi sezvinoita mamwe mufananidzo wokutanga-ruoko Chechipiriruoko? mubvunzo Weird, asi! ...
Hatingadi hedu nzira kuratidza kufarirwa mubvunzo kusvikira pana kureba,
pashure yave zvakakwana vakaedzwa kuburikidza mari uye kushingaira ari
Nhaurirano, izvo kare rakaitwa nezvazvo.Nhaurirano ava asi chikamu chimwe saka

vakapararira, kumhanya Ukuwo zvikuru kubva kune mumwe uye imwe, uye
mubvunzo wose saka zvakaoma uye kwakaoma kuti mamiriro ndiye aifanira
kuvhiringidza, uye zvingava pashure zvose kuva tsitsi kana kubereka pakati
Nhaurirano kubudirira kwavo kunyange kuparadzwa. Mukuwedzera vakawanda
Nhaurirano izvi anoitwa saka unilaterally, pasina pamusoro mukurwisana zvikonzero
kuti zvichida kuita pati, asi haagoni kumisa munhu cogent mutongo. Saka zvaiita
anobatsira kamwe vaisona pamwe MABASA mubvunzo mukuru inobvira kukwana
pasi uye pashure zvakawanda kana kuzorwa zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira nechiso
uye zvichiita tisingasaruri kukurukura. Ndiro basa gwaro iri.
Zvino havazofaniri bvumirana ari Nhaurirano saka kure, kugutsikana, asi pashure
atova akadzika pasi Darmstadt kopi muMunich (1869) akaratidza yakaorera pfungwa
iri kuuya, sezvo ari mhando chiitiko akamirirwa muunganidzwa vaviri mumabhokisi
Dresde (kubva 15 August kusvika 15 October 1871) kutarisirwa kuva chiitiko mutsva
chete make. Uye pamwe remangwana Nhaurirano achaita diverge zvishoma kana
pamushandi pano muunganidzwa yapfuura kutendiswa amusunga pamusoro kuti
zvinobvira nzira yokufamba tisingabatanidzi vakatobatana aneta. Zvisinei,
zvinokosha kuenda kudzidza itsva haina pasina kuziva chii vakauya yapfuura
zveBhaibheri. Saka ini kupa muunganidzwa ichi kwete chete mashoko ari rapfuura,
asi somunhu mujinga kuti vachiri kuti kutarisirwa kwakadzama kune vaya vasingadi
kupa pachako dambudziko iri kuderera kuferefeta yepakutanga uye hwakadzama
hurimo kuenzanisa. Pfungwa uye chido kuti vanoda kuita minamato vanokwanisa
izvi, kunyange ari kusarudza chikonzero kuti kuvaita kuonekwa ikozvino,
zvikasadaro nani nguva akanga akamirirwa ne apo kwakadzama mushure pashoo
kana asiri mumwe zvachose zvakaoma kuti titarisire, mashoko mari, asi vachiri Point
kuwana.
Pakupedzisira, chakarongwa kufarira zvakafanana kuti vachiri nevamwe, izvo
zvinogona ichapfuura nyore chinangwa mubvunzo pachayo. Tine pano mutoo inoitwa
panguva imwe huru basa muenzaniso, fungidzira kubva iyo munhu anogona zviri
nani kuziva mamiriro wepanguva uri kutonga nhoroondo-yakaoma, unyanzvi uye
aesthetic pfungwa ipi neipi zvayo pfuma unhu. Ane chete chinhu chero nyaya
zvakawanda kupatsanurwa pane ichi, uye vanogona kuva zvakafanana haachipo
ichiita mabasa akawanda, uye zvinofadza mharidzo chinhu nokuda yenguva
yokumboongororwa. Ko zvino mugumisiro pfupiso muchidimbu Kubudirira, akadai
varipo pano, ari wose, kwete chaizvo inogutsa, asi chinhu anorayiridza uye anopa
Zvizhinji kufunga zvandiri kusiya mupanda vanokurukura.
Ini pachangu ndakanga chete nokuti aida unyanzvi, unova connoisseurs tionge
unoda nako ivo akapa kutorwa naye zvikuru kupedza ruzivo uye dzidzo iyo munguva
kukurukurwa dzimwe pfungwa ipi zvayo chido uye pachake kutongwa chete anowa
sokuziva kuti kutenda kuva preconditions mune rokutanga zvidzidzo zvakakwana,
izvo handizvo muzvinhu zvakawanda, zvakadai chidimbu rinokosha chaizvo, asi
panguva imwe chete ari Holbein mubvunzo zvakaoma pamusoro mufananidzo
womufananidzo. 1) rwevanhu Zvisinei, zviri kwete zvikuru kuita chinangwa changu
kudzivirira pfungwa dzayo, izvo huru asi ndingangokuvara mutongo chete uyewo

anomanyira [comp. Pag 30]., sezvo hondo pfungwa vachiri undecided dzinomirira
kuitira kuti munhu wose anogona ake mutongo pachake.
1)

asi pane zvimwe amboenda munhau iyi yakakwana yavaizofanoshandisa zveBhaibheri? Enzanisa 4th uye

5th chikamu.

Basa iri vasingagoni huchazadzika munguva pfupi mharidzo; ndiani asi kuresa
chido, kuti chii kukurukurirana vanotevera kunyatsoita, uye munhevedzano mabasa
izvo zvakava zvakakodzera kupedza uye kuzvidzora, chinogona kumiririrwa
panguva, pakuguma nhaurirano (muchikamu 9) vakapiwa chengeta Resume pfungwa
huru uye kubva ikoko kutungamirira magwaro saka kure zvakadzama, sezvo
paanoda.Izvi ndinotarisira maiita kuti muverengi akasununguka zvakakwana kana ini
kunyange avo saka havagoni kugutsa, izvo angadai akasarudza kunyange rakaitirwa
chiedza nekubudisa pfupi Apercu. asi kukufarira zvachose chinoshayikwa, unogona
kuwana vaya pakati mafaira, uye ini ndine aimbova mapfupi uye unotedza
muchidimbu nyaya iri Grenzboten (II. 1870), apo, izvo zvinogona sechinoitika
yavaizofanoshandisa Excerpt pamusoro gwaro rino, pamwe asi unodarowo kumboita
zvakakwana apo manzwiro izvo zvaizoita zvikuru kuziva kuti ane mubvunzo sezvo
sei uyu kana kuti, jekiseni ini, ndiye akaita dzakarukwa. Ani naani anoda mugumo
anofanira kuda zvokurarama.
No asingasviki nharo nderechokwadi reshiyo vose makopi nomufananidzo wedu
ndiye runako reshiyo ayo uye kududzirwa mariri, pashure pacho kunze
nderechokwadi mubvunzo zvingashandawo kunyange kurapa runako mubvunzo uye
dudziro mubvunzo. Zvadaro, zvisinei, haana kukurukurwa zvikuru gwaro rino, sezvo
ivo zusammenhangen nomubvunzo wokuti nderechokwadi. Hazvina nharo, kunyange
zvichida zvakaenzana uye vakwanise vateereri zvimwe kunyange vachiri kutora
zvikuru kuti tiite kupfuura nderechokwadi reshiyo runako ukama vose magazini
kuuya muunganidzwa; asi kuzviitira pfungwa pakupedzisira kuramba zvinokosha
munhu panyaya iyi. vari kuti akanga Ukuwo kududzirwa mubvunzo nokuda kwayo
panhivi, vachichinjana uye zvikamu akaenzana kudzika yakazvimiririra kurapwa
yakatsaurirwa sezvo kumubvunzo nderechokwadi, saka kutsanangurwa gwaro iri
vaizotorwa akura chaizvo chaizvo; asi nderechokwadi mubvunzo rinooneka kwete
chete kuva kukosha, asiwo kumbowanikwa kukasaitwa muunganidzwa zvakananga
kuoneke, nokuti haadi kuti dudziro zvakananga nokurwisana pakati makopi maviri
uyewo. Zvichakadaro, maonero andaiita untriftig zvakakwana runako mubvunzo
zvokuti hwakakanyiwa wokuti nderechokwadi kuti uyewo uyu aifanira kuparadzira
kuramba kuenda avo muhurukuro Zvisinei, unogadzirira dudziro mubvunzo chete
pane imwe pfungwa substantially iri nderechokwadi mubvunzo, kureva kuti
zvinotaurwa chap. VIII ari pamusoro payo, zvakakodzera akazviratidza kuti dzidziso
uye utilization nechinangwa gwaro iri. Kune vakawanda zvichaita sokuti
zvakawandisa.
Rugwaro rwose muzvikamu zviviri huru kodzero Kukurukurirana uye mafaira. In
kukurukurirana mushure yavaizofanoshandisa Nhaurirano kungopa ruzivo kuitwa
mubvunzo muunganidzwa uye mashekeri zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, izvo

nezvaanoita mubvunzo wedu, vakapiwa; vari mafaira vakaramba nevanyori

Nhaurirano vari chaizvoizvo sezvinobvira akatopa. Ndiani nokusingaperi
zvakakomba paricharova mubvunzo zviri nyore kunzwa zvakanakira supplementing
madhipatimendi vose ndakavhiringidza yatinoona hwayo. Sezvo ini asi asi kufanana
bhuku vatova hurukuro kwose kwakanyorwa anotumira musoro, kuti pachavo
mashoko hachishandi, mumwe ari mapfupi masangano ari mhando vari faira
akapoteredza akadzokorora hafu, tichitarisa yakareba miviri asi kubva zvinyorwa
pamusoro mutumbi hanya nokukurukurwa nezvimwewo uye vaitungamirira
pokuiswa uye Endworte ndima akadzokorora Zvinyorwa, pashure iro rinogona
anobatidzwa ari mafaira.
Multiple vachawanikwa pakati Gwaro rino kuti kare aita neni akawanda
madhipatimendi Naumann Weigel Archive, pamwe kubva penzvimbo rupawo
rakabudiswa, Zvinyorwa nhoroondo yakanyorwa, iyo akasarudzwa 9. pedyo pasi
gwaro. Ino zvose Mashoko ekare anowanika kuburikidza mufananidzo dzedu (kubva
Fesch, Sandrart, Patin, Wright, Algarotti, Walpole, iye Abrg, Ochs, iye Amsterdam
katarogu) kuburitswa munyika chavangayeukwa chaiwo, zvichiita kudzokorora pano
somunhu zvisingakoshi mutoro kunyora akazviratidza nekuti kunze Cape. VI
kuburitswa Fesch'schen mashoko uye mashoko akakurukura neDare Amsterdam
Woltmann katarogu, iyo inogona kuwanikwa mafaira 8, mumwe raigona zvakakwana
hunomiririrwa nehana kufunga izvo zvikamu gwaro rino usarasikirwe enhoroondo
(6), mukuwedzera, kuderera avo ambotaurwa muunganidzwa nomumwe achiri
akasununguka.
Ndokupi munyika chaiyo paaitaura gwaro ichi nezvimwe vanyori kuoneka
insertions pakati muzvikomberedzo, zvinokonzerwa vanyori kwake, apo avo akaiswa
pakati mativi mumabhuraketi kwandiri.Zvakafanana anotora nhamba mapeji
muzvikomberedzo kuti yepakutanga gwaro iri mubvunzo, vari padare mumabhuraketi
nokuda Fonts ichi.
Zvadaro, mumwe chikumbiro. Sezviri ino muunganidzwa Nhaurirano zvakange
inoitwa pamberi kuDresden nokurwisana pakati makopi maviri nomufananidzo wedu,
kuburikidza muunganidzwa vaya yakaneta kunetsana mavambo, kana kungangova
kuti mukwanisi, uye zvinofanira zvichida kutendera kwangu ichi kupa okuwedzera,
ndinokukumbirai pasi ezvinhu kuti havasi kubva kurutivi rwangu noruoko
zvakakwana kwakakwana kana kukanganisa basa mhiri inogona kupiwa pamwe,
pachine vaya achatora mugove Nhaurirano iwayo, kunyanya kana zvinoitika
kumwewo kupfuura mumagazini unyanzvi German ini, kana kwete kutumira chaiyo
pfungwa, asi paine katsamba panzvimbo nechitarisiko rokusangana yavo. 2) panyaya
kare kuitwa Nhaurirano, kunyange ini ndakaponesa hapana kushingaira, kupa basa iri
mukuru zvichibvira kukwana, asi anogona zvisinei nenguva kwete kuvimba
kusabatana mabhuku ano, kuti zvikuru kusvika chinangwa; uye kuwana here mazita
kuti ndingadai apukunyuka avo vakafurira kubudikidza Munich kwemasimba pakati
Darmstadt kopi misangano nzira imwe kana mumwe. Account vachava vaya C.
(Crowe), E. Forster, K. Forster, Th. Big, Br. Meyer, W. Schmidt uye Woltmann
kuwana. Kana ikozvino dzimwe misangano yose, sezvo tinoona, varipo vari faira,

kana zvikasadaro kutadza chinhu pamusoro kukwana, ndinoshuva vega kana pachena
kuti achitokuudza kuti nachzutragen hanya ari kuitwa chinamatidzwa.
2)

Taura: Prof. G. Th Fechner .. Leipzig, Blurnengasse No. . 1

Pakupedzisira, zvinotevera kururamiswa. Gore rokuberekwa Holbein, iri Chap. I.

akataura kuna 1495 kana 1498 uye iye zvino vachigamuchirwa Woltmann kusvika
1497, mushure ichangopfuura vakaedzwa kuti 1495 kutaura akanyorwa pamusoro St.
Anne muna Augsburg kuti vachauya, izvo ini katsamba iri akaswedera chete pashure
kumanikidzwa sezvakaratidzwa kumusoro.
Leipzig, 24 July 1871st
G. Th. Fechner.
Content.
First Division.
Kukurukurirana.
I. napo.
II. Kusiyana kwakaita makopi maviri.
III. Historical kwemashoko nderechokwadi mubvunzo panyaya Beauty Mubvunzo
IV. The kupokanidzana pakati penyanzvi.
V. General nhaurirano. Artistic uye aesthetic zvikonzero.
VI. Historical zvikonzero.
VII. Mubvunzo nderechokwadi Darmstadt kopi insbesondre.
VIII. Mubvunzo nderechokwadi kuDresden kopi insbesondre.
IX. Tangaizve.
Division Second.
Files.

First Division.
Kukurukurirana.
I. napo.
The mufananidzo kuti nderechokwadi chinova kuva pano mune ramangwana nguva
pfupi kuti kurondedzerwa se "nomufananidzo wedu" anozivikanwa kurarama mune
makopi maviri, ayo kuzivikanwa kwavo zvachose nzvimbo sezvo kuDresden uye
Darmstadt kopi. Mumwe, kuDresden, muna 1743 J. akatenga sezvo Holbein'sches
muVenice mufananidzo kuDresden kubva ipapo, pasi zita Holbein'schen Madonna Se
kuzivikanwa, uye vose Madonnas German chete ari mhiri unyanzvi paruzhinji
rwevanhu kufarira kwakaita wakafadzwa uye kuti nazvo kwakavakirwa iri kuDresden

Gallery pamasvingo wamakamuri Raphael kwakaita Sistine Madonna

akamboda. Pomumwe, Darmstadt, akaita yakabuda chete asati 50 apfuura uye
vakwanise vateereri akaramba kumbonyanya asingazivikanwi kusvikira munguva
dzichangopfuura; asi kubva pakutanga ari kutarisirwa unyanzvi venhoroondo uye
connoisseurs pamwe nokusingaperi kuwedzera, pakupedzisira ari kuDresden kopi
anoshandisa anenge berwachsendem mubereko uye nokudaro pakupedzisira kuti
kutifadza rakasiyana vateereri uye ichi kufarira nokuda vachiwedzera vakatanga
kuwedzera, kuti pane nguva dzose zvikuru zvakasimba kupfuura Rival reDresden
harina uye ikozvino anotarisana zvakafanana chaizvo ngozi akwikwidzane norunako
uye nderechokwadi. Uyewo, zvinoratidza kwemisha chibvumirano pamusoro huru
zviri saizvozvo vazhinji uye vakadaro zvinokosha kusiyana kuurayiwa kuDresden
mufananidzo kuti nharo pamusoro zvinodiwa mumwe kana umwe Saka kupiwa
yakaorera kupfuura kushungurudza.
Huru zviri makopi maviri ndechokuti havaoni chifananidzo mune rokupedzisira
hafu L5. uye zana remakore rechi16 richangotanga mupenyu muBasel Mayor Jacob
Meier, nemhuri yake vaitya mafungiro pamberi, munhu akashama mwana vakabata
mumaoko, Madonna kunoratidzwa. pashure izvo kazhinji anorenda muchidimbu
zvose mifananidzo pasi zita Meier'schen Madonna, kusiyanisa kubva nezvimwe
Madonnas zhinji saka iyo Holbein hwaswedera uye kupendwa, iyo bedzi connoisseur
vateereri anoziva chinhu. Uye mubvunzo ndewekuti hombe voruzhinji vaizoziva
zvakawanda kubva Darmstadt mufananidzo apo nyanzvi vangadai vasina
nekumutswa Rival reDresden. Asi chokwadi, runobatsira nokusaziva kukuru
Darmstadt mufananidzo kuti sezvo ichi hachina kufanana kuDresden ari paruzhinji
maberere kwete zvinyorwa nemifananidzo vakapararira.
Mubvunzo wezvokwadi anofanira kureva mumwe uye imwe kopi, asi achava
kuzvivaraidza tifunge zvakawanda panyaya kuDresden sezvo Darmstadt kutevedzera
sezvo rinoshanda panyaya Darmstadt mamwe kusarudza pane kunoitika kuna
kuDresden, anofanira haingaidzirwi ichi mamwe zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, uye
mukuru kufarirwa mubvunzo anotendeukira inozviitira ari kuDresden makopi
zvakawanda. Apo Darmstadt makopi pacharo chete anobvunza: Pane chtes
mufananidzo zvakawanda naHolbein; pana kuDresden, akanga asiri nderechokwadi
uye runako mufananidzo, uya kushandiswa truest uye akashumira Holbein, zvichida
wakaitwa mberi naro, maitiro vanotuka? Zvisinei, munhu anofanira kuva
zvechokwadi nevanhu, mubvunzo chete, chii uye kana kwete asi zvose? Ndizvo pfupi
payakavakirwa mubvunzo wedu. Under nderechokwadi asi tinonzwisisa pano sezvo
nokusingaperi folgends dzose anoburukira kubva kumuduku Holbein, nderipi nguva
dzose pamberi chete pakuonekwa Darmstadt mufananidzo nderechokwadi mubvunzo
akanga azviratidza, zvakabatanidzwa kuDresden kopi kupikisana, mifananidzo
(akaberekwa L495 kana 1498, d. 1543 ), vaiona musoro yekare Swabian Malerschule,
ndezvaiye tanga vemifananidzo nguva rokumusha kwake Augsburg, mukuru
zvinoreva nzvimbo yaigara nomufananidzo wedu, muBasel, wokupedzisira England.
Zvino zvisingaverengeki mifananidzo vave vaiti kuna Artist ichi, uyo hamuzi
kwaari, nekuti paiva nguva apo chifananidzo yekare German kwete konstatierter
mavambo kusarudza anenge akaberekera pakati Holbein, Drer uye Cranach

akanga 1) , apo zvino maitiro ari mberi izvo kunosiya muduku kana mumwe kuenda
pasi Holbein kuti zita mifananidzo isina kumbobatwa kuitira kuti redu kuDresden
Madonna, uyo akanga dzaimboonekwa Kumutungamiriri mutungamiriri zvose
Holbein'schen zvifananidzo, vari mumiedzo, izvo zviri pasi ikozvino, chete
anoudzawo ane mamwemazwi wematambudziko.
1)

Wornum vari ake basa monographic musi Holbein (p. 45) mazita asina vemifananidzo zvisingasviki 17
'kunze nevamwe ", iyo mufananidzo Holbein wedu vaiti, uye" nevamwe "kuda nyore kuva zvikuru. - Kinkel
(... Mune Zeitschrift add mufananidzo K. 1867. p.167) rinoti: "guru nounyanzvi kwemasimba South
Kensington muLondon, iyo kwakaitika muzhizha 1866, kwakaita kuti hapana asingasviki 63 inonzi Holbein
vaMwari, rine haungatani zvakawanda, zvikasadaro kwete nyore dzakavanzika kuunganidza zvakanga
hergeliehen uye kanenge vakabayira isingawanzowanikwi mukana kuenzanisa dzesub Kumanikidzwa kuti
chaiyoiyo sighting akanga rinotyisa ;. nokuti pakati pevaya 63 zvifananidzo, pasi izvo zvikuru marara raiva,
aigona kupfuudza mapfumbamwe sezvo chaizvo Holbein raMwari ruoko vanonzi. "

Sezvo zivo Darmstadt mufananidzo uri kunyange vachiri ndoda kwakapararira

pane kuti reDresden, ndinotenda dzidziso imwe vateereri pamusoro zvinhu
zvakanaka kuti kutanga nokutaura zvakataurwa nyanzvi kuti nyore pidiguka.
The mufananidzo rakanyatsojeka zvisingatarisirwi vakauya yokutanga yezana ichi
remakore kuoneke. achishandisa Parisian uri munyengeri Delahante vendre kunounza
zvakafanana Berlin, pasina munhu ane kuziva sei zvakaitika mumaoko
ake. 2) Sezvatinogona kuona kubva kudunhu kuseri pamufananidzo neruoko umwe
kubva pakutanga ichi remakore pamusoro katsamba zvichinzi, chichiti: "Kwete 82
Holy Family Portraits dd pedyo" kuti vaiva panguva ino ive Chirungu maberere; uye
chikamu mufananidzo pamusoro zvakabatanidzwa kaviri Okura akaraira pokutangira
kuti kuronda nhoroondo mufananidzo kuti nguva yakanga yapfuura, iyo
dzichakurukurwa gare gare. In Berlin zvakanga unyanzvi peanoita vakatenga anenge
1822 kana Delahante kunyange 2500 kana Naizvozvo vamwe wainyatsotaura ane
hanzvadzi Spontini kunhivi 2800 Taler pamusoro Prince William pamusoro Prussia
mudzimai wake, uye wakange pakutanga akamisa muBerlin, aivawo pakutanga
Berlin chiratidzazvizhinji kusvikira muna J. 1852 vakatamira Darmstadt. Hirt ndiye
akaita unyanzvi pachena muna 1830 pakutanga akataura nezvekubatsira
mufananidzo, uye kukosha pakarepo guru, angati Makatsamwira Dresde
akasimbisa.Haungambodaro vasingadi kuwana pakutanga, Saka mumwe zhinji
Nhaurirano yakavatevera gare gare, akaita pano sezvo mazano kune needu. Anoti:
. "Zvose mifananidzo zviri zvokuti zvakanaka kuti zvaizova zvakaoma kupa
pamberi pevamwe zvinodiwa, uye saka kuramba imwe kopi imwe chete yakatofanana
tenzi chete angafungidzirika, izvo zvose Mifananidzo asi kopi mumwe akafanana
kuva rakaoma kunyange vakawanda ruzivo. chete chinhu kuti takatenda
kucherechedzwa ndechokuti kupenda muBerlin vakasununguka uye mupfungwa
nevamwe, kunyanya vakadzi boka aiitirwa kwakasimba zvikuru kupfuura kuna
kuDresden. This taitenda zvakare kuti kunyange pana gore rino kufungisisa. "
2)

Ini naizvozvo kuongorora muParis, asi Delahante akanga akarurama kufa, uye zvikanzi kuti andersher pfuma

hapana ruzivo, kunyange ini vaizofunga zvaizova kuwana katsamba muzviito mumabhuku ake.

Zvino mufananidzo iri nhaka mwanasikana mukuru mutengi, mudzimai Princess

Carl pakati Washington uye Rhine muna Darmstadt iri; ane sezvo zvachose
munzvimbo yayo muimba mupenyu dzakakwirira muridzi, uye hunowanikwa
kuburikidza akarurama mukana chete nerimwe zuva evanofarira vari mumaawa 12-3
PM. Muchirimo nokuwa muna 1869 zvakanzi huna muna Munich kwemasimba
yekare mifananidzo pamwe, uye basa ikoko mukana muenzanise pamwe chinotevera
zvakanakisisa akarembera reproductions of kuDresden kopi (the Steinla'schen
stitches uye Brockmann'schen mufananidzo pashure Schurig ) pfungwa evanofarira
uye connoisseurs kupfuura mamwe mufananidzo. Zvisinei, sezvo nokuenzanisa
zvifananidzo zviviri achishandisa yedzimudzangara kuburikidza isingadhuri
yezvifananidzo nguva dzose inoramba kukwana, sezvo vose vane muMunich
sezvachaimbova akashandisa panguva zvachose munzvimbo vose zvifananidzo
enzaniso chido akavaita zvokukurumidzira zvikuru kuti kunyange zvakananga
muunganidzwa dai vose zvaitika. Uyewo chishuvo ichi angadai kare akasangana
kwokutanga kana asiri Munich kuratidzwa, muna 1870 panopindwa hondo ingadai
akwire mugore 1869th Zvino isu kugamuchira nomufaro award gore rino (kubva
mid-August pamusoro). hauzombotadzi kusangana mukuru kufarira, uye kuwedzera
kufarira nokuda pachedu mubvunzo wedu.Zvechokwadi, vaya outorwa nenyanzvi
uye evanofarira, kwakaitika mishumo kubudikidza Algarotti, sezvinoitwa kuDresden
mufananidzo pashure Ankaufe yake Venice achiri naye, murevereri rwokutenga
akanga ari, mune pamwero uye kutora chikamu kwe rakasiyana vateereri
kupemberera kudzokerana kudzokorora oga anga emakore zvose zvakakwirira
nenhamba kuti pashure hanzvadzi wokutanga kukwazisa kutaura saka ziso kuchaita
kukwikwidzana pamusoro ziso kusvika muchanza runako uye nderechokwadi;
dzavanotizira vakarwa kure. Zvisinei achaita sezvo dzimwe pfungwa kuenzanisa
pakati mifananidzo miviri, iro rakanga kare kwete kuuya zvakarurama kuti Reine,
zvinopa yakasimba uye nharo kuti akasarudza kana kugadziriswa kunyange pasina
mukana, asi kudhirowa kusimba patimire uye sichreres nheyo.
Zvechokwadi, richabvumirwa pamwe yepakarepo muunganidzwa vose
mifananidzo hakusi zvose matambudziko aro kuenzanisa. Nekuti hazvisi mugakava
kunzi yakachena kuenzanisa apo manhamba maviri, mumwe akasununguka mhepo
iyo kunoonekwa kuburikidza yakasiyana opacifying girazi; uye, kana kwete chete, asi
chinhu chakafanana inowanikwa pano.
Asi muna 1830 Hirt anoti neapo kuenzanisa dzake nemifananidzo zviviri:
"Zvisinei, kuDresden kupenda ndiyewo kuvamirira pakuti zvava ramakore, uye
zvikuru rimwe kuchenesa uye varnish itsva hungada." Zvisinei, chinetso ichi zvino
kunoshandurwa, sezvo kuDresden kopi, akadzorerwa muna L840, kuburikidza
Inspector Schirmer, anenge ari sokupenya mufananidzo mutsva rikasabuda, ukuwo
Darmstadt achiri akafuka yero kuva nokuchembera varnish, izvo kwete chete
Gesamton chidzitiro kuchinja uye vamwe kusiyana anobva audza mavara zvenzwi 4) ,
asi wakachengeteka uri nhoroondo mhedziso munhu kuswedera kubva mumhepo,

uye chaizvoizvo kazhinji utsinye akakwevera kuna varnish, zvinobvisa, chero kana
Darmstadt mufananidzo pashure huru mumativi ari chisingaenzaniswi mamiriro
pamwe Dresde anogamuchira. Zvino, zvisinei, izvi varnish bemhapemha kunogona
Darmstadt mufananidzo saka kure kutarisirwa vabatsirwe, sezvo kunobatsira
yekudyidzana vamwe vakataura mashoko anozvidza nokusiyaniswa reDresden
pamusoro kupa pfungwa yeshoko Darmstadt kuriporesa nemafuta anonyevenutsa
dzechiuto mafungiro kuti haugoni kubatsira asi chaizvoizvo somumwe zvakanakira
chete pamberi kuziva kuDresden, uye Prof. Felsing akazivisa kuti chikonzero ichi
panhaurirano naye pamberi pechifananidzo kuti arege vakarashika varnish unhani
chero mutengo. Kwete chete, Zvisinei, kuti nani. zvinonakisa kushanda kwave
zvaikurira nokuda zvakaomarara rima ruvara yauchapiwa varnish kumufananidzo
rose, kunyange vamwe connoisseurs kunyanya kuororwa, uye zvinokosha zvenyaya
nomufananidzo vachiri vanotambudzika kunyanya ichazivikanwa (v. Dental p.6 )
anoda ruzhinji connoisseurs nokusingaperi vanosarudza kupinda mazita kuona
mufananidzo wayo chokuziva zvakwakanakira pamwechete kuDresden, kunyanya
kuti aitarisira kuti kusiyanisa reDresden simba haana kusvika kuburikidza
kudzorerwa Darmstadt kopi. Nokuti chinhu chagara nyama ruvara kuonekwa
pamusoro unoshamisa zvisvundu akatsvuka kumeso uye maoko muvambi uye
avhareji mukadzi kuDresden mufananidzo muna Darmstadt nomufananidzo, uye
muna kuDresden nomufananidzo vashanda nesimba akasiyana Nhindi yenguvo dema
Darmstadt pasinei Firnises nani zvikuru, kunyange mumwe nekushambidza
dzavakawana zvakasiyana, saka ndiko kufunga kuti munhu akasimba achiipa
kunyanya yerima pavazhinjisa drapery, sapamazuva Darmstadt mufananidzo rakauya
kuna simba kusiyanisa pakati kuDresden mufananidzo, mukuru muparanzvongo
vapfeke, pashure iyo kudzorerwa Darmstadt mufananidzo zvakanakira pasina
zvazvakashatira refresher vanofanira kugoverana pamwe kuDresden.
3)

Kana ukatarira ari Darmstadt mufananidzo rose, kwete munhu anoona zvavanodzidziswa Firnises asi
anotarisira kuzvitorera makara kuti ndezvipi untriftigerweise kuitwa zvinopfuura chimwe mutongi. Asi zvino
varnish mashoma nzvimbo chena musikana nemapfekero yasvika kure, nokudaro kuwana mukana panguva
imwe huru ukobvu uye musiyano zvakunokonzera iri coloring kuonesesa. Man kushamiswa kusiyana apo
yakachenesesa ari nemapfekero kusvikira varnish mabasa kuonekwa pamusoro yellowish-mashava kuzorora
kupfeka gefirniststen. Kunyange panguva kumucheto mufananidzo kunogona kuva shoma mabasa varnish
denga mabviro ndinoona chepakutanga yebhuruu sezvo Makwanza vari greenish ave sezvinei denga.
4)

Somuenzaniso: .. Scales (a Bem) akawana kurapwa romusoro Mariya nevamwe manhamba (kunze meya)
kusvika kuDresden mufananidzo "kusimba uye varambe hwakadzama" kupfuura Darmstadt uye fastens naro
kunyange zvokufungidzira siyana kutsunga vose zvifananidzo, apo zvimwe v. mazino vanowana kuti varnish
aiva kuMudzidzisi "misiyano Blurred chete mavara zvenzwi chepakutanga coloring [muna Darmstadt
mufananidzo]".

Dzakanaka sei uye anorayiridza zvino kuva, ivo Darmstadt rakanyorwa chete aripo,
uye zvakanyorwa dzakati pamusoro zvakare yake itsva, iyo chaizvoizvo akwegura
zvikuru akakodzera ezvinhu pamwe kuDresden kuona; uye zvakadini "akanaka
kwazvo" yepakutanga zvazviri rimwe zuva chiedza zvitema, zvino ndiyo rinokwanisa
kucheneruka mutema kwakapera, nguvo kunoda vakaedzwa uye kudzorera
mufananidzo rose kuwana ndima. Tooth ake.

Asi kwaizova kuzvikudza kwedu kuedza kutaura zvinopfuura chimwe panyaya iyi.
Panyaya iyoyi zvachose kunogona kuitwa nokuenzanisa isingadhuri yezvifananidzo,
uchafanira Zvisinei kuchengeta nezveMutongi kuDresden kopi kuti anozivikanwa
Steinla'schen Musono kana zvakafanana nomukurumbira Brockmann'sche
mufananidzo pashure mifananidzo kubudikidza Schurig, nokuti Darmstadt kopi
usingatadzi pari refu rakabudiswa mufananidzo kubudikidza Felsing kuti Kuswedera
vachiriita ndiye; uyewo vakaramba nokuti mukuru nomuvhenganiswa ratios vose
zvifananidzo ari muunganidzwa kwavo pepa vanodhirowa V imwe rakadhindwa
kubva Naumann Weigel arive turakiti. Zahn raMwari (the Darmstadt kopi
Holbein'schen Madonna. Lpzg. L 865) yaibatsira chiratidzo chokuti duku bhuku
nokusingaperi kwete chete chinonyanya kwakakwana uye chinonyanya kwazvo rine
chii kare aripo pamusoro fananidzo mifananidzo miviri, asiwo runopfuura ari
kusasarura kuti mumwe rinomupotsa mune dzimwe zvinomiririra nezvemuenzaniso
uyu kakawanda.
Zviri achidemba chaizvo kuti kana vari kubva kuDresden vachiri Darmstadt
kudhindwa mifananidzo kuva, zvikuru saidzo kusiya chinhu nokuda munhuwo zvake,
asi kuti kutsiviwa nokuda connoisseur nechinhu kopi kana mufananidzo kuti
kopi. Kunyange mubvunzo wedu asi zvinoda nokungwarira chaizvo, kutonga kubva
chechipiri.
Kubva zvifananidzo kuDresden Gallery yapakuvamba mifananidzo kuchiderera
ruzivo rangu nokusingaperi wakamurambira, handizivi kuti chikonzero chii, kuona
kuti mune dzimwe namaberere pasi musoro kurambidzwa mvumo kuti
isunungurwe. From Darmstadt kopi kunyange pane zvishoma mifananidzo
yepakutanga, iyo inongosvikika oga favoring, kukwana chaizvo, vatema asi kwazvo,
uye, pasina mubvunzo kukonzerwa kururama noruvara, regai kuratidza kutaura
pamusoro Madonna uye mwana zvakanaka, zvinogona kunge nechikonzero mumwe
kubereka yokurega chete. Zvichida vakaramba kubudirira nani nokubvisa yeyero
Firnises.
Zvichitevera mufudzi uyo akatora chikamu munhaurirano pamusoro
nderechokwadi uye runako ukama pakati makopi maviri akatevedzana: Kugler,
Scales, J. Hbner, Schafer, ndima zino, Woltmann, Wornum, Fechner, Kinkel, E.
Forster, W. Schmidt. Crowe, K. Forster, Br. Meyer, kusanganisira ini zvakatongwa
voga dzakanyorwa Felsing, H. Grimm, Th. Big uye ndima. Liphardt chipo. An
muchidimbu Ganges, Nhaurirano zvatakawana chete vachatevera muna 3 zvikamu.
II. Kusiyana kwakaita makopi maviri.
Pasina kuenda pano rairatidza nokuenzanisa mifananidzo maviri ukama vose uye
muna vose zvakadzama kuchaita izvo chinangwa uye nemiganhu zvaizoita kupfuura
basa redu, asi ari pamwe kuchengeta vamwe kusiyana zvikuru, vanopinda imwe
Generic nzira iri mubvunzo nderechokwadi, noruremekedzo, vamwe mashoko izvo
kuvavamba kunyanya Zviidzo kupinda chete. The chete pachena kusiyana, iro rinoita
yakare varnish unhani pamusoro Darmstadt mufananidzo uye akasimba achiipa
dzimwe reDresden pakati vaviri ndechedu muzvirevo zvikamu.

The Darmstadt mufananidzo uri zvishoma seduku miganhu yose, apo

hwakanyatsorwisa kudzika kupfuura kuDresden mufananidzo, pasina mifananidzo,
kunze zvishomanana zvinoderedza nenhanho, izvo vakawana vakawanda, iduku
zvikuru, zvokuti kugutsikana yose mufananidzo chete hwakada kusundwa pamwe
chete uye kukura kwayo tiratidzike mwoyo kune payakaipira yavo, pashure vachauya
chii zvizere shure. Rinokosha kuchinja mavakirwo pakati mifananidzo miviri vari
neizvozvo muna. The zvishoma slimmer mufananidzo muna kuDresden Madonna
akapfeka rima munyoro rokwe, ukuwo Darmstadt pakutanga chiedza zvitema, zvino
rinokwanisa kucheneruka mutema kuburikidza pokudzora Firnises. 1) The uso okuti
zviri kuDresden Madonna ndiko zvandinogara varidzi plum selle kunaka vazhinji
yapfuura votes, mumwe Fusion youchangamire nyasha - chii kosi vavengi chete
zvakare kutsvaka mamwe mashoko 2) - kuhwina, uye patambo kwazvo uye nobler
mavakirwo nezvitima. Against kutaura Darmstadt Madonna ari zvakasiyana-siyana
vachinzi noumambo chikuru, chiremera, ukuru, zvakaoma kwazvo, ukasha,
hatitombodi, hunhu, kukosha, chikuru mutambo, zvechitendero rokugadza naro,
mashoko ndakashandisa zvose Chokwadi, chero zvazvingava, hasha nekuramba
makirogiramu kuwana mashoko; izvozvo chinopesana asi ushamwari chitima
akapoteredza muromo. Kumwewo Zvechokwadi "aingovawo asingakwezvi
chitarisiko" iri Darmstadt Madonna anoonekwa pachinzvimbo chikuru
mhemberero. Zvino, iwe uchava kunyange kukwanisa kuumba mutongo wake, kana
zvose zvifananidzo dzinongova pedyo nepedyo, uye akaramba achidzokera kufunga
chendangariro rokupedzisira pfungwa. Zvisinei, vanofanira, sokuziva ndinogona
kutonga kubva kwandiri kusvikira zvino asvika nemanzwi makuru vateereri vashoma
connoisseurs vanokoshesa pasi pokudzora kwavo nderechokwadi vanoona pfungwa
huru mufananidzo yose, musoro Madonna, muna Darmstadt mufananidzo musoro
muna Dresde vakaenzana kana kukumbira pamusoro havabvumirani.
1)

The unotaurwa SCHAEFER kuti murima mitema noruvara jasi kuDresden Madonna akatumira kubva
overpainting izvo regai kuvhenekera kuburikidza zvinozvikonzera zvinoitwawo aipesana ega mundima
zino. Asi "rakasarudzwa bvudzi yakanaka yepakutanga vave dzakapendwa pamusoro murima matauriro"
vaiva. Against izvi kwaari "pasi vachena uswa mataurire jasi racho Darmstadt Maria ane pakutanga zvichida
dzaona pamusoro hwokufananidzira nemumicheka zvipfeko Marie dzvuku underpainting".
2)

comp. 3rd chikamu.

Against ichi umire evocative uye yakajeka printouts zviduku vatambi, kunyanya
pakati uye gotwe nehadzi nhamba, sezvo vari kuurayiwa nevamwe mashoko, sezvo
zita akapfugamira musikana uye kapeti chomumusoro, uye kuDresden mufananidzo
pamusoro Darmstadt shure. Meya ane Darmstadt Train kupfuura yakakwirira okuti,
paakanga, uyezve, kubudikidza zveufende retouching [s. pazasi] rinowanika pana
kuvamirira. Mumwe dzinonakidza kusiyana iri chokwadi kuti mwana Darmstadt
Madonna kunyemwerera kuonekwa sezvo ushamwari Christkind, ukuwo kuDresden
ane yaizivikanwa Zvinoonekwa mwana anorwara, saka kuti makopi zviviri zviviri
maonero kuripo pamusoro mwana, sokuti chavangadai.
Nokuenzanisa kupenda vose zvifananidzo, zvakaoma akasiyana tinyatsonzwisisa

chete chikamu nyanzvi yakadaro, uye nematambudziko makuru izvo yeyero varnish
bemhapemha pamusoro Darmstadt mufananidzo ruoko rimwe, simba achiipa dzimwe
muna kuDresden mufananidzo Asiwo kuongorora uye fananidzo yepakutanga
colourways anoshora kutaura chinhu Kandira Free unopinza chishambwe.Nokuda
varnish, - kuti mugodzoka kwapera ane mashoko mashoma - kwaizova kunyanya
kunyora warm brownish Ruvara Darmstadt mufananidzo, pakwakanga Vamwe
nzvimbo sezvo hunhu Holbein chaiwo uremu; chete kuva upamhi kukuru
implementation, akataurwa chikero ari Darmstadt mufananidzo, zvichida kuitira kure
pachena, sezvo vaigona kuvimba blurring dzimwe kusiyana yepakutanga coloring ari
varnish Zvisinei, makuru uye zvichiita kuti kusiyanisa akasimba rima chikuru
pavazhinjisa drapery uye shava tsuka meso pachiso uye vashoma zviduku vatambi
vari kuDresden nemufananidzo pashure ambotaurwa ataure aigona kuvimba ane
simba achiipa. 3) akawana nzvimbo yakadai mifananidzo miviri aifanira kupendwa
pamwe chete Dhayi siyana, uye izvi kana tichifunga kana kuchibva kuna chete
munyori, kuwana Mitrcksicht. Zvisinei, munyaya iyi, itai uwane nyanzvi
kuongorora kana kwete.
3)

Kazhinji, kunyange munhu asingadi pasi zvatinosiita tsvuku pfuma panguva rima; asi ndiani kuziva izvo
Dhayi the artist rakashandisa akapenda kana kupenda Mavara. Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuzvidzosera
zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti yepanyama nyama Ruvara meya pachiso uye maoko, vachiratidza Darmstadt
mufananidzo muna kuDresden nomufananidzo somunhu wechipiri-kupendwa nemaune anofanira kunge
yachinjwa kuva brownish dzvuku kuti ruvara rweganda ane mushandi moto sokuti, Holbein akafanana pachake
kuva kana yokumwe Artist akatanga Dresde mufananidzo.

Kutaura shoko rimwe kusiyana munzira kupenda risingagoni yakanyorwa

Mafunurwa zvinotaurwa Darmstadt mufananidzo vakarondedzera "ari impasto
chakasimba chaizvo" kwaainge ezvinhu sezvo printouts, ukuwo kuDresden
kubudikidza Karl Foerster okuti kunakidzwa Darmstadt mufananidzo kunyange kunzi
"rinorema, akatambudzwa", a "zvishomanana, anenge zvakavanda vaurayiwa
Touche" rinozivisa Th. Big asi nemumicheka zvose zvifananidzo unyanzvi kunze
Spezialilten munombosangana dzinenge vachibvumirana. Vaya vanoda kuramba
kudzidzisa pamusoro vanyori, anotora chairoiro Citation chete. Ina pasi,
muunganidzwa pamusoro 4th chikamu Chakanakisisa asi zvichaitika, parutivi,
kubudikidza yapfuura kubviswa zvose specimens kukwira zvimwe regerereka, toona
kuzvipokanidza aya ane kupedzeredza mutongo pamusoro ukama kwokushandisa
vose makopi kuhondo dzavo.
The kuDresden mufananidzo muna J. 1840 Kuisa azivikanwa nomubati chaizvo
kudzorerwa kuti munhu asi ndakacherechedza chimwe munhu anokangaidza
retouching izvozvo, handizivi. Uyewo panguva Darmstadt mufananidzo ataurwa
hapana kwokutanga vaiona, Hirt, Kugler, zviyero, ndima zino Wornum kuva
vakadaro akawanikwa, izvo zvinogona kuvimba kuti hapana kuongorora angave
zvakajeka rinotungamirirwa. asi Woltmann akatsanangura "chete-unyanzvi
rokuongorora uye mufananidzo zvose" pasi wakakodzera ezvinhu zvakajeka: "Haana
kuona kuchangotanga retouching, kuchengetedza uzare", uye Bruno Meyer
anobvuma zvinoenderana kuongororwa riri: "The mufananidzo chinoshamisa

sanganisika ".
Zvisinei, zviremera izvi pamusoro tine vanyorese: The Kenner vs. Liphardt, asi
chokwadi pachake pane cheki chifananidzo kuti zvakafanira kuzivisa anowedzeredza
mufananidzo yose wokutanga, panguva imwe kechipiri, "kuti kwokutanga chii.
pfungwa anetseka, kunyanya meya, waiva pamusana murombo retouching. " - Izvi
yose vachibvumirana, kunyange zvikuru yakazvimirira womufananidzo Th great, uyo
akanyora, "kuti zvinoita sokuti kuuya maoko vatorwa pamusoro musoro meya," -.
Next W. Schmidt, ari "pano uye makomba ikoko mashoma zveufende plugged
"achawana. -, Just vane mabasa sei Crowe wokupedzisira, Artists uye evanofarira
panguva imwe chete, maererano izvo zviri, sezvinei, yaiva "mu untadelhaftem
nehurumende" emadziro, zvinosuruvarisa saka vane mwero abrasion uye retouching
pa se, uko ivo munyanye tisanzwe kushatiswa. Face uye bvudzi Musikana
dzaparadzwa, mimvuri akapoteredza maziso uye mhuno achangobva akayambuka,
freshened musoro uye pamapfudzi Kristu Child murima nzvimbo, Nzeve chete
akakuvadza vakakandwa, uye muromo uye chirebvu ane akapfugamira musikana
kodzero akaramba zvinongoramba. "
Saka vamwe retouching uye neizvozvo zvinhu, izvo zvisiri naHolbein,
zvirokwazvo kupa Darmstadt mufananidzo; chete kuti retouching ane mufananidzo
chaiwo kwete kuita chete anowedzeredza.
Kubva zvinokosha chokuita mubvunzo nderechokwadi vamwe kusiyana pakati
mifananidzo miviri iri shoma zvinhu zvikuru mubvunzo, riri zvose mufananidzo
erstgemalte, kugaya chipikirwa kana kupa, uye isu kumbotipa pano chete pashure
yavo Tatbestande kuti gare gare [Chikamu 5] zvinofanira kufungwa panyaya.
l) kupfeka mwana repasi rinoratidza ari Darmstadt pamufananidzo imwe
kuDresden mufananidzo asipo peculiarity kuti yave zivo yangu yokutanga
kunoratidzwa W. Schmidt sezvinotevera.
"Ko Strange kutaura, muna Darmstadt kutevedzera rworudyi kusimira mwana;
pazasi insofar munwe akawandisa kana amaoko chakafukidzwa noruoko jaya
ndemamwe minwe shanu vanooneka asi, kutyorwa, patsime tenzi, asi
kunyatsokwanisa kuva mukopi, kana haana kumuwana ari yepakutanga, vangadai
vakabvumira. "
chete kuva kana kuonekwa Darmstadt mufananidzo sezvo shoma sezvo kwokutanga
Vacherechedzi kuteerera Usatambe ichi, uye kana ari papepa rehurukuro Kuswedera pamusoro zino
ari mufananidzo kubudikidza Felsing kuti kudhirowa, sezvo Ndakawana kutevera supernumerary
munwe, Ini murondedzero wangu taura izvozvo Grenzboten akawedzera mubvunzo kupa pachayo
iri pfungwa kuti zvichida Usatambe kuna, Kunoumbwa ruoko hwomukomana, pamafudzi jaya
akapa rinonyengera chitarisiko chete achangobva pamusoro pachena anoona zvakanaka pamusoro
yechitanhatu munwe, nokuti zvinoratidzika zvakafanana. . Asi kwete chete kuti uyewo kuyeuka
Crowe uye Br Meyer rechitanhatu nomunwe pashure Schmidt, saka ndasvika mubvunzo wangu
Prof. Felsing mashoko anotevera:
"The inoita yechitanhatu munwe aiva neni kare, ndisati ndaita kudhirowa wangu,
anozivikanwa pasina kusangana neni kumudukusa pazviri, kana kunyange chimwe chinangwa kana
pamusoro pokutanga kwakaita nomufananidzo wedu vakawana imomo vanoda. Maoko mukomana
muduku ari ane nzira kwakaratidza kuti zvimire rokutanga yakakwirira minwe yake angadai

akaronga somunhu thumbs, muchikohwa kunyora urongwa hwezvinofanira kuitwa nzvimbo

indekisi munwe. hapana Saka chinhu kuratidza. "
E. Forster zvakare ipfupiso forefinger pachena chete yakanyorwa thumbs, uye anogona saka
wechitanhatu munwe kunyangarika, achiti: "napagumwe roruoko rworudyi mwana zvikuru
zvokutadza guru uye zvimwewo akanyorwa (kuitira kuti zvichiratidzika kuva minwe mitanhatu ). "
Against muchidimbu Br Meyer nyaya zvichingodaro. "The rworudyi kakomana ane minwe
mashanu, kana iri amaoko nokuda kwavakarurama forefinger wakawedzera duku chikanganiso
haina kubhadharwa."

2) J. Hbner chakataurwa tsamba kwandiri umwe wake rakawanikwa "Pentimento

kuruoko rworudyi Knabens pamusoro bhokisi mwana vakamira" iri kuDresden
mufananidzo, asi kwete kureva zvakafanana zvizere.
3) Kwemakore yose chiso uye mberi chikamu Hood ari mukuru hadzi mufananidzo
akamhanyiswa Darmstadt mufananidzo ine rima, Mavara mimvuri 4) , panzvimbo
yayo inowanikwa kuDresden mufananidzo chete simba, shading zvishoma
Mavara 5) , uye mukuru chipingidzo kuti mumvuri sokuti chikamu chinooneka
rehurukuro riri (nzira shure musoro zvekare uye zvakavanzika) ruoko pamusoro
Madonna chete kupedzisa, chete kuti, sokuziva ndaigona kuona achiri kuenderera
shading riri kumusoro zvakarurama uye pasi pamusoro chirebvu chake, iro pamwe
pakuwedzerwa kuDresden shading kodzero. Zvakanaka kutanga ane Suermondt
ndokumisa maonero ane zvakawanda pashure Kuedzwa pacharo, kwasviba ruoko
pamusoro Madonna anotanga kupendwa uye wakarurama zvapararira kuburikidza
kumeso uye musoro goko vanhu vekare vave kupendwa gare gare. Woltmann (Sdd.
Pr.) Akagamuchira maonero ichi uye akaita pamwe kufanana Pentimento
(kururamiswa chifananidzo parutivi munyori pachake) sezvo chikonzero Zvinokosha
Darmstadt mufananidzo achikwikwidza nepo W. Schmidt chinopesana chete, zvekuti
chete neyakarurama vanofanira kudzidzisa chidzidzo mune ramangwana
muunganidzwa, kana vachirambira kodzero. The kuchangobva kwakadzama
pamusoro s. In zvinotevera activation.
4)

Munguva mufananidzo kubudikidza Felsing zvakare rinobwinya.

5)

ndizvo Untriftig chii namakwande (a. Rem.) Anoti, uye C. akadzokorora muna Grenzboten kuti chiso
kuDresden Madonna wakachengetwa chiedza zvizere, asi kupa Musono Steinla uye Brockmann kuti
mufananidzo chii imi pose pose nechokwadi zvinopesana unogona, chepakutanga panyaya iyi triftig zvakare.

Woltmann muna c sdd Press: .. "Kubva Darmstadt zvichinja inonakidza

Pentimento rave rawanikwa Kubva panguva yakare, zvakanga riri rima rifanane
kumeso mukadzi rokutanga Madonna nekunyadzisa, vamwe vaida chete kuderedza
mumvuri, vamwe kanyika mukati. ona varnish Mr. Suermondt ichangopfuura, ari
kudzidza muMunich, akawana rworudyi. chimiro yekare iri kupendwa chete gare
gare nezvakarukwa zvitema ruoko rapera kuburikidza munenge kupendwa chiso,
naizvozvo matauriro ichi, sokunge chinhu unmotivated mimvuri murayiro. munhu
wechipiri Pentimento akarondedzera kwazvo; gandiwa pamusoro Pfeilerkapitls
Dzakamera pakutanga havana zvikuru kubuda; ukaziva dzakamboitika pepa

rehurukuro zvishoma kuruboshwe, uye kusanganisira hunyambiri mugodhi kuguma,

iyo yava kuchizvivanza headscarf mukadzi wechikuru [Hereinafter, ari cogent
uchikurudzirwa Handimupinduri. mutana akanga indisputably munhu kare akafa pana
Foundation chifananidzo, mukadzi muduku pedyo ipapo vachiri vapenyu mukadzi
wacho anyatsoronga]. kuti chete pandaishanda kunge asvika muvambi pfungwa, uye
akakomborerwa basa nzvimbo mumufananidzo.Pakutanga hautorwi mu murwiyo
pamusoro pavo, meya anoenderana Ukuwo, avhareji mukadzi - unogona kuzviona
nourefu musoro - uye musikana vakomana vaviri. The kupinza womukadzi akwegura
akaita Chekutanga zvakanaka kuti vamwe vaviri nhamba vakakurudzirwa zvikuru
hwokuurawa uye chepiri ivo ichingowanikwa mufananidzo pamusoro
Madonna. Mukopi akacherechedza tsime iri uye akapa chikuru hunhu kupfuura
nzvimbo. "
Zvino unogona kuva nechokwadi pakutanga kuona kuwana isinganzwisisiki kuti
vemifananidzo kubva symmetrical zvinonakisa urongwa, sezvo zvino pachena kubva pakutanga
huru nhengo inofanira kuva asipo; munhu anofunga kure zvekare, yose nomuvhenganiswa unyanzvi
zvokuti chinokosha kuti iwe wakaita Holbein kubva pakutanga haigoni kuvimbwa; uye ndanzwa
mashoko utsinye nokuda vemifananidzo pamusoro Woltmann nemamiriro. Asi maonero
zvinogoneka kana mumwe achifunga, sezvo zvirokwazvo Woltmann akafunga, nyanzvi
yokudhirowa aida kuchengeta pakutanga pamwe manhamba maviri hadzi divi nhamba nhatu
kurutivi varume divi pachiyero, Madonna vapedza dzakapendwa mukufunga ichi, asi, asati asvika
hadzi boka, zvakachinja urongwa, uye izvi zvino kushandisirwa nenhamba matatu weiblicherseits
matatu mnnlicherseits akatarisana, zvichida chaizvo nokuti ainzwira, pamwe nhamba vaviri
vachirwa navatatu aiva mashoko asingasviki akanaka; asiwo, maererano, vaviri vaduku nhamba
hadzi dzinosiyana haachatauri zvishoma, sezvo akaronga kare, chete nepfungwa zvinogoneka
ukaramba kukwirira kwayo chinzvimbo. Asi kuti Artist zvechokwadi kare uyewo zvichida vaviri
vaifara yakafanana mhosva nhatu, ndinogona kunyange kubva, kuratidza mufananidzo redu
zvinonakisa urongwa analoginen, rakanyorwa Memling, mienzaniso Breviario Grimani kwete. 91,
apo rimwe divi Mary maviri , nezuva dzvene nevamwe vakadzi vatatu akapfugama; uyewo Holbein
pachake ari muruoko nokudhirowa, vakaratidza kuva jendurumani kukuru, akawedzera Apollo
kurutivi rumwe mana, nezuva rimwe shanu Muses; Naizvozvo kuti saka nekuonekwa munhu
wakaiswa vanoverengeka symmetry ari akafanana nguva hazvigoni kunzi kubatanidzwa. Kubvira
ipapo, kazhinji pane Woltmann maonero ndinoona asi kuti Holbein zano kubva pakutanga kusvikira
nhamba nhatu hadzi, izvo tinoona zvino mumufananidzo akasikwa, asi yakare mukadzi sezvakanga
kure kurudyi (nokuti subj. Standp.) Kubvira zvizere akapendwa maoko Madonna akanga
zvokutamira, kana murume pamusoro wekare kuruboshwe kwayo makabuda, izvo kubvira
pakutanga zvechokwadi zvinoita zvikuru echisikigo chinhu; asi nekuti akaona kuti haangaiti kuti
kuita pamwe nzvimbo nokutara vatambi yose, vatana kunge mberi zvino chidimbu chete ruoko
panze. Saka vanofunga kuti Suermondt rworudyi. Zvichakadai, zvinopesana sezvandakataura
Schmidt anotenda Suermondt uye Woltmann mune d. Zeitschrift. f. mufananidzo. Art pamwe
anotevera anoti:
"Kuti nyakufa kuri kupendwa vachiri pasi kare apedza zvikamu gare gare, kunyange
naHolbein pachake sezvo W. anofunga, uye kuti mumvuri yaibereka nechiso chake uye musoro
sikavha kuburikidza yebhuruu kuburikidza-vakura ruoko, hazvina musoro zvakanaka neni.
Kunyanya kuti mugove anofanira richangobva kupendwa saka thickly, sezvo vamwe, asi kwete
pamusoro pamusoro kare akapedza ruoko, apo miviri kuitira kwaizoratidzwa akasikwa, asi zvikuru
zvakaenzana, uye ipapo chete mumvuri mataurire nyama uye headscarf chete Nancirung kunyange
vamwe manhamba uye navamwe kuMudzidzisi musoro apo mimvuri kuitika. vakanga Blues akura,
saka kurira kwaizova akasiyana. Iye zvichida pakunzi nomumvuri nokuti mukadzi vakawanda
akamira shure kubva maoko pamusoro Madonna zvakanaka chaizvo mumwe vanogona

kugamuchira vakadaro, uye mumvuri naiyo yakafa, zvichida anopa vavariro, kuva akasiyana
mukurumbira ".
Ini pachangu kubvunza nei zvitema nemapfekero of Madonna akanga akarurama kuzova
kuburikidza nemapfekero uye maoko vakwegura nokusaparadza akura sezvo ruoko kubudikidza
Hood uye kunangana chete ndiro chinhu; Sezvineiwo akaisa chisarudzo kuenda, achitarisira kuti
remangwana Zvinoumba mifananidzo miviri achauyisa chitsva kunyatsoongorora ane chinzvimbo
chakadaro.

4) Prof. Felsing akaudza sezvinodiwa kuisa mubvunzo uchinditevera

Handimupinduri.
"Unonzi kuti muBasel vanodhirowa misoro vatatu nomwanasikana chena kupfeka
ndakatsungawo bvudzi pasina maparera vapfumi chomumusoro; kusvika pasi
sezvinoita kusvikira akasunungura mvere kudhirowa, shimmers rwepepuru mataurire
noruvara rima kupfeka mukadzi pakati Saizvozvo inofanira chinoguma chokwadi kuti
yakatsvukuruka bvudzi mwanasikana mumufananidzo wokutanga pasi
pakugumburwa, vakaita dzakapendwa kudzidza zvakasikwa, uye kwave chete
pashure, akaiswa guru norudo uye vasinganyatsooni, parera zvishongo pamwe mhotsi
dzangu panzvimbo yavo. "
5) Next arege kuwira voga Cherechedza nechekare yekunwa musiyano pakati
kunyemwerera printouts pamusoro Darmstadt uye nemisodzi kuratidzwa Dresde
mwana; - The chandanga Darmstadt mufananidzo zvinyoro pasi chirebvu, izvo
akawedzera kuti Madonna muna Dresde mufananidzo; - Zvino, nechekare ari
kuDresden pamufananidzo peripheral, monstrous muna Darmstadt mufananidzo,
musoro goko mukuru mukuru munhukadzi mufananidzo, sezvo nhamba nzira, sezviri
kuratidzwa vose mifananidzo kushandisa musoro goko yomukadzi pakati.
6) Pashure yakavhomorwa kubva yayo kuongorora Handimupinduri roruvanze
rokupenda Otto Heyden muBerlin, ari Darmstadt kopi iri nechepadivi kanivhasi uye
glued chete pamusoro yemapuranga paneeli; Zvisinei, kuDresden mufananidzo
kupendwa zvakananga pamusoro pehuni kuzivikanwa. (First demo. Nokuti berl.
News veHurumende uye vakadzidza zvinhu, 1870. kwete. 271.)

III. Historical kwemashoko nderechokwadi mubvunzo

chokuita runako mubvunzo.
Dzinozivikanwa Chero bedzi kuDresden kopi yatova saka nyaya iri nderechokwadi
pamusoro chete hapana kuzivikanwa panotanga Darmstadt kopi. Its nderechokwadi
akanga asi kusvikira mubvunzo.Nokuti atenga muVenice sezvo Holbein'sches
mufananidzo Algarotti; kuna Venice yabva Amsterdam, uko nhau yekare chigadzirwa
kubva dzakavamba mhuri Meier mufananidzo kubva kwakatangira nzvimbo muBasel
aigona kuuya pasina kuchinja mumwe sezvo mufananidzo yedu. Zvisinei, yeuka kuti
aurayiwe pamufananidzo Holbein hazvina kukodzera kana hunhu Holbein kuti
aisazova zvakakodzera, sezvo zvino vari, uye kunyange asisiri kungotaura sezvo
nezvokunetseka vanomutswa kuti mufananidzo chokubaira zvikabva zvaita uye
Summit Holbein vakanga zvishoma dzakaumba, 'rakachengeta fura Arts uye kwete

kufanana nhasi aifanira kuvhara panze falsity dzayo ayo vasingakoshi chiitiko. Saka
kupi kupokana anofanira kuuya? Usamborega nderechokwadi tsaru mufananidzo
kune kwokunze uye revadzidzi zvinhu sevakanga yakati zvisarwarisa.
Kuti zvakachinja apo 1830 iri Darmstadt mufananidzo parutivi rokutanga
katsamba, mufudzi wacho zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona kuDresden mufananidzo
munzvimbo yacho uye pakarepo atsvaka iye panzvimbo yake pakarepo nekuisa ruoko
maruramiro kuti nderechokwadi kumutswa, pamusoro inviolability reDresden
vasingagoni kwenguva yakareba. Pakutanga zvazvo zvakanga (the Darmstadt kopi)
kufara kuti kukwanisa kupa chete sisterly pedyo Dresde kopi; akanga asi kudzivirira
yayo nderechokwadi kupfuura zvose; asi mushure kuzonzi vati chengetekei mariri,
vakatanga kana - kuti vanosarudza kutaura chaizvoizvo - vanhu vakatanga kuita
Zvaaitaura tichiregeredza pakati kuDresden kutaura, akati izvi zvakatowedzera
definiteness makapeti chete, ipapo yechipiri vatambi, kupedziswa zvakafanana
zvikamu Darmstadt mufananidzo wakatarisana, Holbein kubva, ipapo akawana
pachake huru hunhu, iye Madonna, maiwe nokuda Holbein; uye pashure
vachangobva Woltmann akaita Zvakawanikwa kuti Darmstadt mufananidzo kuuya
sezvo zvakanaka sezvo kuDresden Amsterdam nokutengesa dzokurwa maoko
pamusoro wayo pamatanda zvakananga pfungwa kunyorerana yekare munhau
muBasel chepakutanga, kusanganisira nhoroondo uchapupu kuDresden kwete
kuramba zvakawanda baya zvaiita zvechokwadi apandukire naro, havana
chavakawana mairi chakanakira Holbein, uye pamwechete dzekare aiva runako
rekare mufananidzo yose yapera. Pakanga pane mumwe chete mwero chaizvo, rine
kusanzwisisana pakati kopi yapakuvamba. Kwete zvirokwazvo kuti pakunambwa ichi
angadai akawana kukunda; asi haasi chavanoshayiwa avo amakwai akapoteredza
kuDresden mufananidzo sezvo tsaru palladium; asi zvinofanira kureururwa kuti
kurwisa anodana pamusoro vavengi, kuti Wornum, Woltmann, Kinkel,
Crowe. Meyer, uye vazhinji saka vanotenderana voga avo paruzhinji mukurumbira,
manzwi vakatendeka vakatanga tisanzwe akapotsa.
Achitarira shure panguva Nhaurirano asi ini hapana ari mutorwa paaizooneka,
sezvo kubatana, akambomisa apo raora mumwechete runako mubvunzo
nderechokwadi mubvunzo pachayo; uye zviripo, chimwe chinhu kugara pamusoro
payo. Kubvira pakutanga chaipo, kunyange munhu kuti: Kana asiri chifananidzo
kwechokwadi mupfungwa zvakafanana zvechokwadi, kana inogara iyoyo
yakaisvonaka, uye zvinogona kuchinja nderechokwadi mubvunzo sezvo rwupi
mubvunzo izvozvo? Asi zvino sokuti inversely kunotsamira kunaka kusvikira
nderechokwadi. Pashure tenzi kwave chete kuimbirwa nevamwe mabasa, ipapo zita
tenzi rinorumbidza mabasa ake, uye kuda shasha, inowira rumbidzo, uye kubvira
ipapo umboo pamusoro nderechokwadi basa kutora goho kubva kushayikwa runako
rwayo, iyo inokurukura kubva ayo inauthenticity chete chikwereti mavambo. Uye
vasinganzwisisiki, yakanga chete kuDresden mufananidzo, izvo kare Holbein'n
wairumbidzwa pamusoro ake mamwe mapikicha zvose, kuti zvinofanira zvino,
pashure hazvisisirizve kuva naHolbein, sezvaiitwa zvakare pasi anotenda
vanomuramba.
Kutaura zvazviri, chero bedzi kuDresden mufananidzo yakanga ichiri kunzi

undoubted basa Holbein wedu, zvose zvipfuwo uye vatorwa manzwi vave vakabatana
nayo muruoko ruyemuro, uye kunyanya aida outbid nemashoko noruremekedzo huru
hunhu, izvo vapenyu uye zvikuru kunaka kwake uye kutapira
ratidzai. Ndanyatsowana kuyemurwa yose yave akawedzera vakaomerwa mashoko
pano uye ikoko, zvaiva nani mapeji kana zvikamu mufananidzo kuti zvichida aigona
kupa nguva kana chaizvo akapa sezvo zita zvimwe zvinoratidza coloring, vakanga
vasina hanya kana chakaoma okuti anoverengeka kuduku vatambi, inowanzonzi
wakavhomorwa muruoko vortex nokushingairira zvose pamwe euphemistic
mashoko. Hirt rinodaro mufananidzo, "izvozvo kwakauraya kukudzwa Ndimi
German"; E. Forster akatsanangura nayo se "mumwe mabasa kushongedzwa", Fr.
ndima. Schlegel se "isingaenzaniswi mufananidzo muna kuDresden ', ndima. Tooth
se" basa rinoshamisa, kuti oga ose mabasa akare German panzvimbo yake Dresde
Gallery Art anokwanisa captivate kubwinya pamufananidzo yakaisvonaka kwazvo
nyika [Raphael kwakaita Sistine Madonna] nechido vateereri zvichitaurwa
kubudikidza zvizere kuratidza kunaka German Art Mudzimu "; Hbner anotaura
"simba uye makanyarara matanho" patinonzwa apo isu "ari Sistine Madonna uye
Holbein vake Madonna, chaiyoiyo transfigurations chiGerman uye chiItalian
peculiarity kumira achishamisika" mifananidzo asati kufanana. Mosen, Nagler, ndima
Quandt, Shepherd, AW Schlegel ndima ..; - Vatorwa Algarotti, Wright, Blake, Mai
Jameson, Blanc; - Hongu ndiani anoziva uye anotaura mazita ose - avo vane rudo
vachipinda zvemashoko chifananidzo zvose asi pamusoro pfungwa yacho Madonna,
akaratidza nemaonero. Ndinoziva hapana mumwe kupfuura chinzvimbo chinopesana
kuti yose yapfuura nguva kusvikira nguva apo nderechokwadi Zvinotaurwa
Darmstadt Madonna akatanga kurova kuDresden, uye vanogona kutaura nezvazvo
pashure Ini zvikuru kwazvo sezvinobvira Verengazve zvose zvakanyorwa pamusoro
mufananidzo kumbovapo. Asi mumwe chete kubva panguva yachinja kuti. Pakarepo
tiri, dzakaoma Bruno Meyer wacho asi treffendem printouts, ari kuDresden
mufananidzo kubva pasi kusvikira mavhiri vakatanga kubva nemakapeti kusvikira
musoro Madonna, hungu kuwedzera curvature ari niche; uye iye akawedzera
chokupedzisira nokurova.
Kana Darmstadt mufananidzo; sezvo kuzivikanwa changamire yayo huru muruoko
rwake pamwe naye kuzivikanwa kwayo naJosephus aenda ruoko, uye uende
kutambidza kurwisa toughest kuti wakamutswa pamusoro wayo nderechokwadi, kuti
rutapudzo kunyange zvikamu vaya mufananidzo (kutaura kuduku vatambi). toreva
mberi kuDresden mufananidzo, apo kudaro nyika yose anobvuma kwokudzidzisa
Darmstadt Saka zvishoma Bruno Meyer achiri bvudzi zvakanaka panguva
kuDresden, Karl Forster unogona kudaro panguva Darmstadt mufananidzo. Asi roga
anokurukura kunyanyisa kwakadaro, vari rinotungamirirwa panguva imwecheteyo.
isu Scoll hereinafter weboka Nhaurirano tanyatsoongorora, pamwe nemagwaro
akaita yapfuura achawana pacharo.
Kwete chete Hirt (1830), uyewo Kugler (1845), Scales (1853 f.), V. Tooth (1865 f.),
Woltmann (1866 f.) Ita kuti priori maererano kwavo kuongorora pamusoro
nderechokwadi Darmstadt mufananidzo anotsanangura uye yakakura, hungu
yokufeva, mikana yakafanana Note vachikumbira pevatenzi kukuru. An zita

unmotivated chifananidzo kudzokorora kana wakanaka wekare kopi kuDresden

mufananidzo chikamu E. Forester raMwari (1852, 1859), izvo iye amene gare gare
havapiwi mugumisiro, yakazotevera saizvozvo vasisiri wakarovererwa mubvunzo J.
Hbner raMwari (1856), imwe chakakomba asi rutsoka Direction chero pachake
maonero chifananidzo dzinorwisa SCHAEFER wacho (pa1860) Zvisinei, achitaura
kuti rokupenda Grder vakanga nyore vakakundwa. Pano Zvisinei nderechokwadi
kuDresden mufananidzo kanenge yayo huru Bestande, uye namatunhu runako
rakanga, kunze yakachenjera kuchiratidza mubvunzo chikamu Kugler (1845),
yakaitirwa kanenge hunhu waro huru kuburikidza vachiri uye chete kuisa (vamwe
kunyunyuta kunyange chikamu Hbner), pamwe chete nevamwe makomborero
auraya Darmstadt mufananidzo zvakafanira. Saka akanga atanga nokuti raora
yezvidzidzo izvi uye paredhiyo nemaonero vachiwedzera kwekuunganidza; uye
pakupedzisira zvaiita kubudikidza v. Zahn kuti kudzidza (1865) uye Woltmann
kwakaita zvinokosha mvumo (1866) 1) Zvisinei kusvika vorudzii mhedziso sezvo
zvinoreva kuti vose makopi huru Bestande zvechokwadi., iye Darmstadt mukuru
erstgemalte uye pashure yaro yose kugutsikana Zvisinei chaiyo, wechipiri kupendwa
kuDresden, nyanzvi yokudhirowa Kunyange zvazvo kuti huru hunhu (izvo Woltmann
haana kubvuma) uye kukura mufananidzo tigutsikane pamusoro Darmstadt
chiratidzazvizhinji yakaunganidzwa tichitarisa kutaura kutaurwa anoverengeka Minor
uye accidentals (yakafukidzwa akapfugamira musikana chomumusoro) asi lagged
shure, zvokuti muzvikamu izvi kunyange kutaurawo (chikero, v. Zahn) kana
kunyange basa inotsikwa mubatsiri (Woltmann) akaona zvakakodzera kuona.
1)

Munyaya asi zvisinei kuti Woltmann kubvira pakutanga kuna kuDresden huru hunhu kwete Darmstadt, asi

imi aida kuziva uye vakabvunza chete kare akasarudza yose dzakaderera boka rakati mubasa mubatsiri.

Nokuti chekutanga kana scharfsichtigster connoisseurs vakarumbidza,

wokuEngland zvino vakabatana Wornum (Inspector of National Gallery
yokuLondon) muna monograph ake pamusoro Holbein Upenyu Nemabasa (1868)
pamwe kusvikira kumbonzwiwa-of yakajeka pamusoro falsity of kuDresden yose
mufananidzo uye panguva imwecheteyo aichimbova pamusoro zvose mutongo
zvakaoma abutting kutaura iyo, zvikasadaro kazhinji chishamiso chiGerman Art
yairemekedzwa, musoro Madonna ari pakati "pangozi zvikuru zvikamu"
chifananidzo, akanga "kunyimwa uye simba nokuedza ndishongedze kwavari,
yepanyama simba (rwokuzvarwa simba) (weakely) idealized ". Kupomerwa Similar
rakafukidza mwana ari maoko Madonna, iyo tarisa saka ndonda chete "nenhetemwa"
ari mukopi. Holbein aigona kuita havana kupendwa, asi imi pano basa "omurume
(akaderera)" Artist kune "zvatinosiita ukuru tenzi kukuru" vanoramba vari Darmstadt
mufananidzo munoona. The mufananidzo pamusoro kuDresden mufananidzo ariwana
Holbein kwete zvinoenderana. Anobvuma chete kuvandudzika kukura mufananidzo
tigutsikane pedyo mukopi. Iyewo kuongororwa asi kuvhiringidzika kuti huri hwekare
akanaka pamusoro nomufananidzo wedu uye kunowedzera kubudikidza sizvo
mashoko mashoma kana 2) kushandisa pakukuvadza iri kuDresden kopi, uye
anofunga mudzidzi naTenzi dai mufananidzo chaiwo kwenguva rimwe bazi mhuri,

sezvo yakazara ari mufananidzo, kutevedzerwa, kana rakashandurwa muNetherlands

uye pedyo Dutch yokudhirowa, vane bhuku paro unyanzvi munyengeri kana zvimwe
muridzi chifananidzo zvizhinji aizotevera, angangodaro, nyaya iri kunyangarika
abvuta mufananidzo chaiye chete chinzvimbo.
2)

Kinkel, nokuomerera pana Wornum, zvingava zvakadaro abbitten godmother paakanga vakapomera ichi
unodziya vanozvidzwa ive chiratidzo, asi godmother haana kuitwa, asi mashizha iye inongova kuita Wornum,
von chaiyo, Lssert kana kutongovapo kuti, akanga atengeswa kuna Maria Medicis kopi nomufananidzo wedu,
vakauya kwaari kuburikidza Leblon nokuti pane Godmother sezvinoita Informant ake Fesch nemufananidzo
unopfuura zvakananga kubva Leblon kuna Maria Medicis uye Lssert kana anoziva kana kunzi. C. anotevera
muna Grenzboten zvakare Kinkel. Saka anoita njodzi kuti mufananidzo kwedu kwave kusingabudiriri kubva
pakutanga kuti nhoroondo mashoko enhema sezvo zvakaitika kubva yechipiri tsime kune mumwe, achiri
mberi; uye ndakafunga kuti kuitira kuti ini chaizvoizvo wechokwadi kuburitswa zvose kare aripo manyuko
rangu nhoroondo rondedzero yepakutanga kuti zvatakawana matanho okuzvidzivirira naro. Wornum pacharo,
umo Kinkel inoti, "akaona ake asingarevi nhema ziso sharpest iri rose gwaro kuongorora" rine kanenge haana
ndikacherekedza magwaro yepakutanga. mashoko wechipiri sizvo yayo kuti kuDresden mufananidzo kubva
kusauka pamusoro Lssert'schen kumba Venice, izvo kunyange zviri kuDresden kuti ndaza, asi hapana chiri
kwete magwaro yepakutanga, asi izvo, maererano achangopfuura nhoroondo matongo Woltmann kunyange
haagoni kuva.

Hazvina pasina mubereko kuenzanisa Wornum kwakaita aesthetic maonero

kuDresden mufananidzo izvo zvichiri kufurirwa upi nderechokwadi mubvunzo
anoona Chirungu connoisseur uye Chirungu connoisseur vane kutongwa kwete
makore akawanda adarika kupfuura mazuva Wornum, asi kuvapo Darmstadt sokuti
kuva mufananidzo achiri kuziva chinhu; uye zvingava pasina zvishoma mhindu,
chete kuti mubereko ichi hazvigoni kugutsa kuziva sei pasina anotikurudzira, iyo
yakapiwa ruzivo urwu nokuda Wornum kuti unyanzvi, iye kuDresden mufananidzo
vanoramba nderechokwadi ake aesthetic kutonga kwaizova pasi nezvazvo.
Blake, Chirungu connoisseurs, anoti mukurondedzera ake nounyanzvi rwendo kuburikidza
Europe (A refu zororo Continental mufananidzo Galeries London 1858. P .. 51) dzimwe nguva
kushanya kuDresden Gallery: "Uyu ndiye Paaidzidzisa womufananidzo Zvaidyiwa zvinoshamisa
hanya. ari Madonna ndiyo yakanaka chiso kuti nokusingaperi Artist wokuGermany akaronga ari
Van Eyck'sche Madonna haana pakunomboita; ... saka inotapira, saka yakajeka, saka regal uye
akabata (benign) ". Kuti izvi zvidaro, inobaya mwoyo kuratidzwa pamufananidzo yose nyaya
kurima mavara mavara uye hunhu akavimbika inokurukura zvose omurume nenhamba,
nemhedziso: "Ndiye mumwe mashoma mifananidzo, umo kunyatsofungisisa kuurayiwa zviri
mashoko simba rose haasi zvinobvisa".
Vahosi Jameson, Chirungu connoisseur, avo makuru anoshanda Madonna (1. Edit, 1852. P.
111; 3. Edit 1864. P. 102nd.): "An kuchena, chiremera uye kuzvininipisa (kuzvininipisa) uye
pakunamata nyasha (zvedzidzo nyasha) izvi kwazvo nemasango Madonna asina rakapfuura, kwete
kunyange Raphael. 3) vakaona chiso zvakare, totaura kudzokera kwatiri kwete nomusoro
(mupfungwa kuyeuka) ".
3) A mifananidzo

matic mutongo chakafanana kunokurumidziswa atova J.

Muna 1723 ari wokuEngland Wright kuti maonero chifananidzo muVenice
apasi kupfeka mukomana: "muduku kusimira mukomana yaakaramba
havebeen outdone (kana ini angatsunga kutaura kutsvaka shoko) kubudikidza
Raphael pachake ".

Zvino Kurwisa Wornum nesu vangadai vakasiya kashoma mimwe pfungwa pane
chinokatyamadza nezvokuti aiva muduku pfungwa pamusoro keke kuti ruvara
pamusoro ndinogona kuona kuti fungira yose manyoro, kana isingatsiki nokuda
mberi kunyatsoreva kukurukurwa nhoroondo zvakawanwa nokufungirana pamusoro
inauthenticity Woltmann a pfuma itsva uye kutozviita vamiririri itsva inokosha
yaizova vashoma.
Dr. Woltmann (zvino Professor muna Arts munguva kuna Karlsruhe), - a simba
tsvakurudzo, iyo imwe beiflligst chakanyorwa, unsurpassable ari Wornum'sche basa
zvakadzama uye yezvinoreva zvinoita yokukwezva zvakanyorwa, ndeichi Chokwadi
vachiri vanoshaya, monographic basa pamusoro Holbein (2 stora . 1866 uye 1868 4) )
chikwereti, nokusingaperi muzvinhu Holbein zvino anotungamirira vocals,
zvatichaongorora saka vanewo kufunga kunyanya, - anomirirwa ari chikamu basa
rake rokutanga kana nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo pashure ake chikuru
Bestande, von pamuviri yose , Madonna uye mwana, chete kuti bemerktermaen
kunyange ipapo "zvose rezasi boka uye nenhumbi dzose" zuwies kusarudza pane
vamutangira mubatsiri Holbein vake. Akamutevera asi avo vari Okuwedzera ari
chikamu basa rake (1868) wechipiri, rakabudiswa ake zvakawanwa vakamutsa
kunyumwira kuti, kubudikidza Wornum vakazvimiririra, asi akapinda nawo ayo
mafungiro, akatungamirirwa vakabhadhara itsva kuenzanisa mifananidzo miviri, izvo
zvakaita naye itsva , vakamutinha vakafungira zvinogutsa translucent, pashure
raakanga awana munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana [s. mafaira acho] vakasarudza kuti
falsity wenyika kuDresden yose mufananidzo ataura. Uye pamwechete
nderechokwadi pake anyangarika apo zvakawanda pamusoro nemashiripiti nokunaka
nomufananidzo wedu. Hapana pamberi pake ane anokwezva uye farira ishiri iye
Kunaka kuDresden Madonna (pasina Darmstadt nyaya kukanganwira
chinhu). Akanga chaizvoizvo kwaari, "soro chitarisiko German womanhood, kutanga
izvo mwoyo ose mumwoyo German kutanga zvikuru chiedza uye zvakajeka zvizere
risingatauriki kupfava uye kutapira ine musoro -yevedza soulful kutapira ......... "; uye
wokutanga nechitarisiko nokufungira, akati vachiri "Iwewo zvakanaka" kuti varambe
anowedzeredza. Zvino iye akabata naye akasarudzwa anowedzeredza, zvichiri
"akanaka, asi modernized chivara mbodza". Uye maererano kukura mufananidzo
tigutsikane yaro kwokutanga maonero zvino kunoshandurwa kubudikidza zvatinoda
kuna kuDresden kopi yacho Darmstadt asati akasarudza kudaro. The kuDresden
mufananidzo zvino ane Wornum, makore anenge 100 raionekwa naye pashure zvose
kwemisha zvinodiwa kukura Darmstadt epakutanga muNetherlands, ndiye kopi.
4)

Kubva azvinoita zvino shanduro Chirungu (pana Bentley muLondon) nemimba chitarisiko, asi, sokuziva
ndinogona kuwana panze, kwete chaizvoizvo akazviratidza, izvo pashure kuti Woltmann kunyange kunowana
vasvika, ona nyaya iri Madonna wedu zvachose zvechinyakare uye zvivharwe chaizvo. Zvaizova achidemba,
chigadzirwa ichi, izvo indisputably zvinosanganisira maonero matsva Woltmann pamusoro ndedzechokwadi
kumubvunzo nomufananidzo wedu, pano havana kukwanisa kushandisa, kana kwete chete ichangopfuura.
Uyewo kubva Sdd Akanga hunotaurwa uye tigoshingairira mupepanhau National, chii uchawana wakatorwa
chaishingaira mazwi.

Kinkel (Purofesa mu muri nyanzvi pana Zurich) 5) ane iri kuratidzira Holbein monographs pamusoro Wolmann uye Wornum muna Lutzow raMwari
Zeitschrift. (1869) zvavanotaura AUD ari falsity of kuDresden kopi anoedza kupa
kunyange yakasimba shanduro, uye somunhu zivo kwazvo uye co-munyori
chezviitiko zvinokosha mabasa vakaziva musi Italian muri C (Crowe) 6) muna
Grenzboten (1869) ndiro yake, maererano kuongorora zviri Darmstadt mufananidzo
pamusoro Munich pakuratidzirwa, nevamwe kunyange zvakawanda sembura
zvikonzero akabatana; asi vose taura, K. C. un, kwete chete nokutsunga sezvo
Wornum uye Woltmann, uye kunyanya vakatsamwisa C. noruremekedzo kuti
kupedzeredza chisarudzo musi yeramangwana Zvinoumba vose makopi. Asi uyewo
izvozvo kopi shoma wechokwadi anonzi zvishoma yakanaka.
5)

muvambi ane "History of pamufananidzo. K. muna christl. Peoples munguva yedu nhasi muna 1845."

6)

Brit Great. General Mumiriri muLeipzig; uyewo mifananidzo pachake.

Pakupedzisira Bruno Meyer 7) muna Hildburghausener okuwedzera machira kuti

pfungwa chipo (1870), rakanyorwa chete vanotova akabvuma maonero matsva
Woltmann uye vose matunhu, uye nesimba yemashoko J. Lessing pamusoro hunhu
kuchinja kapeti reDresden mufananidzo chete zvikuru kuenzana iziviswe pamusoro
mifananidzo uye aesthetic zvainovhiringidzawo reDresden mufananidzo pamusoro
Darmstadt kupfuura vamutangira, yaakanga muropa akasvika kushongedzera kuti
maonero ake akazviratidza kuva Kudzorerwa akamborasiswa maonero; akakura
zvakafanana itsva mumhepo.
7)

unyanzvi vanyori, izvo Ndinoziva, uyo akasaina pamwe BM zvigadzirwa mundima. Ltzow kuti

Zeitschrift. dzinongobva.

Nokudaro inobatanawo nechido vekare emakore nokuti kuDresden mufananidzo

mukutonga kwake pamusoro zvakafanana sezvinotevera: "The kuDresden Madonna
musoro inongova kwete yepakutanga, mutipei uye vanoziva kusikwa, asi munhu
nyore flattening chepakutanga mhando, kuti kubva wemifananidzo yaizova kutarisira
zvose Kunstckarakteren mumwe vaizongova pfungwa soulful kutapira uye
zvinyoronyoro noumambo, kwokuomerwa vakachena uye anofunga mashiripiti
pamusoro Ideal musoro abginge shoko nokuda kukura nokudzika soro ndimi
rakajairika uye kuroorwa ruoko, uye, kuti French "Le mignon" kudanwa. musoro
ndiko sei Kugler kare nezvemukadzi, ano uye rokunyika iye chete panguva
rechitendero zvairatidza, kwete kuona pasina reminiscences pamusoro kutapira ari
zvisingakoshi kumhanya-mhanya. pamusoro chikuru mutambo uye zvechokwadi
rechitendero akazvitsaurira Darmstadt musoro iye anouya chaisvika kwete .... iye
kuDresden mufananidzo wacho pasina mubvunzo Papera kutevedzera pasina
kamutsetse muruoko Holbein wacho, uye, tiri akawedzera, munhu zvechokwadi
chaizvo bhurocha ". - Will kuwana magumo ichi shanduro kuti rinogona kuverenga
mafaira uye folgends vaiona.

Miedzo iyi zvichienzaniswa Ndinofunga sezvo kuvhunduka kwakaitirwa maonero

nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo kubudikidza Wornum uye Woltmann,
nderechokwadi kwayo chete v. Tooth rimwe chete vari voga yakadyidzana
zvokunyorwa nemaoko kufumura I Zeichn zvishomanana zviri arive add .. K.
kuburitswa ne Ernst Forster muna rondedzero pamusoro Augsb. Other. Uye pepanhau
Karl Foerster 8) kubatwa Dioscuri nokutsunga nedziviriro, kusanganisira ini mashoko
rakanyorwa H. Grimm, Th. Big uye J. Hbner anogona kuraira zvakafanana
nhungamiro, uchawana chaizvoizvo nyaya pasi.Chete wakanyarara uye kunanzvana
kudzivirira ikoko zvirokwazvo zhinji.
8)

Herzogl. Council muna Meiningen, uri munyengeri, Mutengesi uye uri muraramisi, munguva ichangopfuura
turakiti pamusoro Pettenkofer nzira kudzorerwa, ambotaurwa mumwe turakiti duku "Reflections on Painting
Galleries" (1866) yasvika.

The Darmstadt mufananidzo Kubatana, saka yave imwe nguva, kunze, akaona
retouches vanoverengeka [ona. Chap. II.] Karl Foerster aine hatitombodi iyo
kutsunga vaivenga kuDresden mufananidzo anopa chinhu anowedzeredza uye
Holbein vaJehovha vakazivisa kukodzera, uye Ernst Forster nhoroondo yose
pamasikiro Darmstadt mufananidzo dzimwe dzayo (maoko vana uye tsoka)
imwechete chikonzero pamusoro akanyora vabatsiri. Zvichakadai, sezvo K. Forster
zvinoratidza asi kwete disinclined kuita magadzirirwo uye Mumhanzi of Darmstadt
mufananidzo zvichida kushanda basa Holbein kuti - kuurayiwa kosi ndiyo 80 kusvika
100 makore gare gare, anobva kure muduku Artists - uye E. Forster ari yose chikuru
chezvinonhuwira nomufananidzo asingagoni chete yakasimba, asi akasarudza
Holbein rakasimbiswa, tinogona kutaura kuti, kanenge sokuziva paruzhinji mavhoti
vapfumi, kwete ngatitsungeiwo anokumhan'arira pamusoro nderechokwadi
Darmstadt mufananidzo sezvo kuDresden mufananidzo asara. E:. Ranger
zvikurukuru, richifunga saka "The Darmstadt mufananidzo ndiwo yepakutanga,
vakarondedzera zvakananga kubva hunhu munguva kuurayiwa kwayo vakaziva
Holbein kubata mufananidzo vachipindira mukereke, kwakatanga zvakare
achibatsirwa wokutanga uye zvidzidzo zvake ( izvo zvinowanikwa muBasel
Museum), tichisiya kupedziswa yepakutanga kupenda mamwe maoko, zvichida
mumisangano yake ".
Kuti pakupedzisira kutaura mashoko mashoma kwedu nzvimbo pamusoro
mubvunzo, saka ini vakatevera kwakadzama pamusoro dzakateerera, akaita zvakanga
chii chipo kuna Munich kuratidzwa, rangu nhoroondo yakanyorwa muna
Naum. Weig. Archives kufungwa, vakapiwa muchidimbu mubvunzo muna
Grenzboten gore rakapera uye ini, sezvo vachiri zvinoitika, akatsanangura Pfupiso
zvikonzero hunoshamisa ndingangokuvara nderechokwadi vose makopi. kuti
chisarudzo chokupedzisira asi handirambi kubvira ndinogona kuwana zvakakwana
mapepa kuti.
IV. The kupokanidzana pakati penyanzvi.
Tisati kuedza kuronga nyaya yedu nzira, tiri chete panguva bope chete chinhu. Pane

chinhu mutambo, vakawanda kosi Standenes chii vaifungidzira ari

mubvunzo? Mumwe angati: Kwete, tinokwira kuburikidza munhau iyi Zvakatongwa
nyanzvi pamusoro pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana kuti kuuya mubvunzo kufunga,
pamwe kupfuura vakawanda pokutangira uye vakure unokosha. Zvakakosha kuwana
maonero mamiriro mubvunzo zvachose pamberi pedyo unopinda pavo.
Woltmann kwave panguva nokuti aichengeta kuDresden kopi pashure zvaainyanya
Bestande kunyange chaicho (wake Holbein) akataura kuti iye, dzichangobva achibva
muBasel kuna Darmstadt, "zvizere uchiwirirana" pamusoro Darmstadt mufananidzo
"yose uye vanhu" pamwe Holbein'schen iri muBasel mifananidzo vakawana kuti
"kuDresden mufananidzo haana kubviswa akadaro dhigirii anoratidza" uye pashure
akatendeuka pasi concurrent panotaurwa yaro dzairamba kuongorora zviri Darmstadt
mufananidzo muna Munich kuratidzwa (sdd Zvi ..); "Akanga aona uye akaongorora
nomumwe mabasa maviri kakawanda, uye vakanga vava kwaari zvechokwadi. The
Darmstadt mufananidzo vose zvinoitwa yepakutanga, iyo Dresde
kwete" Zvakafanana anotsanangura Br Meyer, akanga ari kuDresden uye Munich
"pamwe rubatsiro mbiri uri connoisseur -. In Munich Woltmann kuti chomene - vose
zvifananidzo saka nokukurumidza, sezvo refu uye kakawanda, pasi wakakodzera
ezvinhu akadaro uye ane pfuma nomumwe nokucherechedzazve uye manotsi
yakadaro zvakapa, kuongororwa kwazvo sezvo asi hapana mukana chakabayirwa ",
uye iye anoswedera mhedziso, iye Darmstadt mufananidzo uri chepakutanga
anokosha, ari kuDresden mufananidzo mubvunzo paya bhurocha," pasina kamutsetse
muruoko Holbein kuti " isu [chap. III.] Verenga.
Against ichi tinonzwa Karl Foerster: "Kana zvechipameso chete Darmstadt
mufananidzo unoratidza pedyo kufanana Holbein, ndiro kunyangarika pamberi
rakapinza vaedzwa, zvokuti unogona kuwedzera pakupera okuongorora kwayo
kupfuura kuti akagadzira uye pamwe naHolbein kutaura nomumwe unhu uye unhu
mumufananidzo iro kubvuma chero nyaya asi vachimhanya kubva. Uyu achiti
rwangu mugumisiro ane vatevedzere, akaita zvidukuduku, unprejudiced
kuzviongorora mufananidzo kwakavakirwa wangu ruzivo inokosha dzapedyo chaiwo
tenzi, kwete pfungwa, asi nokutaura kunobva yomukatikati, kwakasimba,
yandichakuratidza pazasi nezvikonzero. Vakawanda vangu navo, wokutanga
unyanzvi zviremera vari azadzwa nemaonero, zvose varume nyanzvi unyanzvi uye
akapfuma, ruzivo yakura. Holbein yakakura mugove kuti mufananidzo, kana kuti
zvizere Ipai kuita, kureva, hatimuzivi. " Kusiyana "anotungamirira kuDresden
Mufananidzo akazivisa guru tenzi unyanzvi zvokuti uye mafungiro aro raora zvose
zvayo zviduku panyaya mupfungwa chete kusaziva mabasa Holbein kuti kana pasina
kupindwa muropa vanochera ane dissenting pfungwa, aigona kurwisa mavambo
chifananidzo. hapana anonyatsoziva nyanzvi yokudhirowa, richasvika mupfungwa,
apo chokwadi palpable anosangana isu pamwe hypotheses uye kuenda neherikoputa
zvekungofungira zvechokwadi, kuda munhu wakaiswa kudavira kurwisana. "
Wornum sokuti Woltmann mu Darmstadt nomufananidzo "mumwe yakanakisisa
uye chinonyanya mamirire chitsvuku inoshanda Holbein kuti", apo maererano
Schafer kuti mushumo kuDresden rokupenda Grder, "izvo makopi ari kuDresden
mufananidzo kaviri, mabasa Baba Holbein navanakomana vake, mumwe Hans yedu

uye hama yake Ambrosius Holbein, akadzidza, uye asati ruzivo kuti anopa kudzidza
kuDresden mufananidzo naye, akaenda Darmstadt, kukurira yomunharaunda
mufananidzo ane dhigirii vakaenzana, akatidana hachibatsiri sezvo rinoreva "kuti
Darmstadt mufananidzo kwete Hans Holbein ari zvingava muduku pachena kuti
zvakanga chero chiitiko kopi kupfuura Replica akaitira, ruvara yavo uye brushwork
nzira chaizvo nowenyika Ambrosius Holbein, asi angangoonekwa zvichida
dzakapendwa pasi maziso Hans Holbein "zvakanyeverwa kutongwa Woltmann
anotora mashoko simba 1) , asi kuti hakutadzisi kuti uyewo K. Forster ichangopfuura
zvakare anowana chinhu hunhu uye zvakanakira Holbein kuti kupenda muna
Darmstadt mufananidzo.
1)

"Mr. Grder zvichida vaurayiwa inoti conversationally, pasina humwe kufunga, pasina kuziva kuti aizova
wataurwa pachena somunhu simba. Sezvazvakanyorwa rinotsanangura kana wakaita kunonzi achitaura vatatu
zvakanaka vasingakoshi, zvinofadza chaizvo, asi sandara uye zvishoma turbid mifananidzo diki Ambrose.
ndinoparidza kuti hazvibviri kuti unyanzvi muvamwe Looking nomuedzo chaiwo angawana akafanana kuti
colouristic rounyanzvi pano. wakaramba Mr. Shepherd mufananidzo muna Darmstadt sezvo zvifananidzo
muBasel akazivisa iye wakaramba chenjerai, Nokureva chinhu sezvo Keckes se groundless "(Woltmann
kwakaita Holbein IS 322).

Kugler awana kupenda reDresden mufananidzo pashure zvimwe, H. Grimm mune

mamwe mativi, Wornum nokusingaperi kutsauka kubva Holbein, K. Forster anowana
nokusingaperi inowirirana Holbein.
Maererano mazano pachikero, Wornum, Woltmann, Br. Meyer munhu anofanira
chero zvazvingava kunoreva kuti ruvara unyanzvi kwaizova chaizvo yakasiyana ari
maviri mifananidzo, apo Th. Big pamusoro zvemashoko [s. mafaira acho] akawana
zvakakura vose zvifananidzo.
Scales (.. A Bem) anotora kuDresden mufananidzo zvakafanana. hues ayo chete
Holbein'schen Portraits pamusoro Bonifacius Amerbach sezvo mamirire vari kutaura
dzaratidzirwa Wornum Asi, kuwana kufanana Darmstadt kuchikosha (p 164 basa
rake.); ndima. zino anosiya mhedziso mumwe vakatama kubva brownish mataurire
Darmstadt mufananidzo nokuda kwayo nderechokwadi yokungazodzoka pamberi
kuDresden, regai kushandisa nokuti matauriro ichi zvinoenderana zvizhinji achiipa
varnish.
Algarotti Anozvirumbidza 1751 iri "chokwadi coloring" iri kuDresden
pamufananidzo, uye anowana "makapeti, nenguvo, zvishongo" akachinja "kuti
mumwe izvi divi zvinhu yaizokwana oga kuita sei chero kupenda
zvinokosha". Against Meyer (1870) vakawana zvinhu zviri chete mufananidzo
"kujeka uye pasina richiswedera kupendwa" uye "mhanya chaizvoizvo wenhamo"
kapeti. Fr. ndima. Schlegel anofarirwa (1802) pazuva "nyore wakachena ruvara
chords or the" mumufananidzo se "chavangayeukwa pakati Holbein pachake simba
uye urume" Zvisinei, maererano Meyer, "yose kunoita simba pfungwa ane cake
mufananidzo uye kuwirirana vasipo, uye vari yepakutanga anokudzwa ". The Old iwe
connoisseur Walpole nzvimbo (1762), ruvara kubva kuDresden mufananidzo
"rakanaka zvisingatsananguriki akanaka", kunyanya "zvakafanana mune Carnation

avo rakabudirira kubvunda (kuti enamelled wayaruka.), iyo Holbein akanga

chairwo," uye K. Forster naro anoudzawo kuti "ikapenya pachena yakajeka ruvara
"mamwe mifananidzo Holbein raMwari; nepo Meyer ruvara "akaoma, neguruva,
chalky" Kushanya, asi Hirt vemamwe zvakanakira chifananidzo chinhu "leaked
bhurasho" inosiya kuti "mabasa kuzvibata zvakawanda panze uye
neChiedza." Against anowana K. Forster "iri zvishomanana, rinenge zvakavanda
akaurayiwa Touche Holbein kuti" mumufananidzo pashure kwokutanga Algarotti
akapomera Hirt kurapwa pakati zvakanakira nomufananidzo rakaratidzwa, uye
Mufudzi akachengeta mufananidzo mufudzi paakamutsiura zvakasimba.
Kugler awana coloristic Mabatirwo Darmstadt mufananidzo nguva Holbein kuti
unyanzvi basa kusvika 1529 maererano; Wornum anoenderera Saka shure naro
achipfeka kuti nguva kusvika 1526 kupedza, Woltmann kunyange mberi nokuramba
zvikuru achangopfuura makore asati Holbein wokutanga rwendo kuEngland anenge
1526 maererano, uye ndima. The zino mberi nokuda pashure izvozvo rinobatanidza
zvinonakisa pfungwa pamusoro coloring of Darmstadt mufananidzo akatibvunzisisa
kuti ruvara mugumisiro Holbein vepakutanga mabasa muna Augsburg uye Munich,
izvo zvinozivikanwa dzakaguma 1516th The kuDresden mufananidzo anoisa
Woltmann pashure kupenda ake pashure 1529 Scales vakasarudza pamberi 1529,
anenge 1524 kana 1525; Shepherd anotenda kunyange (yakachengeteka kururama)
kuti yazvakanyorwa kusvikira 1521st
Zvikasadaro yose, kunyange Wornum, kukura mufananidzo uchigutsikana
kuDresden mufananidzo anowana zvakawanda zvakanaka kupfuura Darmstadt, chete
Woltmann uye Bruno Meyer vakutarisire;Woltmann zvava nokukurumidza
zvinobetsera, ikozvino kuchinjwa.
Kugler anowana muna kuDresden mufananidzo Kunyange zvazvo Holbein kuti
ruoko zviduku vatambi, asi muduku muna Madonna pamwe mwana zvakare; Chikero
v. Dental chaizvo kuchinjwa. Great akapindura mubvunzo wangu, kana une
chikonzero kuramba zviduku vatambi vari kuDresden mufananidzo pashure kupenda
yavo Holbein, ane inosvitswa No.
Mushure Hbner uye ndima. Kuparadza Artist pachake outclassed uye Kuvandudza
achikwidzwa achichinja kubva Darmstadt kuna kuDresden makopi vari cherudo
Madonna pamusoro pegomo German rokupenda unyanzvi, aburukira Wornum uye
Meyer pamusoro Kopist ari kure pazasi yepakutanga Artists. Wornum awana
kuDresden Madonna nokusingaperi anyanyopera simba kuti vachivimba Holbein,
Woltmann akavawana ambotaurwa kungorotawo rirege akavimba Holbein,
akavawana zvishoma akanaka ikozvino, pashure haachadi anovimba Holbein.
Wornum anotarisira okuti rwaKristu Child vari kubatana pamwe Madonna
yemakambani makuru kunoongorora kuDresden mufananidzo uye kuwana
zvakawanda hunhu mupfungwa zvose Darmstadt mufananidzo; nepo ndima. Tooth
"mumwe Simbe haibati uye kushaya munhu rinodhindira" yakawanikwa Infant Kristu
muna Darmstadt mufananidzo, uye Big "kuisa mberi zvazviri kure zvishoma
vakachengeteka" musoro Darmstadt Madonna uye mwana, hungu, sokuziva
anoyeuka, "Blurring zusammenlasiert "achawana.

Woltmann anotiita zvinogarodyiwa mvumo mufananidzo misoro yose yechipiri

vatambi vari Darmstadt mufananidzo kwakaita anotaurisa unyanzvi simba, "nomazvo
tinoshandisa uye fineness" zvichienzaniswa chete misoro vari kuDresden
pamufananidzo vanoyemurwa, umo vaitaura naye mvumo chaiyo kubva Br. Meyer
kuti zvose "upenyu uye zvakaoma tichienzanisa "," kuoneka yakaoma uye
emapuranga, "nepo Algarotti anzwa Kududza pakaoma uye yematanda vedzimba
kuDresden mufananidzo kare wokuItaly rokupenda:" Ndicho upenyu, isu
anorondedzera chinhu asi masiki, "uye K. Forster rinoti:" Mweya misoro [muna
Darmstadt mufananidzo] vari, zvinhu chaizvo pamuviri pasina yakanaka mamirire
Holbein uye pasina ake zvinoyevedza kunzwisisa, "great Ukuwo," akafunga
mufananidzo misoro vari Darmstadt mufananidzo kuona kuti ndivo kuti zvisikwa,
dzimwe nguva kwete pasina dambudziko, dzakapendwa " vachiri "vose
vakachengeteka uye akanyarara, asi akaitawo zvishoma kutonhora uye unotedza
kupfuura muna Darmstadt vaiva," vari kuDresden mufananidzo uye nzvimbo musoro
meya kunyange "kurongwa" nzvimbo, uyewo K. Forster musoro ichi "iri picturesque
utsinye guru zvekushandisa mari nokuda modeling pamusoro Holbein kwakaita nyore
zvikuru zvisinei "achawana.
Woltmann anoti: "Saizvozvowo semisoro vakawanda vari Darmstadt mufananidzo
maoko vaitaura uye kurarama Treatment azere maoko chinombofadza nguva dzose
nomuedzo Holbein Kunyanya Panyaya iyi, kuDresden kutevedzera wevadukusa ..",
Uye anotora mamwe ichi kubva pasi-akacherechedza nenzira. 2) kana akawana
maoko mukadzi ari kuDresden kutevedzera "kukwana" sezvo kupendwa muna
Darmstadt, zvakare akapindura ne ikumikidzo "Kwete" Against chii Big riri yakajeka
mubvunzo wangu, uye katsamba rake rakanyorwa rinoti: "anenge simba uye chinhu
ndiye ruoko [Darmstadt] Madonna ". K. Forster asi anoratidza pacharo: "Maoko
[pamusoro Darmstadt mufananidzo] anoratidza kana pfungwa verisimilitude kana
yakaisvonaka kuburikidza dzidzo Holbein kuti."
2)

"Kunyange kana pasina bhuku rechipiri vorbanden, vangadai Saka chokwadi nazvo Holbein kuti rugwaro
rwakanyorwa nemaoko shanduro muka. Mumwe anoona Tenzi nguva dzose pamusoro isingaenzaniswi
delicacy nako unogona protrude mukadzi maoko kubva hand cuffs. The musikana ari kuDresden mufananidzo
ruoko asi pamusoro fineness kwakadaro kure. ziso rimwe artistically akaiumba zvichaita sokuti hazviiti kuti
imwe Artist maoko nechepadivi mufananidzo uyu uye inotevera anorembera Portrait of Morret, yokupedzisira
anogona kuwira nenguva gare gare. kungava kuti Madonna kuva munharaunda hapana ngozi zvikuru. "

ndima. Dental anodana nokusingaperi "maoko zvose nemakumbo vari Darmstadt

dzinofananidzirei zvakanaka zvakakwana uye akaumba 'uye zvikurukuru" tsoka
rworudyi Kristu Child aine zvisipo ari kuDresden mufananidzo ganda
wrinkles 3) chishamiso hunhu chokwadi "uye Woltmann anotarisira (Sdd. Pr.)
makumbo Kristu mwana zvachose kuti vakaisvonaka angarumbidzwa mativi
Darmstadt mufananidzo. Against anotsanangura E. Forster: "rworuboshwe ruoko
akashama mwana ezasi [mumufananidzo uyu] ndiye zvikuru zvokutadza guru uye
zvimwewo akanyorwa (kuitira kuti vanenge minwe mitanhatu 4) , haatombopindirani
kuenderana uye chaizvo akarongwa vose mumaoko rokumusoro mwana, uye rutsoka

rwake rworudyi vanenge clubfoot "kutyorwa, izvo haawaniki kuDresden

mufananidzo naye, uye ake maonero kuti nhengo idzi anobva ikoko noruoko
mubatsiri, tuzvikonzero. Asi ikozvino, pashure E. Forster tsoka rworudyi pamusoro
mwana Darmstadt mufananidzo inonzi clubfoot isingatsiki kuruboshwe, akadana K.
Forster "rworudyi tsoka mwana nounyanzvi kupendwa, kuruboshwe ruoko
amateurish muna magadzirirwo uye kuurayiwa 5) . uye zvinonzwisa tsitsi, munhu
anofanira kuva wokupedzisira muenzaniso duku kunonzi pakati connoisseurs maviri,
wedzera: aimbova ungue leonem, kuti iwe unogona kupedza shumba vanoziva kubva
chipikiri makanaka kutsoropodzwa patsoka mwana, kureva shumba achibvarura
pacharo.
3)

Zvinoita sokuti kwandiri ichi haaongororwi nechepasi asi pamusoro neketani, yakadhindwa mitsetse muna
kuDresden mufananidzo chete kurukutika.

4) comp. pano Cape. II.)

5) The kupokana hakusi chokuti pamusoro chinangwa rworudyi tsoka mwana ari kuona
kuruboshwe, uye pashure pacho chete zita chete Fchens rinozvipokanidza muna assessors mbiri,
asi maererano nzvimbo iyo ine mwana pamufananidzo, ndiye tsoka, riri kurudyi mumwe mwana,
nokuti chauri zvakarurama. Tingave kwete mutongi atadza vavhiringidzika ndangariro panguva
inopangidza Chokwadi, zviri kukurumidza kuti mutongi; asi iwe unofanira here kwete kuti
nedzidziso mune dzimwe kupokana.

Kubva Woltmann mukopi pamusoro Darmstadt mufananidzo pakupedzisira

unozvipiwa (Sdd. Pr. U. norudzi Zeitung.) Kuti "mifananidzo izere njere, kuravidza
uye kunzwisisa wokuenzanisira," mifananidzo "azere njere huru uye unyanzvi
kukuru" aiva, "iri kurapwa nomufananidzo nepfungwa zvinogoneka kuvimbika
anbequemte uye kunyange apo haana kuchinja basa akawira"; asi iva nechokwadi
Wornum, uye zvirokwazvo pashure Woltmann, kubva "munhuwo nenhetemwa" ari
kunyemwerera mwana wokutanga, airwara aitaridzika aita, ari (zvirokwazvo kubva
kushaya njere) vhiringidza nguvo Ruvara Madonna pashure Woltmann uye kwazvo
"kusanzwisisa "akaratidza purani ezvinhu, iro rine (zvirokwazvo kubva kushayikwa
kwokuvimbika) modernized ari hunhu Madonna kubudikidza Kugler, Woltmann uye
Meyer, ane (zvirokwazvo kuburitswa ari maitiro zvakajeka Portrait misoro Darmstadt
mufananidzo nekaupenyu yakaoma uye womuti nokushayiwa zvomudzimu,
(zvirokwazvo pamusoro tastelessness) " 'nechinangwa kuvandudza nayo" kukura
yepakutanga dzakaderera "" rine, uye kwete kusununguka kubva "Zopfigem" ndiko;
unoteverwa Zvisinei, zvakaoma kutaura sei chakatsauka kana mweya, kuravira,
kunzwisisa muenzaniso , kunzwisisa, unyanzvi uye kuvimbika vashayiwa laudatory
panotaurwa; naizvozvo nekuti kunyange Br Meyer, yakareba akasungwa upi umwari
kune vachiri Superscript basa laudatory zvose epithets iwayo nokuda yokudhirowa
anosanganisira chete ..
Zvino imi munoti zvakanaka: Izvozvo usimbe, ari dzinopikisana manzwi mbishi
yokuverenga pedyo; Asi, zvakanga kubva pakutanga, nezvaakatonga akuzungurei

achitsoropodza uye kuti vatevedzere yakanakisisa nezviremera uye zvakanakisisa

zvikonzero, asi kwete kuchengeta varombo. Hongu, kana iwe aizopa isu chete nheyo
kusvikira sighting ichi. Hapana yapfuura zviremera anosiya shure mumwe kuramba
kushandisa, sezvo ivo pachavo vanobvumirana naye, kuti chete chete kushanda
pachake, uye aripiko simba kuti afunga pakati zvose? Uye chii zvikonzero hanya,
sezvo ivo zororo rwupi kunyanya Apercu wacho, izvo pasina mubvunzo mumwe
cogent kupfuura vamwe, asina kuti asi kuunzwa tisingazvinyeperi zvikonzero zvinhu
anogona, uye saka hapana zvimwe achishandisa Verl nembongoro chete simba
kwavakange kuvimba, darzubieten.
Kana tikaswedera kutaura yavo vakachengeteka kufunga, tingadai kuvimba
pamberi Allen Woltmann, Br Meyer uye K. Forster. asi nhema mukati simba ravo
pakatarisana kunyengetedza chete pakafunuka.- After dzavasinei kwokunze
zvikonzero Ukuwo, tinofanira rwaizoda kuti mutongo pamberi Allen kuti Wornum
uye Woltmann. Iwe, Holbein - monograph, aiva kupfuura mamwe mukana uye basa,
Holbein kwakaita nomuvhenganiswa uye kudzidza pamusoro kupenda, uye Br Meyer
kanenge kuti kunge pakati yakanakisisa ratios pakati kupima ;. asi K. Forster
sezvarinotaura, uye anogona kunobva ake basa ikoko [comp. Chap. III. Schol.], Uye
ndima. The zino dai kanenge sezvinoita munhu kutaura. uye chii chinogona kupfeka
uremu yakanakira ezvinhu uye kupfuura bhizimisi kuferefeta kana kwete vimbiso
anofanira kutorwa kuti tisingasaruri pane kuwana Fungidziro nemaonero pamusoro
zvaunoda kuwana, mushandi; vaifungira asi kuti uyu Wornum raMwari, Woltmann
vake, Meyer sei kuongorora K. Forster kuti kana kusatonzwa kunge zvakadaro
ichibudira kubva chokwadi kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo chete zvikonzero vakawana
rimwe divi, iye mubvunzo mumagazini ino zvakadaro basa guru kuti ane kutamba,
akasasiya nzvimbo, uye nderechokwadi kutongwa muropa nenzira pamwe kutongwa
runako, zvinopokana tichiona mubvunzo. Mukuwedzera vachiri kushora mifananidzo
yakaita Big, avowo aita kwake kupa fananidzo zvose zvifananidzo chaizvo chokwadi
kuti tsika kwokushandisa chete simba. Against yapfuura [va mafaira acho] uye
yakatarisana pamusoro retouching kubudikidza Woltmann uye Meyer. - Kana
tikaswedera pakupedzisira chiremera zita kufunga riri pamusoro Scales, uyo uchaitwa
dzakamboitika kungwarira kuenzaniswa kudzidza unondipupurira pfupi asati afa ari
kupota Achikurudzirwa tsamba kuti akanga kutsigira nderechokwadi huru Holdings
ari kuDresden mufananidzo, asingasviki Woltmann uye Wornum kunzwa? Hongu
zvinotipa pana Woltmann vimbiso kuti ikozvino gadzirisa vanonzi Holbein wedu
anoramba kuDresden mufananidzo, sezvo akashandisa mifananidzo Augsburger
paakavapa kwakadaro.
Saka ngomwa pashure zvose kumashure muunganidzwa nemigumisiro, havagoni
kuva zvinobatsira kaviri, kana ukangogamuchira vamukweva Chokutanga, kudzidzisa
ngwarira kuenzana kuti makapiwa kuramba mubvunzo wedu, nokuti chii unozvipiwa
izvi kana kuti divi kunoparidzwa kuita chechipiri kuteerera pfungwa iyo achatorwa
kunyanya ziso iri muunganidzwa zvose makopi, akapa vane pasi nenharo.
Asi kwatiri, zvichataurirana tainge ukoshi kuti tiri nyore zvinotevera kukurukurwa
impacting kwedu mubvunzo muzano vayambuke mugaba, izvo vachiri zvikuru nharo
kutakura uremu nokuda kwezvaizosarudzwa kusvikira zvino. Kuremekedza zhinji

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

pfungwa kushora asi regai tsika; uye sokuziva tinokwanisa, tichaedza izvozvo.

V. yakakura Nhaurirano. Artistic uye aesthetic zvikonzero.

Zvikonzero anouya pamwe nderechokwadi nyaya nezvezvinhu zviri, pamwe kune
zvokunze, kunyanya kare, pamwe womukati, von kubva nehanya uye kuenzanisa
mifananidzo miviri haingabviswi pacharo. Ava, kare pasina ane panguva yayo
incompleteness uye dzinopesana hunhu zvimwe yepanchi magumo, asi kurapa
tichinyanya kukosha uye nokungwarira, nekuti ivo vave achangobva yakatsvairwa
kurutivi rumwe pamusoro kuDresden kopi paunenge kutaura pashure
kunyatsoongorora kuti kunyange zvazvo nguva kunyumwira zvine izvozvo, asi
kuzadzisa kubudikidza akanaka nguva, kana asina zvaikurira. Pakati revadzidzi
zvikonzero, pane avo vari zvikuru zvinokosha kuti kukoshesa uye neizvozvo
nderechokwadi Darmstadt mufananidzo pasina achiratidza pamusoro
kuDresden. Sezvineiwo, ingatorwa dzomunyika zvikonzero chete fungidziro
mhedziso.
Enhoroondo Zvikonzero Ndiri anotevera zvikamu, sezvo zvimwe hazvisi
zvikasadaro noitika, unseparated vaitire noruremekedzo zvose makopi, asi zvino
chose chokuita shure chero makopi Chikamu wayo chaiwo. Zvisinei, kutanga,
zvichiri, kune vamwe, vakanga vauya mutauro yapfuura nekuda kwavo dzinopikisana
hunhu, zvikonzero izvo vakaita basa guru iri mubvunzo wedu, kusiya zvachose pasi
wakatevera hwakadzama pokukurukura chete kuti uzorodzwe, kureva ose kupenda
kubviswa uye aesthetic zvikonzero.
Kana avo akatorwa kupenda zvikonzero, zvinoita sokuti, Chokwadi kubva
pakutanga, Chokwadi, kwavari inotevera kupa zvikonzero dzakaitika, chikuru
nehanya, uye zvinoitwa zvinenge vanyori vose vaibata mubvunzo wedu. Neimwe
nzira, nzira kwokushandisa mifananidzo pamwe manyoro ane munyori
ungafananidzwa; kubva manyoro anogona kuziva muvambi Karl Forster anotaura
zvakajeka kuti nezvemuenzaniso uyu. Asi kana zvinogona kukanganisa sezvo kuti
manyoro ane munyori, saka pasi tinyatsonzwisisa ari kupenda mifananidzo yedu
yakafanana kuremekedza nokuda pindana ezvinhu akawanda nokuomerwa
kukuru. Panzvimbo yokutanga mubvunzo nderechokwadi rinoenderera mifananidzo
edu, zvinganzi, zvikuru pakati Holbein zita rukuru mifananidzo [comp. Chap. I.], kuti
kare ave nekusatenda nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, izvo zvinofanira aionekwa
sevanorevesa Holbein'sche kupenda; uye pashure kamwe vaiona kuDresden
mufananidzo sezvo pasina mubvunzo zvechokwadi Main Holbein raMwari, izvozvo
zvinogona kuitika nyore kuti iwe chete akatora mufananidzo sezvo huru uchapupu iri
kuongorora. Izvi Dai pashure zvinotaura Cape. IV yave anotaurwa, kunyanya
pamusoro Grder kuti kutaura kuti Darmstadt kopi kuna Holbein kuti kupenda
haribvumirani, ingashandiswa. asi Karl Forester anosiya nesu chete, chete vatsunga
zvikuru, kutaura uye achitaura yayo "rakapfava kwazvo, ruzivo rwebasa Tenzi"
zvinokosha chokwadi kana zororo kumativi yakasimba magwaro. Forster pachake
anotaura kuti iye "aine makore gumi kugara kuDresden mufananidzo omunharaunda

ndakadzidza kwazvo kwose kwose" uye mubvunzo unomuka kana kwazviri scooped
maonero kwokushandisa Holbein kuti zvakazoitika kutonga kwayo pamusoro chii
anonzi mifananidzo iyi, ave vanotova tsunga. Zvino vakagara mumwe, mumwe
mujenya mifananidzo nokukurumidza kupfuura, tsamba zvinhu zvechokwadi kwete
kumhanya, kuti mamwe nehwaro yemunyori kutinetsa Holbein kwakaita nheyo
zvachose; Asi chii anotungamirira munyori yaizova vangangotaura zvitadzise
nechivimbo kuti tuzvikonzero.
Apo achipfuura kwemasimba yekare mifananidzo muMunich, ine kureva akananga Epitaphbild
pamwe meya Schwartz, Augsburg Portraits pamusoro patrician Mrz nomudzimai wake uye
nhongo Portraits nhaka Suermondt se Holbein'sche inoshanda netsanangudzo kuti tenzi uyo mabasa
awa kupendwa, hazviiti ari Darmstadt mufananidzo angadai kumhanya. From Schwartz'schen
Epitaphbilde asi ikozvino sezvo akasarudza kushandisa kuti panzvimbo vakuru akateerera sezvo
muduku Holbein, uye Portraits pamusoro Morz uye mukadzi anogona kuna Woltmann kuti
Handimupinduri 1) bedzi nemhaka enhoroondo chikonzero kuti maererano akanyorwa pamusoro
seri J . tiri 1533 kupendwa, kwete zvichibva Holbein, sezvo imwe panguva ino "chazezesa"
(Woltmann) muEngland 2) . Uyewo kunowirirana Woltmann W. Schmidt 3) uye Crowe 4) machisi
(kana kukanganiswa zvikuru vakazvimiririra kana Woltmann?) Kuti zvifananidzo izvi maererano
nenzira yavo kupenda harigoni zvinovapo Holbein 5) , asi Amberger kuda ngaave. Nhoroondo
chikonzero zvirokwazvo sokuti kuva zvakakwana kuramba Mrz'schen Portraits Holbein
wedu. Zvino zviri chokwadi, zviri rwakaiswa mienzaniso kuwana zvavakanga akayera Holbein.
1)

Sdd. Pr., 1869. No. 185th

Zvisinei, munhu zvichishandurwa imwe zuva paImba Return Holbein kuna

muBasel muna J. 1533, asi zvichienderana Wake-Heusler Handimupinduri
vake (the Newest. Forsch. Through H. Holb. D. J. yokuberekwa etc) Zviri
pachena mumwe dudziro akakumbira uye chimwe chinhu anofanira kutsigira
pacharo.
2)

3)

Lutzow kwakaita Zeitschrift. 1869. S. 359th

4)

Grenzboten. (1839 kwete. 40. 22.)

Vari - anoti Woltmann - yellowish chaizvo, kunyanya kudziya inzwi

richinjwe, zvinobudirira, asi pasina kuti chinoshamisa unyanzvi musi uye
nezvechiratidzo, izvo Holbein zvinoratidza -. Unofanira kufunga maoko
kunyanya chete "- The nevamwe vatongi kupa mutongo wavo pasina
kurudziro.
5)

Tinofanira kubvuma, chokwadi, kuti munhau iyi kutonga Wornum, Woltmann uye
Meyer, izvo dzisingapindirani zvikuru pemakomo pakati Grder uye K. Forster,
havasi pasi chete dzakananga chokunze chikonzero fungidziro; asi pashure
zvakataurwa muna Chap. IV. Sezvo shoma runovimbisa yokusasarura kupa, uye
sezvo kuna kuDresden mufananidzo pamwe nezvakatongwa pachikero nezvimwe
connoisseurs kupinda kusawirirana, tora kuti chivimbo chete unozviidza kupedza.
Mumwe, zvakaenzana kukosha, vanoomerwa izvo zvakaomesa pamwe
yaimbovapo, ndechokuti Holbein paguva rake harisi chete nguva dzose, kuitira kuti

parege kuva nomunhu pasina kubva nonconformity mumwe mufananidzo chete

kupenda zvimwe zvechokwadi Holbein'scher Images angavhara More ayo
inauthenticity; zvingava kushandisa kureva ichikosha waro inotungamirwa
kufunga; asi vakawanda Holbein'schen mifananidzo yaisanganisira makopi maviri
nomufananidzo wedu, nguva nezvekwakabva Hazvizivikanwi chaizvo, asi zviri nani
inowanzonzi kuona kuti kutibatsira ichi kana kuti zvimwewo dzakabatanidza
mifananidzo kubva nomuvhenganiswa uye brushwork aida, akati hakuna kushaya
simba kusiyana pakati nyanzvi dzakasiyana [comp. Chap. IV.] Uye dzeraundi nharo
zvakaoma kudzivisa. asi Ever riri kuongorora sei uye mukati chii dzisakwanisa ari
Holbein'sche kupenda kunge zvakanga zvakasiyana kusvikira zvino kana ndaneta
kana kujekeswa.
Pakupedzisira kuwedzera yekare yeyero varnish bemhapemha, pamwe Darmstadt
mufananidzo achiri hwakazarawo, chinoremedza pasi Vakawanda zvimwe
Holbein'schen mifananidzo, nepo vamwe vakasununguka, zvinetso izvi achiri
dambudziko zvikuru, nokusika pfungwa makara saka ari yekudyidzana akachinjwa
nokuti zvaizova zvakaoma kubudisa kubudikidza abstraction chepakutanga pfungwa
dzemwoyo.
A kwazvo kuitwa okufananidza Kuongorora mufananidzo vose mifananidzo
nevamwe Holbein'schen anoshanda iyo nechokwadi akatora nhoroondo yakazara
zvinetso yapfuura uye zvikonzero ndechokuti, zvachose kunyange pamberi, asi chete
kuenzanisa rhapsodic uye zvakawanda kana zvishoma nokusingagumi, kana kare
zvakakwana chaicho takasununguka, apergus uyo kupikisana mumwe. Zvichakadai,
kukasaitwa muunganidzwa vose zvifananidzo, sezvo rinofanira chokuita
zvakasiyana-siyana sezvo vakawanda zvimwe Holbein'schen mifananidzo, kupa
mukana kudzidza ruvara mubvunzo kubva wainyatsotaura maonero zvakarurama, uye
iyoyo mukana nokuda connoisseur, mumwe nomumwe changed ruoko kunzwa
nezvazvo, pamwe kufanana mutobvu kuti abvume zvikuru kufambidzana nomumwe
munhu. Uye saka rinofanira anoonekwa chete sezvo nhau zvakakodzera wachi apo
vamwe connoisseurs sezvo Crowe, wokupedzisira mutongo kutama kusvikira zvino.
Sezvo mubvunzo aesthetic akamboparadza ndedzechokwadi mubvunzo kwave
munyaya vakawanda nzira 3rd uye 4th zvikamu, paunogona kuona kuti hapana
rakabva Andres chipo kana zvakafanana kupokana pakati dzakasiyana vanyori
dzakasiyana uye kunyange dzakasiyana munyori. In kwangu maonero, asi kugona
kunyange mukuru chibvumirano pamusoro ndeechokwadi ari kubatsira pakati
mifananidzo miviri, sezvo zviri chaizvoizvo kutoitika, achibuda chinhu Rinokosha
nokuda kwezvaizosarudzwa kana yakanyanya kunaka kuti kopi yokumwe imwe kopi
rose kana kuti ichi kana kuti zvidimbu ruoko kana chakaipa kuti tanga Holbein
aiva. Kana munyori basa pamwe amendments zvakakopwa, uye amendments
dzinogona kuwanikwa kunyange zvakadaro pakati makopi maviri, saka achaedza
kuzviita sezvingatarisirwa mupfungwa yokuti; uye kunyange zviri nguva dzose
zvakaoma nokuda vaivenga kuDresden mufananidzo kuti hapana anogona kuva, izvo
zvadzaigona ari kuvandudzika anogona kuwanikwa kuDresden pamufananidzo
kuvimbana, saka hazvina zvachose Kwabviswa - chete kutamba - kuti pane yakadaro
vakapa kwauri chete hauzivi kuti zvokufungidzira, asi rakatonga kuti munhu

anoramba chokwadi pamusoro kuvandudzika pachavo, sezvo zvechokwadi

chakaitika. Saka hapana ari kukakunda tisingazvinyeperi nokuda kwayo
nderechokwadi pamwe vachiri kudaro nechokwadi kunaka Dresde mufananidzo. kuti
mifananidzo kuti kuti kubudiswa naye kopi mufananidzo wake haachatyi unounza
zvakafanana freshness sezvo mabasa ekutanga, kana panguva kwakawedzera
zvaisazogona kuti yakakwirira okuguma huru zvinhu pezvisingakoshi Ukuwo
anongova zvichibvira, zvakawanda vangosiyiwa, kwete zvishoma, kuti zvimwe
urongwa kopi kana yakatofanana kunoita kuti tibvunze kuti kurapa zvimwe zvikamu
vakaregeredza chii zvose anoita zvichida kufunga kunyange nomufananidzo
wedu. Saka haisati kwakasarudzwa wayo inauthenticity rose kana kuti zvikamu nyore
uye ane hwakaderera neunyanzvi kuDresden mufananidzo rose kana kuti
zvikamu. Kudai mwana ezasi zvichishandiswa zvakanaka dzakapendwa muna
kuDresden pamufananidzo, sapamazuva Darmstadt, asi ndakawana handina
kumbobvira yakatevera Darmstadt panyaya iyi iri kuDresden, saka izvi zvinoratidza
zvakakwana kuti the artist nemufananidzo mumwe (kanenge sezvo kuna kuuraya),
kana kwete pamusoro ndima pamwe chete kuitira; chose apo, sezvo kwatiri, uyezve,
anofanira kubvuma - uye kunyange Wornum zvinenge tichitarisa rakakwanira, kure
vakawanda kuti huru hunhu - kuti rine mune dzimwe nzvimbo vakapfuura Darmstadt
mufananidzo. Asi zveefa mufananidzo haukwanisi saka kuramba mifananidzo kuti
akagara mariri pakati minamato zvikuru wakakwana kupa zvakanakisisa ndozvavava
iye, asi chete kana vakaona kuti akanga akagara pakati ake ose mamwe mabasa
yapfuura uye concurrent , Panyaya iyi, zvichida unogona kubatsira kusarudza
mashoko Kuronga specimens vaviri vakawanda zvimwe Holbein'schen
mifananidzo. With Chidimbu enzanisa kana enzanisa kuti nokusingagumi
zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona kushoma, kwete kutaura, hapana kuitwa. Woltmann
anotarira maoko ari kuDresden pamufananidzo unotevera pamaoko Morrett. Kudai
izvi zvakanga ikozvino Z. B. zvakanakisisa maoko kuti Holbein kupendwa, zvingadai
kunyange zvishoma dzakapendwa naye kupinda, uye kana vasina kupendwa pane
kupfuura nani kunyange Darmstadt mufananidzo, sapamazuva kuDresden, ndiye
hungu apa kuzvipokanidza vachiri mugakava. Zvino kwakavakirwa Woltmann,
watinofanira kunzwa isu kunyanya munda uyu mubvunzo, zvisinei, watinowana
Meyer chete Maungira yayo, kwete chete kuti maoko, asi panguva yose chikamu
yomukati zvikonzero yokungazodzoka pamusoro aesthetic-unyanzvi zvemashoko
chifananidzo pamberi zvimwe. Zvaanoona ari mufananidzo kupfuura rumwe, hazvisi
naHolbein. Asiwo, iye akawana varombo, izvo haana sokuti zvokunze pezvikonzero
Holbein, kunyange kana akawana nani apfuura nokuti akanga achiri vakafunga
Holbein'isch, uye ipapo sechinokosha ichi zvakaipa pamwe zvikonzero womukati,
hakuna kubva Holbein kuti bata. Ndinoda Woltmann kuita ake maonero zvirokwazvo
vepachokwadi pamusoro mubvunzo zvakaipa, asi handigoni kubatsira asi
muchidimbu ino pfungwa wakandisiya ake kuva ichi zvikonzero pamusoro
nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo rose kana kuti zvikamu. Asi unogona
kutonga woga. Kana kuti Madonna uye zviduku vatambi isu akamunzwa muzvikamu
adarika. Ngaaratidze ikozvino kutaura kuti kukura uye mapurani. Kana munhu achida
sezvinei vaputse tambokurukura iyi yose naye, saka imi musingadi kurashikirwa
nechinhu; ini asi iye aigona panguva uremu, chii anoita izwi rake ari kutaura, uye chii

anoisa chikonzero izvi, kwete kufamba pamusoro.

. In Holbein yake - Monograph (J. 1866) Woltmann rinoti nderechokwadi
kuDresden mufananidzo achiri anoonga zvakajeka Kuzivisa (S. 317) ayo
Kubvumirana mundima mazino (p 322): "The kuDresden kopi iri pachena
kwakazoitwa ; kusiyana kukura, ruripo pachinhu purani ezvinhu, uyai zvakajeka kuti
chokwadi chokuti yokudhirowa vaiva Darmstadt mufananidzo mupfungwa,
vakasununguka vakapa anonetsa pfungwa chete uye zvakajeka vainzwa, munzirai
zvakanga kuvandudza ". Iye anoti ichi (S. 318) kubva ikoko: "Kutsigirwa mabwe,
akaumbwa kwakanyanya zvikuru uye bulkier pano [muna Darmstadt mufananidzo],
kupfeka zvakananga pamusoro pamisoro pazasi ibvi, kumuganhu kodzero unocheka
iri chomumusoro vakadzi nechekare kupinda rimwe apo, achiri vari kuDresden
mufananidzo shongwe iyo vaichema kuna sidestones ane addendum kuoneka. muna
Darmstadt achiumba curvature pamusoro rusesi kunotangira ufanane pamafudzi
Maria uye zvimiti kwazvo zvakasimba pamusoro korona yake paaiva Dresde
kusvikira uwandu hwavo chirebvu kunotangira uye ichiripo chinokosha nzvimbo
kumusoro kusvikira chakaderedzwa mutengo kwedenga. mamiriro ezvinhu wose
uchava zvakanaka vakaverenga kuvandudzika rusununguko uye chinofadza
zvakadaro. "
Asi ikozvino, pashure Woltmann inovapo pamusana wayo nhoroondo matongo
pamusoro nokufungirana mufananidzo wedu, achifuridzirwa manzwiro ichi akaita
zvakafanana (muna September 1868) zvakare rokuongorora, anonyora (1 March
1869) kuti Kinkel: 6) "kuwedzera niche haasi ... kuvandudzika asi Kushatiswa ukama.
muna Darmstadt, murwiyo zvinoenderana nenzira inoshamisa munyika zvapedyo
yakabatana pamatanda. muimba yokumusoro denderedzwagama ari pano chete bust
iri Madonna kupinda akanyorwa paaiva kuDresden mufananidzo dhayamita,
pamusoro uta rinobuda, chete dzakashata zvakakwana anocheka wake chirebvu. "
Uye pakupedzisira, pashure Woltmann ari Darmstadt mufananidzo zvakare pasi
Munich kwemasimba kare mifananidzo akadzokorora pedyo kuongororwa, iye
akasimbisa 7) pamwe vachiri vamwe vakakwirira, rapfuura kutongwa, akadai
mutsetse pokutangira inotevera:
6)

Lutzow kwakaita Zeitschrift. 1869. S. 173rd

7)

Munyaya German venhau, 1869. No. 181. August 6 uye zvikuru zvakafanana 1869. vari National Zeitung

No. 357. August 4

"Dr. A. v. Zahn, wakaiswa kunze musiyano kukura kutanga makore mashoma

apfuura, akasungirirwa kwachiri yakakanganiswa mhedziso nokutsanangura kuchinja
nokuda kuvandudzika avo vakatasva tenzi pachake akanyorwa nemaoko
kudzokororwa basa rake. Zvisinei, anotarira Holbein munguva yake nguva Chirungu
pashure kurebesa naavo mapfupi uye coarser ratios kwenhamba raakatorwa
rinoshandiswa kwokutanga. asi kuti kuchinja uku asi kwete ravo kufunga ndiye
Holbein kuti ngaavongwe kuenda kwatiri pakuti kunyange ivo pamwe chete

chinangwa chinofanira kuvandudzwa, asi chaizvoizvo ari kudzikira. muna Darmstadt

mufananidzo nenhamba kuzadza zvavo rakamanikana framework vari muenzaniso
wakanaka Ester nzira yokubuda. ari busts ari Madonna uye mwana anoshanda,
kunyanya semi-yakaurungana chokupedzisira goko uye kupinda rinoumbwa uine
pfungwa nzvimbo. Sezvo mwaranzi kubwinya enda hova dzemugungwa kubva huru
Maria kubva; Ukuwo, kuDresden mufananidzo cheka, dzakashata zvakakwana, rezasi
panogumira denderedzwagama ichi chete chirebvu Musikana ".
Sei achirova ichi kuruvanze chaisazvitsigira kungava nemaonero, munhu aizofanira
kugamuchira nokuonga apo akanga Kuchinja nokuda Triftigeren izvozvo asi. Zvino
ndinofunga kuti ndinogona, kutanga, kuti vazhinji chii Woltmann dzake itsva
maonero Holbein kuti aizoramba sezvo ake kukodzera muna kuDresden
mufananidzo, anowana pacharo nenzira yakafanana, uye nokudaro yokungazodzoka
akakodzera kuti enzaniso, nomuvhenganiswa Holbein vake. Chechipiri, kuti
kwokutanga aesthetic-unyanzvi mutongo Woltmann kuti yose iri Kunogara Kupfuura
kudzorwa kana tikaramba nacho panguva zvavo mutongo.
Rondedzero Kubatana, ndiri kureva ruoko richiswedera Holbein kuti anogadza
Woltmann pacharo nguva pashure isati yasikwa nomufananidzo wedu, kureva ruoko
richiswedera No. 65 of muBasel Museum (No. 34 muna Braun muunganidzwa
Basel'scher mifananidzo), iyo ini pamusoro pano sezvo mutsetse kutanga kutaura
mashoko mashoma maererano, sezvo zvaiva nokuda kanoverengeka yemberi
chinodikamwa kuuya shure pamusoro. 8)
8)

Ko zvisingagoneki kuti ruoko ichi richiswedera rimwe, ipapo zvirokwazvo gare gare, nhamba yevane
gadzira wokutanga nomufananidzo wedu pachayo. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe Zvichida zvikonzero kuti ndine, 12
anotaurwa Naumann Weigel arive XII. Asi sezvo vari hapana isingasviki inosvitswa, ndinoisa pano hapana
uremu pamusoro payo.

Pano tinoona, akapoteredzwa nomunondo-zvakaumbwa matanda, achiteverwa

Madonna zvakafanana sezvo nomufananidzo wedu, akamira ari niche surmounted
nevanhu vakamiswa aine goko semi-nzvimbo asi zvikuru yakagozha Renaissance
mapurani, sezvo kwedu kana Darmstadt mufananidzo anoratidza ari
Chaibatanidza. The Madonna chinobatanidza mwana akashama mumaoko ake,
mumaoko avo oruboshwe ivo einkneipt dzakaminama munwe Akakotama nesimba,
apo mwana anotengesa nomuromo kava-pasi uye akakungurutsa meso ake kukuru
kana kurwadziwa; uye Madonna asati anopfugamira munhu knight kana mugari uyo
anoratidza kuburikidza kurutivi rakashama maziso pano pachena kuitika simba
maoko kuporesa zvishamiso kuburikidza muromo wakashama uye akamutsa maoko
nechishamiso.
ruoko ichi Kuswedera Woltmann kamwe kare mune zvimwe [von Pamusoro
dudziro mubvunzo mufananidzo yedu) dzamira; asi tinoda nharo pamusoro 9) kwete
zvinosanganisira pano zvakare; nekuti hachizi pamusoro nharo dudziro pake
mufananidzo, asi chipo nomuvhenganiswa nzira yakajeka zvakafanana zvaimunetsa.
9)

Fechner muna Naumann Weigel arive XII. . 1 nendima Zahn kuti Jahrb Jahrg I. 1866. 136th. - .. Woltmann

mu S Holbein II Suppl 446th.

In kudhirowa ichi, zvino anobvumirana mukamuri chiedza yose nomuvhenganiswa,

vakasununguka nzvimbo Madonna ndakasununguka niche, kukwirira rising arching
pamusoro korona 10) , kuti mharadzano yose Madonna musoro nokuda yepazasi
panogumira denderedzwagama (chete kuti mugumo akagura pachinzvimbo chirebvu
ndiye), kureba weshongwe nomubato pamusoro musoro akapfugama pamberi
Madonna knight kana mugari, kusanganisira vamwe, kupinzwa gare gare kuti
mutauro, pfungwa mapurani, sezvo zvikuru zvinoenderana kuDresden mufananidzo,
sezvo zvakasiyana Darmstadt, zvokuti ndingati pamusoro kunyumwira ichi, kwete
kuti holbeinisch zvechokwadi, zvinogona kukura.
10)

Kuti murege vapinze ruoko rwangu zvichemo pamusoro kushaya njere pamusoro pangu, ndinoda kuona
kuti mune dzimwe Holzschnittbildchen duku Holbein raMwari (mu Woltmann raMwari Holbein. II. 250. 376)
Old Testament nhamba (pasina mussel) ane Nhongonya mufananidzo vari vaviri divi niches, apo musoro sezvo
mukuru makabuda vakapinda bhakoro, sezvinoitwa Darmstadt mufananidzo, chete ivo nzira pasina
muenzaniso wedu Meier'schen mufananidzo uye iye saka zvakafanana ruoko mufanidzo No. 65 vane. Saka
Holbein akariita kanenge munhau iyi nokukurumidza achangopera, uye zvinogona zvinobva mumamiriro ichi
oga kwete kutevera kana kuti kana kuzorwa.

Ichokwadi kuti pane dzimwe mifananidzo Holbein, umo vatambi vakawanda

kudaro zvakasimba vakatutirana kana kunyange tighter kupfuura muna Darmstadt
mufananidzo, vaonekwe, nokuti. Muenzaniso, ake chido mazano nokuda Stained
girazi mahwindo (pana of Mechel kana Brown kana Woltmann kwakaita Holbein)
kuti ; asi kune zvifananidzo pazviri kupa munhu scrum. Kusiyana neizvi, apo
mufananidzo Madonna zvidiki vatambi vane zviratidzwa yake, izvo
achazomutengesa zvakaipa Woltmann nokuda Holbein hazvibatsiri musimboti
mukuru zvinogoneka nzvimbo okuneta. Imboona Tsime Hupenyu, Solothurn
Madonna, uye Madonna ari nhengo bapiro uye mumwe Basel'schen Madonna
vanodhirowa. Dzakanaka sei mukufambisira Dead nokutamba vari (pakati vamwe,
De Mechel kuburitswa) akaramba vega. In vamwe ounyanzvi German, Chokwadi,
nheyo yacho rongedza kwakanga kwakakurumbira zvakakwana kuti vawane shoma
riwedzere pane ikozvino; asi sezvo tisingadi kuwana muna Holbein raMwari
Madonnas, ichi aigona chete kusimbisa kunyumwira kuti ive mukopi yekare akaita
pamusoro kuDresden mufananidzo, uye hapana zvinonetsa kuwanikwa pamwe
kusundira mukufambisira rakatetepa nzvimbo. Sei asi kugumisa pamusoro
nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo kubva haizi kunzwisiswa
zvakanaka. Tichava vari kwapera muzvikamu chiitiko, dzoka kuna ichi.
Kana aesthetic maonero, ndiko kubvuma apo Darmstadt uye kuDresden
mufananidzo zvakajeka sechinoitika Woltmann akaita kuti, umo zvose nzvimbo izere
artful, uchinzwa chisingaenzaniswi Vantage muna Darmstadt pamberi Dresde makopi
ane. Asi, zvakafanana zvinobatsira zvinoshandawo musutukesi apo stuffing mbatya
dziri akapoteredza nomuvhenganiswa, naiyewo kupatsanura zvipenyu nenhamba?
Asi, zviri munhau iyi vane zvakafanana takashinga manzwiro kuti nzvimbo iri

kuDresden pamufananidzo uri isingaenzaniswi zvinoyevedza akasangana,

sapamazuva Darmstadt mufananidzo. Chii nzvimbo musoro Madonna ari niche
rakatenderera zvikurukuru ane hanya, ivo zvikuru kwazvo nzvimbo Woltmann muna
Darmstadt sezvo kuDresden mufananidzo, saka handigoni zvechokwadi kwete
kuratidza pane vakawanda chikonzero kuti Woltmann, aine Br. Meyer ndiye
verschwisterter, kunaka hakusi zvakanakisisa - nokuti, somugumisiro uchapupu
hwakadaro zvachose? - Asi kuti chinhu akasurukirwa uye rucharamba. Mushure kare
kureva ndakataura sezvo uri connoisseurs ari negwara nechekare v. Zahn, Wornum
uye Woltmann pacharo, handina kuwedzera imwe vollzhliges akarara kutonga neapo
pashure mumwe mufundisi, mupurisa, imwe bookseller, gweta, muzivi , mapurofesa
matatu mishonga, purofesa jurisprudence, mudzidzisi mutauro, unyanzvi mudzidzisi,
ezvivako mbiri, vadzidzi vaviri, mumwe mudzidzi uye vakadzi 11, pakati
presentment chikamu v. Zahn pepa vanodhirowa, vamwe mifananidzo pashure
Schurig uye Felsing, pamwe yakabvunzurudza panguva Munich kwemasimba
nokuenzanisa ari Darmstadt yepakutanga pamwe Steinla'schen stitches vasipo
prokkupieren zvimwe kana pavo Madonna, insbesondre musoro wayo, njanji kuva
rakanaka mukati rinoumbwa pane imwe kana mumwe mufananidzo vari niche; uye
ichiratidzwa akawana mutongo muchifarira kuDresden kopi, hongu nguva, kunyanya
vamwe vakadzi, mashoko chinokatyamadza simba vakanzwa kuti aigona kutora
mumwe.
Kuti, varehwa Woltmann sezvo yepazasi panogumira denderedzwagama, hafu
rising rakatenderera pazasi chokupedzisira yakanaka dhayamita, vafunga kudhonzwa
chaiye, unocheka chirebvu pamusoro kuDresden Madonna, rinowanika pashure
pamusoro apa zvakaitika mhaka zvishoma vanoshorwa pane wakafara Kuisa musoro
Darmstadt Madonna vari rakatenderera , Mumwe havafaniri nemaune kufunga
vakaveza, kusanganisira muduku nguva apo ziso pacharo panzvimbo pokutevera
inongova akanyatsokodzera Querdiameter vanonyatsoteerera yakasimba curved
mutsara architrave inotevera kuti muganhu pfungwa Diameters ichi kutangira
akarurama ikoko chirebvu pairi. Mukusiyana, vanofanira ndechokuti musoro
kuDresden Madonna chete akakodzera pakati zvekufungidzira vaisanganisa
semidome denderedzwa iri, kubatsira pakarepo kufadza pfungwa yacho chinzvimbo,
uye kunyange zviri anenge chaizvo rokumusoro (chinangwa kurudyi) ziso zvishoma
vachida Madonnas musoro chii chinzvimbo ichi chatinokoshesa; Zvisinei, Ziso
Darmstadt saka kutaura hamuzivi apo chiri hunyambiri nhungamiro Zvisinei, izvozvo
hazvina pedyo chaizvo pakati curvature ari chinjikira negwara.
Sezvineiwo, zviri nokuveza Musikana musoro kuburikidza Grunddiameter bhakoro
chii Woltmann nzvimbo "dzakashata", sezvakanga akabatanidza chinzvimbo musoro
panguva nechepakati bhakoro, handizivi kana pamberi Holbein, nokuti nezvangu
havazi mienzaniso, kanenge naHolbein kusvikira zvino chinyakare utongi ikagara
kugadzirira mukufambisira niches; nekuti kwete chete kuita ndine vaviri kubva
mumuromo nyanzvi ezvivako asi inogona kuratidza (1839 Roma) nokuda
nezvavaifunga zvinorehwa tsamba mienzaniso iri Basilica Vaticana (Roma 1845) uye
Basilica Liberiana.
How Woltmann aigona kuwana nayo, uye Meyer tinogona naye here pakati

zvakanakira ari Darmstadt kopi kuDresden naye muchivande kuti pakuti "migero
[rusero matanda] the clam chakafanana ranzi kubwinya zvinobva huru aMaria",
kwandiri zvikuru kuri kubva rakachinja mangwanani ezvinhu asi anowana muna
kuDresden sezvo Darmstadt kopi. Nokuti kuDresden makopi diverge kukuchidzira
namatanda dzemugungwa chete kubva Krone, musoro uye mutsipa, zvokuti huru
zvechokwadi kubva, vakazadzwa kurudza jets, Shell sokunge takapoteredzwa
paupamhi denderedzwa rechiedza, izvo zvinofanira akawedzera anobatsirawo kuti
apasi pakutanga mutsipa incipient dzinoshandisa matanda kufonyora kubva rooting
dzavo pakati architrave uye vakuru, uye pakudaro (kunyange asingazivi chaizvoizvo)
kupedzisa pepa rehurukuro riri mussel nahehin kuti elliptical chimiro. Uyewo
ndinofunga zvikuru kuti ichi chaiva chinangwa mukufananidzira, sezvo muruoko
mufanidzo No. 65 (muBasel) panguva musoro Madonna (muziso) kushandisa
lowermost, zvakasimba upturned, dzinoshandisa matanda pakarepo, zvichireva
kuyeuka imwe denderedzwa rechiedza zvakadzama, asi angangodaro akasiya by the
artist iri kuDresden mufananidzo pasi kuruvanze yokuzviparadzanisa architrave,
nokuti inosiya zvechokwadi yakanyangara. Against Anorapa yakadereresa rusero
nematanda panguva chityu Madonna panguva Darmstadt mufananidzo.
Zvadaro, tava kuenda zvikonzero Woltmann hernimmt kuchinja zviri mapurani,
uye akamuregedza kupfuura vose Minamato haipindurwe ON zvakare kutaura
pachake:
"Tatoona kuti munyori kuDresden mufananidzo kubudikidza chichiwedzera slimmer akaita
ezvinhu, kunyange zvazvo ano kunaka akauya kuzosangana, asi kuti aanoda uyu ane vakafunga
chete nokuti chokwadi rakanaka ukama nenhamba pazvakaringana chibharo uye riri pamusoro
chinhu chakaratidzwa. sezvo chitsama ikozvino asi kufara hakuna zvakakwana akazara munyika
kuDresden mufananidzo mukamuri. mavakirwo niche inomira yega, tinonzwa mubvunzo anoita chii
ichi yose chivakwa chaizvoizvo chairevei, tinoona iye unmotivated, pfungwa usingagoni kubatana
nesu Darmstadt mufananidzo. In ichi kureva kukoka kuti akachenjera kukarukureta womufananidzo
imi, corbels, izvo mativi ose kutakura Shell, zvikuru kwazvo sezvinobvira uye pakutanga wogara
pamusoro pavo maviri nhengo huripo pabutiro ndiro iyo anomanyira kunhivi rose niche, izvozvo
anovhara pasi pamutsipa curvature uye ruoko mumwe kunosvika pamatanda vari kuDresden
mufananidzo fungidziro ipfupi, pakati corbels uye puranga chinoramba chiri chinhu nechifukidziro
ndiro zvachose Haatauri. The Volutenform ari corbels, izvo zvinogona kukurudzirwa chete
nekuzorora pariri wokupedzisira, inoguma zvikuru pachena, pasina chinhu, uye ndizvo saka
hazviiti. In Darmstadt mufananidzo rusvingo pedyo niche chakaumbwa ane architrave, iyo anofa
pakarepo muna corbels, uye uku Volutenansatz ndiye zviviri, unoenderana maviri akaturikidzana ari
architrave iyo zvishoma makabuda kumusoro pamusoro pasi. Asi munyori reDresden mufananidzo
kubatwa sokunge vaiva kurarama misoro, kunyange chimiro chavo ichi chiduku zvakakodzera, ivo
saka havana kukura panze zvakananga kubva parusvingo, asi chete yakatetepa pilasters, izvo
anoiswa pamberi porusvingo, kukwira. With dzakaderera volutes aiziva zvizere zvokuita uye
ngavatipe shrivel kungosara kutevedzana pamusoro Rutsanga. Nokuti tsime kwakadaro wawo ane
zvinenge zopfige, chakanaka ukama pakati okumusoro volutes, izvo isu kuona muna Darmstadt
mufananidzo anonetseka. Ever nezvimiro turgid uye characterless, - unogona kuona izvi muchimiro
nemipumburu, muna Maumbirwe goko chisingazivi kuumba yakachena hemisphere, asi kupfuura
imwe regumi ayo dhayamita ndiko kunyanyisa, pakupedzisira muna Baroque kweshoko kuti goko
zvipfeko rokumusoro hafu rising ane yakadaro jira hwakakungwa panguva pamakona maviri kubva
purani core. In Darmstadt mumufananidzo tinoona wokugadzira German mangwanani Renaissance,
sezvo patange rokupenda panguva iyoyo, pane imwe nguva iyo ezvivako zvakavaka
gothic; zvakawanda makuru uye squat nokuda kunzwa kwedu, asi zvinhu zvose ane ruoko uye

rutsoka, usambofa havana makemikari kubatana. Asi ichi ndicho kuDresden mufananidzo
hakuwaniki, umo marudzi vakawisirwa pamwe chero. "
"Pakupedzisira, munyori ekupedzisira ndiwo maonero Schnitzer vakasangana. The
akakungurutsira-up bhendi, vari kubva izvo dzakaderera volutes yakaumbwa Darmstadt painting,
hakusi rectangular asi tapered, uye saka vari zvishoma rakatetepa mberi. The vatevedzeri havana
kunzwisisa izvozvo, akabata nokuti maonero maonero, aida kuunza maonero rokumusoro volute
saka inopindirana, uye akatanga corbel kuruboshwe kubva chauri sezvazviri ndizvo anomuita kuwa
kubva mamwe mufananidzo. " "Unogona mufananidzo refu pasina kuziva pachiitwa ichi, kamwe iwe asi akamboti,
hazvibviri kuti munhu akabata kuDresden mufananidzo kunyange basa ruoko Holbein kana kubva
Holbein kuti workshop. Kusanzwisisana akadaro zvinoratidza zvinonyatsoteerera kuti tiri kubata
kuita yakazotevera vatevedzeri. "

Ava mashoko Woitmann wacho Handina pasi mumwe maviri kwazvo,

inozivikanwa pamwe ezvinhu Renaissance manyorerwo, sezvo munyori
kuchizivikanwa Baufache, ezvivako pamusoro mharidzo mifananidzo zvose
zvifananidzo uye stitches pashure mashomanana zvimwe Holbein'schen vanodhirowa
pamwe dzakabudirira mapurani. Vose vakaona zvikuru pasina mumwe uye zvikuru
vachibvumirana nhasi, chinoshamisa kuti zvikonzero zvakadaro mubvunzo raigona
aizviti. Kuchinja kuti architecture kuDresden mufananidzo yokusanzwisisa mukopi
nemataundi, akanga asiri chikonzero. The vemifananidzo, Painters zvakadai
ezvivako, kusvikira Holbein kwakaita nguva, mukuru nehanya uye norusununguko
zvakamboitika mukati bata Renaissance manyorerwo, uye yakachengeteka mapurani
kunzwisisa hakuna kuwanikwa navo, kwete kuti kutarisirwa pamwe Holbein, uye
chaizvoizvo mushure akaita templates chete kuwana kudaro zvishoma. Naizvozvo
ruoko mufanidzo No. 65 ane Renaissance Capital sezvo wakafanana nechigadziko,
Ukuwo kune vakamuseka kwaKristu (No. 41 muBasel) a Romanesque mbiru
yaishandiswa guta; pamusoro kuurayiwa Kristu mumwe akaona guta rine hapana
kupfeka; Kristu asati Kayafasi (No. 39 muBasel) nzvimbo risingagoni kushandurirwa
wetsime Panyama. J. Hbner uyewo Anozvirumbidza architecture rimwe zuva
kuDresden aquirierten Holbein'schen inoshanda chete Handimupinduri 11) , "kuti
Holbein chete kazhinji nhoroondo nziyo dzake kukuvadzwa zvinopesana kwachiri
pedyo yainetsa chokuita kunzwisiswa yekare mapurani zvinhu sokuti z ichi. B.
pamwe vanodhirowa ake akanaka pamusoro Passion yacho yaiva ". Saka ndezvipi
Meyer inotsigira AKAITA kwaari achiti, "Holbein akanga mavakirwo nani kupfuura
mawa Baumeister kunzwisiswa muGermany", zvakaoma kutaura. On wose Zvisinei,
saka ndakamira parutivi nyanzvi, ungaponesa mavakirwo Darmstadt mufananidzo
vakareruka ane mapurani uyo nyore kuvimba reDresden chifananidzo
signatory; Architectural unmotivated nehanya asi kuva pano uye ikoko; muna
Darmstadt mufananidzo heelless expiry iri architrave iri svikiro membered asiri
corbels; muna kuDresden nenzira yemisoro kutora nzvimbo corbels pano
zvinofambidzana. Uyewo akataura kare v. The kurarama zino muna Darmstadt
nomufananidzo se "asina kufara chaizvo uye kuumbwa pasina kunzwisisa zvikabva
yekare".
11)

chinowanikwa kuDresden Journals 187 a.

Pachangu anooneka kusiyana huru pakati Darmstadt uye kuDresden buda mapurani
nyore wokutanga kusvikira pakupedzisira. The kaviri architrave kuchatsiviwa nyore,
kaviri pabutiro bwendefa Archilravs Haatauri miviri corbel pachishandurwa kuva
zvikuru nyore misoro, kunyange zvazvo mipumburu makagamuchira zvishoma
zvinofadza chimiro. Zvino Holbein wakatosvika, 65 charinombobatsira yakatanga
muruoko richiswedera kwete., Architecture huve nyore chaizvo panguva Darmstadt
mufananidzo voraussetzlich gare gare, uye kana kuDresden mufananidzo iri pava
paya Darmstadt, iye ari mberi chete chete negwara.
Woltmann Chokwadi anotsanangura mavakirwo kuDresden mufananidzo
panzvimbo bombastic kupfuura Darmstadt mufananidzo. Asi zvingava zvakadaro,
zvingava kuti pane kuzorwa kuDresden Mufananidzo zvinoratidza, nokuti unoda
kuona mienzaniso bombastic mapurani, vangava vari kazhinji dzataurwa
vanodhirowa Holbein kwakaita nekuchiva Kristu, ona. Woltmann akataura chidimbu
kuwedzeredza pamusoro Shell kana hemisphere neinopfuura 1 / 11 pakati dhayamita
wayo sezvo turgid; Zvino ichi ndicho nyaya kuzviitira kuravira. Chokwadi Kubatana,
mumwe anofanira bvumidza kuti kujairika; asi kuti unogona kwazvo kumboadya kuti
yokumwe mukopi aizofanira nazvo zvinofa. Against 60 zvinogona zvakare pamusoro
ruoko richiswedera kwete. Ratidza kuti Holbein haana rakaitirwa nomurau
yakaisvonaka hemispherical rakatenderera, nekuti vari kuDresden mufananidzo
penzvimbo pamusoro hemisphere ari dzinokwanisa akawedzeredzwa, zviri unterhht
zvakati muruoko mufanidzo uye anoendera- muna Darmstadt mufananidzo
akanyatsorevesa ari hemisphere, saka kuti saka ane pachine imwe nhungamiro kuri
kuoneka pano. Kutaura zvazviri, uwandu curvature kwakabatana hafu Grunddiameter
pedo Kuswedera sezvo 1 : 1,192, panguva Darmstadt mufananidzo sezvo 1 : 1,020,
muna kuDresden mufananidzo sezvo 1 : 0,875.
Uyezve, tinofanira kufanana here zvinotora Woltmann, ane "Baroque" kweshoko
kuti clam zvipfeko pachayo anotendeuka panguva kumigumo Pedhi, munhu
kunyange kutora rimwezve chikonzero kuti nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo,
mumwe nyore uye vane ndezvokuti zvikonzero, nekuti - uye ndinofanira kudzoka
zvakare kuti nokuswedera chose sumbu zvikonzero pamusoro kwakaratidza
kamwechete, -. nekuti, ndinoti, ichi Baroque chaizvo kweshoko paruoko kuswedera
No. 65 kunyange anowana takasununguka, Zvisinei, kungava hatitarisiri kuti mukopi
aifanira achangobva kusvika chete Baroque kweshoko; Ndinotendawo kuti
rokutsigira kanenge kuzviverenga chinhu, sezvo zvigaro rakadzika kwazvo rusero
matanda sokuti zvechokwadi kuva pamusoro Achitsigirwa Zvinonyanyozivikanwa
nyaya, 12) , pasina kudavira izvozvo, kuti iwe here kuona Baroque kweshoko iri
vanobwembura , Kanenge ndikawana mufananidzo makuva vafundisi Amboise kuna
Rouen, unopirwa IV muna Gailhabaud kuti zvivako T., ari anoshongwa ari chishongo
mapiramidhi pamusoro kugadza muguva avarume yakafanana kwezana rezasi rusero
matanda kubva substrate zvakare, uye saka zviri zvakare zvakanaka mumwe kuitika.
12)

Maererano kwandiri mienzaniso chete chipo muna Basilica Vaticana uye Liberiana, aiva pfungwa
kumusoro, mamwe mashoko Pl. 11 Chateau de Chambord (1523 vakatanga) muna Gailhabaud kuti zvivako.,
Uye Holbein'schen muenzaniso kuna Kristu pamberi Kayafasi.

VI. Historical zvikonzero.

Kubva kuDresden mufananidzo tinoziva kuti zvakanzi yakatengwa muna 1743

muVenice kuDresden kuna Venice asi akauya kumativi 1690 muAmsterdam kubva
kusauka mumwe womunharaunda bhenga.Kanenge pomutumwa kaksi kutenga
Algarotti akanga ati saka pasina wakachengeteka authentication shoma asi
chikonzero kupokana aripo mariri. Atenga muAmsterdam sezvo Holbein'sches
mufananidzo pasina ayo nderechokwadi akanga achiita zvakadaro akaramba, saka
ane tsika wayo. Ruzivo Kunyatsozadzika mariri, asi akanga akarasika, nokuti imi
rakaitirwa Venice, mifananidzo iri mufananidzo mhuri Meier kuti mhuri Chirungu
chanzera Thomas More, zvimwe nokusanzwisisa nomumwe Holbein'schen
mufananidzo chaizvoizvo unomirira mhuri iyi.
Kubva Darmstadt mufananidzo kune vakawanda akabata Zvakawanikwa Woltmann
raMwari (1866) vaiva chete [Chap. I.] akapiwa ezvinhu okupedzisira Ankaufes ake
rizivikanwe. With izvi, kuti mberi shure nhema date achabatanidza, zvokufa vava
kuDresden Madonna, asi zvakawanikwa, iyo yose kupandukira zvino kunobva,
achiita izvi saka (The Literal s Woltmann kudare pasi.):
Pamatanda ose Darmstadt mufananidzo ane nguvo kaviri maoko, ichiteverwa
kuruboshwe kubva pakutanga kumisa tariro kuti aigona kurondwa shure kuti
kwokutanga acquis ari mufananidzo, saka ndakanga mufananidzo naro rangu
nhoroondo yakanyorwa musi Holbein'sche Madonna, uye, sezvo nechekare ndima
pamberi pangu. meno dambudziko zvikuru kubvunzurudza nenyanzvi vakarasikirwa,
chii mhuri zvingadai ndezvaJehovha. Woltmann aiva kudarika isu, kuburikidza
achipfuura akadaro akabudisa kuti mumwe maviri maoko Dutch mhuri Cromhout
ndezvaJehovha; uye neizvozvo coincidently wakagamuchira kubva Mr Suermondt
muna Aachen katsamba kuti Holbein'sches Madonna wandei akapfugama
nemifananidzo ane Amsterdam okisheni ndaza varume Cromhout Loskart 1709
ichaitika, izvo zvinogona chete kuva Darmstadt mufananidzo saizvozvo. The Loskart
the katarogu rizadziswe chokuita ne Cromhout nokuti vose Okura kubvumirana kuti
Mittelschildchen nderupi pamusoro rimwe mberi, muchibvumirana zvizere.
Munguva pfupi, mukuru Darmstadt kopi yaiva kumativi 1709 muAmsterdam vari
nhaka ive mufambidzane Cromhout Loskart. Nezita Loskart asi bhiriji richipararira
kuti shoko kwokutanga, kunobva kuna inonyatsozivikanwa vemifananidzo uye
vanyori Sandrart. Mushumo uyu (1675) kuti hama dzake neshamwari, iye Amsterdam
yokudhirowa uye Kunstmkler Leblon (Leblond), uyo akanga ararama kwenguva
yakati muAmsterdam, umo aigona kudai kuwana kucherechedza yakarurama, nedura
Holbein'sches Madonna, vane pfupi Description yedu kana Darmstadt mufananidzo
zvinoenderana, uye kuti Leblon uyu asati pachake (Sandrart) yatorwa kwaari
avaoneka, (chii anenge 1645 kana 1646) happen'm zveakaunzi Lssert "dzaani
achinyengetera" kuna 3000 guilders kutengeswa. Sezvo zita Lssert anoenderana zita
shamwari iri katarogu pamwe Crombout Loskart pedyo zvakakwana kuisa mutsauko
kungotaura kuti kare guru kwazvo Kusanyatsoziva chiperengo mazita 1) , ipapo
munhu kufunga kuti raiva Darmstadt mufananidzo zvakataurwa Amsterdam Leblon
akanga mumaoko ake, uye vakatengesa kuna Lssert. Ichokwadi kuti Lssert
panguva iyo rokutengesa izvi kare makore kwakaitika pamberi 1645, regai rienderane

Loskart chokuudzwa pamusoro 1709, chaizvo zvakanaka asi chete pamwe tateguru
nhaka mufananidzo pake; Saka kubva izvo kuzochera akaramba.
1)

sei zvikuru izvi zvinogona kuonekwa, kubva kwangu musanganiswa dzakasiyana chiperengo mazita
nokusingaperi munhoroondo nomufananidzo wedu yaizongoshandiswa histor yangu. Abh. In Naum. Weig. .
KUONEKWA Arch. XIV.

Nezita Leblon pakupedzisira akabatanidza Sandrart'sche mashoko vakuru, izvo isu

nhaka pamusoro mufananidzo, shoko rinobva kunzvimbo yaigara mufananidzo,
muBasel pacharo. Iye anobva (1595 akaberekwa cha1667 akafa) muBasel jurist
Remigius Fesch, iyo yakataura kuti inenge 3 Ulnas basilienses zvose upamhi akayera
sokukwirira mufananidzo, umo mhuri Meier pamberi atari (zvisiri wakaitwa: pamberi
Madonna ) kunoratidzwa akapfugama, nhaka sekuru vake, muBasel meya Fesch
(akaberekwa 1541, akafa. 1610), vave kutengesa kuna muBasel wepachitsuwa Iselin,
umo rebates mairi Amsterdam Artist Leblon panguva anenge 163, (iro gore ari
haashambadzwi) waakatenga 1000 Imperial, uye vakatengesa panguva katatu
nomutengo mutengo zvakare. Newer, yairevererwa Va Wake-Heusler, mazita
tsvakurudzo vachiziva akabatana dzinonakidza mugumisiro kuti sekuru vari
Mumiriri, weHarare Fesch, muridzi mufananidzo, muzukuru meya Meier dzaitaurwa
pamufananidzo pachayo aifanira mukadzi, pashure iyo mufananidzo nharo nhaka
vakanga vabva dzakavamba mhuri yake. The Mumiriri Fesch pachake asi aigona
chifananidzo, panguva ane Kutengeswa chikamu sekuru yake Iselin akanga nemakore
11 chete okuberekwa, havana kuona pachavo, kana kanenge chete kutaura kwakajeka
zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona izvozvo, sezvo rinotsanangura mufananidzo
kukwenezverwa uye kururama. Kuti Madonna pamufananidzo chinobatanidzwa,
hazvina kutaurwa, unogona kuva panzvimbo bemerktermaen nenhamba pamberi
aritari akapfugama, izvo hariwaniki nomufananidzo, kukura apa hazvina yakarurama,
uye naizvozvo aigona kuva kunyange mubvunzo kana date ake dzinobva kopi
nomufananidzo wedu, kana asingadi zvakajeka angbe kuti ndiye Meier mhuri, iyo
inogona kuwanikwa kumiririrwa mariri, uye kwete akabvuma yezwi Leblon pamwe
Sandrart. Akataurawo Fesch kuti akagarwa chero mufananidzo chakaitwa Joh. Ludi
muBelgium maBhaibheri vatambi vaviri kubva mufananidzo. Mumwe anogona
kuona kuti apa okutengesa chitsama chifananidzo Leblon anobvumirana Sandrart,
inopiwa munhu. In hist yangu muropa nedoro. Zvakarondenzwa kutsunga uye
kukurukurwa Algarotti kuti Imperial ndiko kushandura kwete Reichstaler asi Reich
Gulden.
Zvadaro, pane chikonzero, mashoko Fesch uye SandraR kuti kureva mufananidzo
iwoyo; uye sezvo vanouya Leblon mufananidzo pashure kwemamiriro Sandrart kuti
mashoko pamwe Woltmann kuti zvakawanwa aiva Darmstadt, iyo marara
chifananidzo pamusoro dzakavamba mhuri uye Naizvozvo zvakananga uchapupu
hwokuti ayo naJosephus rinowanika neizvozvo vakabudirira pakutanga
zvachose.Nokuti, aunganidze pamwe kumashure kumhanya shure: Mushure Fesch
chigadzirwa kubva dzakavamba mhuri kopi mufananidzo zvinopfuura (kusvika 163)
kubva Iselin kwakaita chivako Amsterdam Leblon uye achitengeswa ichi kuburikidza

Sandrart (refu asati 1645) kuna Lssert. Chete mufananidzo inogona kuwanika
Papera (1709) muna ive chinhu mufambidzane Cromhout Loskart zvakare kuti
ionekwe sewedzinza kuti Lssert; uye ruoko rworuboshwe pamatanda of Darmstadt
mufananidzo Cromhout'sche Okura kunoratidza kuti munhu ane zvechokwadi
chokuita Darmstadt mufananidzo.
The impacting mashoko pano kare Algarotti uye Sandrart kuburikidza mufananidzo yedu inogona
kuwanikwa sezvariri yangu nhoroondo rondedzero; Zvisinei, ivo zvakakwana kufukidzwa The
apa.Mashoko Fesch ndigokuteverai nokuda kwavo chaiyo kukosha uye peculiarity magwaro
avo. (The mira mutsetse kubva amire kuruboshwe, Nokururamisira-bapiro dzeShanduro
indisputably akawedzera Papera, zviratidzo zvinoendesa kune kucherechedza Fesch'ischen
Manuskrips.)
Tabula Zvanzi wakanga ari baba nostri A . 163. Suprad. pictor
Le Bloud hic
Remigii Faeschii Consulis, a vidua bv haeredibus Iselii ane S.
Martinum
unde Lucas Iselius eam dzisingaiti tabulam ligneam trium
circiter Ulnarum chawo
petravit paminiti legato Rgis VaG siliensium kukura
altitud. Tum muna longitud.
wenhema. uti ferebat, et persolvit muna qu adumbratus
praedictus Jac. Meierus
por ane zana ea coronatos va- Mumiriri Aimbova latere dextro a
ngaave navanakomana, aimbova
reos kwezuva anno circ. 1606.- opposito uxor ngaave filiabus
omnes muGiriyedhi vivum
depicti kuna altare Procumbentes,
unde habeo
exempla Vanakomana bv filiae muna
Belgio ari Joh. Ludi
pictore Eks ipsa tabula depicta. Solvit
ndiye
Le Bloud paminiti hac tabula 1000
Imperial bv
postea triplo majoris vendidit Mariae
Medicae
Reginae Galliae, viduae Rgis
neRudhi. 13
matri, dum ageret muna Belgio, ubi
etmortua.
Quorsum pervenerit, incertum.

shoko iri ari L628 ndikarangarira kusvikira nguva pfupi asati

afa yemunyori kuramba manyoro, uye kunyange zvaisanganisira
muchikamu chaiyo zvakafanana (Pictoria), iro rinotaura nhamba
Holbein'scher inoshanda uye inokurukura zvishoma; asi ivo vangava

rakanyorwa ane antecedent musi mupumburu pachayo (ari pamukova

Pictoria) pashure L631 apo Fesch varege inonyatsoziva zvemupiro
murayiro wakaita l63 Sale kuna Leblon. Kusanyatsoziva
haashambadzwi gore 163, musi waakazvitengesa anogona nyore
Rinobva, explainable nokuda apa nguva chinguva, kwakajeka kuti
arangarire kuti chokwadi asi iye achiri kunoitika kure mune
rokupedzisira ndima zvakanyorwa, chinotevera, mune zvimwe mubereko
pano, manotsi vanowana tsananguro dzavo. In 3rd ndima iri
Directory Holbein'scher inoshanda Fesch kunotungamirira
chifananidzo pamwe nemashoko anotevera: "Portrait of Emperor
Charles V, iyo Mr Leblon, Amsterdam rokupenda, Chirungu Duke
Buckingham Europe yose kuti vakatuma nhume kumativi kunotenga
wakakurumbira, kunyanya Holbein'scher Painting , munenge akatenga
kuna Lyon nokuda nekorona 100 ne 1633 sezvo youmambo Council Mr
Monconius (Liergus) [vakaudza kwandiri mutsamba yake 7 Ndira L
638 2) .] "iri 4th ndima iri ipapo mberi nharo kuti chete Leblon
akatenga Holbein'sche mufananidzo Erasmus muBasel, muna 5th ndima
iri Portraits Meier nevakadzi 1516 kunokurukurwa, uye
pakupedzisira akafunga 163. Leblon ari kumusoro ndima 6 kutengeswa
kopi zvifananidzo dzedu. Kubva ichi zvinoratidzika kugumisa kuti
bhuku iyi Leblon kana akanga zvechokwadi akatenga pamusoro
unyanzvi rwendo Akaitirawo Duke, kana Fesch ichi asi presupposes
uye saka gore 163. chakatorwa nokuda muBasel gore 1633 nokuti Lyon
iro gore L633 Papera Patin iyo inobva Fesch, akatamisira pamadiro
kuna muBasel. Asi ikozvino gore rino 1633 kugamuchira chero Lyon
uye mashaya muBasel apo Leblon kuti kutenga nokuda Duke pamusoro
Buckingham zvichiitika 3) , nokuti izvi chigaro muna August 1628
saka vakaita zvose nokuda kwake kutenga, saka nemiwo nemufananidzo
wedu, kutamira hwekare, uye urongwa vangadai zvabatwa kubudikidza
Leblon kuti kuurayiwa nenguva rwokutenga, tsanangura kuti nei
asina kupinda ayo maoko, asi. Ukuwo 163. inoshanda zvikuru
zvakanaka musi pamwechete kuti Iselin, akatengwa kubva rebates ayo
Leblon mufananidzo, 1626 akafa, uye akapiwa kuti hurongwa wenhaka
yake kubva chirikadzi uye vadyi venhaka 1630, pakwakanga Fesch
zvichida aigona kumisa pfungwa Zve izvi rebates. Chokwadi pano
pamusoro iripo unoreva zvakawanda haangaregi ichene.
2)

mhedziso iyi chinoshayikwa muzvinyorwa.

Asi chokwadi kuti ichi chaiva chokwadi nyaya, ari pamwe kunosimbiswazve
nemashoko chokwadi chaizvoizvo Holbein'sche mifananidzo vaifanira Walpole
vari maberere iri Duke, pamwe kuti. Mushure Sandrart raMwari Acad S. 382,
saka kuti Sainsbury raMwari Papers S. 64, 70, 103 Leblon aifanira svitsanisa
kutenga hombe Rubens 'Cabinet wayo vanotumira kuna Duke pamusoro
Buckingham muna 1625 uye 1627, saka akaita zvakafanana okutenderera
chaizvo.
3)

Saka kure zvose sokuti zvakajeka uye zvakasimba chinhu chimwe, kuti vamire
Darmstadt mufananidzo, uye kubva rechipiri chiratidzazvizhinji chii munhu
angafunga kuti kuva kuDresden, ichi hachisi kutaura. Asi isu hatina asi mbiri manotsi

Fesch kuti mishumo rega kufunga kuti munhu anogona kusanganisira avo inobva
kuvapo uye kukanda kusava nechokwadi rose nhoroondo chinoumba
mubvunzo.Fesch anogona kutanga vose mufananidzo yakauya kwaari vachibva Iselin
kwakaita wakare muna Leblon, kwete sezvinoita Sandrart Leblon zvakaitika Lssert,
tinoziva kuti akanga ari nhaka Darmstadt mufananidzo asi kubva Leblon kuna French
Queen Marie of Medicis uku aiva muBelgium, ndakatengeswa. Saka hatidi
kuchengeta akapoteredza yapfuura chisungo mashoko. Maria de 'Medici ari
chaizvoizvo somugumisiro kusawirirana nemwanakomana wake Louis XIII. uye
mushumiri wake Richelieu akatiza musi waJuly 18, 1631 kuNetherlands uye vaigara
precarious ezvinhu muna kweBrussels, kusvikira iye akaenda kuEngland muna 1638
uye pakupedzisira muna 1642 akafira Cologne. Kubva rakabvongodzwa mvura
kwegakava ichi ikozvino pakati Fesch uye Sandrart kuti munhu Leblon vaiuya
mumaoko ake mufananidzo kuna Queen Mary, unogona kutengesa zvimwe kune
zveakaunzi Lssert, iwe aida hove kunze nharo pamusoro nderechokwadi Dresde
mufananidzo, ikozvino Starring, uye isu tine ikozvino pedyo funga.
Chero bedzi waiziva chete kubva chiratidzazvizhinji yaitsvakwa kana kushorwa
pakudaro nekugadzirisa kuti Lssert akanga aita chete sezvo mumiririri Mambokadzi
apo Ankaufe ichi. Asi pashure Woltmann wakadzidzisa zvakawanwa kuti vakatengwa
Lssert mufananidzo vasara mumhuri yake, Woltmann uye Kinkel kwakaitika pamwe
zvinotevera, vakaderera yakanyorwa Crowe, maonero, zvawakabudiswa nazvo
akafanana, asi pashure Woltmann kuti zvakawanikwa chero nyaya yakati zvakasiyana
sezvo humwewo mugumo, vanoona Wornum kwakaita inogona sechinoitika
echinyakare. 4)
4)

Papera achishandisa dikidiki chikamu Woltmann'schen vanoona Br. Meyer.

Kopi wechokwadi chii akauya mumaoko muBasel muna Leblon kwakaita kaviri
pasi ake; iye anogona kuita kopi mufananidzo chaiwo ipapo vakatengesa kopi
ikoko; ava makopi edu maviri. Zvino anobvumwa anokumbira pamberi: Kana
vanouya Lssert Darmstadt kana kuuya Mary, voraussetzlich kuDresden,
chamazvirokwazvo. Woltmann aiita kubva pakutanga, dangwe rake zvakawanwa kuti
ramba vakaedzwa kuti; asi Kinkel akatotanga nharo pamusoro chokwadi kuti, kubvira
evasingatombonamati wenhoroondo, sezvinoita zvakanaka kuti aigona kuva
wokupedzisira; bedzi kubvunzana kuitwa reasons'll vasarudze kuti Darmstadt. Hongu
Fesch kunyatsotaura kuchinja chizvarwa muBasel mufananidzo Leblon pane kuenda
Mariya sokunge Lssert; saka kwaizotika ichi, iye Darmstadt, panzvimbo leaky
kopi.Asi Woltmann reserves nharo panyaya kune dzimwe pfungwa yakarurama. The
muBasel apinda Leblon maoko mufananidzo ndiko Darmstadt, kwete kuva
Dresde; uye kunyange kuti ichi hachisi anowedzeredza, tine asi kupa mutemo wake
kwapasi Darmstadt mufananidzo, uye kunyumwira kuti zvauya kubva kuDresden
kuenda nguva yokuva kusimbisa hungu kuneta nokuda pakaunda-nharo
zvinoverengeka muzano. zvinoti:
1) Akanga nokusingaperi mumwe zvose chepakutanga uye rimwe bhuku, saka
unogona chete erstgemalte chepakutanga; asi ane guru revadzidzi zvikonzero,
mumwe chichakurukurwa munyaya inotevera zvikamu, iye Darmstadt mufananidzo

erstgemalte vanoramba.
2) Fesch inoti zvechokwadi kuti Basel'sche mufananidzo akanga atengeswa kubva
Leblon kuna Queen Mary, apo rirege ari kuuya Lssert Darmstadt. Asi Sandrart aiva
nani uzivewo sezvo Fesch, uyo Leblon, mufananidzo chaiwo akatengeswa. Nokuti
haigoni kugamuchira ndechokuti Leblon akanyengerwa shamwari yake uye
muzukuru Sandrart pamwe chinoratidza kutengeswa kopi pane chairoiro kuna Lssert
vanofanira. Kusiyana neizvi Fesch aisagona chaizvoizvo kuziva uyewo vakanzi
Leblon muAmsterdam chokutanga uye uyo akanga atengesa kopi, sezvo vakawanda
mashoko ake kwazvo kururama muBasel.
3) Munguva pachayo haina hakungagoni Leblon regai kuita kopi mufananidzo
chaiwo. Holbein'sche mifananidzo vakanga sezvo zvose Fesch kuti mipumburu
pachena kubva mashoko sezvo Sainsbury kwakaita Papers, nguva kutenga uye
rokutengesa zvifananidzo edu kutamba, aida chaizvo, uye hunhu Leblon haina
vanofungidzirwa takasununguka. Nokuti kana Sandrart anofunga kumukudza,
akadana kwaari, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, "Maecenas vose simba," akadaro mumwe
ruoko Maecenas iyi zvose kunaka munyika Sainsbury raMwari Papers (p. 296)
anonzi vanoda mari munyengeri ari unyanzvi yezvokutengeserana nyaya uye
akatuma "Amsterdam Like chekufambisa" mhosva rinooneka umo kubuda kuti
Amsterdam akanga nokusingaperi nomukurumbira uori hukuru hunoitwa
nevezvoutano pamusoro unyanzvi pamusika. Uyewo Kinkel anoti zvinofanira kuva
nyore Leblon muna kweBrussels mambokadzi mugari akusungirire kopi, somunhu
mutengi panzvimbo.
4) The Specification Fesch kuti kubva rebates Iselin kwakaita kuuya Leblon
mufananidzo kunge zvainyatsoenderana nokuva upamhi pane nokukwirira "anenge 3
Ulnas Basilienses" vanofanira kunge pane mativi, kunyange kwechokwadi kwete
mumwe kana zvimwe specimens, asi nani Darmstadt sezvo kuDresden. Kureva
maererano (pano pr. Foot kuderedzwa) miganhu v. Zahn kuti kunze chigamba
akamanikana yokufeva upamhi Darmstadt magazini Lichten 3.109, serimwe racho
3,392 tsoka, upamhi kuDresden 3 , 170, kukwira 3.770 tsoka. Chete zvekare, kwete
ekupedzisira reshiyo anogona nehasha kunzwisisa pane kuti mumwe
wakanyatsojeka. Chero zvazvingava, chokwadi, mumwe anofanira Ulnas pano
kushandura netsoka panzvimbo Ellen.
5) Kinkel zvakare pasi kuti mukuru mashoko pana Fesch uye Sandrart kuziva
makopi mumwe chete wechokwadi, uye kunyange ruzivo mhuri mifananidzo mariri
arasikirwa kuDresden.
Izvi nokuti njanji nyaya yedu kuDresden Madonna akarasika zvachose. Zvino tiri
kutsvaka ivo danho nedanho vavezve.
Kupfuura zvose hatifaniri Naizvozvo kukanganwa kuti kana uchida kuramba
zvakananga mashoko Fesch vake, huchibva kubva dzakavamba mhuri, Ndizvo
zvakadaro chaiye, mufananidzo kwete Leblon kuti Lssert asi Leblon ndivo vaifanira
Mambokadzi Maria mufananidzo, kuDresden ndechokuti, kana kuti ndiye
Darmstadt. Asi kana iwe chete kukonzera vasavimbe mashoko Fesch raMwari
zvakananga panyaya iyi, hatina zvishoma chikonzero chakarurama mune zvimwe,

uye neizvozvo tinosvika pfungwa, izvo kuti maonero mupikisi kugumbuka.

Kana tikatarira shure, saka huru nharo kwavavengi anozorora kuti makatengesa
kopi nomufananidzo wedu pana Lssert, imwe kuna Maria Medicis pashure
nemuunganidzwa Fesch uye Sandrart vake News Leblon, anofanira naizvozvo wave
nhaka makopi maviri, mumwe icho chete asi umwe chingarangarirwa sechinoitika
zvechokwadi, kwete kuti inobva siriizvo chaizvo pfungwa kuti akanga ane mbiri
specimens chaidzo. asi chete erstgemalte chii azivikanwa sezvo Darmstadt, aigona
kuva chaiye.
Asi chii kana yose Specification varombo kwose kwose akadzidzisa Fesch kuti
Queen kuNetherlands akatenga mumwe makopi Leblon, vaizova kare
zvisingagamuchirwi; raizoparadzwa yose nheyo pfungwa yokuti mufananidzo pasi
maoko Leblon kuti nekaviri, pamwe chete, uye kutora dzimwe pfungwa, hungu
fungidziro kunzvimbo nako kuvapo makopi maviri vechokwadi vachiri inobvumira
kwazvo.Asi sezvazviri. The Queen chaizvo sezvinoita kopi, chete andersher sezvo
Leblon uye pane dzimwe nguva sezvo akanga muNetherlands, vaitenga, nokuti hauna
kupindirana zvikonzero yakaipa uye zvakanaka divi. The ndechokuti zvinoti:
Mambokadzi Mary akanga saka yokuita zvinoitwa kutiza kwavo vachibva
kuFrance panguva yavo yose vari muNetherlands, umo zvakatengwa Fesch
mufananidzo 3000 guilders, zvakadaro hombe matambudziko emari uye enyika
anonyengera ari kwokuti havana kuyeuka ndiko, vanofanira kutenga mufananidzo
kuti nokuda iyoyo saka anodiwa mutengo nzira uye kufarira aiva kwokutanga Schafer
akajekesa, uye enhoroondo mu bhuku yangu neni zvitapwa kubva Biography the
Queen kubva Sainsbury kwaiitwa Papers pamusoro Rubens achiitei ezvinhu iro nyore
kuteerera nokuda vavengi vari pfungwa dzavo.
Achangobva kwake kwakaitika July 1631 kupukunyuka France zvakatorwa nefuma
yavo uye jointure kwavo kureva (by Vie of Marie ndima T. Arconville III
355th); nechekare September 1631 iye akapindura (maererano Sainsb Papers S.
161st.) noukomba ake kuunza achishandisa kunorwa France pamwechete; zvichaita
(Ibid 168th) mune tsamba yomusi July 1632, "mazuva ose kukura ichinzwisa tsitsi
mamiriro" munhu izvozvo; muna 1633 vakanga vasingazvininipisi nditumirezve
chikamu veimba yavo, akanga vakamutevera vachibva kuFrance, enda, uye
pakupedzisira vasisiri vaiziva sei kuti tirambe muNetherlands, iye akaenda 1638
kuEngland mwanakomana-Charles wake I pasina kuti avo chimbichimbi
kwakaderera, uye akafa muna 1642 panguva Cologne muna nenhamo
mukurusa. Chero bedzi nyaya idzi hadzina kare disproved, anofanira kusanganisira
mashoko Fesch kuti Mambokadzi muNetherlands akatenga ane mufananidzo
chinodhura pamusoro Leblon, vanorohwa kuna Fesch Mamwe inaccuracies, icho
zvechokwadi vavengi vane kudana apo Vakaitawo kuti dzakavamba mhuri yaiwana
mufananidzo, zvinopesana Fesch kwakaita achitaura mashoko, anogona kutengesa
Leblon kumakwai Lssert pane Mariya. Saka kana uchida kuva chiratidzo chokuti
kunyange kopi nomufananidzo wedu akauya Queen, kwete nokuda kwavose tega
zvaakanga kunge asina kumbovapo asi, saka anofanira kunge asvika kwavari pamberi
pavo kutiza, apo ivo chaizvoizvo kwazvo nzira uye kufarira aigona kuva Ankaufe ake

nokuti munhu anoverenga (mu Sainsb. P.), kuti, saka pagore vasati kutiza, aida
kubhadhara 15,000 makirogiramu nokuti zvivezwa vachiri 1630th
Saka chero kana vavhiringidzika mashoko Fesch akatora nzvimbo. Fesch aiziva
pachena akanaka chete kuvapo, nhaka mumhuri yake wamadzibaba mufananidzo,
uye chaicho kubva ichi chinhu, asi funga vaviri vakanzwa chinhu kubva kuti Leblon,
mumwe kuya Queen Mary uyai, uye ikozvino akakanda vaviri pamwe chete nokuda
pana Leblon vakayambuka ichi regai kuenda Mary, izvo aiziva akanga
muNetherlands, kwaakanga untriftigerweise; - Humwe uchapupu yaro kushayikwa
zvakarurama - kunyange kunokonzera rufu. Saka pane munhu doubling
nemufananidzo kuburikidza Leblon nokukanda pamwe mbiri mifananidzo
Fesch. Kuitwa munhu akadaro co-kukanda asi zvinotsigirwa pakuti Fesch
zvinoratidza chete kutengesa mutengo sezvo Sandrart kutengeswa kuna Lssert
kutengeswa kuna Maria.
Uyewo hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti mambokadzi akararama apo kugara
muNetherlands hakusi muAmsterdam, asi muna kweBrussels; Saka bhuku aifanira
kutengeswa kweBrussels; asi kuDresden mufananidzo, chii chinofanira fungidzira
kuti kopi, yasvika Venice pachinhambo Amsterdam, saka anodana pfungwa yacho
vavengi, pfungwa itsva kopi akanga shure paanosvika kubva kweBrussels kusvika
Amsterdam; asi pfungwa anorasikirwa zvakawanda saka kumisa, ndipo vanofanira
hypotheses itsva rutsigiro. Uye kana Kinkel anoti "zvaiva nyore kuti Leblon
muAmsterdam, batanidza kopi [zvaanenge anoona kuDresden Mufananidzo]
kunobvisa mugari muna kweBrussels Queen, somunhu Dutchman aigara
muAmsterdam, saka panzvimbo pacharo," akadaro anoshandura mashoko ichi chete
nyasha kuDresden mufananidzo kana yakaramba yave chete pamwe Darmstadt
uyewo muAmsterdam. Kutaura zvazviri, aitofanira kuva zvakaoma, saka yakasiyana
kopi munhu ari panzvimbo yokutanga yakanga yokuturika sezvo yepakutanga.
Kwete zvakakwana, wechipiri, kare unconsidered vasara, kucherechedza muna
Fesch kuti mishumo (the shoma katsamba yezvaiva) Uyewo anotipa zvakanaka
chikonzero hunoshamisa ndingangokuvara ruoko achibva dzakavamba mufananidzo
mhuri isati panguva mutsigiro mambokadzi Netherlands, saka regai kuuya
kuburikidza Leblon kwavari, saka vasina kaviri izvi. Izvi zvinonyanya nyore pachena
kana tikaongorora katsamba iyi maererano nokuda impacting pano rinoti kubva Fesch
kwakaita nemishumo iri ziso, nokuti icho chinangwa zvinokosha recapitulate vamwe
kare Citations.
DzeShanduro Fesch Mashizha munhu akapfugama dzakavamba mhuri Meier ine,
sezvinei inaccurately anotsanangurwa emadziro kuti 163. chirikadzi uye venhaka
Lucas Iselin pana Leblon uye izvi sezvo ndakati atengeswa Maria, anonzi akati
kunyange kutaurwa Fesch kuti emadziro iyi anga nhaka sekuru vake. "Ivai
zvavanodzidzisa Iselin namarudzi chinoziviswa (uti ferebat) nokuti nhume France
vanenge 1606 nokuti mutengo korona dzendarama 100 yawana" The manotsi
indisputably paya akawana gare gare pedyo Mumiriri akawedzera, zviratidzo
zvinoendesa kune katsamba anodaro chete, mapuranga ichi akanzwa sekuru
vake, , [S. mashoko echiLatin kupfuura]. Pano tine hwedu Specification pachedu

Iselin kwakaita nako Fesch okuti mune dzeShanduro Zvisinei ari kupokana kunze
Iselin mufananidzo Iselin akanga pacharo nechekare runowanika pamazuva ake
anenge 1606 nekuda nhume France, ipapo pashure huru ndima Fesch chete kubva
Iselin kwakaita wakare kuti vauya 163. panguva Leblon. Iselin asi raigona scooped
kunyatsovatsanangurira retrospectively kubva mapepa, aiva nani pane munhu kuziva
uyo awana chifananidzo; uye kana Fesch kubudikidza Anfhrungsweise chete ( "uti
ferebat") kusavimba hunoratidza mairi, zvakanga kwaari izvozvo chaizvo chaivo
chaiyo nokuda kuti pakukakavara kwake kwokutanga andersher scooped
chiratidzo. Zvino kunyange nyore yokugadzirisa kwegakava ichi sokuti, - uye ndine
naro nokukurumidza, sezvo vachiri chaitika vavengi, aida kuti kunyange zvishoma
unopinza vakarinda, - kuti chigadzirwa ndakatengeswa pasi sekuru Fesch pana Iselin
mufananidzo kwete achimiririra France , nokuti kuti chaizvoizvo, asi wakapfuurira
probate Iselin yakanga yakawanikwa kubva Iselin, kubva akawana pashure
Leblon. Asi sei zvichida maonero ichi angaita pakutanga kuona, - uye kuti unoramba
zvichibvira, handingatongokurambiyi - saka kashoma vourawa zvinotevera
zvikonzero. Kana vaifanira kushandisa vakadaro Fesch aizofanira maari dzakapa
zvinyorwa vakakwana kuwana mukana, kunokosha shoko "impetravit por
legato"; hongu mungafara katsamba zvose kuti mufananidzo uri nhume France
vanofanira kuuya, asi akanga asina kuuya, akapfuura sezvo kusafarira, kana vane
zvapedzisira mashoko kune wokutanga zvakajeka akawedzera kuti zvisisipo
kupokana pamwe dzeShanduro, pane kuva nokuti mano kuwedzererwa "uti ferebat"
runako, aiva kushorwa akanzwa 5) , pasina iye asi inopedzisira izvozvo. Zvauinazvo
kutenda Iselin've kunyatsovatsanangurira zvechokwadi aita, uye Fesch ivo chete
ndisingazikamwi kubatanidza pamwe vakambodanana iwayo. Mashoko iwayo
anogona pashure Fesch kwakaita hainyatsozivikanwi zvaibatanidzwa sezvo
kuratidzwa takaberekwa translucent pfungwa kushamiswa kana vakabata kuti 163.
waachangoroora kuhofisi Leblon mufananidzo imwechete, souya aiziva kuti rakabva
sekuru vake Iselin, uye kutenga Holbein'scher mifananidzo muBasel kubudikidza
Leblon kune 163. kubva rumwe katsamba akanga [s. pamusoro], nokuti ichi ipapo
asingagoni kuisa zvakasiyana kutsungirira pachavo, sezvo kuti mufananidzo Leblon,
kubva yavatezvara wemufi muna 1626 atenga Iselin. Ndokusaka kunogonawo
ndechokuti nguva Leblon kwakaita Shopping muBasel pamwe panguva Iselin afa
pazvibvumirano pedyo [s. kana.] kwete uchapupu kururama kwemashoko okuti
Leblon akanga kopi yake kubva Iselin vake rebates anoshanda.
5)

Zviri pamungawirirana uyewo godmother kwegakava ichi kwave ndazviziva, uye saka vanogona kana

uchishandisa Fesch'schen zvinyorwa nezve Iselin zvikuru parutivi.

Note hereinafter: kuti zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba pfungwa yokuti vane

chifananidzo pasi maoko Leblon vake kaviri, hausi kwakavakirwa chete pane
uchapupu hwokuti kutadza pakati Queen, kana kugara muNetherlands kutenga
kwaari kopi kuti dzinodiwa mutengo, asi munhu vangatoti "zvakanaka, mambokadzi
akakonewa kutenga chinhu chinovhara chinodhura, asi isina basa inongoita uye
dzokushamisira muropa sezvo akanga, iye achiri akaritenga," asiwo kuti ati: "munhu

hanya munhu zvaparadzwa asi kana chinhu bedzi ane tsvina, uye anogona mutana
nezvokukanganisa simba intrusive kuti itsva kuwa '; ari improbability zvikuru kuti
Ankaufes nguva dzose kuramba. Asi incompleteness pakati conceded kwazviri
zvinongobva kwakavakirwa rebuttal, ivo mukwanisi mumwe kuburikidza rifadze
Specification yavo Iselin, kuti kuvhiringidzika, iyo runoratidzwa kuburikidza
chinoratidza chete kutengesa mutengo maviri kutenga ostensibly zvakasiyana, uye
kwakabva kuDresden kopi Amsterdam pachinzvimbo kweBrussels; nekuti zvose
hairevi pfungwa.
Ko zvino By yapfuura anotsigira veracity pamusoro Fesch muna dzeShanduro
rakauya kuna Leblon, indisputably Darmstadt, kutevedzera mufananidzo kubva Iselin
kwakaita rebates rudzi, akapa dzinenge mune simba chaizvo chokwadi, hakuna
mumwe zvakananga chinoratidza yawo hazvibvi dzakavamba mhuri zvikuru
pamberi, uye naizvozvo aigona, akatorwa dzavasinei munhoroondo, mavambo izvi
zvakachipa kana kupokana, kana kwete kubva mhiri asi katsamba vorlge [comp. o.]
kuti Leblon zvechokwadi Holbein'sche photos dzavaienda muBasel, pakati Darmstadt
angave, uye unproven pokutanga kwezvikonzero nderechokwadi Darmstadt kopi
nedzimwe pfungwa maonero. Chokwadi chokuti chinoratidza zvinoumba ratios
chifananidzo mune dzeShanduro Fesch zviri nani kodzero Darmstadt sezvo
kuDresden makopi, anogona, kunze kwavo pasi rakarurama, haina kunyanya kupinda
nehanya, nokuti mashoko dzeShanduro nedzidziso chero nhau kubva kuBelgium
pamusoro akasvika Leblon maoko mufananidzo izvo nesimba Fesch
vakagamuchirazve Ludi magazini maviri vatambi kubva mufananidzo, uhwo
anotaura.
Pakupedzisira, saka, zvinotevera maonero mbiri huru pamusoro nhoroondo ukama
pakati mifananidzo miviri vari zvichienzaniswa. In maonero Woltmann uye
Kinkel 6) riri nhaka kubva mhuri Meier kuna sekuru Fesch, nokudaro zvakananga
kurondwa kudzokera dzakavamba mufananidzo mhuri Darmstadt; ichi chaiva Fesch
Iselin akatenga anenge 1606 nekuda nhume France, asi haana kuuya ichi, asi gare
gare kuti l63. kubva Iselin kwakaita chivako Amsterdam Leblon, uyo akatengesa naro
zveakaunzi Lssert, uye yakabuda kwapera 1709 pagungano Amsterdam okisheni
ndaza varume Cromhout Loskart zvakare, iyo wokupedzisira sewedzinza kuona kuti
Lssert. The kuDresden mufananidzo asi pokuikurukura mumaoko Leblon ari kopi
Darmstadt, uye Queen Marie of Medicis, nokuti iyo kwakanga kare kwakatarwa kare
kutengeswa achiri muNetherlands, pamusoro asi kubva Kutamiswa kwapera
Venice. kuvhiringidzika Fesch ndiyo chete ndechokuti anogona wakazvitengesa
kubva Leblon Mariya pane kopi huchibva kubva dzakavamba mhuri mufananidzo
uyu.
6)

Kubva nemaonero C. raMwari (Crowe kwakaita) Handigoni kutaura iyi, sezvo zviri pachena kuti ari
kukanganisa paanoti: "mufananidzo Lssert ndechokuti kubva kuDresden Gallery"; inopiwa kana panzvimbo
Darmstadt mufananidzo nezita Loskart muAmsterdam okisheni katarogu kwakabatana aimbova mutengi
Lssert.

Maererano nezvimwe, kwete vamwe asi rinomiririrwa pane kunge pano View kuti

nhaka kubva dzakavamba mhuri Meier pana Fesch, ndakatengeswa vapedzisira kuna
Iselin, mufananidzo panzvimbo kuDresden. Iyi yakanga yatova anenge 1606 by
French gurukota Iselin kuti Queen Mary iri apo iye akanga achiri France, uko nzira
Amsterdam uye kuti Venice kutamira ikoko kwapera, asingazivikanwi.Rimwe,
hapana shoma pakunzi kopi wechokwadi, Darmstadt, akanga azviwanira makore
mashomanana asati 1630 kubva Amsterdam Leblon dzimwe nguva yayo akaita kuti
(atova yakapondwa 1626) Duke pamusoro Buckingham kutenga Holbein'scher
mifananidzo asingazivikanwi Basel'schen nhaka, uye kuti akatengesa Lssert, ipapo
sezvo nokuda yapfuura maonero. kuvhiringidzika Fesch raMwari iri chokwadi kuti
runogona nhaka kubva dzakavamba mhuri yake sekuru mufananidzo pane
zvakananga Iselin uye mumiririri French, asi chete kubva Iselin kwakaita pfuma uye
Leblon panguva Queen Mary panguva apo hazvisi tsime akakwanisa kutenga nayo.
Ndinobvazve saizvozvo chero, maererano nemagwaro vakabvuma sezvo
vakakwana sezvinobvira pano rokuongorora mikana reshiyo maviri maonero chete
pachake; Shongai wangu chikamu, kuti nzira ndinoona kuti kuva nhoroondo
yokufungidzira, asi mutsigirire anokumhan'arira kuti non-nhoroondo yokufungidzira.
Zvino, chokwadi ndechokuti Maria aigona vasina zvimwe akatenga kopi
mufananidzo Leblon, dziripowo kuti Leblon kana ake Abkufer Lssert kopi
yakarongwa, izvo wakapfuurira mamwe maoko, uye pakupedzisira kubva
kuAmsterdam kusvikira Venice; Zvisinei, kuti goho makopi zvechokwadi maviri
chete mukana ane kamwe kwakaitika fortuitous pachivara, uye bvuma kuti goho ane
yepakutanga wechokwadi uye gare gare akaita kopi chete nzvimbo (Amsterdam)
nomumwe munhu kunze nevakawanda nzvimbo mavambo ane mukana wokuti
munhu causal ukama, uye ari kwazviri Zvataurwa vakafunga chikonzero harifaniri
kurerutswa. Kunyanya, panyaya iyi ndiyo pfungwa huchakurukurwa, inova risati
rasvika zivo Darmstadt kopi yaunogona achiri vakafunga raiva kuDresden
kutevedzera chii akauya mumaoko Lssert raMwari, akaisa toreva kuti Hbner uye
ipapo rabvumwa Woltmann, asi zvino akatorwa nenzira Bruno Meyer chinotevera
netsika noruremekedzo kuti Darmstadt kopi zvakare.Chete chaizvoizvo waakatenga
Lssert nokuda mambokadzi, asi kana vakasiya nyika muna 1638 uye yaiva 1643
akafa, zvakachengetwa kubva kwaari pachavo. Kuti anotsanangura kuti Fesch uye
Sandrart chete kutenga mutengo unopiwa kuti hama kutengeswa navo kuna Mariya
uye kuti Lssert mufananidzo, sezvo vose anoreva rokutengesa ndezvaJosephus, uye
ndinokuda chero enhema kuburitsa mufananidzo chifananidzo kubudikidza Leblon,
kana narinhi Development of Idea pamusoro pezana remakore rechi17 kugamuchira.
kuti iye asi nokunyanya pezviri zvinhu (asinganyatsonzwisisi muna mavakirwo
kuDresden mufananidzo anoratidza pachayo yairwirwa ari musoro Madonna
pfungwa zvinonaka, unhu ruvara mafungiro) ari wechipiri decennium chechina
muzana remakore rechi18 dzateyiwa.
isu kugadzirisa nokuti nguva yokuva mushure kusimuka pamusoro chenhau
chokwadi pfungwa zvichireva kuti Lssert akunyima mufananidzo pacharo, kwete
nokuti mambokadzi akasiya Netherlands, asi nokuti Queen asingagoni kumubhadhara
chii asi hapana chinokosha zvikuru, zvinofanira kubvumwa kuti inoratidza
mumwechete kutenga mutengo chikamu Fesch uye Sandrart kubudikidza Meyer kuti

pfungwa zvikuru tangofanana akatsanangura chokwadi kubudikidza edu,

nokusingaperi pfungwa iyi akaramba asina mutsindo pakaunda-nharo richiuya,
zvichida kuisa asi nouchapupu fungidziro zvikonzero uremu pairi.
Kunenge kuti Lssert nokusingaperi akatenga mufananidzo kuti Queen: Pakutanga
hazvina zvakaoma kuda kuti mukwanise iyo yaiva muNetherlands chete
kutenga; chechipiri anoti Sandrart kuti Lssert yaiva "mu paminyengetero" pamusoro
Leblon, izvo zvinogona zvinoda nezveimwe kufarirwa Lssert
chifananidzo; Chechitatu, Queen Mary haasi akafunga muna Sandrart raMwari
inoti; asi vanofanira Leblon, umo Sandrart akagamuchira mashoko ake, takaziva
sezvo mutengesi pamufananidzo haina zvikuru sezvo zvakanaka sezvo Fesch ndiye
Tengesai chaizvo kure kuti Lssert mufananidzo Queen akatenga payakafukidzwa
chaizvoizvo ndamutengera kana Nevazikanwi vake Sandrart asi raireva sezvo chaiko
mutengi ari mufananidzo pomutumwa waMaseya, kunyanya sezvo aifanira kuziva
kuti Sandrart kuratidzwa paaigara muAmsterdam mutambo kuunganidzwa Queen
Mary zvikuru nhoroondo mifananidzo, kureva pamusoro mutengi zvirokwazvo
zvikuru kufarira aiva kuti pomutumwa.
zvose pamusoro statuierte Meyer yapera reDresden mufananidzo anoramba
chiratidzo Algarotti wacho [s. kana.], sezvo mashoko Wright, iro kare muna 1723
muna Venice akaona mufananidzo sezvo bhurasho Holbein'sches fungidzira chii
yangu dzakaitika yekutanga enzanisa.
Kana isu kuderedza pakupedzisira anopikisa pfungwa iri kupfuura vakawanda
maonero kuti chakaitwa chete nokusingaperi muAmsterdam kopi mufananidzo
chaiwo, zvinotevera zvinofanira kukurukurwa pamusoro: Ngazvive Zvakangoitikawo
kuti mbiri chete makopi nomufananidzo wedu muAmsterdam vechokwadi
akasangana, saka unogona kuriverenga zvingangoitika kuti tsaona iyi yakanga
yasvika, kwete kunyange napaduku tatschlicherseits zvinopesana; asi, akanga akadai
unyanzvi-rudo uye akamira panzvimbo vakasvinuka unyanzvi motokari guta, sezvo
Amsterdam sokuti panguva iyoyo, zvimwe kuitika.
Zvichida vose mifananidzo vagara pamwe muAmsterdam; nokuti Darmstadt ndiye hungu 163.
kubudikidza Leblon kuna Amsterdam uye uchiri kuwanikwa 1709 muna Loskart kuti nhaka
muAmsterdam zvakare; asi kuti kuDresden yaiva 1690 kubudikidza muAmsterdam kubva kusauka
ane bhangi kuna Venice pamusoro. Zvinodhura asi mifananidzo vari vawana kwete pamberi
kusauka, asi panguva maruva mamiriro; Saka kuDresden mufananidzo zvichida akanga refu asati
1690 muAmsterdam.

Next: Zvichida zvakafanana yaizoputsika sezvo chidzoke makopi maviri sezvo

yepakutanga uye yokunyepera kopi ndiyo chidzoke zviviri makopi zvinotevera
zvinoumba vechokwadi. nomufananidzo wedu ari hunhu ane votive kuti chii
chinangwa chayo nokuda kwekereke, panguva imwe chete ari mufananidzo mhuri,
izvo zvinoda kutsunga yayo nokuda imba pedzisa. Hapana zvakawanda zvakasikwa,
Saka, pane kuti kopi kereke, chakarairwa imba kune mumwe, uye hapana
zvakawanda pachena pane kuti vaviri chete Artist akatamiswa. Holbein akanga 1526
nokuda kwokushayiwa rubatsiro kubva muBasel kuEngland; Uchapupu zvakakwana
kuti (1520-1530) rakapiwa iyo pamwe fungidziro unotodonha chidzoke vose makopi
kwete basa rakawandisa kana Anotsvaka avo kwaari, nei iye takasiya kubva

kudzokororwa mukopi. Uyewo anogona kuva nevamwe kusiyana pakati makopi

maviri kupenya kubva kubvuma vakasiyana urongwa vaviri makopi zvechokwadi
sezvo kubva pfungwa yokuti mumwe Kunyepa kopi imwe, tsanangura. - Kubva mhiri
vaizofunga panzvimbo kutsunga miviri kuchechi uye kumusha nourongwa pamatavi
maviri akasiyana dzemhuri; anewo zvose izvi sezvo Rangarirai kuti, uye kuti nyasha
zvapedzisira maonero inotevera inotaura: Kunyange L516, pamberi chidzoke
mifananidzo vedu vaviri, Holbein kupendwa chifananidzo kaviri wendarama
nomudzimai wake, iyo inogona kuwanikwa Basel'schen Museum, uye izvo "mawa"
(Hbner, tsamba) kana "pachena kwete zvikuru gare gare" (Woltmann) mumabhokisi
chete miziyamu ikoko kuti epakutanga kubva Fesch muunganidzwa kuchibva
akafanana, uye akapa fungidziro mumba, kuti vakanga varongerwa pamatavi maviri
mhuri; chete kuti aizokumbira Chokwadi, chii iye ane asi zvibatanidzwe munzvimbo
imwe muunganidzwa.Zvino unogona kutenda, sezvo vanouya Mayor Fesch kopi
akanga nhaka nokuda dzaitaurwa pamufananidzo mwanasikana Anna Meier kuti
vachasara pasina kopi mhuri mufananidzo muduku chete gegenberkniende mukono
scion mhuri.
Zvino aigona Zvisinei yakasiyana maonero sezvo kufunga kuti kopi wechipiri
yakazobudiswa dzakapendwa nokuda kwake Kutsunga mumwe wechipiri, sezvo
zvichida asina pari Holbein; Zvisinei, izvozvo handizvo vadzidzi Holbein kana
zvikasadaro Basel'scher Artist anozivikanwa kuti akavimba, kopi, zvokuti kwakadaro
fungidziro anoramba chinhu.
ruzivo unoratidza mukuru mashoko pana Fesch bedzi kopi wechokwadi,
hazvishamisi, kunyange dai paiva vaviri. Fesch akanyora pamusoro remakore gare
gare, apo zvifananidzo, dzinenge zvikabva zvaita, yakazokudziridzwa; mumwe chete
akanga nhaka sekuru vake, uye saka hazvishamisi kuti iye aishaya zvakanaka nezivo
nezvokuvapo mumwe. Kana pane: Akanga zvose nezivo, uye kungotaura
yakavhenganiswa zvibatsiro zvose.
Apo Kinkel Anoti pamusoro nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo, kunyange
nezivo yakarurama pamusoro mifananidzo mariri mhuri yakarasika kuna Venice, saka
handina kuziva nei vakanga ane kuoma vakayambuka nemaoko siyana mufananidzo
chaiwo kupfuura chimwe zvakakodzera rakapa kopi anofanira kurasika ,
VII. Mubvunzo nderechokwadi pachinhu kuna Darmstadt kopi insbesondre.
Kuti nderechokwadi Darmstadt kutevedzera Kanenge mari yayo uye yayo huru
Bestande zvino zvinogona sechinoitika kazhinji akabvuma, hwakatanga
inokurukurwa chikamu chechitatu. Asi ndezvipi zvikonzero pamusoro payo
kwakavakirwa munotenderana zvinofanira kubva?
Chokutanga, pane nhoroondo, kunyange handiko zvachose inosvitswa
zvikonzero. Nekuti kuti yakananga Kuzvigadzira Patsva pamusoro Darmstadt
chifananidzo dzakavamba mhuri, izvo kutenda kuti makawana kubudikidza boka
Zvakawanikwa Woltmann kwakaita tsaru mashoko Fesch uye Sandrart
zvabatanidzwa, achiri matambudziko chaizvo uye zvinogona uyevo kwacho
kuDresden kopi, ndinotenda muna kuti vakaratidza yapfuura zvikamu; panguva imwe

chete asi kuti kunyange pasi zvokubvumira kuchinjwa ichi kunyange zvinyorwa
zvenhoroondo akasara, taura kuti akadzikunura kuva Darmstadt mufananidzo
kubudikidza Leblon muBasel pacharo. [Chap. VI.] Kunyange Darmstadt chinhu
arege kudana zvishoma kupfuura kuDresden netsika, kana dziri muna muAmsterdam
okisheni ndaza kubva 1709 Holbein'sches mufananidzo.
Chepiri anotaura ruzhinji uye preponderance pamusoro nyanzvi manzwi (Hirt,
Kugler, chikero, v. Zahn, Wornum. Woltmann, E. Forster) nokuda zvaidiwa pamusoro
kupenda pakati Darmstadt mufananidzo chete kupenda chaizvoizvo Holbein'scher
mifananidzo, uye kana mashomanana aakatipa zviitiko manzwi (Grder. K. Forster)
vakataura dzinopesana, [chits. IV.], Zvino kureva vavete kare pachena kwete allwrts
zvakakwana envisaged nematambudziko pakuongorora chikumbiro kuongorora
mubvunzo kubva pfungwa iyi maonero zvakare kwazvo pasina asi nezvinonetsa izvo
zvaigona vachamutswa pamusoro anomutora mavhoti pamusoro [chap. kuna V.],
unogona kutarisira pamwe fungidziro kunze kure ruzhinji mugumisiro wayo.
On durchschlagendsten nokuti nderechokwadi Darmstadt kopi asi ngapaonekwe
zvikonzero zvayo yokutanga pachayo. Under muzvinhu zvakawanda, chii kana
fungidziro zviri debatable causative panyaya iyi ichiri, asi zvinhu zvakanaka anowana
chii yakachengeteka runako mhedziso zvabvumirwa
Chokutanga, vaya vanobvuma kwokudzidzisa kuDresden pamberi Darmstadt huru
hunhu, zvisina kumativi ose zvechokwadi zvakadaro, nechekare ino kuwana
nouchapupu fungidziro chikonzero Zvinokosha Darmstadt kopi. Nekuti zvakaonekwa
Kunyange kuti sezvaakanga zvakanaka kutaura, kuti Darmstadt kopi kutevedzera:
mukopi haana kukwanisa kuwana Darmstadt mukana kuDresden, sezvo iye wamuka
muna kuDresden kunatsiridza pamusoro chepakutanga. Asi chokwadi zviri nyore
kubvuma vokupedzisira seyokutanga, sezvo zvakanakira tichiratidza kuDresden
Madonna pamberi Darmstadt, zvikamu zororo assignable zvitima, risingagoni
kurashikirwa nechinhu nenhetemwa; nokuti zvangu zvakadaro zvinogona sei kudaro
mufananidzo.
Zvichakadai, mamwe uchapupu nokuti Zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo
kusiyana muurongwa uye kukura pakati mifananidzo miviri chero dzumbunuka
pakuti anomupa chikomborero reDresden pamberi Darmstadt. Ngationei kupinda
epakutanga, kana kutaura chete kuti mifananidzo kuti zvakakwana kwakakwanira
Kuenzanisa uku, tinoona kubva Darmstadt kuna kuDresden makopi kwenguva pfupi,
ari Madonna kutaura mumwe Gemache chine pasirin'i pakuremerwa rinenge Korona,
rimwe chete vakasununguka uye zvikuru kuitika bulging gumbeze pamusoro payo,
uye kupa wacho anyatsoronga uye nomupi wakafugama, kutorerwa kutya
kuchangotanga erection kwokutsigirwa matombo (corbels, mumabhuraketi) kutanga
nesimba pamusoro pemisoro yazvo. The Madonna zvino pamwe maoko panzvimbo
mamwe kuva niche, zvisinei, vaisagona dzinokwana pachine ruoko uye nokudaro
kusundwa kuti kutsigira chezvakaipa rinotevera mbiru. Her hakusi slimmer uye
nokudaro zvikuru ichiyevedza, uye nemisoro manhamba nenhamba
kwatakagoverwa; ari kare zvikuru inovata meya harina hafu amuka uye akasimbisa
maoko ake vakabata shure seri vachipfugama pamberi pake vechidiki, uye mbava ake

uye bvudzi kujaya vakamhanyira kare, vava vakanyarara kubva mumwe. In zvose 'asi
zvakanakira ari zvikuru pamusoro chikamu kuDresden kopi kuti zvingaonekwa
akafunga kwakaoma, nyanzvi yokudhirowa kana mukopi rara dzaro nevaya
Darmstadt Kopa swapped asaende zvokuti nani zvakaipisisa. Uyewo, kuchinja uku
mhando zvaizoita kutsanangura zvishoma zvikuru pane kuchinja huru hunhu kubva
nokushayiwa unyanzvi.
Zvechokwadi, tiri pano mune pachangu zvaipesana Woltmann uye Meyer, izvo
muchidimbu Kuchinja kukura vari kuDresden mufananidzo pane nani pane kuderera,
asi kuzochera nharo pamusoro kukoshesa uye ndedzechokwadi kuDresden
mufananidzo chinhu zvishoma kubva, kutoti mukopi chinangwa kuvandudzika
kukava zvakashandurwa. Asi ivo vari pashure zvakataurwa Cape. V. ari pamusoro
payo, kwete kuwana nyore concurrence mairi, asi unoshanda mumwe chikonzero
Zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo iyo zvikasadaro palpably kuonekwa yose nyika,
saizvozvowo nemashiripiti avo pakatarisana dzoro bedzi kuti vakomana. Asi
zvinogoneka mumwe kuramba ndiko kurangarira.
Isu akagara yapfuura vavariro dzavasinei unyanzvi kuti sarudzo mberi
amendments; Asi mumwe vangashamisika kana the artist kana raiva chinoshamisa
Kopist, avo chete dzakananga nyaya. Inorega kwete asi kuti dzokunze miganhu uye
kukura chifananidzo vave chakagadziridzwa pamwe revadzidzi kukura
nomufananidzo tigutsikane 1) , kutsutsa hunoratidza kuti zvokunze vavariro zvave
muduku kubudirira chete. Zvisinei, kutaura zvazviri, wokutanga rinopfuura kupa
pachavo sokuti rokupenda akanga makawedzera kuDresden mufananidzo sezvo
wechipiri-vakarondedzera kuti pave nzvimbo nani. rakakwanira, vamwe pfungwa
zvinopesana, akanga ari Darmstadt mufananidzo ipfupi kuti kufanana wechipiri
kupendwa pamusoro shoma pfungwa zvakanaka kana kuipa, pakusika
muchadenga. Akanga kuti mufananidzo kereke, imwe mhuri vakatsunga saka aigona
zvechokwadi kupinda nyore kudikanwa chakadaro ezvinhu akawanda akasiyana
nzvimbo. Zvino pamwe zvinoreva kuti chinangwa hwaigona kunge pasina
pakukuvadza kuti kukura nokuda maererano zvinoderedza zvikamu zvose
nomufananidzo tigutsikane; asi kana ndima. Dental vaifungira the artist aifanira
kuDresden mufananidzo vachiri kuda kushandisa kare makadhibhokisi ari kuchinja
kubva Darmstadt, saka Zvechokwadi, raigona nechirwere vavariro yakadaro
zvimunakire, kunyange apo kuchinja mune neizvi negwara. Uyewo, yunifomu
rutapudzo haana kuita nemirayiridzo zvose, nokuti Darmstadt mufananidzo, zvichida
kubva muchadenga nezvavanofunga, maererano mari kupfuura ari zvakare
wakaderedzwa kusvika noupamhi pamusoro kuDresden. Uye kana kusina Artist
dzazvino aigona kuwanikwa, iro Woltmann uye Br. Meyer kuti migove unoravira
vachida pedyo co-lamination nenhamba iri Darmstadt mufananidzo, saka chete asi
maererano chii atova Chap. V. Yakati arege vanoti kubva upi wekare Artist sezvo
rakada akasundudzira manhamba kuitika munyika dzakawanda mifananidzo
okuberekwa Zvisinei havana kudaro kuitika Madonnas muna Holbein raMwari.
1)

. Maererano Von Zahn Zvatinopiwa mari muna Darmstadt mufananidzo pahupamhi 1.01 metres, kukwirira
kuna chinjikira kupera uye 1.12 kuti korona yakaisvonaka semicircular chinhu chakakombama 1.44, nepo
kuDresden mufananidzo runoenzanirana encombrements 1,03; 1,245 uye 1,59, azvaitwa.

Kana tikatarira munhau iyi zvakare nomufananidzo wedu sezvo chokuita

richiswedera No. 65 shure (muBasel), izvo isu muna Cape. V. zvekufungidzira,
zvakaoma, chokwadi, kudzivirira pacharo yokunyumwira pamusoro Darmstadt
mufananidzo, uye kwete panguva imwe chete kuti tiwane rubatsiro nokuti kuDresden
mufananidzo mairi. Nokuti isu yeuka: yakakwirira muna kuDresden mufananidzo
chitonge cupola korona Madonna uye niche kunodiwa kutora zvizere upamhi, wake
nhamba, pamwechete mwaranzi yakapoteredza zvachose. Free, chiedza ndiye
Madonna ikoko, kunyange slimmer kupfuura kuDresden mufananidzo, zvichida
zvichienderana wokuenzanisira achiri sokuti unterzuliegen mufananidzo. Kunyange
Knights kana mugari ane guta guru shongwe, asati anopfugamira, pamusoro
pake. Saka zvechokwadi zvakaoma kutaura sei Holbein aifanira kubuda kutaura kuti
sezvo ari kukura kwayo raunyanira Darmstadt mufananidzo pakati mifananidzo
miviri nezvakawanda vakasununguka rakakwanira, von pashure Woltmann kunyange
pinza vanodhirowa vamba uye hunotevedzana Dresde mufananidzo , uye anogona,
sezvataurwa kare muna V., zviri nyore kuwana pfungwa, mutana mukopi
yakaisvonaka pfungwa Holbein panhau iyi haisi anazvo, asina hana chakagadzirwa
payo, swedera yose Zvinoumba kuDresden mufananidzo kubva Darmstadt. Against
chii tinoda asiwo yakataurawo kuti kwete chete Zvinokosha chipeto haina
dzakatangwa pamberi Darmstadt mufananidzo; asi kuti Holbein pachake kwokutanga
mapfupi rakakwanira, dzinenge dziri vatambi vake, aida zvikuru sokuti pane gare
gare, kunyange zvazvo zvingava zvinokosha kwemabasa chokwadi musi chaiwo
kuenzanisa kuitwa munyaya iyi, sezvo kare chipo.
Zvisinei, ndinoda kuwana kusiyana kukura pakati Darmstadt uye kuDresden
mufananidzo pachayo haina simba kwazvo Kuisa Darmstadt pamusoro
yapfuura. Kufanana zvinopesana wokuti uyewo nhema uye kashoma kuti kuwanikwa
zvakadaro kure sezvazviri chero zvazvingava, uye ichakurukurwa uzere
tinyatsonzwisisa zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. Asi kuti handisi ndoga munhu achiri
kukwanisa kumisa tisingavimbi kwakakwana muna kare vaiona pokutanga
zvikonzero Darmstadt bhurocha, unoratidza pacharo nekutevera, pashure rokuenda
Darmstadt mufananidzo ari 1861 AKAITA vachiti Hbner kuti: "The pfungwa yokuti
Holbein iri kutanga [the Darmstadt] mufananidzo kupendwa, mune pakuongorora
asingasaruri Zvakawanda rwaanarwo pacharo; ... asi ini ndinofanira kureurura zvose
izvi kuti vamwe ndingangokuvara ichi pfungwa chinhu tinoiwana pane asina
zvachose chinokodzera pfungwa dzangu chokwadi ".
Kunyange zvazvo riri pamberi kusvika kungosiyiwa pachinhu ichi, asi
chinoshamisa zviduku izvo zvinoita pakugara mumwe Zvinokosha Darmstadt
mufananidzo. Enzanisa mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda yakakura contiguous chena
musoro Mhosva mukuru uye paavhareji mukadzi Darmstadt uye Dresde
mufananidzo. Musoro goko womukadzi mukuru chinoshanda saka kure Darmstadt
mufananidzo shure, kuti presupposes ane pfungwa huru mukadzi uye vakadzi vaviri
nekupi nyaya nemhaka iyo dzinoyerera kuburikidza zvinenge kuramba chitima
vakanga vakaomerwa kuti misshapen lumpy guru pamwe chete. In kuDresden

mufananidzo kunyange vachiri rakakura musoro goko vatana kuchiri wakaderedzwa

kusvika wogadza, uye akagara akanyatsodengezerwa pamusoro musoro goko
womukadzi kubva pedyo. Izvi ingasava kubva kudiwa kuponesa nzvimbo muna
Darmstadt mufananidzo, asi zvinoita sezvisina kuti zvitsanangurwe zvakasiyana kuti
pane kuti the artist yakanga iri kopi zvisinganzwisisiki unnaturalness wechipiri
Stilwidrigkeit achiratidza rokutanga ino akavandudzika.
Kutaura zvazviri, ndakanga kurerekera nguva refu, ichi chinhu chiduku, sezvo
pasina mumwe dudziro inokwanisa kugadzirisa kukuru uremu iri yokutanga nyaya,
sezvo zvose kare akabata kusiyana pakati mifananidzo miviri. Asi avo haanzwisisiki
chaizvo - imi chete kuona musoro mutana wacho - achiri anogona kubhadhara
pfungwa yakasiyana chaizvo.
Sokunge rokupenda mukuedza ake vaswedere magadzirirwo yose panzvimbo
tightness nharaunda yacho Hood yavekare vangadai akasika chinhu zvakaipa
nezvokuzadziswa mapurani, ndiko saka anonzi Pentimento akanga asangana 2) uye,
uye iye zvishoma kukutadza zvakanaka kuburikidza kuwedzera gurovhisi aida
kufukidza. Kana munhu achitenda asi kunyange mufananidzo (pashure Felsing) izvo
ikozvino chete kuenzanisa kwandiri inoraswa, kana mutana, pamwe kuDresden
zvikuru enzanirana, gandiwa kwayo mukati munharaunda kuona chete, uye
anoshanda chete somunhu shaded pedyo ndima akawedzera kusiyaniswa
kusvika. Uyewo, kuburikidza nokuveza iri kuwedzera gurovhisi iri kutsigira ibwe
pamusoro symmetry pamwe musoro meya pamusoro chinogara zvishoma pemarata
anotsigira ibwe, kuvamirira. Zvichida akaramba hwakadzama kuongorora pamusoro
yepakutanga yakaitwa pano kuona Zudeckung kukanganisa kubudikidza kuwedzera
Hood; ipapo ini inodonha zvakaita; nokuti zvino mukana wavo asi, uye zvinotsigirwa
pakuti zvechokwadi zvinoita kupa chete nzvimbo yakapoteredza dzimwe Pentimenti,
kunyange zvazvo izvi vachiri kudana kudzora chii atova Chap. Anotaurwa II ..
2)

Zvichida wechipiri Pentimento vane Wollmann muna Chap. . II anoda hwuchavapano; asi hazvisi

anyatsooneka kuburikidza tsananguro uye pasina omumwe chifananidzo.

Asi ikozvino unogona kuona panguva kamwe kubva kumusoro kuti uite Pentimenti
zvingatidzivirira kuwanikwa Darmstadt mufananidzo zvachose pachakwo hapana
mhedziso yakachengeteka kuti kuisa chete, nokuti zvichida kuitira faintly kuti
mukopi ari kuedza ake, yave zviri chifananidzo vanosundira pamwe kuchinja kukura
maererano, kana kunyange kuita chimwe chinhu pane imwe pfungwa, itsva kubva
mufananidzo, anopiwa pakutanga uye ipapo vaida kuvandudza, sezvo kuya
vemifananidzo yepakutanga pachavo Makaruramisa pacharo. Sezvo (asati pedyo
akasarudzwa Pentimento nzvimbo pashure Hbner uyewo ruoko semi-akapfugama
pwere kuDresden mufananidzo [comp. Chap. II.], Saka imi wakaramba chete
zvingatiita sezvo pedyo zvakanaka kuisa reDresden mufananidzo payo. Asi chaicho
nehunhu Pentimento aigona achiri kubvumira tichisunga mhedziso. Uye ichi
ruremekedzo ndinoona Handimupinduri Felsing kuti kuwa muna gadzira kune chena
musikana blondi mvere dziri Darmstadt mufananidzo kupenda pamusoro asi sezvo

sechitsvuku matauriro kubudikidza zvitupa [comp. II. ], aikosha kukosha, zvichaita

chete zvinoda wemauto Konstatierung ari unequivocality Pentimento ichi, nokuti
ndinoziva pasinei pfungwa akamanikidza kuti zvakafanana zvingashandawo
zvakasiyana kuti Holbein pachake uye akatsanangura kudaro kupfuura ezvinhu
zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo . Kana chinhu, asi nenzira iri kuchinja
mufananidzo mwana uyewo kumanikidzwa chaizvo, munhu angafungidzira kuti
rechitanhatu munwe rimwe ruoko akashama mwana ezasi [comp. II.] Asi netsaona
chikamu mukopi uyo akamira pakati dzimwe rusununguko Akatora, vaidawo
kuchinja ruoko Knbchens pakutanga, kana chikamu munyori yepakutanga pachake.
Kutsigirwa chikuru Zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo zvaachava nguva dzose
kuziva kwake.
Asi munhu akaverenga pakati pokutanga zvikonzero Darmstadt mufananidzo kuti
zvikuru yakajeka zvikuru maitiro kumiririrwa anoverengeka zviduku vatambi vari
Darmstadt mufananidzo, kunyanya Mayor, nepakati uye muduku hadzi mufananidzo,
imwe itsva maonero kunoratidza sei zvavaitarisira ari mufananidzo erstgemalten, uye
zvikuru pachake kapeti uye zviduku zviri Darmstadt mufananidzo wakakwana nyore
kududzira kuti haana kufanana munhu anotora kaviri kutamburira zvikuru
zvakawanda shanduro divi zvinhu, yakawandisa kunobva, kana mukopi tenzi haana
rinogona kuzadzisa. Kungava kuti uri zvakarurama mariri; asi mumwezve maonero
runoregereiko kubviswa. Akanyanya Ndine dzinopikisa vaya vanoti pamusoro
mukufambisira Darmstadt vanomirira yokunyora nokudhirowa kana mifananidzo
kudzidza Holbein rwake pachake, izvo achiri inogona kuwanikwa muBasel Museum,
zvakawanda pachena pane ari Dresde mufananidzo. In vose vari idealized
mupfungwa; muna Darmstadt asi achiri kupfuura kuDresden. Zvino mumwe
Anogonawo kufunga kuti the artist kana mukopi chete akatorwa pamufananidzo
yechipiri panyaya iyi rusununguko kupfuura kutanga yabatanidzwa. The zvakawanda
akakwana chokupika ancillary zvinhu asi aigona kuva pamusoro yechipiri motifs
dzinoitwa dzakasiyana kutsunga vaviri makopi ukama, kana kunyora kuti mukopi
akanga akasimba chaizvo mune ukama ichi.
Pakupedzisira chingava kubvuma kuti mumwe nomumwe akapa pano nokuda
nderechokwadi Darmstadt Kopa atora yenhau, unyanzvi uye kukoshesa zvikonzero
kana achishayiwa Mhedziso hunopupurirwa mutengo kuti inogona zvechokwadi
dzaisafanira nyore pane dzimwe dzose pane zvakananga uye pachena nhoroondo
uchapupu ; nokuda asi kubva neimwe mativi matatu zvikurukuru naye nechekare
pane chinokosha ndingangokuvara kufuta uye fungidziro imwe nhungamiro
kunyange kusimbisa zvinopfuura kungoziva cumulatively, saka unogona kuchengeta
nderechokwadi Darmstadt kutevedzera wose nechivimbo guru zvakanaka nheyo, uye,
zvikuru aakatipa akapomerwawo Grder uye Karl Forster pamusoro nderechokwadi
coloristic kuurayiwa Ernst Forster pamusoro nderechokwadi zvimwe zvikamu
mufananidzo, ipapo kuti ndishushikane kusvikira kuongororwa mune ramangwana
muunganidzwa.
VIII. Mubvunzo nderechokwadi kuDresden kutevedzera kunyanya.
Huru akamboramba chinogona vachamutswa pamusoro nderechokwadi kuDresden

mufananidzo, akataridza kuziva nderechokwadi Darmstadt kopi Pachine nokuda

vanogona afunga sezvinotevera: Ndizvo here havagoni panguva ino kuva
zvechokwadi. Anofanira zvino nepakatanga Darmstadt kopi pashure zvose akati
muzvirevo zvikamu kumusoro, kana chero mubvunzo kuti pasi, uye uve
kuchengeteka kwavo Mhedziso chaizvoizvo hakuna akakomberedzwa, saka
wakaramba vachiri simba uye zvishoma vanobudirira kudzivirira Dresde kopi kuva
kusaidzirana pachavo kuti kuvimba dubiousness pamusoro nderechokwadi Darmstadt
kopi. Its nderechokwadi iri nani zvino pakunzi kazhinji akabvuma, uye saizvozvo isa
isu chete akapiwa zvinotevera nezvatinodzidza vamwe paanopikiswa bvumidza ane
uremu, chii havana kudaro uye kuremekedza mukutarisira nemaonero Darmstadt kopi
Hakuzi kuti kutarisirwa vaizorasikirwa. Sezvineiwo, haisi chokwadi, asi kupfuura
pamwe nderechokwadi kuDresden kutevedzera kuti tinoedza zvokusimbisa
nokufunga anotevera kukakavara uye zvokupikisa.
hurukuro Historischerseits kubva pakutanga tsika muchifarira Dresde kopi; chete
ndiye tsika hapana uchapupu; Asi harisati historischerseits ari munyaya 6th zvikamu
kuramba Zvinosanganisira kuti kuDresden Mufananidzo wacho chete nzira
Darmstadt Amsterdam kuuya, uye zviri nyore kufungidzira kuti dzakatangira
muAmsterdam sezvo kopi zvechokwadi Darmstadt, sezvo kuti kamwe zvetsaona
zviviri specimens chaihwo kubva akasangana. Zvichakadai, Ini kwave Ukuwo
akataura kuti tsaona yakadaro asi ane hapana siriizvo chaizvo kuti chidzoke makopi
maviri zvechokwadi ine dzinenge mukana sezvaingoitawo kuti imwe enhema kopi
mumwe, uye kuti uwane kukurukurwa enhoroondo data, mumwe zvakananga marara
reDresden mufananidzo kunosiya mhuri kuvambwa oneka vangangoramba pane
Darmstadt, zvandisingazivi kudzoka pano. On chikamu enhoroondo zvikonzero
naizvozvo ndiye kuDresden mufananidzo kwete chete kwete kuramba kuvamirira
pamusoro Darmstadt, asi wakaramba pasina Mitzuziehung kuisa zvikonzero iyo kupa
nhoroondo zvikonzero Darmstadt kusvikira chemabhazi, mukusiyana zvinobatsira.
The mufananidzo pamusoro kuDresden mufananidzo Kubatana, saka handina
kuziva chii pasi kwokutanga dzinopikisana mazano chete [Kapoka. 4] Dielectric
magumo rakanga rawanikwa pamusoro nderechokwadi Dresde
mufananidzo. Kusvikira ndaziviswa, unogona kuwana chete inenge mibvunzo kuti
chero zvazvingava, pane musiyano mukuru pakati kupenda vose zvifananidzo
kunoratidzika kuitika kana tikatevedzera kutonga pachikero, Grder, Woltmann,
Wornum, Karl Foerster, Bruno Meyer, uye vachizobvunza pashure, kana kuDresden
mufananidzo vachiri mumaoko chete Artist anogona kunzi, sezvo Darmstadt. Asi
kutanga, vamwe kusiyana chete pachena, kuvapo varnish pamusoro Darmstadt
mufananidzo nemataundi, nzvimbo yechipiri great, imwe nyanzvi yokudhirowa,
zvirokwazvo haana kunzwisisa mutongo wayo pasi, ruvara zvemichina kwete
zvakasiyana pakati mifananidzo miviri, sezvo vari vaya vanofanira kuchengeta
vanyori; Chechitatu anogona kusiyana zvikuru impastierter ruvara uye zvakawanda
rakaoma kurapa Darmstadt mufananidzo kurutivi vakasununguka, kupenya kurapa
kuDresden, izvo zvirokwazvo hakukuiti, kubva nenyama mukuru, iro akawana
yokudhirowa ari penguva pakati paumbwe vose mifananidzo zvichida wotaura
zvakakwana kutsanangura; uye kunyange akasiyana kutsunga nevasina zvifananidzo

kuti Church uye musha aizokunda pamusoro kurapwa maturo. Kana yaitarisira
panguva Holbein kuratidzwa kunyatsoongorora ruvara ratios, pamusoro apa
zvinonetsa kwete asi kusimbisa kana kunetesa zvakatonyanya, mugumisiro anofanira
kudzidzisa.
Muchidzidzo ichi, mushonga, uye mukuenzanisa nevamwe mifananidzo Holbein'schen iyo kopi
wokutanga akasikwa, uye penguva pakati paumbwe zvose mifananidzo kwaizova chokwadi,
zvinokosha kuziva chaizvo; asi atova IV. Chap. zvichiitirwa kupokanidzana kuti kuvapo pakati
hachishandi pamusoro pano; pasina kunyange kupindira anga chisarudzo zvinobvira. 1) Mir pacharo
sokuti munhau iyi inokosha panotaurwa fananidzo akwegura ari meya iri Holbein'schen Portrait
kana kuswedera kuna 1516 pamwe chimiro zera zvakafanana mune kuswedera nomufananidzo
wedu (zvose asi) kukumikidza muBasel, izvo ndinofarira Wornurn nguva kana asati 1526, apo
Holbein nguva yokutanga kuEngland akaenda 2) , sezvo vakawanda yaizoputsika nguva
nezvekwakabva wokutanga kopi munhare. Zvino Holbein Papera mashoma kakawanda kuti refu
kana pfupi kugara, kunyanya muna 1529 (kubva pakutanga September 1529 kusvikira October
1531), uye (nguva zvimwe mapfupi) muna 1538, akadzokera muBasel, saka haagoni panguva imwe
izvi nguva dzokugara muBasel kwazvo wechipiri kunge mufananidzo dzakapendwa pashure ino,
tsika yake nguva kuchinja.
1)

Mumwe muunganidzwa maonero vanyori ava vane mazano ndine yangu

nhoroondo yakanyorwa muna Weigel raMwari Arch. XII. Akapiwa 247
(Separatabdr. 56).
2)

Kana zvinoti Woltmann pamusoro Grimm, uyo muna 1524 nokuti pamutemo
reserves.

Nepo kureva mufananidzo ari mufananidzo womunhu 1516 ari

unopinza yakamisirwa chiso zvinhu richiri kuonekwa munhu simba
murume, murume kuswedera kuti mufananidzo kwedu Madonna atova
anotakura zvakawanda Blurred yaro inobudisa zviri chidhindo ane
incipient kukwegura 3) , saka kuti apo ini ongorora munhu
mufananidzo uye nokudhirowa pamusoro 1516 kusvika 46 kusvika 50
makore, handidi kufungidzira pane makore 58 kusvika 60 murume
richiswedera nomufananidzo wedu, izvo zvaizoita vateye mabviro
nomufananidzo wedu wokutanga pakati l524 uye 1530, iro miganhu
inofanira kukurukurwa sezvisingaitiki nemutowo mwero. Mushure
mharidzo meya nomufananidzo wedu pacharo munhu angabvuma
muchiitiko ichi kutonga sei nezviyero zvaitwa, asi kuswedera
zvakasikwa kungava kusarudza chinhu bedzi pano, pamusoro izvo
munhu ari mufananidzo sokuti dzinokwanisa muduku, uye zvirokwazvo,
sokuziva ndinogona kutonga , muna Darmstadt zvishoma kupfuura
kuDresden.
3)

Izvi zvinofanira kuongororwa kwazvo kunyange mushure cathode ranzi

mifananidzo dzinoita nemarudzi ane muBasel pacharo kwandiri basa aya
mifananidzo kuenzanisa, zera ezvinhu.

Kana ikozvino musiyano kupenda vose mifananidzo toreva zvichida taitarisira ino

mavambo yavo asi kuwana zvokutadza makuru nyore kwakakonzerwa zvose

zvifananidzo chete yokudhirowa, saka ini taura kuderedza imwe saka kuti kutorwa
misgiving pamusoro (ini Mr uri munyengeri Brner panguva ruoko kupiwa) dzinoti
kuti Albrecht Drer achinja mune zvinyorwa zvake mukati makore mashomanana,
marapirwo saka zvakakwana kuti munhu kugona kutenda hazvivimbisi dzakaitika
uye dambudziko vanodhirowa kuti kubva tenzi chete tinobva; uye naizvozvo aigona
hei Holbein, chinhu nokusingaperi saka versatilen akagura saka kuchinja mararamiro,
vakadzikawo nzvimbo pamusoro wake kupenda vake Artist chinhu yakakwana.
First Kugler ane muviri mwana uye Madonna reDresden mufananidzo dzimwe
nguva kumhanya greenish halftones kuti kwete kuitika Darmstadt mufananidzo kana
kwete afunge kuti Holbein, vaisimbirira.Zvichakadai, mumwe aizofanira chete
tsanangurai uko vemifananidzo vanobvuma nani, mumwe asati anoti pamusoro
Holbein kwazviri. Ndiani anogona kuziva kana Holbein kunyange chaizvo imwe
zvazviri saka aida kubudisa. Uyewo Mafunurwa anoita zvakafanana, pasina kuita
kuitisana nharo pamusoro Holbein kwazviri.
Mufudzi anoti, "hakusi kuti vasingafungi kuti Carnationsschatten kuti pakutanga yakavimbika
dzakapendwa muna tempera mufananidzo angave chete nokugamuchirwa akazonzi varnishes
kunyatsotsanangura bhiri, izvo havana pakutanga akanga .... Kunyange chena, pamwe haungatani
linnenen pamwe schleiertuchenen nguo zvikamu uye mbava zvakanaka kurapwa akanga zvichida
muzvirongwa chiito, uye vari pakudaro kukanganiswa Kugler "" akadzikama yakatsvukuruka
chiedza mitambo mu Carnation "" wokutanga akabva ".
Nekuti zvino Shepherd Maonero kuDresden mufananidzo wawanikwa sezvo tempera
untenable nokusingaperi kubudikidza mundima mazino, uye hapana mumwe anenge achida kubva
yapfuura raters chikonzero kupfuura peculiarities ari kuchinja maererano varnish, -. Pachangu
zvisipo chero mutongo panyaya iyi - saka tinoda maonero SCHAEFER panyaya iyi zvikuru
matambudziko, asi yake asi aida imwe zvakajeka rinotungamirirwa zvinonzwisisika
achinyatsoramba.

Kana kukura mufananidzo tigutsikane uye pakurapa mapurani ndinotenda muna

(chechi5 chikamu.) Zvakaratidza kuti zvakaipa Woltmann uye Br. Meyer kubva
scooped paanopikiswa hapana uremu kuti rwunonzi, zvokuti mukuenzanisa nevamwe
Holbein'schen Madonnas , ruripo ari, wedu mufananidzo analoginen, Holbein'schen
ruoko richiswedera kwete. 65 Basel'schen muunganidzwa, nemaonero pamusoro
nderechokwadi kuDresden kopi kunouya pane panzvimbo pane
zvinopokana. Holbein anoda zvachose Madonnas ake mamiriro ezvinhu mwoyo
kwete asi tinoona Darmstadt sezvo Dresde mufananidzo; uye kana izvi uye kuti
zvinogona anofumura mavakirwo ari kuDresden pamufananidzo, saka ipai vamwe
mifananidzo Holbein kuti simuka, kunyange kupfuura kuipa.
Munguva maonero kuDresden Madonna Kugler achisuwa "akasimba" hunhu uye
Wornum ari "Natural simba" kuti mumwe Holbein ari cherudo zvakafanana vaifanira
kutarisirwa; ekupedzisira-anonzi unosvikowana "simba idealized" uye Woltmann
munguva ichangopfuura "yakati mbodza".
Zvichakadai, unofanira kutarisa chete panguva imwe Madonnas Holbein kuti
vanozviwana kushamiswa kuburikidza ezvinhu kunyange muKristu Children Holbein
wacho kazhinji kuratidza wakafara Kutarira nesimba venyama, pamusoro Holbein

kuti Madonna Ukuwo, kunyange zvazvo hauzosvimhi zvose, asi kwete kupfuura,
inosuruvarisa , anenge weepy venyama, ndedzipi nzira ndini ndoga ruzivo pamusoro
muBasel chepakutanga gadzira kuna (zvino overpainted) Inhengo mapapiro (No.
muBasel 76. Brown No. 32. 23), ari muBasel ruoko richiswedera kwete. 30 (Brown
58), zita peji anoreva Freiburg kodzero guta uye maviri Madonnas pamusoro kaviri
mufananidzo Cathedral.
More kuitika apo hwakanyatsorwisa "ano" zvaanobata rondedzero dzokufungidzira
dzinowanzoguma nyasha, vachiratidza kuDresden Madonna, kwete chaizvo mune
hunhu Holbein'scher zvinomiririra, hungu Kugler wacho, vachigamuchirwa
Woltmann uye Meyer, izita. Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe anosangana unhu ichiyevedza
runako zvikasadaro kunzwika Holbein; iye asi kutaura hazvina havakwanisi asi
kunoratidza yakanaka gadzira uye mufananidzo Mai Meier pamusoro 1516 (muBasel
No. 6. 14. Brown 46. 132), uye iro rinozivikanwa Venus pamwe Cupid, rakanyorwa
Weber kuti Musono akaisvonaka kuburitswa Portrait of Offenburgerin kubva 1526
(muBasel No. 23 Brown No. 135 4) ), izvo zvinoita ekupedzisira uyewo v. zino
pachinhu ichi vaisimbirira chii ndotarira mashoko ake ari mafaira. Munyaya idzi,
mufananidzo waiva pazasi unhu chaihwo; asiwo mharidzo Madonna wedu achava
mupenyu, pamusoro Holbein chete idealized, muenzaniso akabvuma. Zvinonzi
kunyange zvataurwa kupfuura kamwe, mumwe kusindimara iyo ini Havamboendi
kugoverana chikamu changu kuti Offenburgerin kwave womuenzaniso pachayo.
4)

kwete kutonga Mushure Braun mufananidzo Zvisinei, kunze hadzikwani pano zvakanaka.

Izwi sezvo pfungwa modernity chichizoitwa zvokutadza kujeka kuzochera

unopinza mhedziso muna mubvunzo wedu. Iva akawedzera kuti musoro kuDresden
Madonna zvechokwadi hunhu kupfuura ano kwokupfeka rakaita Darmstadt, asi
ndiani angamuudza kana akanyanya ano kuti zvikuru rakatarisa Holbein. With izvo
Ndichiri pachavo chete vakashaisa kuramba, kwete nokungoti ndokusimudza funga,
saka kure somunhu asi mupfungwa, ane kuzobvunza-Kusara Holbein nzira Dresde
Madonna.
Against anokomba v. Dental [s. mafaira acho] ikumikidzo ndechokuti muna
kuDresden Madonna, nekuti iye statuiert mumwe muenzaniso kupfuura Darmstadt,
zvakawanda kupfuura Darmstadt zvinokosha zvakwakanakira M inokurukura kuti
"makemikari unhu Schdelbaues uye ounyanzvi chiso zvinhu", iro Holbein akaenda
mhiri vamutangira uye panguva imwe chete, kunosanganisira German maitiro
kuwana yakanga dzakasiyiwa ake, achakabata zvikuru vokuItaly mhando vatsivi, uye
mumwe kwete "chero akararama aigona kunzi, isu nevaya yepamusorosoro oumhizha
chechetere inganzi kodzero kana vanonzi Holbein nezvokumuka kuDresden
pamufananidzo, vachiri vanosarudza ekupedzisira ari kuDresden mufananidzo
pamberi kuzviramba '.
Ko zvino zvose zvapfuura chinhu asi sezvineiwo Kuparara kuguma nderechokwadi
kuDresden mufananidzo, saka zvingashandawo vakatsvaka inotevera zvakadzama
kuti chaizvoizvo anoti Woltmann pamwe vabvumirana Meyer mupfungwa iyi.

Pakupfeka of Darmstadt Madonna aimbova chiedza zvitema, asi kuva rinokwanisa

kucheneruka mutema kuburikidza yeyero varnish. The kuDresden zvakare pashure
kusunungurwa kubva munyoro varnish yekare (kuburikidza Kudzorerwa muna
1840). Sei aigona ichi "zvose tsika dzinopesana" Ruvara nemapfekero Madonna
vavapo, kana kwete mukopi kusanzwisisana akaisa mitema Ruvara nemapfekero
kubva chepakutanga kopi yake pamusoro. Uye hapana chipingamupinyi kufunga
izvozvo; nekuti panguva Leblon kuti kureba kwenguva, kana kwete paya, kopi
rizadziswe vaparawo; dari anenge 100 makore chidzoke ari mufananidzo, iyo varnish
anofanira kuva atozvionera kuchinja kwake. Zvisinei, The neapo kunyange Prof.
Hbner kuzorwa neni takasununguka uye chakaita fungidziro, kuti mapfekero of
kuDresden Madonna aimbova greenish yebhuruu ndokuva chete nokuchinja kubva
dhayi yakaisvonaka mutema ane, pashure wakatevera ziviso zvakafanana pedyo
vachangobva akaita hwakadzama kuongorora sezvo untenable
zvakaratidza. [S. Hbner kudare pasi].
Ngationei vanobvuma kuti paanopikiswa ayo uremu, uye vanoziva unyanzvi
Woltmann zvokuti dzakaisa kwaari, asi kupa pashure uyewo pakaunda-zvinhu zvavo
zvakarurama.
Chokutanga, mapfekero of Darmstadt Madonna achiri chiedza rinokwanisa
kucheneruka mutema, iye kuDresden asi zvachose rima mitema yakaisvonaka; Saka
mukopi vaizova ruvara asi kwete inofanira kutevedzerwa, uye nokudaro chamber ari
kuramba yose kubva pakutanga dziparare pachakwo. Inorega Against chii
cherechedzai kuti murima mitema muna kuDresden mufananidzo anogona
kugadzirwa bedzi achiipa, uye mukopi aigona asi rawanikwa rinokwanisa
kucheneruka rwegirini yemabviro chikonzero zvachose kuti kupenda nemapfekero
munyoro, zvino asi, sezvo ari kwaisava wakanamatira chepakutanga, vane
akapendwa yakaisvonaka mitema. Asi nei, kana Kopist zvakare ukasachengeta
kunoparirwa kuna chepakutanga, haana kuita panzvimbo chete zvachose yebhuruu
nokuti Artist yakadzidziswa yakadaro, hwokufananidzira Ruvara Madonna
nemapfekero, izvo zvinogona makore 100 pashure Holbein zvimwe sechinoitika
wakaiswa, asi kwete asingazivikanwi aigona kuva. Hakuzi vanowanzoguma kuti
pakutanga Artist aiva nevavariro pacharo, mapfekero zvakare zvitema, dzimwe nguva
akapenda matema; vacharoverwa kumiririrwa panguva dzakadaro nyore kufungidzira
pane nguva Holbein zvinotaurwa Convention panyaya noruvara pakupfeka Madonna
haasi chete akamira zvakasimba kudaro. Nokuti kure kure kuti kwagara kupendwa
zvitema, izvozvo rinowanikwa mifananidzo iyo tsvuku, uye chena, uye nendarama
brokaten 5) , uye kuti Green akanga anosiirirwa nemumicheka ari Madonna
nemapfekero, vakamira zvikuru vachiri kuratidza. Pashure zvawo rokuongorora
munhu unogona kuwana zvakakwana mitema Madonnas hembe kubva iyoyo; imwe
kushanya chete panyaya iyi, iyo Old German makamuri kuDresden uye Leipzig
Museum; hungu mune chifananidzo Holbein wedu pachake, ndiye Freiburg kaviri
mufananidzo, kunyange kupfeka zvose Madonna munyoro rokwe; asi chokwadi
vakasununguka kuti kunyumwira kuti uswa Muzviitiko zvose izvi kwakamukawo
chete kubva yebhuruu kuburikidza yellowed varnish kana chokuzvidira kuchinja
ruvara, nokuti iyo inogona yataurwa zvikurukuru, kuti mutema, dzinenge

dzakawanda (kwete zvose ) 6) Muzviitiko, muchiremekedza ane tinge rutema; asi

kunyatsoongorora pamusoro (apo kutora chidimbu ruvara dzekudenga maonero),
ndinowana kana Woltmann kana kumwe kunze, uye chete zvakadaro, nharo aigona
kubva.
5)

kutsigira zvinyorwa, unogona eg kuwanika Ranger kuti zvivako. Paaiva isiri mutema Isai jasi achiri kazhinji
yebhuruu, uyewo asi kwete nguva dzose. Saka Virgin panguva Rose Martin Schongauer agere kuna Colmar
sapamazuva jasi dzvuku uye chiedza-tsvuku zvipfeko. Nenzira yakakodzera, saka, anowedzera bhaudhi kwaro
German Art Studies (p.245) kune mienzaniso (pamusoro Bosweiler paaritari Homan), uko Madonna akapfeka
yendarama nemapfekero munyoro nguo pamusoro payo, Handimupinduri: "uye pano tine zvakare idzva umboo
kuti zvisingaverengeki kwokutanga kuti dzekare dzakapendwa wake zvinoyevedza pfungwa, asi kwete
maererano kuchengera mitemo chechi ".

6) Ndinorangarira chifananidzo chinhu vatenzi zvisingazivikanwi yekare eGermany pakona kuDresden

Gallery (No. 1830), uko Madonna akapfeka zvose dema mitema dhirezi pasina zvikasawanirwa mutema.

Zvisinei, zvakanga Holbein sezvo Woltmann kunyange vanoda kubvuma, kwete

munhu kuti kutendera vachasunga Convention pedyo, dzinenge panguva yake achiri
tichisunga zvishoma kana kuti aifanira kudai chaiyo vavariro, mutema panzvimbo
yebhuruu kuti Isa Mary kushandiswa zvose mifananidzo, uye ndikati kuti regai
pachake kufunga kwakadaro.
Zvakaonekwa zvinoti Holbein kakawanda aimiririra mukufambisira Madonnas
noMutsvene wake Women, umo munogona kuona chimwe chinhu mukukwegura,
physiognomy nevenyika (kupfuura mune imwe muenzaniso) zvipfeko sezvo
madzimai kana vanasikana anotenga kana havaoni chifananidzo (somunhu Madonna,
muBasel No. 41, No. 64. Brown uye St. Elizabeth, muBasel No. 35); Brown
No. 63);uye zvingangoita kuti yakafanana hazvisi varipowo kwedu Meier'schen
Mufananidzo Madonna pane kupinda kunoitika muna rimwe, zvichida zvimwe
zvikonzero, kududzira View. Tarirai asi mufananidzo-kufanana kana zviri Madonna
kwedu, uye kakawanda akasimbisa Kufanana zvakafanana nechepasi akapfugama
mukomana achiri kuyaruka kana vakomana 7) Uyewo nokuti chokwadi kuti hadzi
nhengo yemhuri idealized muhurukuro yavo. Hereinafter, asi zviri kumboadya
chaizvo kuti Holbein mune mumwe, vamwe nokuda chechi, mufananidzo Madonna
kuti chero mhosva zvikuru munhuwo yebhuruu mapfekero, mune imwe, imba
mufananidzo, mutema nejasi vehurumende vakapa chii kuti kutora munhu
hanya. Chaizvoizvo Zvisinei, akanga pashure Holbein kuti muBasel koshitomu
vatambi (muBasel No. 49-34, Brown 27 -32, muna of Mechel) ari parallelfaltige nguo
rine Madonna, imwe Basel'sches Damenkostm nguva 8) , apo dzinenge zvakafanana
nguva dzose zvikasadaro kwete Holbein raMwari Madonna nevakadzi mutsvene
unogona kuwanikwa.
7)

Muna rondedzero yapfuura (Handina Naum. Weig. Arch. XII. 19) akacherechedza kuti kufanana

mubvunzo kunyanya unoshamisa kupfuura kuDresden achioneka mufananidzo muna

Darmstadt. Izvi, kwakavakirwa kunzwisisa chairoiro mufananidzo kukwana Darmstadt
mufananidzo, ndakafarira mutongo asi kunzwisisa chepakutanga pacharo hakuchisina kumiririrwa.

8) Zvisinei, mapfekero ari koshitomu Holbein'schen inofananidza kuoneka kazhinji pamusoro

rerukei zvinhu, nzira yose kusvikira matanga, kuti chinokosha pano, kunyanya mune imwe
muBasel Ladies vanotova kufanana nomufananidzo wedu.

Vanofanira kuramba chinhu chisingambofi chakaitika zvose ', saka vachiri ndiyo
nyore chaizvo pfungwa mirayiro Holbein akaita mushure kutanga akaedza ari
mutsvuku umgrtenden Ribbon iri yebhuruu rokwe, aireva muna kuDresden, tsvuku
yaizova kunyange nani mutema pamusoro (kana ichi pasina kwayo achiipa
vorzustellenden) Isa asingachaiti, uye ipapo akanga achiri pasina kutya inorambidza
ano unyanzvi vematongo.
Ndingakurira ikozvino regai kutaura kuti By kwekare unonyatsooneka kuramba
Woltmann yakanga mwoyo nokuti sezvinobvira iye acharamba ichiripo, ndichiri
tenda nditaure kuti haachagoni kunzi maungira achazotevera. Uye murume
asingagoni zvino, sezvo vachiti, kuderedza matafura muchiti: Holbein aiva
nevavariro yake yakanaka Madonna, izvo havafaniri kufunga munhuwo Madonna
kupa mitema rokwe: mukopi asi aireva tenzi yakarurama anogona, uye sei iye atora
kubva mugwenga mwana Madonna, kusanganisira Holbein vaivawo chikonzero
chakanaka kuti kunyemwerera Kristu mwana, nekuti akafunga hapana zvimwe chic
kuti Madonna, achimugadzirira chete chikonzero uswa nemapfekero yemabviro,
munhu mutema kupiwa. Muchidimbu, yakachena kusanzwisisa pamusoro chinangwa
womufananidzo.
Ndaiti, chaizvoizvo, sezvo kana asina zvaikurira zvikonzero zvakanaka muchifarira
nderechokwadi Darmstadt mufananidzo. Asi kunyange panyaya kuDresden zvikunde
avo.
Kupedza munhevedzano paanopikiswa yakamutswa pamusoro kuDresden kopi,
richayeukwa, kana zvinotevera, iyo Br. Meyer zvakafanira kwaari naDr Julius
Lessing (munyori ari uri Berlin) yakashuma Handimupinduri sezvavanomutsa.
"The kuDresden makapeti anoratidza muenzaniso Persian Akabvongodza pamwe woita
muenzaniso kuti hapana chokuita hunhu yose, ndezvaJehovha kumakwai Renaissance uye
zvakaitika chimiro ichi kusvikira yechipiri yezana remakore rechi16. Zvisinei, The Darmstadt
mufananidzo rine zvirokwazvo vakatendeka muchinyatsochenjerera yakatofanana kwechokwadi
makapeti Persian uye itsva uchapupu zvirokwazvo zvinoshamisa kuti kuDresden Madonna
mupfungwa kubva hanya uye manyorero zvinhu uye asingafungi vaikopa Bhaibheri yakafanira.

Zvino ndinogona nokuti handina kumira pamberi epakutanga maererano

kungoratidza kuenzanisa kapeti, ona mifananidzo mifananidzo miviri vasiri
pamutemo achirova musiyano iri kuwanda vakagumisa maitiro pakati vaviri; asi
musiyano anogona kuva pachena mune epakutanga kana pachena kune vamwe
zvakajeka, uye sezvo Lessing kuti Handimupinduri kwaizoita kutarisirwa, kana
munhu achiziva kuita iro rinotaura fananidzo nemakapeti nguva isati, kumativi uye
pashure Holbein nguva achizorora Handimupinduri ake; asi zvaunoita zvakadaro
yainge ikataura iyo hazvivimbisi kuti kuferefeta haana chaizvo sezvo kugadzikana
sezvinoita Handimupinduri, uye izvo pfungwa kuferefeta haazombotadzi

ndezvaJehovha kuti kuramba zvizere simba, kana atova akabvuma kuti Zvisinei,
zvakadai kumativi kuongorora havasati kuwana kunyange yechipiri yezana remakore
rechi16, vanhu chidzoke reDresden mufananidzo kuzvitutumadza ayo nderechokwadi
yokutanga yezana ichi remakore rinofanira kutsvaka. Saka ngatimirirei muone kana
kuramba anokwanisa kumisa pacharo kunyange kupfuura kare.
By yapfuura Ndinofunga zvose pakaunda-nharo, kuti kufungwa zvokunze uye
womukati, izvo zvaiswa pamusoro nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo, uye
mugumisiro ichi: Iwe aiva mashoma zvikonzero nderechokwadi kwayo nechokwadi,
asi hapana ivo zulnglichen nemakwikwi. Kana pane zvakadai, saka vanofanira
kuwana; uye kana Br. Meyer vakati kuDresden mufananidzo waiva "Chokwadi
Papera kutevedzera pasina kamutsetse muruoko Holbein kuti", sezvo ane chete ichi
charehwa chinhu pashure muzvinhu zvakawanda, chii chinokosha munyika
mubvunzo.
ngationei wedzera mukana zvikonzero kuti aigona kare zvapfuura nokuongorora
pakaunda-nharo kurwira chete kuzorwa nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo,
vamwe chinozikamwa, kunyange vasina pachavo zvachose anonetsa, zvikonzero.
kubvira pakutanga kuri mashekeri chikero, v. Zahn, zvave Hbner kunyange
Woltmann, pamusoro mukana kuona kuDresden mufananidzo kopi Darmstadt,
akaramba kuti hapana mukopi angadai saka vakabvumira kuchinja zvikuru, sezvo
kuDresden kutevedzera pamusoro Darmstadt inoratidza. Zvino, chokwadi,
chikonzero ichi asingatadzi sechimwe tichisunga vakaita kare Painters zvose sezvo
muvezi kakawanda chaizvo kuchinja kuti mifananidzo kopi vakanga vanopinda,
akatendera, sezvo chikazozikamwa, Inter Alia kubudikidza Rubens; uye
Handingambofungi kuvaduku kwete kuti inokosha Artist hunhu chepakutanga,
asingadi, vakafunganya kuomerera yepakutanga, akaedza kuita chinhu kubva
Holbein'schen hwaro kuti aida zvaakanga aifarira zvakatowanda. Zvisinei saka
utsinye vari dzoutsinye kunoitika pamusoro yepakutanga, iyo kuchinja zvakaitika
muna kuDresden makopi, - Zvichakadai, zvakanga indisputably kwete kunze
zvachose nhengo pano mienzaniso iri unyengeri - uyo anoda kuti tipedze mari
wenhema Billet, hazvina nemaune chakaipa nzira kuzorwa maonero kuti kuDresden
chikoponorwa ndiko raionekwa pedyo enhema unyanzvi dealers kukopa insbesondre
asi pashure ambotaurwa ataure pamusoro Haupthypotese vavengi kuti kopi
muAmsterdam yaigadzirwa. Nokuti sezvo kuDresden mufananidzo pamwe
Darmstadt panguva imwe chete muAmsterdam uye kunyange zvinoita yakaramba
achishandisa kwenguva refu. [Cf. VI. Chap.], Saka chitsotsi kana pamberi
vasingagoni kuitika kana usaenda risingaoneki. Ever asi kuchinja pakati Darmstadt
uye kuDresden mufananidzo mhando kuti vokurera nani akazvimirira mubereko uye
rudo mifananidzo anotsvaka ipfuure pachayo iri resumption mumwechete basa sezvo
chinangwa vanoda mari ane unyanzvi Dealer kana sokuti kutaura achimiririra
yokumwe Artist. yokumwe Artist asati chinoita kuti kuchinja kwakadaro, iye
anozodza asi chifananidzo itsva. Uyewo Woltmann ane pacharo ichi kwokutanga
zvimwewo yatorwa.
Asi kana mufananidzo yedu ichiri kuva akaita muNetherlands kopi Darmstadt,

saizvozvo munhu chiDutch Artist chinofanira kuwanikwa, umo kuvimbwa nokuti

pane apo inodarika sezvakanga pazvose nayo asvika Darmstadt chete, kwakabva
chinokosha uye akazvimirira Artists saizi kunoratidza kuti arege nyore saka akaramba
yokuvanda; asi yakaramba pakavanda. Sezvo shoma sezvo muBasel zvinogona
muNetherlands kana anogona kuva chero Artist sezvo Holbein vanozviwana,
imhosva yaani yaita unogona kunyora kuDresden mufananidzo chero
mukana; hapana kuti vavengi vane ose dzimba ounyanzvi nhoroondo Aifudza; uye
zvino hainyatsonzwisisika chaizvo kuramba kuchikosha zvazviri, vasingakwanise
kuwana kuita izvozvo. Nyara umo vavengi vari panyaya iyi, yakanakisisa achiratidza
chokuti Wornum, mumwe anogona kuzviramba misoro ruzivo ounyanzvi, kune
mumwe munhu ane zvokufungidzira vakabudirira apo avo Ludi kana Lodi, uyo
pashure yakati Fesch'schen manyoro maviri mufananidzo Fesch nenhamba
zvakakopwa nokuti akanga achiri Netherlands; uye nei havafaniri Wornum
achisimudzira mufananidzo kunyange anowedzeredza, kuita zvokufungidzira izvi
yokunze ezvinhu?Akaongororawo Wornum Ludi uyu nzvimbo yake mifananidzo
munhau kureverera (s. Wornum kudare pasi). Asi kunyora ini Ishe wake-Heusler,
kubvuma ichi chaiva "musoro", avo makopi Ludi vachiri varipo muBasel, asi
"chidukuduku nhindi basa", sezvinorevawo Woltmann (Holbein II. 393) sezvinoitwa
"makopi mediocre chaizvo" anoda. Nepo izvi hazvigoni kuva chakaipa, asi
kukurudzira Wornum, sezvo iye akatsanangura kuDresden Mufananidzo chete
nokuda concoction ane mukopi ane omurume chinzvimbo; asi raizongova zvakaipa
Other. Woltmann pachavo asi anobvuma pachena "kuti isu vasina zvisaririra
evanyori, vakakwanisa rinorondedzera pastiche pamusoro kunakisa kuti vateereri
vane makore, mwoyo kusvikira zuva rino."
Pakupedzisira mamwe maviri mashoko kuti umwe wevakange hunoshamisa,
mumwe rinoita inokosha.
Chin ari Darmstadt Madonna ari kuDresden mufananidzo akanyarara kaviri, miviri
chirebvu, vakawedzera. Chii chingaita kuti munhu mukopi kuzviita? From Holbein
pachayo asi anogona kuva Madonnas maviri kaviri chirebvu, kamwe chete Solothurn
Madonna uye chepiri kuti Madonna of muBasel Hand Drawing No. 64 Brown 81,
nyaya zvose apo rezasi rushaya kwakaita kubva mupenyu muenzaniso iri cherudo
Madonna; nekuti muna Solothurn Madonna anogona kuonekwa Woltmann kuti
cogent kwokusafunga mukadzi Holbein pachake zvakare, uye ruoko-richiswedera
No. 64 nokusingaperi yakasimba, ushamwari, havakwanisi kunyange mukadzi
anenge makore 60 dzavasinei asian akafanana Madonna uye Mwana ndiye. Zvino
unogona kana kufunga, uyewo Madonna reDresden mufananidzo vane muenzaniso
hwakaderera chirebvu akakundwa 9) , kana kuti muenzaniso akuvadzwa naHolbein
chete kusimbisa rwaamai hunhu Madonna zvikuru kudaro. Asi kuti yokumwe Kopist
anofanira vakasangana oddity ichi randomly pamwe Holbein, ndizvo zvinenge
sezvisingaiti. Kwaizova zvakatonyanya asingatarisirwi, kana kushaisa Madonna
pamwe jowl kunze Holbein nokusingaperi; Tarisa kwenguva yakareba asi ndawana
yakadaro Rubens uye nevaya Albrecht Drer. Pashure pezvose, mugaremo rarities.
9)

Mupfungwa iyi, zvinoita v. Tooth yake yakanyorwa Kufumura (SD mafaira) rezasi chirebvu

achikwikwidza.

Rimwe chinhu chiduku kuti ini zvikuru uremu vanoti, izvi:

Mwana Darmstadt Madonna Anonyemwerera kuti kuDresden anoita chiso
chinopunyaira. Ko munyika aigona kuti mukopi kuti kunyemwerera Infant Kristu ane
chakasuruvara kunyange kurwara akatarira mwana,. Wornum inoti zviri kuitwa kubva
nenhetemwa evanyori. Izvi hazvibviri, nokuda musiyano pakati chitarisiko kwete
zvaizoenderana palpable kuti kugumbura nezvitima. Chinonyanya kukosha
ndechokuti muromo Darmstadt mwana upwardly rinotungamirirwa nomurwizi
reDresden, zvose kana chete zvinyoronyoro asi zvakasimba; uyewo kuti ane
dzinongoitika, iri pathologically akagovera Flushing; uyewo seanotora usvinudze
meso Darmstadt mwana.
ndima. Dental akaona Chokwadi, kuti mubvunzo kuti kure kune musiyano pakati makara ari
musoro sezvo muviri wemwana ari makopi maviri yepakutanga, siya panguva ino mamiriro
Darmstadt kutevedzera kufunga achiipa varnish, kwete kusarudza uye nechokwadi kuti zvakadaro
kubvuma. Asi zvakasiyana kugovera Flushing, sezvo ndinotenda ndine zvakadai kuwana, inogona
vatongwe pasina chokuita achiipa varnish.
Kureva, ukuwo Darmstadt mwana anopa pfungwa Wangenrte mwana ane utano hwakanaka,
zvichiita pachiso chomwana ari kuDresden kopi pakutanga kuona pfungwa
Rotfleckigen. Ndakaedza kuvavimbisa pachangu pedyo, iyo kunobva pfungwa iyi, uye akawana
kuti akatsvuka akadzora zvimwe akapoteredza maziso dzimwe nguva zvakawanda kumativi shaya
uye mukurusa curvature pakati shaya vanogona kusununguka. Uye kuti handina kukanganisa
panyaya iyi zvemamiriro kugovera Flushing, kuti vachiratidza kuti chiremba, Dr. Br., Me zvisinei
Handimupinduri chete ndonda sechiratidzo chitarisiko vakanga pashure nomufananidzo
zvakanyatsorurama kuonekwa pasina asi kunyanya ambotaurwa ichi akacherechedza neni ungaona
kuudzwawo neni. Pano, zvino, saka kutaura yokurapa zvokuongorora nezvemapundu anorwara
hurumende inoita zvose zvikuru unoshamisa kana imwe chete specimens saka rinofananidza utano
Wangenrte mwana ezasi. - Zvichakadaro, sezvo maererano musiyano pakati pamusoro vana vaviri
makopi panhau iyi, kudzorwa parutivi zvakananga tichienzanisa uye chikamu mumwe, andinovenga
zvakajeka vanotsamwisa neizvozvo vachiri kushaikwa, uye mumwe anoona iye chete nyore nyore,
chii kuona, saka isa ini kusvikira zvaibvira nokusimbisa nevamwe pamusoro mucherechedzo uyu
zvishoma uremu. Zvichida Ndave ini zvisiri mumwe musiyano pakati makopi maviri panyaya
iyi. Kusiyana okumusoro mwana kuDresden kopi asi pamusoro handigoni Mandinyengerereiko,
zvakadaro, anoramba mutsigiri nemaonero kubva mwana vachirwara zvakakwana kukosha, uye ini
ndidanewo muchipikisana maonero ichi, nhoroondo kuzvitutumadza kuti zvinopa kuti the artist asi
kungoti mwana vechiKristu vane kuda kumiririra.
Zvinoverengeka wandakataura pasina mumwe chete, vanoda kuwana wistful chitima ichikubudikidza achinyemwerera pechiso Darmstadt mwana asi; - Possible chete kuti ini saka shoma
kuti asanyanya zvakakwana nokutonga vanogona kuchengeta panyaya iyi chete pachangu nokuti
vorgngiger kuziva nepfungwa kubva mwana vanorwara. Zvaiva kushandisa zvikuru unprejudiced
achibvunza nei.

Zvino hakuna bungler anogona kurasikirwa mirayiridzo pakona muromo wake,

ndoda munhu tenzi anenge vakakwanisa rezasi mwana mutambo ari kuvimbika uye
vakakwana kudaro. Saka mumwe chinangwa kuchinja rokuti anofanira zvirokwazvo
vabvuma. Ose unprejudiced munhu angaramba kuti. Kwakadaro, zvisinei, kunongova
kwete kuwanikwa mune vaikopa Bhaibheri vatorwa, zvisinei zviri nyore kuwana

pamwe yepakutanga yokudhirowa, kana musingadi kuti kuvhara nemaune kana

ukatsvaka meso chete. Uyewo Wornum ane zvaakanyora ikoko, sezvakanga
zvakanyorwa pasi, nokuti aiziva chinhu chiri nani, uye hunhu kuchinja aongororwe
kutaurwa. asi ruzivo pamusoro nevamwe vavengi, Woltmann, Kinkel, Crowe, Meyer
kushandisa chinhu nani? Ndawana chinhu. Dzimwe nguva vanopa Wornum maonero,
mune mamwe mashoko zvakare, dzimwe nguva vanongoramba kuramba. Asi kana
naizvozvo iye shoma iripo?
Kana nokusingaperi mumwe mifananidzo miviri kopi neimwe noruoko, zvingaita
Kubva ikozvino chete Darmstadt ave kopi ichi nokuti munhu ari kutora pamusoro
amendments Vaikopa kwazvo mwana kuDresden Madonna kuti ndonda mwana
muKristu, asi kwete mwana Darmstadt Madonna aigona kuonekwa kuti ndonda
zvishoma kuti mwana wechiKristu. Hongu ndinoda pano anenge stringent, kubva
chifananidzo [saka] chete kuona zvakawedzera uchapupu yokutanga reDresden
mufananidzo mumwe kuburikidza Mitrcksicht riri kusandura Ruvara Madonna
nemapfekero, kana kwete zvimwe zvikonzero sezvo yaizoputsika kududzirwa mwana
sezvo mwana varwere kwokuvandudza basa inomira somwana wechiKristu uye
mwana airwara vachiriita, izvo zvinogona kubvuma sezvo shoma sezvo vamwe
vamiririri nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo vaivenga Chokwadi; asi
zvingashandawo kurangarira kuti atyora kodzero mano akakunda Kuisa Darmstadt
mufananidzo, regai kuramba akasimba akaita uye akapa nokufungirana akasimba
pamusoro uchokwadi nzvimbo. Against ichi vanogona kunzi shanduko
kunokanganisa kutaura hwomwana uchapupu uyewo nokuda nderechokwadi
kuDresden mufananidzo uye zviya dudziro, nokuti kunogona kupa anobata
nhoroondo chete yokubatana pamwe.
Kutaura zvazviri, kana mufananidzo ari votive nokuda mushonga mwana anorwara
kuburikidza Madonna uye Child mumaoko ake mwana uyu anorwara, kana pa se,
kana kunyange, pashure Holbein kwakaita zvikasadaro vakaedzwa katsika kaviri
rollers, Kristu Child pamwe zvitima vanorwara mwana, nekuti dzayo yave mari
mufananidzo anoratidzwa, I pakati izvo kusiya kusarudza, sezvo Holbein aigona
kwazvo kamwe kutaura yomufaro mukuru ine kuporesa vatarisire Madonna ari
kunyemwerera, nzira kunyange Darmstadt mufananidzo vachiri aisiririsa uye mwoyo
zvakakwana-akatarira mwana, kechipiri kutaura mwana anorwara-utano pamusoro
kuseka printouts ose pasi achiendesa sezvo arapwa mwana vanosarudza; uye sezvo
yokudhirowa vasingagoni zvose zvinomiririra chete nguva imwecheteyo
mufananidzo, akarega zvose zvifananidzo dzinopindirana nayo. Uyewo kungava
zvokufungidzira kuzvitutumadza hunyambiri basa kuti the artist kamwe panzvimbo
hunhu Kristu Child, zvakauyiswa dzimwe nguva mwana anorwara kuti
preponderance; nepo, kwakati nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo kana achida
kubata kududzira avo vanoona pasina Nhoroondo shanduko kunyemwerera mwana
wechiKristu anofanira kuiswa mwana anorwara zvachose.
The maonero kubva mwana anorwara (nevamwe akatorwa pane Akafa) rinowanikwa muna
okunatsiridza siyana. Vamwe vanotaura chete kubva kumusoro mwana sezvo mwana anorwara
zvachose chii kuti bhuku, pano Zvaringana ndezvaJosephus, asi unogona akamisa chaizvo kubvuma
kuti zviri pamufananidzo kwakaitwa Madonna achiporesa varwere duku ruoko ane kaviri ndiro

mwana unoratidzwa sezvo maoko chete rworuboshwe, izvo kunyange dzokuchema glances iri pfupi
kubva kumusoro mwana navo kudziviswa, ndiye kuDresden makopi akatambanudza (izvo zvose
zvatinosiita kududzira sechikomborero ruoko anopesana) apasi rakaitirwa munzvimbo zvaunoda
chiedza chete, chete wakashama, kuenzana Curly misoro, zvakafanana blond, zvakaenzana pakati
Aura asi isina mwana utano uye zvizere-akatarira wakaiswa pariri kuseka glances rukabata. Izvi
hwakagadzwa kanenge pamwe katatu pasina mumwe, kureva nokuda Mai Jameson, pamusoro
Blake uye Jacobi, kududzira vanoona pachangu sezvo kazhinji - vaimiririra chete nadzurudzo nokuti chokwadi havafaniri kutaura pamusoro pezvinhu izvi , 10) kuti ini, nokuti kutibatsira
zvineringanidzo mienzaniso kwokuvandudza vabatsirane unyanzvi yekare uye Holbein
zvikurukuru, mukana ane kwokuvandudza basa mwana wechiKristu uye mwana anorwara (mwana
Kristu muchimiro mwana anorwara, vave akapa nokuda kwayo zvokuporesa mufananidzo) uye
Madonna uye yomwana mai 11) asi akaisa. Chokwadi kuti muchitsauko chechishanu. ari
Holbein'schen pavanoteka No. muchidimbu anotsanangurwa 65 12), mumwe Madonna ari niche
pamwe goko bhakoro nokuporeswa chishamiso pamusoro maoko ari kutarira mwana asingafari
yasara pave, kunotsigirwa mhiri pakufungidzira kuti yaiva yavaizofanoshandisa gadzira nokuda
nomufananidzo wedu, kunyange ini, sezvambotaurwa , ipapo akaisa yakawanda uremu. Asi
chikumbiro chokuti unyanzvi yekare, kunyange chaisvika riri, kuti vateye Madonna mwana
anorwara mumaoko, zvirokwazvo disproved, sezvo kunyange muenzaniso ruoko Holbein kunyange
varipo 13) ; uye fananidzo kumusoro mwana, zvichida kuDresden kana Darmstadt mufananidzo
nevamwe vana Holbein'schen muKristu Woltmann pachake anodana vakomana vaduku zororo,
izvozvo zvinoomesa zvachose, nyore kuona mwana muKristu mariri. Iyeye rinowanika kaviri chete
pamufananidzo, zvakajairika chaizvo mune yekare uye Holbein pacharo kunyange rinopa dzimwe
mienzaniso. Kuti mwana ezasi serakakura zvishoma kupfuura pamusoro, anogona kushandisa
nokuti iyi kupodzwa sezvo sezvazviri uye manyorero okuti.
10) Ona.

pamusoro Naum.-Weig. Arch. XII. 1. XIV. 71. XVI. S. 35 uye ndima.

Zahn kuti cents. 1st gore yokuzvarwa. 1868. S. 142. 156th
11) Chii

zvinotaurwa o., Hunotsigira. Mumwe aizofanira kuona Madonna

mwanasikana Meier kwakaita kubva muwanano, - ipapo Meier akanga
akaroora kakawanda nokuda kuvatsva Ermittelungen Heusler waKe, - ari
mwana Saka nomuzukuru Meier kwakaita.
12) Izvi

richiswedera (nenguva No. 34 of Braun Collection Basel'scher

mifananidzo) ndinobvunza ari kuuya Holbein kwemasimba asi tarisai, sezvo
vachiri, ambotaurwa akaita kutaura nemamwe maonero vanofarira.
13) The

nevandinoziva dudziro mufananidzo, iyo Woltmann musiyano

anogadza mu s. Holbein II. 446, ndinofunga ndakaita zvakakwana muna 1868.
139 ndima. Zahn kuti cents ..

Apo neapo mashoko ichi kuti ini usingabereki kugovana maonero

dzinotsigira dudziro mubvunzo zvachose nokuda hanya pamusoro
aesthetic-unyanzvi kuti tinyatsonzwisisa chifananidzo. Kana
rokumusoro mwana mwana anorwara, saka zviri maererano yaro
vakarongeka maitiro ane Paaidzidzisa zvinoyemurika, izvo munzira
yacho sezvakanga pakatarisana danda zvinopa mwana Sistine Chapel
yezasi; Hapana zvakawanda kuva mwana yechiKristu uye sezvo
vakadaro, zviri zvikuru dzinopikisana pamusoro wayo kurashikirwa

chaizvo, uye ndinoiitawo hunhu akadzorerwa saka kare

sezvisingatsananguriki unhu sezvo aisiririsa Christkind cheteyo
simba chirimwa wechiKristu Children Holbein wacho. Uye ichi
chinobva Darmstadt mwana pasinei kunyemwerera kwake nezvemamiriro
ake yose habitus uye mwoyo kuva kuenzana isingasviki kubva
kuDresden, izvo zvaizoita vanorichengeta kanenge zvakanakira
yunifomu implementation pakati kupotsa yose hunhu naye
mberi. Hungu, matongero yose Kuronga mufananidzo inofanira
kushandurwa maererano dudziro. Maererano yekare yaidavirwa vavengi
unogona runonyengera chete, capricious uye isinganzwisisiki,
pashure yaimbova panyaya yokuti mufananidzo kaviri chete munhu
chete pamufananidzo Holbein nguva kupepuka asi hapana mhosva,
kuwana tsanzira nokugadzirwa uye nomazvo magumo
nematurusi. akatora Indes ivavo zvakananga nokuda Behaben
pamufananidzo, kupfuura kuziva uye gezwungensten kuzivisa zviri
kutaura, zvinoita sokuti izvi yakagadzirirwa imwe cup.Hongu aizova
zvapedzisira ndiko handizvo - nokupika iwe kunyange pasina
uchapupu zvakananga dzakaitika kwete pairi - saka wakaramba Mai
Jameson, Blake uye Jacobi, izvo vakakundikana murwiyo (izvo,
sezvinei, Blake chete hwomwana chirwere zvakajeka kuti maoko
rinoreva) wittier kupfuura Holbein anga pachake. Saka kanenge
ndinoona, uye unofanira kuonekwa nevamwe vanoda kuenda ane
unbiased Kutarira fananidzo murwiyo maererano mhirikiro mbiri.
Zvechokwadi, ndinofanira kuramba kwandiri, kuuya pano kudzoka dudziro rose mubvunzo,
inova shoma zvakakodzera, saka, sezvo kusina, nguva dzose zvakafanana zvisingafungidziriki
zvisaririra pamusoro dudziro sezvo nokuti kuDresden kunokosha zvikuru kuti nderechokwadi
Darmstadt kopi kuti vamwe isingazivikanwi munyori unomhanya ari kunyemwerera Christkind ari
Darmstadt kopi nomukurumbira Mumagazini isingafadzi Zvisinei, vanofanira, zvinopesana neizvi
njanji kumboadya chaizvo. Chete handigoni kubatsira asi kutaura pachiitiko ichi Ndakashamisika
kuti vaivenga nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo, zvose panguva imwe chete vavengi
kududzira pane mwana anorwara (Wornum, Woltmann, Kinkel, Crowe, Meyer 14) ), zvose somunhu
murume kuwana Triumph Kuramba dudziro iri kunyemwerera iri Darmstadt mwana, zvinopesana
kwakakwidibira okuti reDresden pamwe - nokudaro ane pamwechete kutarira mariri asi kutsigirwa bindendste kududzira izvi nokuti vose nzira akatsanangura pamwe chete
zvichishandurwa ichi ,
14) Pakati

vamiririri nderechokwadi maonero uye mwana anorwara kana

vashakabvu zvakapatsanurwa.

Chokwadi, unogona kuona pane chinhu asi achinyemwerera pechiso

Darmstadt mwana - uye ukaona muvengi pano hapana - sezvo
uchakwanisa kunetseka mwana anorwara. Asi munhu ane haasati kunze
kare inosvitswa pachayo tichienzanisa kuDresden mwana kuona
zvakawanda, kwete vamwe muviri uye navamwe Behaben mwana, kwete
ukama vayo mwana yakaderera, kwete ukama raro rimwe Holbein'schen
vana vechiKristu, kwete zvikurukuru ukama wayo mwana vaya vane
ukama Holbein'schen richiswedera No. 65. Kutaura zvazviri, ndine vanofanira kamwe chinhu kunyatsoita vakatendeukira kuna mubvunzo vakatenda dudziro vanoona chifananidzo zvose 'kuti
yaimutsigira; asi munhu ane chikamu vavengi vakawana zvakare

richikunetesa uye zvakavaomera kuti varikunde; uye saka ndiri,

sezvo kuteterera yakare tsika haadi kuchengeta mamwe uchibaya
chete nyore Mabatiro nemaonero uye kumiririrwa yaro "upenzi", se
"kwechokwadi wekare" apo "brained pfungwa" se "weitspurigen"
yehurukuro apo "versudelten pepa kuti" tinosangana, asi izvi nyore
zvakakwana uye mwoyo chaizvo kwandiri sezvo dzimwe pakuuraya
panguva maonero, andinovenga asi zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba
achiri Miss. dzimwe pfungwa dzangu pamusoro kurapwa ichi, mhaka
uye mubvunzo ndinosiya parutivi.

Muzvinhu zviduku kazhinji ndivo sharpest zvinodiwa, uye saka Ndinobvuma kuti,
sezvo mukana zvikuru chikonzero kudaro kutsivana nderechokwadi kuDresden
mufananidzo uye inosimbiswa ndoga, ndingadai aizivikanwa kumuka chete
nokusungwa simba Usatambe ichi hazvirambidzwi. Asi handidi kuita muromo
wakanaka kudaro zvose kwokuomerwa mubvunzo. Kunyange unbefangenere vavengi
nepakatanga kuDresden mufananidzo sezvo ndinoona pamberi pangu zvimwe
zvokutaura, "asi imi hamugoni kuziva," uye ini chete akati achaita aivawo By
zvapfuura, kuti haana kuziva chinhu kuti tigumbure Usatambe ichi; asi panguva
imwe chete yeuka kuti. pamusoro zvishoma zvinhu zvinoita kuti aratidze kukoshesa
uye naizvozvo nderechokwadi Darmstadt kutevedzera sharpest, munwe
wechitanhatu, uye rwepepuru yakatsvukuruka nevhu, izvo. kuCape II matauriro
chaiva kuti zvimwechete aigona kuva: ". asi imi hamugoni kuziva"
Pedyo isu kubva, tinowana zvimwe chikonzero nokufungirana kuzorwa zvakauya
pamusoro kuDresden kopi (zvakatorwa kubva mavambo dzacho Amsterdam, izvo
papera nevanyori zvikuru vakasiyana kupenda wayo kubva Darmstadt mufananidzo,
sezvinoitwa ano akasarudzwa izwi iri Madonna uye munyoro nemapfekero ), kwete
kugadziriswa zvachose mune yaimbova, asi zvakakwana attenuated kuti varege
kuonekwa sechinhu inosvitswa uye zvakanaka zvingangoratidza zvikonzero
nderechokwadi zvakati zvaikurira. Mumwe, munguva yemberi muunganidzwa
kunotarisirwa kunyatsoongorora chaizvo mufananidzo chifananidzo zvinogona
aitarisira kuti chisarudzo kuchengeteka vachatitaka pedyo.
IX. Tangaizve.
Sezvo mashoko ekare izvo nokusingaperi kuita mubvunzo wedu, kureva Fesch uye
Sandrart, vane chigadzirwa kubva dzakavamba mhuri Meier Holbein'sches Madonna
pasina ikodzere mumwe anozivikanwa mufananidzo sezvo makopi edu vaviri,
mumwe anofanira pane ichi kwenhau nyonyova mumwechete zvinhu zviviri,
pakutanga kuti vachizeza, sevanorevesa, von muduku Holbein huchibva,
anoshanda. Asi Zvinogonawo vose vechokwadi woga kunogona kuva kutsunga kaviri
mufananidzo sechinhu votive kereke semhuri mufananidzo imba, kana kungoziva
semhuri mufananidzo pamatavi maviri akasiyana dzemhuri kuti mukana uye
kunyange ndingangokuvara miviri mavambo chaiyo [chap. VI]. apo Ukuwo ndiko
kufunga mukana kuti mumwe wavo enhema kopi imwe, vakarongwa achishandisa
makaro uri munyengeri [Chap. VI.], Kana munhu akagadzwa mutengi pachake kana
ari muridzi akazotevera zvinoenderana kaviri kutsunga kopi neimwe ruoko pasina
chinangwa chokunyengera ndechokuti.

Zvino anogona Chidimbu uye dzinopesana hunhu zvinyorwa [Chap. VI.], The kare
ichirova, kazhinji haana akanzwa, kuomerwa kuongorora mushure kupenda vose
zvifananidzo nderechokwadi [Chap. V.], iyo saka vanhuwo untriftige vaiitawo
kworunako mubvunzo wokuti nderechokwadi [Chap. III.], Pakupedzisira anenge
kwose kwose vakanyarara, kubatsirwa chete pamusoro kuzviitira kungwara
pakusarudza pakati impacting pano anopikisana maonero kana zvekungofungira
[Chap. IV.], The asingasaruri kuona kana kururama nechokwadi kana chisarudzo
ngozi zvachose nomumwe kana mhiri ndiko kucheka vakakomba mubvunzo
nechekare, asi ari akavingwa kupfuura kwakakwana uye asingasaruri muunganidzwa
uye kuongorora zvose zvikonzero uye pamusoro kunokukura mukana nderechokwadi
panze vose makopi. [Chap. VII. Zvino VIII.]
Kunyanya kero inotevera zvikonzero nderechokwadi Darmstadt kopi:
1) akaedza akawana The zvakananga marara ose Darmstadt chifananidzo
dzakavamba mhuri, izvo zvave pamusoro Mubatanidzwa chenhau matongo
Woltmann pamwe mashoko Fesch uye Sandrart, kunyange zvazvo ari matambudziko
chaizvo nokuda dzinopikisana zvakaita data, uye kunyange sokuti vangangova achiti
uchatamisa kuDresden kopi [chap. VI]. asi vanoramba dzimwe nhoroondo Data
kuruboshwe, izvo zvinogona vachikumbira kuti kwakabva Darmstadt mufananidzo
kubva muBasel. [Chap. VI.] Zvino kana inouya aigona achiri akafunga pamusoro apa
akabata zvingangoitika kuti mufananidzo muBasel akanga kunyange akasikwa sezvo
kopi mufananidzo chaiwo nemaoko vatorwa, asi ndiyo ndingangokuvara hazvina
chete kuwana uchapupu dzakaitika, asi inogona kuva asiri wemifananidzo muBasel
kana zvimwewo vane, izvo mumwe aigona kuvimba nomufananidzo sezvo kopi,
kana asiri Holbein pachake. A netsika kwakabva Holbein hazvigoni vachikumbira
kuti shoma Darmstadt sezvo kuDresden mufananidzo [chap. VII.].
2) Pane dzimwe zvikonzero Zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo aripo; asi kubva
pakutanga anotevera nderechokwadi [Chap. VII.]. Zvinoshamisa seyakaoma ibatane
nemamiriro Kuisa kuDresden mufananidzo kuti kukura mariri vane zvakawanda
zvakanaka kupfuura Darmstadt [Chap. VII]; kuti ivo ichi asi chaizvoizvo, uri
pamusoro Woltmann uye Meyer, vanoona mumwe kudzikira kuburikidza mukopi iri,
pamwe kuramba [Chap. V.]. Kunyange zvazvo iye zvino mumatanda mukana kuti
akaderedza chete kubva muchadenga nezvavanofunga, kukura Darmstadt
mufananidzo pamusoro kuDresden uye zviri mukati vayo pakukuvadza kukura ari
kusandudzirwa pamwechete, uyewo vanogona maererano Cape. . VII ataure kuva
zvachose kuramba mukana kwayo; asi anoramba yokutanga inokurukura zvakanakira
zvikuru fungidziro. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe Pentimenti
wacho kusiya Darmstadt mufananidzo kuti imi akagadzirirwa kubatsira Zvinokosha
Darmstadt mufananidzo, maererano chits. . Kuonana VII mhiri, asi pane zvimwe
zvishoma zvinhu (wechitanhatu munwe ruoko mwana pasi, tsvuku ivhu kuenderana
wenguo avhareji mukadzi) uyo ari Chap. ndiye akaronga. II, akasiya, anoonekwa
chete mupfungwa Zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo kuti zvichishandurwa, ndivo
neizvozvo huru uchapupu ichi, nepo fananidzo Madonna uye zviduku vatambi vari
vaviri mifananidzo kuna Cape. VII. Kuderera kubvumira chaizvo mhedziso panhau
iyi.

3) Ruzhinji uye mamwe kurema nyanzvi manzwi awana kupenda kubudikidza

hunhu Holbein uye nounyanzvi Darmstadt mufananidzo akasarudzwa zvakare
[Chap. VII]; dzimwe vanhu Grder, K. Forster asi vanomutswa pamusoro
mukusiyana Cape. V. ari kunyumwira, kwete kuzorora zvinhu zvakanaka, kwete
yakabviswa, uye vakaramba kutanga kuratidza mune remangwana muunganidzwa
vaviri mifananidzo nemumwe uye nedzimwe Holbein'schen mifananidzo kuburikidza
retuning iri kusvikira koshesa Kenner Urteiles kuzvida uremu vanoti kuita.
4) Retouchen muna Darmstadt mufananidzo zvinopesana Woltmann uye Meyer,
kuna Cape. II. Kunyange, dzinenge kuziva muna Darmstadt mufananidzo, asi kuti
vose zvikamu mufananidzo anofanira dzakapendwa noruoko risingazivikanwi ruoko
fastness huru kugutsikana, ane kusvikira zvino chete kutongwa rimwe inzwi E.
Forster pachavo [comp. mafaira acho].
Nokuti nderechokwadi kuDresden mufananidzo, hama saizvozvo ndakazoona
ndivo zvinotevera zvikonzero.
1) Historischerseits vakazokwidza kuDresden mufananidzo kunyange verjhrtere
tsika kwete chete nokuda pacharo, sezvo Darmstadt kopi, asiwo anozviratidza
nedzidziso yakasimba pakuongorora chenhau data, rakananga marara ose kuDresden
kutevedzera kuna dzakavamba mhuri ichiri kazhinji kupfuura Darmstadt kutevedzera
kana vanoziva kuti nyaya iri kuti kutambura nokuda dzinopikisana hunhu vatana
mashoko vane zvikuru nechokwadi anoramba (chap. VI.).
2) The achangobva yakatangwa Woltmann, Kinkel, Crowe pfungwa yokuti
Darmstadt mufananidzo kuva chete chaiyo nekaviri maoko pasi vanokara uri
munyengeri Leblon, uye kuDresden sezvo Kunyepa kopi Queen Marie of Medicis
apo kugara muNetherlands Zvisinei, akatengeswa kwaari chaiye, Darmstadt, gotta
Lssert, kuva kuti Queen Mary, apo akanga muNetherlands, handizvo akakwanisa
kutenga chifananidzo chinodhura kuti kuvhiringidzika mashoko hwaakange pfungwa
kunobva, rave vakaratidza, uye kuti kuDresden mufananidzo haana kubva
kweBrussels, apo rikagara mambokadzi, asi Amsterdam auya Venice. Zvimwe pane
kuti chifananidzo zvechokwadi akanga awedzera pasi maoko Leblon wacho,
ndechokuti vaviri specimens chaivo vari fused dzinovhiringidza muna Fesch kuti
mishumo, uye kuDresden mufananidzo uri zvakananga kubva muBasel, anosvika
Queen paakanga achiri muFrance [ chap. VI.]. kunzwisiswa kuti nadzurudzo izvo
Meyer wakadzikwa kubva kumusoro suspecting nezvenhanho [Chap. VI.], Zvinetso
nouchapupu Anosimudza chete, apo dzavo nezvimwe zvinetso varambe vanopikiswa
yakamira.
3) The kunyumwira kuti zvauya kubva kuDresden kutevedzera kuti asi panguva
dzose zvakakurumbira sevanorevesa Darmstadt kubva panzvimbo imwe chete
Amsterdam akauya, kunyange ropafadzo haigoni kurambwa pacharo, insofar
somunhu kukoshesa uye ndedzechokwadi Darmstadt Kopa akaratidza akaita
huchakurukurwa; asi vakafunga kuti hapana chipingamupinyi kuti vose specimens
chaiko akasangana kamwe muguta unyanzvi-rudo akadaro [Cape. VI.].
4) Sezvo shoma sezvo Darmstadt ave inogona kuwanika nokuti kuDresden
kutevedzera munyori wemifananidzo, izvo zvinofanira kuvimbwa sezvo kopi, uye

akaita panyaya iyi zvachose experimental tsaona [Chap. VIII.]

5) An ndikarangarira pamusoro nounyengeri kopi wakaramba Zvichida pane
kuchengeta slavishly kuti chepakutanga, sezvo vakaita saizvozvo kutenderwa
kuchinja, dzakadai kuDresden mufananidzo pamusoro Darmstadt anoratidza dzinewo
vakadaro muAmsterdam, apo kunotsvaka ayo mavambo, zvimwe kwete pasina
kuwanikwa kuti panofanira kubiridzira pamwe Darmstadt chepakutanga panguva
iyoyowo [chap. VI., VIII.].
6) Kana kuti mubvunzo kana kupenda reDresden kana Darmstadt mufananidzo
nani vanobvumirana Holbein, saka pane kunokukura kupokanidzana pakati
penyanzvi kuti vaswedere hapana ngozi chinangwa mugumisiro, kusvikira
zvino. Zviri pachena kuti pamberi panowanikwa Darmstadt mufananidzo hakuna
vakarangarira kuwana kupenda reDresden mufananidzo pamwe Holbein
zvaisaenderana.Rimwe kusiyana kupenda pakati zvifananidzo zviviri zvachose uye
greenish semitones Madonna uye Child reDresden mufananidzo zvikurukuru scooped
mubvunzo zvinofanira kubvumwa vasingakwanise kushandisa sezvo mikuru. A
mutongo njodzi iri asi kuti aitarisira pamusoro kwazvo kuferefeta zviri kukasaitwa
inoratidzirwa Holbein.
7) Matambudziko izvo yakatsvakwa vari ndechokuti hunhu Madonna mharidzo
kuDresden maBhaibheri kunotarisirwa Holbein simba isina ano chaiva naye zvakare
kutakura chidhindo nyoro nyasha, kushayikwa dzimwe nhandare
[Chap. VIII]. zvavakanga vari asi ungahuziva asi sezvinoita zvose kwekare anonetsa
simba chinoshayikwa, uye J. Lessing kubva muenzaniso nemakapeti vari vaviri
mifananidzo wakavhomorwa kunyumwira [Chap. VIII.] Ko kudzidzisa pfungwa
yacho.
8) Zvikonzero iyo anokwevera chete Woltmann uye pamwechete naye Meyer
kubva nokuchinja kukura uye architecture kuDresden mufananidzo pamusoro
nderechokwadi, vaizova kuna Cape. V. amboenda unaufgestellt nani; Mukupesana,
iye kuDresden mufananidzo kunosanganisira mumamiriro ezvinhu ayo zvishoma
mwoyo pamusoro akadzorerwa Holbein'schen Madonnas uye kunyanya rimwe, mune
dzimwe nzira zvineringanidzo, indisputably chaiye Holbein'schen ruoko richiswedera
(izvo kunyange vanogona kuva gadzira wokutanga nomufananidzo wedu)
zvakawanda, Zvisinei, sezvo Darmstadt, kubva mapurani kuchinja Cape. V. anogona
kugumisa hapana mubvunzo.
9) dzakaiswa Woltmann vanoona kuti rwebhuruu yepakutanga, kwave vaibvisa
kuburikidza varnish rinokwanisa kucheneruka-nyoro nemapfekero Darmstadt
Madonna muna kuDresden mufananidzo akanga akakopwa kunzwisisa mukopi
munyoro, kunyange ane pakutanga kuona chakasimba fungidziro, asi roga saka
Ukuwo, kuwanika kwavari zvikonzero simba kuti zvachose anorasikirwa
unonyatsooneka simba riri yavo kugadziriswa Woltmann [chap. VIII.].
10) Pane zvinhu zviviri muduku kuDresden mufananidzo zviripo, izvo mumwe,
rezasi shaya, rinova Madonna akawedzera, maererano chits. VIII. The nderechokwadi
kuDresden kutevedzera yakaderera, iyo. Other, kuchinja ari kutaura pamusoro mwana
pamusoro Darmstadt mufananidzo, anenge kurova Zvinoita sokuti kanenge vachiri

vaitarisira vamwe tsananguro imwe kupfuura zvinangwa nderechokwadi Dresde

mufananidzo
11) The multi-wakaitwa maonero kuti kanenge dzimwe, kunyanya zviduku
kutaurwa uye zvinhu zviduku zviri kuDresden makopi vakanyengedza ruoko
mupurisa, haagoni akapikisa asi kwete rikaratidzwa kuti vaonekwe kutaura panyaya
iyi, zvimwe zvikonzero mukuru [Cape , V.], pamwe vamwe Matandanyadzi
[Chap. IV.] Runosanganisirawo kusashandisa.
12) Pakupedzisira, munhu anofanira kutaura kuti havasi vose nhandare
yokunyumwira kuzorwa uchokwadi pamusoro kuDresden kutevedzera vaneta
zvachose, asi zvimwe zviri zvaikurira kuburikidza zvinopesana fungidziro uye
zvakanaka
zvikonzero.
Contribuu a millorar
la traducci

Text original

Division Second.
A cts n.
l) Aloys Ludwig Hirt
Professor muBerlin (1830).
Mubhuku rake rinonzi: "Art Comments parwendo kuburikidza Wittenberg uye
Meissen kuna kuDresden uye muPrague, Berlin 1830", Hirt vanotaurwa katsamba
peji 16 pachiitiko pamusoro pokukurukura kuDresden kutevedzera zvose Darmstadt,
panguva iyoyo muBerlin, pamwe nemashoko anotevera: " akafanana chaizvo
mufananidzo kwave makore mashoma apfuura kubva kuFrance Berlin nokuda sale,
apo ake Royal. nokukwirira, Prince William, munin'ina wamambo, izvozvo
akasimuka. " Zvadaro chaizvoizvo atova Chap. I. Zvaanoona nechipiriso nemunyori.
2) Franz Theodor Kugler
Purofesa muna Berlin (1845 1847).
Munyori ari 1844 kwenguva kushanya kuna kuDresden, uye vakakurumidza
"pakarepo Ndadzoka kubva ipapo, pamwe yakachena pfungwa chifananidzo yeko
pamberi Berlin chiratidzazvizhinji".Zvakabuda nezvemuenzaniso uyu vari chaiyo
rondedzero iri Cotta 'kutonga Kunstblatt 1845. No. 8 uye rakadhindwa
makaibata Kugler 's "vaduku zvinyorwa uye zvidzidzo of Art
History" L853 1)sezvinotevera, apo:
"Panguva refu kuzopedza pamberi [kuDresden] mufananidzo ndaikwanisa nokuda
dzimwe pfungwa nemaonero uye kunyanya michina kurapwa kuti kunyange akanga
apfuura ini akaenzana kana asina akasarudza, ndacherechedza kunetsekana kwete
kudzvinyirira. Musoro kuDresden Madonna ane pachake runako, sezvo isu kashoma
kuwana makaibata mumwe mufananidzo German, asi chinhu Maungira nzira ano
manzwiro - ndinoda kutaura chinhu hadzi pamuviri dzakafanana pane zvichida
kuwanika kudaro akasimba vanatenzi okusika akadai Holbein, anenge kuvhiringidza .
Ipapo kuenda Carnation chikamu, kunyanya mumuviri waKristu mwana uyewo
panguva Madonna, greenish semitones zvakaitika vari kashoma kuwana iri mhando

dzimwe nzvimbo Holbein; chokuita inotonhorera yakatsvukuruka chiedza mitambo

imwe chete pamigumo Carnation kunoita nzira iyi yokurapa ane pfungwa iyo atova
anoyeuchidza mune zvimwe kusvikira vateveri vokuItaly muzana remakore
rechi16 .. -. , ,Ndakazongoona zvino zvikuru kushamiswa panguva Berlin
chiratidzazvizhinji zvachose kunzwisisa kubva zvakanga dzakandishora panguva
kuDresden kutevedzera mutorwa. The Berlin mufananidzo rinowanikwa pakagumira
rose kubva kukandira simbi. Marapirwo kwose kwose mumwe chete; pachinzvimbo
avo greenish mumvuri zvenzwi uye chena yakatsvukuruka chiedza mitambo kuoneka
pano pose pane mabhii Carnation, kana dzakachinja kunyange pashure chimiro
wacho nenhamba, chete vapfumi, yakadzika hues kuti utore mumumvuri inopisa
brownish hunhu uye anozivikanwa kuti nguva rikava basa Holbein ' s, umo aurayiwe
nomuvhenganiswa uyu akawa, - nguva akapoteredza gore 1529 muvhangeri. Zvokuti nzira manzwiro hwakazara mufananidzo pasi vanhu
vanomiririrwa zvomudzimu okuti chose hinifomu; Kunyanya, musoro Madonna,
panzvimbo avo manyoro nyasha, chinhu kutobaya, chiremera Fuller, izvo zvinoita
kuti kunyorerana chaizvoizvo zvinonakisa hunhu mufananidzo uye kunyange simba
Tenzi zvikuru. [Hereinafter nezvematenga kushandiswa chendarama Darmstadt
mufananidzo kupfuura chete yaingowanikwa kuti asipo asiwo kuDresden.] On yose
uye zvakadzama, ndiye Berlin mufananidzo ine chidhindo kupfuura takashinga
Championship uye ane pakudaro uyewo zvikuru kukosha kuti saka kure sezvo
ndaigona kuona, dzinenge zvayo ano inotungamirwa, inotengwa mu chose untroubled
kwomwoyo. "
1)

Pano usiku Hasha kuti Prof. Felsing kugoverana nemaonero Zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo; nepo Prof.
Felsing neapo mutsamba akatuma kwandiri (June 8, 1866) "Zvinokosha nemaonero pamusoro mavambo ari
Darmstadt mufananidzo, inobva Kontourvernderungen ari wechipiri, kuDresden" inogarwa; kufanana naye
nekuti ndiye Chakabvumirwa netsamba kubva "zviyero, Kugler, Hbner".

"Ini kuti izvi zvakawanika uye kuti yose pfungwa ane unyanzvi Paaidzidzisa
rwaanotipa, asi riri saka zvakaoma kutamba, chete amuti kuti Berlin mufananidzo
kopi yepakutanga uye sezvo akadaro mumwe soro ounyanzvi guru German ndiye
Artist. sezvo zvinofanira kuitika shure kwaizvozvi kuzvibata pamwe kuDresden
mufananidzo, ini angatsunga pari kwete kusarudza chokwadi. saka zvishoma
kuna Holbein wacho zvakafanana inoita kuti kuramba ruoko ari akapfugamira
Portrait nemifananidzo, saka ndinoda asi hazvo kuziva Madonna uye mwana . nokuti
nguva ndiyo zvichida anenge saka kuti Holbein aita kudzokororwa kuti tisafunge
kukonzera vamwe rubatsiro, -. imwe chichiitwa, izvo zvaizoita chete kuva zvikuru
sezvingatarisirwa yokubatikana yakadaro shasha " Mune J. Burckhardt ainetseka 2nd edition of. Kugler 's rinonzi Handbuch D G. M.
1847 282 akawana inopfupikisa substantially mutongo iwoyo, iyo inoti: ... "Asi
zvichida izvi [the kuDresden] kopi chete Papera, kunyange munhu uchidzokorora
mumwe [kweBerlin] kopi. "
3) Ernst Joachim Forster,
rokupenda, Purofesa muMunich (1852 1859 1869).

Munyori inotaura nenzira katsamba bhizimisi rayo. d. K. (1852. II. 235), iyo
Darmstadt mufananidzo kungoti "Kudzokorora" reDresden, uye zvivako ayo (1859
Vol. V) "yakanaka kwazvo akwegura kopi" kuDresden pasina anokurudzira maonero
ake.
Zvisinei, mushure kwemasimba pakati Darmstadt mufananidzo muMunich, anotora
nedemo. Z. Augsb. Gen. Time. 1869. August 29 No. 241. S. 3729 (vachiri pasina zita
siginicha) nhivi makopi apo ataura kuti muunganidzwa vaviri mifananidzo
kuDresden aiva nemabasa, pamwe pashure pokudzoka:
"Chii chichava hakudzivisiki yakadaro musanganiswa yangu pfungwa, ndiye
akataurwa kuti zvinonakisa pfungwa reDresden mufananidzo vakasununguka,
anokwezva, akanaka, apo pakuremerwa rinorema vomanikidza Darmstadt
mufananidzo. Asi Darmstadt mufananidzo nzvimbo kuti hapana zvimwe vangadaro
kupendwa sezvo Holbein Chokwadi, pakarepo pedyo nevaya vave naye pasi
zvisingabviri vapinze. ari kuDresden mufananidzo musiyano kubva kumusoro
kusvikira pasi chimedu, pamusoro zvachose rinobvumirana pfungwa, ichi
vakasununguka, nyore uye vakachengeteka kurapwa vari Darmstadt mufananidzo
kungwarira uye anoshingaira kuurayiwa kwakapararira. " [Familiar pamusoro
musiyano pakati kukura mune mifananidzo miviri.]
"Zvino kana urongwa yose iri kuDresden pamufananidzo uri kuziva
zvamazvirokwazvo akanaka uye artistically kukosha, uye nokudaro mumvuri
pamusoro Darmstadt mufananidzo rukawa, saka izvi asi pfungwa akasarudza nokuda
runako kwakadaro kunoshamisa uye ugone vakadaro Holbein 'Shemu hunhu kuti
panguva mumwe ruoko hakusi kufunga kupi ndinoona boka rose revakadzi ;. misoro,
nguvo, uye zvishongo, zvose, uye kwete chete michina, asiwo (apo vanogona kumira
panze) ari kutekenyedzwa, uye mukomana mukuru ane ake tikururwe mukoma kuno
akaramba Holbein unyanzvi 's, zvakadai. sapamazuva zvikuru ruoko yakakurisa
rworuboshwe mwana uyu, umo vo zvikuru zvokutadza guru uye zvimwewo kutenga
napagumwe roruoko rwake rworudyi (kuitira kuti minwe izvi zvitanhatu sokuti kuva)
. Full disproportionate uye chaizvo zvinyorwa zviri maoko vaviri mwana varwere
maoko Madonna, uye rutsoka rwake rworudyi iri vanenge clubfoot. kutyorwa idzi,
zvisingagoneki kuti Holbein 's anogona kuisa nhoroondo, kwete kuwanikwa Dresde
mufananidzo. Chiso Madonna ari zvose mifananidzo soulful runako uye kuchena, asi
ndiye kuDresden (izvo ini kamwe zvakakopwa mafuta saka vaiona yakarurama
kwazvo) mwoyo kuhwinha mundangariro wangu zvakadzama uye akachengeteka
zvikuru printouts ukama. Musiyano mukuru hunobuda panguva mufananidzo meya
uye nomwana varwere.Ekupedzisira ane wistful achirwadziwa mashoko mumuromo
nokuputsa maziso, muna Darmstadt mufananidzo akazaruka nemaziso
uchinyemwerera muromo. The Mayor pamusoro rinenge zvimwe zvitima
okupedzisira uye nezvimiro sapamazuva kuDresden ndiye wakazara zvizhinji
padama uye inenge iri picturesque kurapwa nenzira huru zvekushandisa mari nokuda
modeling zvakanyanya Holbein 's nyore zvikuru kuurayiwa kubva, kuti mumwe
hakufaniri chete kutarisa vakadzi misoro pamusoro (kana pamusoro patrician musoro
St. Anna muna Augsburg, iyo inenge yakaiswa) kuti kuziva chinokosha musiyano ".

"Chii zvino zvinogona akagumisa mashoko aya? Mumwe Inogona kuva kopi
mifananidzo miviri? Ko vaviri epakutanga? Ndeupi vokutanga? ... [Historical
manotsi pamusoro kuDresden Mufananidzo kubudikidza Hbner] ... Inogona
kuDresden vane kopi ? ndinotenda kuti, kana asina basa zvechokwadi ane rokupenda
aonekwa, izvo kuva zvachose kuenzana, kana zvinowanikwa mAPEPA kuburikidza
iyo mukopi ari irrefutably akaratidza, ndiko kupindura mubvunzo pamwe zvikuru
takashinga No, nokuti basa chii nani pane Darmstadt mufananidzo, chete Tenzi
amene, kana mifananidzo rwupi akamira pamusoro pake. asi anoratidza kunyange
nyaya. ndiye Darmstadt mufananidzo kopi? kunyange! Holbein ruoko 's zviri
pachena! Saka izvozvo zvichida ari kudzokorora? ichi, zvakare, anofanira akapindura
ari kunaka, nokuti dzokororo naTenzi aisazoparadza zvikanganiso sevaya varehwa
neni. ndizvo zvandinofunga chete akasara vakwanisa Darmstadt
mufananidzo. , , [Nezvimwewo hurukuro Chap. III.] Wekishopu. Kwandiri ukama
izvi ounyanzvi zviviri zvinoita mumwe, vose izvo zvinofanira kuverengwa pakati
mukuru fuma unyanzvi German ".
Nyaya yapfuura ane kurwisa chikamu Woltmann muna Beil. Z. Augsb. Gen.
contemp. 9 Sept. 1869 No. 352 S. 3894 ruzivo. Woltmann blames tikasatevedzera ake
zvinhu zvitsva zvakaitika kare uye tsanangudzo pamusoro Darmstadt Madonna,
anouya vakakwirira izvi kuti kusiyana kukura uye mavakirwo shure vose
zvifananidzo, criticizes ichi yakakanganiswa chiratidzo F . Kushandiswa architecture
Dresde mufananidzo iyo kubudikidza ikaruma chifananidzo yakaitwa, asi asingadi
kukodzera chokutanga, uye mhosva kwaari kuti iye zvisiri kunyora patrician musoro
Mrz musi Holbein, asi chete maererano akanyorwa muna 1533 iri shure,
apo Holbein aiva nomukurumbira wakashata muEngland, uye pashure ari painting,
zviri pamusoro Amberger muenzaniso, kwete Holbein zvingavapo.
Against replicated Forster (zita siginicha) zvatinogadzira hazvigoni
kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita mune kutsivira No. 261 kuti Augsb. Gen. Time. 1869 18
Sept. 4035 S. kubudikidza Woltmann kupomerwa vanozvikudza kuzvivimba uye
achingoramba maonero ake pamusoro nderechokwadi ukama hwedu mifananidzo
akaramba gehends, asi pasina nguva itsva vari napo kumutswa.
4) Gustav Friedrich Waagen,
rokupenda, maberere mukuru, etc muBerlin (1853 1858 1866).
Kusvika, Prof. Felsing muna Darmstadt ndivhure nezvokudzokera izvi,
ngationgororei kubva J. 1853 inowedzera pamusoro kutenga pamusoro Darmstadt
mufananidzo muBerlin munyori: "Sezvineiwo, ndiri kufara zvikuru kuti dambudziko
randakaona neni pamusoro ukama chifananidzo akanga aumba pamusoro muna
kuDresden, sei chakakamurwa, kuona zvose zvikamu saka kwazvo Artists. Uye ndine
vangu achinyanya papfungwa yokuti ini pakarepo pashure ndadzoka kubva
kuDresden, panguva ino muimba yokutandarira womukadzi Princess kunge pasi
rakamiswa mufananidzo kusvikira kuongororwa. "
"Hazvina kunyanya maitiro yokurapa Holbein ari yakakura uye markigeren
ehurukuro uye zvechokwadi wokutanga vaviri, izvo pakutanga zvechokwadi
kuwanikwa muchechi muBasel."

Zvadaro, vachiri kutevera vamwe manotsi

kubudikidza Fiorillo uye Hegner kutsigira maonero kuti kuDresden kopi Zvisinei
aiva nhaka yemhuri.
Kuuya ndiye nyaya kuburikidza munyori wake kabhuku: ".. Vamwe mashoko
pamusoro itsva mutsetse-kumusoro, kuvheneka uye Kuzvinyora woumambo
mufananidzo maberere muna kuDresden Berlin 1858" ichikurukurwa. Kuti iyi
[Darmstadt] yakabva meya Meyer mu "Kutanga anoti ari" Chivimbo
"pamusoro Holbein akagadza sechinhu votive paMhandara Mariya chechi kana
chapero yave akarayira panze asi Tenzi rave akaita, zvakafanana nokuti imba meya
wacho, kunyanya kukosha kwayo semhuri mufananidzo, kudzokorora, "iye
anokurudzirwa kutendiswa ichi kuburikidza kuchitsigira yeRoma wendarama ane
chikamu, uye hunhu mufananidzo semhuri mufananidzo Ukuwo, uye anopfuurira:"
ari peculiarity neimwe mifananidzo miviri rinoenderana kubvuma ichi zvikuru.
mufananidzo muna Darmstadt ari yakasimba chaizvo impasto pamwe freshness
kukuru kwazvo zvakaenderana mune duku munhu mishumo yakatowedzera, asi
nguva kupisa brownish mataurire makobiri nyama pamwe sawanikwa Championship,
asi toreva muna Dresde zvimwe ari upamhi vakatakura panze. musoro Mariya toreva
muna kuDresden mufananidzo zvimwe chakakomba, hongu Herberes. yakatosiyana
siyana, zvakadai. Somunhu simba donhwe mumvuri pakati mai Meyer kumeso pedyo
munhu akaenzanisa mifananidzo nokungwarira, kugamuchirwa Mr Hbner kuti ndiye
kopi pashure kopi muna kuDresden, zvachose. Zvose rinowanikwa muna Darmstadt
mufananidzo uri simba nomugumisiro pane imwe nechokure, sezvo izvi zvinounza
nzvimbo paaritari navo. Pano nderaMwari zvakare pachena Kugler kushanda
chendarama nguo. Ukuwo zvinogona kuwanikwa kuDresden pamufananidzo
kuchinja kwakadaro, kuiita kunyanya akakodzera kuti pedyo zvaakazvionera
akakodzera sezvo zvaitika muimba.Musoro Mariya ari okuti zvinotapirawo uye
munyoro pakurapwa, kuenda nokuti muduku impasto, zvikuru nounyoro uye
kuzopindazve mashoko. A yakafanana rinogonawo kuva nemamwe nenhamba, kunze
meya, riri zvishoma chinhu uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. musoro womukadzi ari pano,
zvichida pachinzvimbo chavo sezvo vakadzi kunyanya zvimiro zvavo rudo sezvo
shoma mumvuri, wakatorwa muchiedza zvizere. Zvino kunyange Kugler
rakanyatsojeka zvakanaka paanoti kuti greenish semitones munyama iri
mifananidzo Holbein vari 's kujairika, asi ndine chokwadi chokuti kwazvo
mufananidzo uyu chinoenderera pamaoko Holbein yakakodzera. "
Pakupedzisira: "chete Futeppich [muna kuDresden mufananidzo] zvishoma
zvakakomba pasi, ndinoona kuti neniwo kugadzikana uye mechanically kurapwa,
kukuremera inzwi richinjwe kwaari [Holbein], uye angangodaro akasiya naye
wokuroorana naye."
Pazvinokwanisika kuramba maonero ake anotungamirira Scales (p.46) pamusoro,
"kuti vaimbi zvikuru akadai Holbein kungadai kusina zvakanaka akatsunga
kudzokororwa chifananidzo saka ansehnlichem zvokuwana". chinhu chakadai
kuramba asi aigona chete kuwana nzvimbo apo
vaifamba Hegner uye Kugler aurayiwe reDresden mufananidzo
pamwe Holbein kubvuma kuitika 's mukushanyira muBasel kubva kuEngland muna

J. 1529, apo iye anoita siyana kwokunze uye mezvinyorwa rokukwirira. "Very
akasiyana asi - anoramba - zviri apo Holbein kupendwa mufananidzo kuti asati kuwa
muna 1526 akasiya kuEngland kubva tsamba hwakawanda huripo iyo iye
anorichengeta ake, Erasmus reRotterdam, shamwari yake, Peter Aegydius. muna
Antwerp, wakapiwa, pachena kureva zvakajeka kuti Holbeinkugadziriswa nokuda
kwokushayiwa kubatsira rwendo urwu Ndianiko asi pasi ezvinhu chokwadi ;. kuti
kuita basa rakadaro repamusoro munhu sezvo kuti Mayor Meyer, kudzokorora
mufananidzo , achange pamusoro .... Vaya nechokwadi kuti Holbein kupendwa ari
kuDresden mufananidzo 1526, inobva nezvengarava zvakafanana zvikuru pamuviri
uye makara pamwe 1519 akasarudzwa Portrait of Bonifacius Amerbach vari
miziyamu pana muBasel, uye unozvidzora musiyano pakati zera Meyer nomudzimai
wake kuti kuDresden mufananidzo nevaya pamusoro akasarudzwa 1516 nits, izvo vo
raiva miziyamu pana muBasel. "
Sezvo ndiri muna Dioscuri (1866 S. 181) chiratidzo Schasler 's akawana
chii chikero akanga pana musangano Association of Art of Ages uye yazvino nguva
20 May 1866, "musingadi kuenda kuipa kana isu vari ari Darmstadt mufananidzo
kuona altarpiece, mune dzimwe [kuDresden] Zvisinei, munhu kuburitswa
vevaanodzidzisa uye akaronga kuti kushongedzwa kamuri maonero presupposes ",
uye sezvo ndakanga ndisingagoni mashoko aya pamwe maonero zviri yapfuura
rokubatanidza, ndakatendeuka mune tsamba ine chikumbiro kujekeserwa Naizvozvo
pamusoro pachikero , izvo zvandataura anofadza mhinduro vakagamuchira (musi 18
Febr 1868.): "hazvina chamboitika kwaari, mashoko akadaro kuita" sezvo iye
Dr. Schasler anoti, asi ndiye zvawo " kuvamba ". Kuti izvi zvidaro, zvinotevera:
"Ini ndiri nani nguva dzose maonero yakaramba kuti vaviri mifananidzo kunyanya
nokuda Holbein muka. Siyanisa Portraits Kana kunyange ane dzakapfuma zvikuru
akakodzera hunhu muna kuDresden kutevedzera Maria, sezvo aya ari Darmstadt
kutevedzera uye kuda vamwe zvichiguma ruoko mubatsiri, sezvo ndine nokuti, sezvo
imi kumbotipa kunyange kuwana musoro meya zvishoma pakaoma kare. Asi
kunyange zvikamu Portraits, kubva Holbein zvichizoita 's ruoko, muri
zvinonzwisisika sezvo makopi, kwete . saka yakajeka uye witty kupfuura epakutanga
vakachengeteka asi iye ave vomumhuri mumakore 1529-1830, umo Falls ari
kuDresden mufananidzo, kwete akagara zvakare; akagara naye hapana imwe sarudzo
pane zvichiberekana navo sezvo iye ari Darmstadt zvairatidzika kutevedzera apo aiva
vakasununguka rusununguko Maria. kukosheswa vangu nguva dzose chokwadi
chokuti Darmstadt kopi yakanyorerwa muchechi, asi ndinoda kuziva zvakadzama
muna kure, kuti ini, pamwe Dr. Woltmann , nokuti chinhu epitaph munhare. Uyewo,
Ini handigoni zvikonzero pandakanga muna kuDresden kutevedzera mufananidzo
mhuri yakanga dzakapendwa imba nevakawanda, kwete obuda kunze. "
Mumwe havagoni kubatsira munyaya iyi, kuwana kupokana nokufungidzira nguva
yaigara kuDresden mufananidzo 1529-1530 pamwe zviri nokufungidzira kumusoro
"1526", iyo pamwe chete yakavakirwa volatility.
5) Dr. Julius Hbner
Painter, Prof. u. Gallery Director mu kuDresden

(1856. 1861. 1869. 1870. 1871).

Munyori rinoreva katsamba yaro ndandanda kuDresden Gallery (1st ed., 1856. 16.
2nd ed., 1862. p.19) ari Darmstadt mufananidzo se "akanaka kwazvo mawa
kudzokororwa" reDresden, uye oratidza pacharo chaiyo nokuti sezvinotevera
kuzorwa Kugler maonero 's pamusoro pokutanga ari mufananidzo: "With
kuremekedza zvose nokuda yakakurumbira muri wenhoroondo Zvisinei, hatigoni
kuwana zvakakwana chikonzero kuti vanoti ake." Nokuti nyaya iri katarogu
Chokwadi akanga asina nzvimbo. Zvisinei, pashure paizvozvo, pane zvinotevera
"muna 1861 pashure idzva pokukurukura Darmstadt mufananidzo" akanyorwa pasi
kucherechedza Hbner ruoko 's achikurukurirana vari mundima. Zahn kuti kabhuku
S. L 4.
"The Darmstadt mufananidzo haisiriyo kopi, asi yangu Nokuti wakabata muruoko
tenzi chete, nekuti kuti kuchinja kukuru Haungatongovi mukopi, kunyange vanoda
mumwe magazini kana mumwe. Zvisinei, Uyezve, iye wakaramba ari kupera
zvikamu idzo vari Darmstadt mufananidzo vari akaurayiwa, sapamazuva kuDresden,
kwete kuenda mberi kupfuura tenzi. "
"The pfungwa kuti Holbein uyu kutanga kupendwa, ane pakuongorora asingasaruri
Vamwe yayo kana panguva imwe chete pasi, kopi yokutanga handizivi sei Kugler ,
uyewo nani vaviri vakanzwisisa, nokuti harina asarudza. Mukupesana, rinowanika
nani chimiro chikuru Maria haana kusvika sezvo akakwana sezvo kuDresden, kwete
saka chokwadi uye vakasarudza wakavhomorwa rakakwanira aro, kunyange zvichida
opera rakaoma. Holbein angadai saka akaita chete kuDresden pamufananidzo
kuvandudzwa, asi ini ndinofanira kureurura zvose izvi, kuti vamwe ndingangokuvara
pfungwa iri chinhu mune zvachose chinokodzera pfungwa yangu chokwadi. "
"Zvichaita zvichida kuita zvakanakisisa kuti dambanemazwi ichi provisionally
zvisingagadziriswi, uye kutsvaka chete zvivako zvose mifananidzo kune mumwe
zvikuru vamwe uye unprejudiced kuti akataura. Nokuti ichi chinangwa chete nebope
pakati mifananidzo miviri wakaramba zvino Zvisinei pakupedzisira pedyo
zvakarurama nzira uye zvimwewo chemhando mubereko. zvinokosha
zvakwakanakira uye kuDresden mufananidzo, rangu maonero, kwete kurasikirwa uye
Darmstadt achagara kuva muvengi ngozi mune dzimwe zvinhu, zvakadai
zvichingodaro vari kuchengetedza mavara nguo Marie, kuti chinokosha. "
Pakupedzisira, Ini yakaneta munyori inotevera neapo epistolary manotsi:
Kubva 25 April 1869 "In kuverenga essays yenyu ndikarangarira nei asi kure, saka
kure sezvo ndinoziva, hapana Ringanidzo angadaro aifunga kuti kubudikidza
kweuduku Portraits Meyer uye vakadzi mawa uye yakanaka isingadhuri
yezvifananidzo (Hbner zvivepo, naizvozvo? nokuti mawa kuvapo mifananidzo
makuru maviri anofanira kuva nechikonzero anga vorbanden nehasha pamatavi
maviri mhuri. maBhaibheri, kana uchida kumutumidza kuti, ouduku Portraits vari
kuitira kuti ini pane imwe kushanya kwangu muBasel ari Directorate of Museum iri
nyatsofunga aita, kuti mumwe sezvo yepakutanga uyevakutarisire vakanga
vaverenga. dzinonzi ipapo Ambros. H. asi ivo vari panguva iyoyo muna 1516, asi
zvimwe wakachengeteka pasi zvakananga zvaiitwa HH HOWTO ".

April 13, 1870 chiziviso ane fungidziro kuti uswa Ruvara nemapfekero of
kuDresden Madonna nokuchinja imwe kuna Holbein 's-pasi nguva kushandiswa,
inexpensive chinotsiva ultramarine zvechokwadi angave akatanga, pamwe inotevera
mashoko: "Ipapo tinofanira kwedu [kuDresden] wezvamatongerwe takashinga
zvikuru uye unequivocal Pentimento kuruoko rwerudyi mukomana pamusoro bhokisi
mwana yakamira, izvo kuti ruzivo wangu hapana ari kuzviona asi. "
Kubva 9 February 1871. WIthdrawal kupfuura kubvuma kubudikidza anotevera
kucherechedza :. "Asi ndinoda kutaura kuti pashure kwakaitwa okupedzisira
muzhizha pakuchenesa nomufananidzo wedu, kamwe akatora yellowed chaizvo
varnish kubva mumhepo, ndiye ane mbiri vanyoro, asi zvikuru dzika bhuruu akapa
mataurire, ari splendidly yezvokwadi yose mapurani uye Anonatsa yose nevaya ari
mufananidzo anoshamisa. Zvisinei, Kusiyana, mitema mataurire Madonna
nemapfekero rakaratidza kuva zvachose chaivo uye saka kupendwa, kwete
nachgegelbt kana rima, sezvo ndaifarira nedzidziso pacharo. unodawo mitema,
ndakataura, chinhu rima sezvo zvakadai, sezvo zvinogoneka chete ruvara muna
Morrethintergrunde sezvo vose vari zvino simba kupfuura zvenzwi zviri zviviri
zvifananidzo. kunge mufananidzo edu haana kuonekwa kubva, saka ngazvive chitsva
noruremekedzo kuti vatema chitarisiko pamwe ona mufaro. "
Chikero 1858 s. No. . 4
6) Dr. Wilhelm Schafer
muna Dresde pa1860
Munyori anodzivisa chetatu ake basa mavhoriyumu nhatu: "The Royal
Mufananidzo Gallery mu kuDresden" 1860. S. 787 zvakadzama pamusoro Kugler 's
uye zviyero ' s maonero Zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo, asi pasina vaona
ekupedzisira pachake chii kushora ake zvikuru hauremi anoita kana vakakanganisa
kuita ikataura chikero 's pamusoro implementation ari kapeti pamusoro kuDresden
mufananidzo pamusoro Darmstadt vachirondedzera kwachiri uye mutongo waro
kwakavakirwa pamwe. Vaanoona vangapedzisira "kuti mukoma Ambrosius Holbein ,
kuti Darmstadt mufananidzo pashureHans Holbein 'kunge kupendwa S Weggange
pamusoro muBasel muna 1526", uye zvinoreva kutongwa rokupenda Grder izvo
pamwe chete Woltmann ' kushorwa S Ukuwo atova chap. IV. Akaudzwa.
Kuti Queen Marie of Medicis apo kugara muNetherlands kopi nomufananidzo
wedu akanga akwanisa kutenga, hwakatanga yairambwa Schafer nokuda
havazozvikwanisi avo kunoreva kuita kudaro.
Hbner 1861 s. No. . 5
7) Dr. Albert v. Dental
Patson muna kuDresden (1865 1867).
Kubva gore 1865th
ndima. Dental rakatanga muna 1865 imwe kuenzanisa makopi maviri, mugumisiro
kupfuura hwakadzama uye kwazvo mharidzo nhamba zvose ndechokuti tine kure,

mune rondedzero pamusoro Naum.-Weig. Archive 1865. XI. S. 42; uyewo vanoda
"The Darmstadt kopi Holbein kuti Madonna. Lpz. 1865" kunyanya kubva
akadhindwa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi rinokosha paumbwe Darmstadt mufananidzo
muchiedza zvakanaka uye kugamuchirwa akanga abvumirwa kubudikidza tracings,
pashure yakaitwa dzaro turakiti rake rakanyorwa pamwe pepa rehurukuro reDresden
mufananidzo pepa mufanidzo.Pakarepo asati uye shure Kuongorora Darmstadt
mufananidzo rokuenda kuDresden uye kunyatsoongorora rakanga rakagadzirwa
zvakafanana.
With kuzvidza roWokumusoro kubva rairatidza akadzama akatosvika mubvunzo
nderechokwadi anofadzwa chete zvavo kana kure nenzira kwayo, isu vachiri
kusimbisa pfungwa dzinotevera.
S. 3. "The chete katoni sokuti vakashumira kunyora zvose zvifananidzo, mumwe
nhamba akatamira, akachinja mavakirwo uye mufananidzo akanga gehends
zvakachinjwa; - zvinoda chokwadi chete kwokubatira maonero, kunzwisisa kuti
Dresde kutevedzera pamwe zvizere ruzivo zvikuru zvakanaka maonero chikamu
chaiva. "
5. 'Mugumisiro ichi akataurirwa urongwa uye kukura nenhamba kuongorora
zvinogona seizvi zvinoreva kuti Darmstadt wezvamatongerwe kuburikidza gehends
gedrckteres nhamba murwiyo aripo, pakutanga nokuda rapazasi kamuri, asi zvadaro
katsika womufananidzo zvachose. "
5. 'Ruvara Darmstadt mufananidzo zvakaoma kuongorora nemhaka yerima yeyero
varnish yokunamisa chakajeka zviedza pamusoro Isai akapfugamira musikana vane
simba tawny, uye rinoreva zvose chena -. Kusara imwe pfungwa pamusoro ruoko
Vorstoe Mariya - vari brownish zvenzwi modeled - ezvinhu yavo yepakutanga,
sezvo zviri kuoneka vamwe fukura kubva varnish duku makwapa, akamira yakanaka
vhudzi zvenzwi reDresden mufananidzo zvikuru pedyo kupfuura ikaramba ikozvino
".
"Ko chaizvo ichi varnish bemhapemha zvimwe saizvozvo munyama zvenzwi ari
coincident chiedza musi kuDresden pamufananidzo shanu duku vatambi vane
rakajeka ruvara pamwe weilichrtlichen mwenje, greenish Transitional zvenzwi uye
chiedza inodziya mumvuri kuine rakasiyana shava yakatsvukuruka Incarnat
vakwegura vatatu kuti kusiyana avhiringidzwa mavara zvenzwi chepakutanga
coloring uye wamakapa yose pfungwa yunifomu, brownish inodziya modeling. "
S. 6. 7. vazukuru Detail of wacho manhamba uye nezvimwe zvikamu vakatevera
akasiyana ruvara pakati mifananidzo maviri anotevera mhedziso: "Zviri pachena
kubva zviratidzo izvi sezvo yakasiyana zvachose chiito zvose zvifananidzo zvavo
ruvara pfungwa, apo dzinobudirira anosiyanisa yakadzika kwasviba. , vakawanda
huru drapery, umo muenzaniso uri inooneka rinenge, asi nechiedza imi nenyika, saka
zvakaoma pamusoro payo akasiyana mavara noruvara nyama inopenya nguo refu,
pano mumwe zvikuru yakanyarara uye zvikuru inowirirana mafungiro ane kushanda
kutanga anogona kupiwa matambudziko kuona, ane pfungwa kwose ndiko
akatibvunzisisa kuti ruvara mugumisiro nokuda Holbein raMwari rinobatanidza
mangwanani mabasa muna Augsburg uye Munich, nepo muna kuDresden

mufananidzo ane zvachose chairwo, pamwe hapana kuzivikanwa boka mufananidzo

wokuGermany rechi15 uye rechi16 emakore kunokunda mumutsetse mavara rine
zvainoita, chete muna Holbein asian 's Kwapera mifananidzo vezera ake ane ".
S. 7 U 8 misiyano pakati mifananidzo miviri maererano cherudo Madonna, pamwe
vachisimbisa zvemashoko kuDresden, uye kutevera Abschlusse mutongo panyaya
Darmstadt :. "Nokuti zvose chiremerera uye pamwero zvikuru akakodzera okuti kuna
Madonna chiso mufananidzo chinoshayikwa ari" "nyasha" ", uye isu havaruoni
pamwe kunzwa asati chete pazvisikwa zvose tenzi huru kumira."
S. 8. kusiyana vose zvifananidzo sezvo kumusoro mwana zvakataurwa impacting
pano anoti ari kukurukurwa [Chap. verenga II, IV uye VIII], pamwe inotevera
mhedziso: .... "excised kubva nomuvhenganiswa yaizova zvichida kuramba Tenzi,
misoro miviri [kuna Madonna uye mwana muna Darmstadt makopi], musi
ukanyatsozvitarisa, uye kana tichienzanisa nedzimwe mativi mufananidzo kunogona
kuurayiwa kuburikidza ruoko kwete mubvunzo, uyewo pemvura ruvara zvinoita
sezvisina kuzosimbisa zvishoma chichibuda nokufungirana kukuvara ;. uye
zvakadaro, pedo aionekwa, vose vakuru kuhwina chaizvo "
S. 8 u. 9. Kusiyana vose zvifananidzo kuti okuti uye aurayiwe vedzimba yechipiri
vatambi, mbatya incidentals (chomumusoro, kapeti), apo Darmstadt mufananidzo
kazhinji munhu kupfuura kuDresden ari conceded.
Pakupedzisira, munyori anogumisa S. 9-41: "Kana kutarira mashoko chete
anotsanangurwa vanofanira kuva nechokwadi kutendiswa, izvo kare akabvumira
fananidzo urongwa uye kukura dzinoti sezvo zvichida kuti Darmstadt kutevedzera
chifananidzo yepakutanga pachishandiswa Holbein uye kuti kumberi kuDresden
mufananidzo kwamuka. "
"The Hand Holbein 's ari nyanzvi aurayiwe dzakawanda kudaro chinowanzoitika
kusanzwisisa Hapana anopa tarisisa panguva Darmstadt mufananidzo uye kana
kunyange tsika kana zita rinoreva hwakanyorwa hunoratidza kubatsira, Kuedzwa
anofanira nhandare nokuti akaratidza maonero iyi vanomirira nyaya sezvo pasina
mubvunzo. vaita asi chidhindo mavambo kuti emandiriri reshiyo zvishoma
zvakanaka urongwa uye proportionality noruremekedzo kuti kopi wechipiri, haigoni
zvakanaka akagumisa kuti yakasiyana chechinyorwa pane kuti isu kuDresden
mufananidzo kwakavandudzika kudzokorora Darmstadt kopi pamberi pedu uyo, vane
nzvimbo inogona hwokurara anenge zvachose kubva vanoziva yakaoma mutoo
womufananidzo. Zvinotaurwa womukati mberi tenzi uyo akazivisa mamiriro ezvinhu
kunyanya vari kunzwisisa mutinhimira wakarodzwa, riri sezvo nekurukurirano
yakanaka vavariro kuti chikonzero, kana zvimwe Kumubata Italian vemifananidzo
kana mabasa ounyanzvi rakanga vakakurumbira kwaari, ari urombo pamusoro
zvinogona Holbein 's Baseler kugara aripo zvechokwadi mashoko kana zvimwe
kudonongodzwa sezvo dzakananga nguva vaurayiwe. Asi apa haana pamusoro
kurasikirwa kukuru munhoroondo mifananidzo, iyo haisi yatenzi nzira kukura yose
murima. Kubva wevakadzidza nheyo Renaissance kare akabata panguva yaro
vakambodanana vechidiki basa Augsburger, akataura pakupera kuDresden
mufananidzo yepamusoro hwaakange unyanzvi yokuGermany akakwanisa kuwana

pasi kukurudzira kushanda zvakafanana, uye runenge pane mukana wokuti

tsanangudzo inogutsa iye saka norudo rinoitwa yakatofanana ari
ezvinhu Holbein akakurudzira upi Achinyengetedzazve kudzokorora mufananidzo
wake (asi zvimwe kwete akapenda imwe kereke, imwe imba), pamwe chete chaiyo
kuziva zvakanga kukwanisa ipfuure pacharo , It Uchanzwa kunyange fananidzo pepa
duku, dzakadai rokurera puranga, achinyengetera Up yababa shure, seksiks
kuwedzera Maria chinzvimbo uye sangano aifanira vadzokorore tenzi mufaro
yokusika, sei zvakaitika kuti ikozvino - pamwe pfungwa imwe unhu utiwizing pakutanga mupfungwa Mariya mudzidziso vava Ideal, uye sezvinoita kunzwisisa kuti
uchidzokorora kare kamwe nenhumbi dzayo freshness, uye kutarisira hunhu
anosikwa asian misoro zvinhu yaderera zvino kwezva iye muduku uye zvichida
kufurira marwadzo ose ari kubatsira simba (munin'ina wake Ambrosius ?)
zvingakonzera. "
Kubva gore L 867th
The Kurwisa Wornum 's pamusoro nderechokwadi kuDresden Madonna akanga
(1867); zvinotora nzvimbo. Nepo vachikurukura pamusoro paro mundima.
Tooth. akatsanangura izvi kuti kushaya yairwirwa manotsi dzakaitika mukati zvinhu
zvaiita kwaari zvakakwana kutaura kuti nderechokwadi kuDresden kopi yaro huru
Bestande kudzikama pano, uye yakatanga panguva yangu chikumbiro maonero ake
pamusoro Pfupiso yebhuku (18 June 1867) ini akapfupikisa yayo huru, uye nei ini
folgends konzera rinonyatsooneka mazano nokuda Ndinozvidemba kuti handina
kukwanisa zvakazara vanonetesa upfumi njere okufananidza okushora vanatenzi
okuberekwa.
Munyori anotanga: "Nokuti vanonzi Holbein 's panguva kuDresden Madonna,
ndinofunga kwete undoubted kuvandudzwa kukura mufananidzo, asi kunyanya
kuchinja musoro Madonna kuti achiratidza uye nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera."
"The Madonnas musoro Darmstadt kopi kunondiita, uye zvimwe zvose
unprejudiced mucherechedzi pfungwa ane zvavo uye charmless chitarisiko. The
akanyanyisa kukura ari chiso zvikamu chokuita kuti zvikuru akacheka rima
modeling, kunyanya yakadzika mumvuri pasi nesimba yaidhonzwa tsiye dzake kupa
chiso okuti munhu akakura mune kutamburira basa uye zvemarudzi ose manzwiro
mukadzi ane kunyemwerera pamwe pachena hasha dzechiso nezvitima kwete
kusiyana dzinofadza. tine manzwiro kuti Tenzi kana nezvaiitwa yakanaka Marie
nechiso kunyange unhu kunge raiva rakayangarara pamusoro dzevakawanda
mubereko, ndizvo, saka zvikuru sezvo handigoni kutonga, hapana mairi, sei kusiyana
nevamwe vasande hadzi zvisingaverengeki chete ichikosha kusiyana chete
akafananidza zvechokwadi asina idealized musoro rakanaka mukadzi muduku -.
Chokwadi, uyewo Mhedziso kukura reshiyo anokangaidza nezvitima pamusoro
Madonna! Nharaunda yakapoteredza maziso rakamira, tinowanzoedza pachena
mitsipa, kuti vakadzidziswa munhurume chirebvu - kuita zvinhu izvi yavo yose
maererano pfungwa ane hanya unhu panhengo vanhuwo upenyu, akatendeseka,
kurongeka uye tsime "sezvo chikamu sichs" yakavhomorwa uye kupendwa, asi
pasina zvisaririra zvose mhiri pakunambwa ichi ".

"Chokwadi painter wenyika kuDresden mufananidzo nezvitima izvi kwakaita

chinhu wakasika zvachose idzva hatifaniri kuramba kwokudzidzisa runako rukuru,
kana takamboita kuda kuunza kushandisa Predicate iri kutarisana hwemashiripiti."
"Kuti vazive kwavakanga yakavakirwa, tikange tarangarira peculiarities
pamusoro Holbein 's pamuviri hunhu".
"Kuti Holbein 's uye Drer zvakatadzisa' s zita mukurumbira, pashure
akatevedzana vanoremekedzwa asi kwete ichikosha vanatenzi itsva padanho kukura
mifananidzo kutsanangura, rinowana pakutanga kusvika chokwadi kuti mutumbi
zvipenyu kuunza hunhu mabasa avo ounyanzvi kutaura, kuti, sezvo hazvina
chete Eyck ' akanga aita yepamusoro kupera s, mugirazi mufananidzo sokunge
muchiedza ruvara dzinowedzerwa uye zvose runako nyaya sezvo chaizvo
dzaishandiswa wakajeka mhosva pamusoro pemvura yakatarwa asi kubatana
zvikamu sensualize kuburikidza kusimbisa ukama pakati pemasimba zvipenyu
pachavo mutinhimira uye rakakwanira, kusanganisira vanoziva kana chavanoziva
zivo inokosha mufananidzo uri mapurasitiki-anatomical mamiriro, asi kunofambira
mberi mitemo hunhu, miriwo unhu anosanganisira, etc - zvose achibatsirwa pacharo
artistically maturo maonero nzira zvakarurama projected angonanga pemvura. Asi
apo Drer akashandisa nguva izvi rikava kugadzirwa yekudyidzana kune kuwedzera
upenyu-akafanana okuti uye nezvimiro zvayo anofuridzira pedyo kungoratidza
Kuswedera vamwe shamhu upenyu simba ndokuzotevera Rubens kubudikidza
kudyidzana zvikuru kubvongodzwa vanodhirowa pamwe muto vakawanda ruvara
munyika siyana yakawedzera muviri simba upfumi runowanikwa,
achigutsikana Holbein (tinotaura chete mufananidzo tsvimbo chaiyo) pamwe
picturesque mufananidzo icho ari maitiro kuratidza hwadzo chitarisiko husina kuti
ave nechokwadi, pamwe kukuru kuna emandiriri yezvakaita anoti uye zvikuru
unbefangenerer Kuongorora - kazhinji kuburitswa munyika mildest chiedza coloring zvinoratidzira. saka ndiye Dutchmen mukuru (I Portraits pamusoro Eyck 's
avo vadzidzi zvakanakisisa, ramakagadzwa zvikuru panyaya iyi Antonello mambo
Messina , mupfungwa) pedyo zvikuru; hongu anofanira chete ipfuure kuti iye ari
makemikari unhu Schdelbaues uye kurondedzerwa zvikuru zvikamu chiso; izvo avo
vakwegura vari yavo akangwara uye vakananga zvakasikwa nguva dzose chinhu
inotya Kuswedera dzinosiya ane njanji vachibva yakasimba, pasina kuva karrikieren
nokusingaperi; ichi anopa kokutanga zvakare inobva nekuonekwa kwechando
midtones mafungiro (Ringanidzo ari illusory maturo, kwete ichi choga),
zvichida Eyck 's uye Antonello , asi hauna nevamwe vadzidzi, uye kuzvirumbidza
kwavo kuti chete chaizvo anogona. "
"Zvose zvakanakira izvi, sezvo ini raitevera Holbein aiziva appropriating
dzavamwe, ndinowana ikozvino musoro kuDresden Madonna kukabatanidzwa
kumiririra mumwe unhu vane unhu, mukusiyana kuti hanya ari Darmstadt Maria, uye
kuipa akawanda (? V. zino) dzimwe Holbein anogona 'kuziva ushe Madonnas kana
munhukadzi vasande, nomwoyo inotungamirwa ichiyevedza-chiso chakanaka
maumbirwo somunhu mutakuri vechimiro waMaria hunhu. "
Munyori yakatanga. Mberi, sezvo vari unyanzvi asati eyck 'utongi Middle Ages

uye Eyck ' kutonga chikoro pachayo kutsvaka uye Netherlands munyika akazotevera
nguva munzvimbo pakuponesa Graceful-Beautiful chiso dzidzo nehadzi akakodzera
manhamba sezvo pane Connections kune vamwe mhando inobva, aitofanira kuenda
avo vatenzi zvikuru akarasika, iye ndokuutora zvikuru zvakakomba chete kupinda
zvakasikwa muviri, kumaodzanyemba
vokuGermany, Drer uye Holbein pachake; Naizvozvo "akakodzera musandemhando Big chiso ovals, vakagumisa pahuma, akatunhidzwa mumhino uye miromo
pamwe undulating chimiro huru yakapoteredza maziso, pakati izvo sandarara nasal
zambuko zvikuru muchisungo pane kupatsanura rinooneka" kwete zvikasadaro
akanyatsojekesa apo Holbeinkuwana, uye uri chidimbu Darmstadt Madonna "navo
kure sezvinobvira." Anobvuma kuti ichi chive hazvirambi
vanonzi Holbein haangagoni kudana 's panguva kuDresden Madonna, izvo zvisinei
"mufananidzo kuti kufanana nomumwe inotungamirwa charinombobatsira kukura
nyora unhu anoratidza". Asi iye zvino anotaura kuti nguva kuvakwa yacho (1526)
maererano zvimwe pamusoro kuDresden Madonna mawa Portrait of Offenburgerin
makavigwa hunhu ichiyevedza runako uyewo saka akasarudza kureva. Zvisinei,
sezvo chinhu chakarurama, kuti kupiwa kunyange panguva kuDresden Madonna ane
ichiyevedza uye yakanaka muenzaniso chokwadi uchapupu hwake sezvazviri
kubereka, anozviita (the Darmstadt Madonna chisipo) pasi chirebvu pamusoro
kuDresden Madonna nharo kuti zvechokwadi hapana Artist pasina yakadaro
muenzaniso Madonna angadai rakumbirwa.
Akazopedzisira inongopa chimiro German pamusoro kuDresden Madonna
mharidzo pamwe nemashoko anotevera kupinda yavo:
"Uye izvozvo hunhu kuumba mufananidzo Madonna hwaro, umo zvose
ichiyevedza-Nice pakati akakodzera dzidzo weGermany iri ukavandudzwa kudaro
tichizviitira basa, kuti kunyange napaduku chitima pamusoro Holbein asi zvichida
anozivikanwa Italian hadzi nerunako ari Umbrian kana toscanisch Lombard chikoro
kupinda ruzha, izvo ndinoona mumwe Holbein vomunguva vanokwanisa 's, ndoda
mukopi ramakore rechi17, sezvo Wornum Kutaurisa. "
Kunyange nemashoko Dr. ane v. Zino pamusoro pangu akataura sei Artists German
kubudikidza Holbein ari Graceful-Rakanaka zvaaida kuzadzisa nokutevera mhando 's
Italian nguva tichifunga Madonnas dzavo, zvekuti rinovayeuchidza hapana rimwe, iro
mumwe kumiririrwa zvakadai, sezvo Dresde, ari mufananidzo mukati dzavasinei
German hunhu anoratidza aigona kuvimba.
8) Dr. Alfred Woltmann
Purofesa muna Karlsruhe (1866, 1868, 1869).
Aimbova nzvimbo Woltmann 's, uko achiri ake chikuru Bestande pashure wakabata
kuDresden kopi zvechokwadi, unogona kuwanikwa huchibva kwaari mameseji
kuti huchadururira ' kutonga HolbeinAlbum muna 1866, uye hwakadzama mukatikati ake Holbein - Monograph ( Holbein uye ake nguva 1866 S. 315ff.) aimiririra.
Kubva ichi chinokosha.
Holbein 317: "Dr . A. ndima zino rave rinoitwa kunyatsoongorora pakati Darmstadt

kopi ichangopfuura uye akaudza zvinoshamisa, kuti azosvika dzakawanda uye

chinonyanya kukosha pfungwa Ndinogona kubatana naye zvakanaka, nokuti dzimwe
nguva vanobvumirana nepfungwa dzangu. pamwechete mutambo wake, pamwe
yokunyatsoongorora ake ane neni pandinenge haana kubvumirana nazvo, chivimbo. "
"Zvaanotaura ari mubvunzo kusarudza Iye akaratidza
chii. Kugler uye namakwande kureva sezvo fungidziro kuti Darmstadt kopi ndiye
yepakutanga -. Apo ndakamira ichi pamberi ndakaziva zvakataurwa maviri
akakurumbira unyanzvi mutsvakurudzi pamusoro anazvo, uye saka akanga asina
kuuya pasina tarisiro. Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa chaiva zvisingashamisi kuuya
kwandiri. itsva kubva muBasel, ndakawana pano vaine yomunharaunda mifananidzo,
zvikuru machisi rose uye vanhu, izvo kuDresden mufananidzo haana kubviswa
yakadaro mugiredhi zvinoratidzwa. "
[Aya nezvemadzimambo kusiyana mifananidzo miviri, pamwe kuzivikanwa
kuvandudzika kukura, muna kuDresden pamufananidzo, chii enzanisa munhaurirano,
uyewo kusimbisa zvikuru akakwana okuti mupfungwa rezasi uye zvikuru akakwana
chokupika ancillary zvinhu Darmstadt mufananidzo boka.]
"Ngatiedzei tiswedere zvino kubva zvave Verengai vakatsunga saka zvinotevera
sezvo yakachengeteka mugumisiro"
"First Uye makopi kopi kubva munhu; amendments saka guru vangadai kutendera
mukopi."
"Chechipiri: The kuDresden kopi iri pachena kwakazoitwa; kusiyana kukura, ruripo
pachinhu purani framing tinobva zvakajeka kubva chokwadi kuti the artist vaiva
Darmstadt mufananidzo mupfungwa, vakasununguka nenzira yakaoma ziso
pamusoro payo uye zvakajeka akanzwa dzipi chaiva kuvandudza ".
"Chechitatu: Sezvo Darmstadt Chifananidzo nguva dzakapendwa naHolbein
pachake, ukuwo vari kuDresden zvose rezasi boka uye nenhumbi dzose basa
vabatsiri, kunyange nomumwe achiri saka panoita uye vakanyatsodzidziswa,
uye Holbein pachake tenzi ruoko 's chete Madonna nemwana anenge zvose
zvakachinja ndezvokuti, akazivisa ".
"Chechina: Munguva pakurapa Darmstadt mufananidzo pamberi achangopfuura
chaizvo makore Holbein 's zvinoenderana rwokutanga England, vhudzi mimvuri
anoratidza apo Mariya uye Kristu mwana reDresden mufananidzo shure kusvika
nguva pashure 1529, saka kuti nokudzokorora ichi mumakore asati Chirungu rwendo
rwechipiri, 1529-1531 kana 32, anofanira kuwira ".
"Zvechokwadi Harwunei hakungagoni Holbein ipapo akatora basa yokudzokorora
kwakadaro. Pasinei vamwe mirairo kubva Council, zvinogona mumakore kuti
pakarepo akatevera mhuka iconoclasm pamusoro 1529, vakatsvaka zvikuru
chisingafadzi nokuda Arts. Kashoma akanga zvikasadaro uyewo musha kusiya
kechipiri. "
"Iye zvino vakaita saizvozvo panguva kudzokororwa kumarudzi, sezvo tine
kutarisira kubva kwaari. Kakawanda takaona kuti kuziva kwaari, pashure pokupedza

basa dzinonetsa kuti vazvibate vakananga pachake zvisikwa zvake kuziva chii
chingava nani uye zvino aibva simba kugadzirisa chete basa zvakare. anoita
zvakanaka pano, pakutanga changing kukura. nokuda upamhi uye compactness
wokutanga kopi yakanga zvisinei zvichida achiri chinokosha chikonzero zvisati. Izvi
zvinogona yechipiri dzavarwi akawira, pashure nguva iconoclasm, anofanira
kupendwa kuvinga imba yakanga yapfuura, ayo kugutsikana uye kukura pashure,
akasarudza chifananidzo chechi uye zvimwe aiendeswa yepamusoro nzvimbo
Kufanana nhengo mikova nenhamba pano sezvazviri kuonekwa vapasi
- .. Holbein akasika ipapo mumufananidzo yechipiri chinhu chitsva kunzvimbo idzo;
pazviri pane zvinobvira zvose, iye akachinja Madonna wake mwana, uye atsiva pano
apfuura kuwanika dzavo stringent kukura uye zvakakomba cheMukuru kubudikidza
chaiyoiyo uye dzatinonyanya vevanaamai. akamboona ziso ".
"Asi chaizvoizvo iyi mhando pamabasa, zvinonzwisisika kwete chete, asi panenge
zvifakazira kuti apo aifanira kuomerera zvakasimba kuna kwokutanga mifananidzo,
mupfungwa mhuri, raakanga papera makore asina zvakare pashure upenyu aigona
penda, asi munyaya mhando uye zera kareko uye aifanira kutevedzera
nomufananidzo wake, hapana tsika zvokunyorwa nemaoko shanduro akanzwa, asi iye
akasiya mubatsiri, kunyange zvakadaro, akanga chokwadi, kunyange. pasi wayo
kutukana mutsetse "
324. 333. okushora, kutanga, kuti makopi maviri kungadai dzakatemerwa pamatavi
maviri mhuri, zvakare, kuti mufananidzo angava Epitaphbild nokusingaperi pasina
kupokana kuti ariko pakati maviri maonero, ari murevereri. 2)
2)

Pashure akazoshanda kuchinja maonero ake ose maonero vachizvitsaura sananga, dangwe yokuti kuDresden
mufananidzo kuti kunonoka kopi anotsanangura rechipiri [pashure 16] A chokwadi kuti mukadzi mukuru
nomufananidzo somunhu pamusoro kwokutanga chinangwa ichaongororwa gare gare mumufananidzo atora
mufananidzo.

The maonero Woltmann 's aesthetic ukama evanhu vanonyanya kutaurwa vose
mifananidzo mangwanani nzvimbo yake inogona kuwanikwa Holbein Album muna
1866. 28 uye Holbein 1866 I. 319, kubva izvo kunze kare 26. 27 dzakanyorwa mazwi
akadzama kuyemurwa of Dresde Madonna zvakakwana chingava kumhanya
zvinotevera okugumisa mutongo: "Zvisinei, ndinoda hazvo kufanana meno . kupa
kuDresden Madonna chiso vanosarudza anoshamisa uchangamire musoro rinenge
akanaka uye zvikuru sezvo vanekodzero sezvo -yevedza, soulful runako vamwe."
Zvadaro, humwe: ". In vose vakuru rapazasi boka Zvisinei, Darmstadt mufananidzo
zvakajeka mukuru ndiani akamboona ichi kamwe, zviso kuDresden kopi anowana
zvose upenyu uye zvakaoma kuenzanisa." [. Nokuti shanduro iyi] chete chete misoro
Darmstadt chirimwa anoenderana tricolor, inobva upenyu yokunyora nokudhirowa,
izvo akachengetedzwa ari muBasel Museum, raro chokuvimbika tinoshandisa uye
fineness; Baba naamai nomwanasikana uye. , , , Eben kufanana misoro vakawanda
vari Darmstadt mufananidzo vangu maoko uye kutaura mhenyu zvizere. Kurapwa
maoko chinombofadza nguva dzose nomuedzo Holbein . Nokuti ichi, zvakatoitika

pasi kukurukurwa kupiwa kuuraya.

"Chaiwo zvakwakanakira aro, chairwo nerunako, mumwe nomumwe [zvose
zvifananidzo]. Asi hwakaita kuDresden mufananidzo yepamusoro kukura pane
kufambira mberi inooneka, kufanana nechiso yose itsva Marie Zvisinei haana
chakanaka, asi yake isu zvinoita pano vemifananidzo akafanana aibva oneka,
pakupedzisira akafanirwa asi Darmstadt hazvo mutengo. zviri pasi epakutanga
yepakutanga, zvinoratidza kuburikidza gehends pachake ruoko tenzi wacho, ndiko
uye inoramba yakachena nemarara wokutanga. Saka ichi oga ane zvakazara kubatana
uye zvizere mashiripiti ane coloring, kuburikidza pacho anomira chinhu
yakaisvonaka isu nhaka pakati German kupenda zvachose. "
Enhoroondo zvakawanwa Woltmann 's pamusoro Darmstadt kopi inogona
kuwanikwa kutsivira kusvikira 2nd chikamu ake Holbein nezvokudzokera
sezvinotevera muna 1868 S. 452nd
"Mr. B. Suermondt muna Aachen kuverenga munyori atevere kucherechedza: ..
Hoet, Catalogus Van Schilderyen, Hague, 1752, rine muna Bi, peji 133ff ari"
Catalogus Van Schilderyen Van Jacob Cromhout, en motokari Jasper Loskart, verkogt
7 & . 8 May 1709, muAmsterdam "pano chinoitika:
24 yksi Kapitaal stucco, akasangana kaksi Deuren, verbeeldende Mariya
akasangana naJesu numro bvudzi ruoko, akasangana verscheyde knielende
Bulden 3) nait Leeven Van Hans Holbein. , , . FL 2000. Arondedzera hapana achava
nechokwadi kuti uyu aiva mumwe makopi Meyer kwakaita Madonna, wakange pano
pane mukuru mutengo; atari huru zvidimbu Rubens vakauya chete okisheni ane 1000
guilders. Uyewo imi musingadi kuramba kuti zita mumwe maviri varidzi, Loskart
pamwe Lssert ndiye akafanana, uye naizvozvo kuti muna 1710 vachiri riri kuna
Amsterdam uye vakatengesa kopi ndiye, izvo, maererano zvinyorwa Dr. Fesch ,
Remigius Fesch, Vahosi yaJakobho Meyer kuti muzukuru kuti korona dzendarama
100 kuna Lucas Iselin uye ichi 1000 Imperial (Reich Gulden) 4) vari thirties pakati
L7. Century kutengeswa Le Blon kuna Amsterdam, mimwe Le Blon
nokukurumidza 5) kwakanyarara kuna 3000 guilders Lssert sezvo Sandrart
kunoratidza ".
3)

D. h. Maonde.

4) Kwete Reichsthaler. Ona. Fechner, Archive for Z. K. XII. S. 223rd

5) "Kare kare," anodaro Sandrart, kuti asati apinda munzira kubva kuAmsterdam, uyo, sezvo Fechner AA 0. S.
210f. achimhanya, chinozova 1645th

"Zvino kuite Tomboti sezvo yaizoputsika kuti ichi aivawo kwakazoitwa zvichiitika
Venice uye imomo akawana Algarotti nokuda kuDresden mufananidzo Asi zvikuru
kunze kubva pakutanga katsamba kwatiri mumwe :. The kwazvo Heraldiker,
kuchimbudzi Dielitz, Secretary General of hwoumambo Museums muBerlin,
akatiudza kuti mumwe maviri riri pamatanda iri Darmstadt mufananidzo Coat mhuri

Dutch Cromhout akanga Uye Cromhout ari Loskaert vagari muridzi kuunganidza,
umo kupenda 1710 iri auctioned - .. ari Chakaita Darmstadt mufananidzo vari
vapfumi Baroque Style, zvirokwazvo yakatanga 1718 kuvhiringidza asati inoramba
chete kucherechedza chokuudzwa. "nemikova mbiri," "panguva ino asingaputsi
anogona kwakadaro havana kuwana apo zvaizenge zvichida kuti pakutanga mikova ,
aivapowo pakazovharwa kupenda uye yakashongedzwa majasi kwezvombo uye
zvakanyorwa. Zvichida izvi zvakanyanya wakaitwa panguva iyo okisheni uye
ndaitengesa. "
Zvadaro, iye dzinokanganisa vana Woltmann mutongo 's. Mune
kwokunwa Holbein (1868. 453: "Kunyange zvazvo akashuma zvakawanikwa kuti
kamwe zvakachengeteka wakaitwa matangiro [kuDresden] kupenda ari zvikuru
akavimbika, munyori anogona zvisinei kusarudza pakarepo, basa kopi gare neimwe
noruoko kuchengeta. The Madonna pacharo ruripo zvakare zvakanaka kuti, asi zvino
itsva uye rine simba nekupinza kuongororwa zvakakodzera. "
Mune imwe tsamba kuna Kinkel kubva March 1, 1869 (. Ltzow kuti Zeitschrift,
1869. S. 173), izvo neapo mashoko Woltmann substantially kuenzana 'rwakakonzera
mune tsamba kwandiri dating 13 March 1869 "Ndine zvikuru ari kuDresden
mufananidzo zvakare ( ) wabatwa Sept. 1868 muna kuonekwa: dzakaderera misoro
uye maoko hama yakaoma uye nesimba, Madonna musoro zvakanaka, asi
modernized chivara mbodza ari (ose tsika uye tsika) manyoro nemapfekero yakabuda
chete kuburikidza kusanzwisisa omunyori, muna Darmstadt. mufananidzo ndiwo
akafuka Madonna zvitema, chete yeyero varnish payo shimmers yebhuruu-mutema,
kufanana zhinji pakutanga yebhuruu background. Zvichida Algarotti kucherechedza
's zvakarurama, iye kuDresden kopi kunobva Holland, ipapo munhu imomo, kuguma
L7 pamberi. remakore. akaita kopi ... kuwedzera niche ari kuDresden pamufananidzo
haasi ... kuvandudzika asi Kushatiswa ukama. muna Darmstadt, murwiyo
zvinoenderana nenzira inoshamisa munyika zvapedyo yakabatana pamatanda. In
rokumusoro denderedzwagama ari pano chete bust iri Madonna kupinda akanyorwa
paaiva kuDresden mufananidzo dhayamita pamusoro iyo chinhu chakakombama
rinobuda, chete akaipa zvakakwana chirebvu akuvara. "
Mune Sddeutsche Press, 1869. No. 181. 185. 6. uye 11 August, yaisanganisira vari
kukoshesa mashoko Munich kwemasimba kare mifananidzo 21 July German, uye
zvikuru zvakafanana 1869. vari National Zeitung No. 357. August 4.
Pashure Pachine Chic Kung nhoroondo anoti: "The kuororwa the Darmstadt
mufananidzo zvichida kunyatsoti yaderera, somunhu taizotarisira, maererano
rinorema yellowish shimmering varnish inotaura izvozvo, asi kana ruoko ane
unyanzvi muraramisi akabvisa chete, saka zvingadai kushanda. ona pakubwinya
kwayo ekare, nokuti ari kuongororwa yakanyatsorurama hatina wakacherechedza
zvishoma retouching. mamiriro akakwana. mumwe anofanira kuongorora pamwe
rinokudza girazi payo akasimba okuti mune chimwe zvose kuitwa zvachose runako
yayo. yacho kuburikidza dzidzo, zvinoenderanawo munzvimbo dzose, ane
vakakwana, munhu repurasitiki mugumisiro panguva imwe chete kwechokwadi
sokunofadza kunzwa uye kutekenyedzwa zvakasikwa, izvo Portraits vakawanda

yakanaka Holbein dziri chete akanga kunonga 's ruoko. funga misoro vose pano
zvichienzaniswa ari kuDresden mufananidzo kuoneka yakaoma uye emapuranga
maoko, kureva mhandara, vaviri Kinderkrperchen, kunyanya tsoka Kristu mwana,
akatakura Maria mumaoko. Pamberi Darmstadt mufananidzo kwaisazombova kuedza
avo panguva dudziro kunge yakabuda kuti akarembera pamusoro Dresde
mufananidzo. Mukomana muduku ari kupendwa kwete chimiro, asi chose pashure
upenyu, asi zvikuru akakwana chimiro. No chikonzero zvingava pano kufunga
mwana anorwara. Hazvina basa kuti weepy chiso asi kunyemwerera munyoro, sevana
uye ushamwari. Asi sezvo guru ndiro ukuru Darmstadt kopi ose dziri kwakataramuka
nhengo. "(Hezvino shoma iri anozivikanwa zvinoreva.)
"Ndaona uye vakaongorora nomumwe mabasa maviri kakawanda, uye kuti ini zviri
pakupedzisira kuva chokwadi, Darmstadt mufananidzo haana zvose zvinoitwa
chairoiro kuDresden."
"Izvi zvinoratidza kwete chete musiyano pakurapwa uye kuurayiwa, asiwo
anoverengeka kusiyana nziyo. Vose vakadaro kuti munhu anoziva kuti kuchinja
kuDresden zvakagadziridzwa pamwe chinangwa kuvandudza nziyo."
Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kuyeuka inozivikanwa ndeechokwadi kusiyana
mifananidzo miviri, uye chidimbu kuongororwa mutsva kukura nomufananidzo
kugutsikana, izvo watopiwa nezvokudzokera ari kukurukurwa.
"Handina refu ruoko bucked ini kuti kutarisa kuDresden mufananidzo kuti kopi
Ukuwo, kunyanya aiva Kugamuchirwa Madonna musoro, izvo zvisiri zvakanaka, asi
manyoro uye munyoro kupfuura musoro mune mamwe maBhaibheri kuti
zvinoyemurika chaizvo. Asi chaizvo musoro ichi ndiye emakore
akapfuura Kugler akaita ano pfungwa. ichangobva pakuongorora kuDresden
mufananidzo akandiita okupedzisira nokuwa, kunoratidza kwandiri kuti
haana Holbein amene akadzokorora kuDresden kopi uye kuti dzakatangira nguva
gare gare. nezvikonzero zvose, izvo zvinopa kurapwa, kuchiri inosvitswa chaizvo
akawedzera, mumwe anenge pachena. pakupfeka Musikana ari Darmstadt kopi iri
yebhuruu. nokuchinja, iyo Smalteblau kunoramba pachena chete, uye yellowish
varnish ine greenish Hue, zvisina akasiyana asi chepakutanga mhepo-yebhuruu
background, kugamuchirwa. chete nokuda kusanzwisisa ane mukopi akazotevera
kunge zvakatanga muna Isai kuDresden Madonna iri yakasarudza girini, zvinopokana
panguva iyi tsika zvose . "
"Apo Darmstadt zvichinja inonakidza Pentimento rave akawanikwa ...
[zvichingodaro Diskuss. Chap. II .... Wider.]"
"Chero Kopist aiva wemifananidzo nokunzwisisa kukuru uye unyanzvi
zvikuru. 6) Munyaya kurapwa iye condescended nomufananidzo nepfungwa
zvinogoneka kuvimbika uye akawira kunyange apo haana kuchinja basa. Zvinofadza
kubvunza, pane nguva pamusoro pashure-mufananidzo inogona akasikwa. rakasvika
kuDresden mufananidzo chaizvoizvo kuguma rechi17 kubva kuAmsterdam, saka
anonziwo zvikonzero zvakanaka kudavira kuti yakatanga panguva iyo kupenda yaiva
Holland. zvave zvichinzi kuti katsamba munhoroondo Meier'schen Madonna aripo

izvo zvinoita kutaura nokuita kopi, kunyange runonyengera, kutanga epakati kwezana
remakore rechi17. pashure Sandrart Le Blon vaitengesa Madonna pana Lssert, shure
Journal of Remigius Fesch asi zvakanaka kuudzwa kuti Queen Marie of Medici.
zvakanga Fesch, saka saka nhaka anazvo Le Blon vane mufananidzo kaviri. Tinoziva
kubva panguva ino anoshanda sezvo maberere mifananidzo David Teniers , umo iye
anomirira Sle kwokushandisa Galleries uye nerimwe yakaturikwa mifananidzo
ndehwokuti kupa kwakaderedza kopi kunoshamisa kuvimbika. Asi hatina zvisaririra
zvose evanyori, vakakwanisa rinorondedzera pastiche changamire ichi kuti voruzhinji
ane kwemazana emakore kusvikira nhasi, kunyengerwa. "
6)

Maererano norudzi nguva. "Azere nomudzimu, kuravidza uye kunzwisisa muenzaniso".

" Holbein 's Darmstadt Madonna ndiro basa iro munhu anogona kuwana hapana
mugumo pakudzidza uye ichichiyemura. Kakawanda uye kazhinji unogona taona
mufananidzo, funga vanoziva zvose, asi mumwe kumutsidzirwa avezve nehanya
nerunako kuti imi kure kusiya kucherechedzwa, kupinza kudzika achipinda itsva
zvakwakanakira pamusoro kuDresden mufananidzo wechokwadi. ndakanga mazuva
mashoma apfuura neshamwari kuti [Br. Meyer], iyo yaakatorera pamusoro
[concurrent pamwe kwemasimba akare mifananidzo] International Art kuratidzwa
ichi anosiya bepa pamusoro risati kupenda .. .. Apo kuenzanisa pamwe rakapa
fidha Steinla 'kutonga achiita zvokutemera uye Photography kubudikidza Schurig '
fura kuswedera kubva kuDresden mufananidzo isu vakabuda, shanduko vakaitwa
muna mavakirwo niche kuti ziso tenda shoko kwakatungamirira mumwe, uye pane
imwe nguva pfungwa yakanga zvakava pachena kwatiri, panguva iyo takanga kare
akafunga, uye iyo munhu anogona kuita fananidzo kuDresden mufananidzo,
kunyange pasina kuti, hazvina kunaka, nokuti ichi vakavimbika vake vaviri uye
zvakakwana chienderane Reproductions zvakakwana. The kutsaudzira ari
Architectural - ndiwo mugumisiro itsva - vanomirira nechimwe kosi kuti simuka
pakusanzwisisa chepakutanga ".
"Tatoona ... [zvichingodaro Diskuss. Chap. V.) ... Have."
Imwe mhinduro Woltmann 's pamusoro E. Ranger ari mashoko nomufananidzo
wedu sezvo No. 3 pfungwa.
9) Dr. Fechner.
Muzvinadzidzo muLeipzig (1866 1868 1870).
Ini F mukati, muzvikamu zvitatu muna Naumann Weigel Archive. Drawing. K.
1866 XII. 58 193 uye 1868 XIV. 149 (pamwe Dzakawedzerwa kurongeka.
Corrigendum 1869 rakabudiswa XV. 97) bepa, iro pfupi akaiswa hurukuro sezvo kare
yekutanga, akatorwa pamwe chete nderechokwadi mubvunzo panyaya, uye pashure,
muna April 1870 muna Leipziger Kunstverein wakaitwa hurukuro, mumwe
resmierende bhuku iri mubvunzo uyu Grenzboten 1870. II. 41 rakabudiswa. Kubva
nhoroondo yakanyorwa muna N.-W. Archive migove miviri yokutanga
zvakatobudiswa yoga rupawo. Wokutanga (Arch. XII. 58), izvo izere rokutanga
kudhinda enhoroondo mashoko ose Fesch, pamwe mubvunzo chokuita dudziro bhuku
iri Baselsche ruoko richiswedera No. 65 (Arch XII 1..) Pasi title: kududzira uye

nechokwadi nhoroondo Holbein 'utongi Madonna. Lpz. R. Weigel, 1866; wechipiri

(Arch XII 193rd.), izvo dzimwe nhoroondo manyuko pamusoro mufananidzo wedu
gore l866 sezvariri chaizvo vanekodzero: The zvenhoroondo dzekare uye
kwakadzama pamusoro Holbein 'sche Madonna. Lpz. R. Weigel, 1866. The wechitatu
(Arch. XIV. 149), mumwe kwokunwa yapfuura migove miviri, izvo
kuvatsva Woltmann 'kutonga Zvakawanikwa Wornum ' kutonga rine kurwisa
zvichingodaro haasi kunyanya akazviratidza.
Tichidzoka zvirimo vorstehends mabasa ataurwa akadhindwa zvakadzama pano,
hakusi zvakakodzera, sezvo chii chichiruma muna mubvunzo wedu, substantially
unoratidzwa uye chete pashure zvishoma nouchapupu noukama zvakachinjwa
nemagwaro aya akapfuura. Chete zvinotevera zvinofanira kucherechedzwa.
The Woltmann Ndaishandisa 'kutonga nhoroondo zvakawanwa (Arch. XIV. 152)
kunyange vaiona zvikuru hunogutsa kuti marara ose Darmstadt kopi dzakavamba
mhuri, kana ndinogona tsvaka rakapinza Watching navo ikozvino, asi kuti
zvakawanwa izvi ndizvo zvinopfuura zvichida (kuda kutaura chokwadi)
nderechokwadi kuDresden kopi, akatorwa substantially chete zvikonzero sezvo vari
aired zvakare gwaro rino, nedziviriro. Munguva rondedzero iri Grenzboten achiri
anogona kuona hanya, musi Bruno Meyer zvisipo kuti achitokuudza kuti bepa Ini ane
neapo epistolary kucherechedza kubudikidza MrWoltmann chikwereti. The
Darmstadt-mufananidzo I (pashure pfupi dzokutambura Kukurukura kuDresden)
kutanga August 1867 ari Studio pamusoro Professor Felsing ; paakaita ake kudhirowa
chingamubatsira, ari Photographierung kwayo, ipapo kaviri, muna August uye
September 1869 akatamira Munich kuratidzwa, tichifunga.
Chikero 1866 s. No. . 4
10) Ralph Nicholson Wornum
Gallery inisipekita muLondon (1867).
Munyori anotora basa rake "Vamwe nhoroondo youpenyu uye mabasa Hans
Holbein. London 1867" kubva p. 164 kutaura Darmstadt maBhaibheri uye anoramba
rairatidza nekuonekwa kwayo:
"Mufananidzo uyu vanowanzoiti wakaitwa kuti Holbein kuti Paaidzidzisa, asi
nyika yave kumanikidzwa kutonga kubva muduku kudzokororwa kana pane
kutevedzera, muna kuDresden Gallery, wellknown kubva Germany kuburikidza
wakanaka lithograph yaigadzirwa nayo Hanfstaengl."
"Zvino kuti ndine mukana (kuburikidza hwakaipa, nokuti mufananidzo
disavantageously akarembera) pamusoro pokutsvaga ichi Darmstadt muenzaniso,
pfungwa dzangu thatthat muna kuDresden Gallery yaiva kopi akatsinhira. Kunge
zvakakopwa anenge 1530 Zvichida kuburikidza mumwe mudzidzi ari rokupenda,
nokuti vamwe bazi mhuri, kunyange 1 kuona chikonzero nei hazvifaniri dzakazouya
matangiro Under chero ezvinhu izvozvo anozviratidza kwandiri somunhu kopi, kwete
kudzokorora kana yakatofanana naHolbein pachake ;. pane zvikamu mairi akaita
Holbein inogona kuenzana kunge kupendwa. The kusiyana maviri makuru, ari
kutaura, muna coloring, uye kuurayiwa. Pane zvakawanda hunhu vari vakuru

Mhandara uye mwana mumaoko ake, uye zvirokwazvo munyika yose vakuru
Darmstadt mufananidzo; dzayo coloring ndiko Browner, uye mashoko ndiwo ose-apo
munhuwo raidudzwa, rudo kunyanya vari musoro-nemapfekero mwanasikana, uye
kapeti: Chokwadi rune zvavo ukuru chairoiro pedyo natenzi kukuru , pamusoro kopi
kubudikidza kuti akaderera rokupenda: dukusa chikamu kuDresden muenzaniso
wokuva musoro uye pamitsipa Madonna uye kutaura mwana mumaoko ake. The
Madonna, mune dzimwe vachiedza kuti ndishongedze kwaari, rave vakarasikirwa
dzinongoitika simba, uye zvakaneta idealized, uye mwana anofara yepakutanga, une,
kuburikidza incapacity kupfuura chimwe chinhu chipi nechipi, akashandurwawo saka
isina sevana okuti, kuti havebeen iziviswe kurwara kana kunyange akafa, nevamwe,
kunyange izvi pasinei yayo yose ruoko hazviiti zvakakwana. "
p. 167. "Uyezve, kukura kumashure-pasi mashoko vanochinjwa muna kopi, uye
Darmstadt mufananidzo une Zvechokwadi ane zvishoma mugwagwa wakatetepa
kana stumpy zvazviri, niche runonditsikirira zvakare kunyatsotevera pamusoro
Musikana, uye urema ichi kwave remedied mu ari kuDresden mufananidzo.
[Tevedzera ndeiya yakaita ratios] Of chinyorwa mufananidzo vaviri wakaita pana
kuDresden inoratidzwa rokumavirazuva zvinobatsira, apo dzimwe Darmstadt
unoonekwa rokumavirazuva disavantage. "
"The mufananidzo pana kuDresden hasnt emandiriri coloring yose Holbein dieser
madota, apo dzimwe Darmstadt ndomumwe yakanakisisa uye zvainyanya mavara ose
mabasa ake, haana kunatsiridza makara mumakore akazotevera" etc.
p. 169. inoda Wornum dzinovhiringidza chokuita pakutengeswa ezvinhu
chifananidzo kubudikidza Fesch uye Sandrart, 24 munyaya kukurukurwa S.
misstatement vanopidigura, uye anopfuurira zvadaro:
"Ndinogona chete azvidavirire nyongano kuburikidza kuzvitutumadza apo vari
nhaka yepakutanga anotenga John Loessert, mufananidzo vaikopa pamberi
chakanangana akatengesera mambokadzi-mai, kana Zvichida nokuti Le Blon
pachake, apedza nyongoroka kuparadzaniswa ne izvozvo, kopi ichi achipfuura gare
gare kuti Loesserts; uye akaita apo kopi akawana nzira yayo Venice sezvo isu
haveseen, chepakutanga vakawana nzira yayo kuna Paris, uye ikoko akarara
chichabuda kusvikira chakanangana rakawanikwa pedyo nyanzvi ziso M. Delahante ,
zvino akatumirwa kuGermany vendre uye vakamhanya saizvozvo Pakupedzisira
vakasvika nhaka wemhuri youmambo Prussia It inyaya zvakajairika kuwanika nokuti
hanya vakuru vemhuri kubvumira matavi vaduku kuti abvise neapo mhuri
mufananidzo. dzinomiririra kopi panzvimbo yepakutanga, uye vakamhanyira
saizvozvo yepakutanga zvingaparadzwa kana akazvidzwa, ukuwo kopi substituiertem
nokuti chinyararire aitawo sapamazuva yepakutanga; 1 zvino nyaya pfungwa, uye 1
vanodavira "Meyer Madonna " nhoroondo iri akafanana chaiye; uye wayo
mugumisiro zvakafanana. "
p. 170. "Kubva tsamba yakanyorwa kubva Hague muna June 1621, rakanyorwa Sir
Dudley Carleton kuna Ishe Arundel (akakurumbira nomuteresi uye admiror mabasa
Holbein), tinodzidza thatthere aiva mufananidzo naHolbein pana Amsterdam
Inodururwa Earl kutsvakwa asi . Ndezvipi Sir Dudley Akatadza kubudirira kuwana

anoti - "Pashure waytet yapfuura pane Y mae K. uye Q. weBohemia kuna Amsterdam
I ikoko ndakaona Y , e mufananidzo Holbein kuti yor L S. zvido; asi haagoni asi
obtayne izvozvo, kunyange indeavours dzangu wavte pamusoro payo, Pavanenge
chinyararire vanofanira Doe. " 7)
7)

Ona A Humwe mashoko tsamba iyi Ch. XV. It inobudiswa Sainsbury kuti Papers musi Rubens Pag. 290th

"Hapana Zvechokwadi hapana chikonzero chinokosha nei apa mushoma

shoulderstand kureva" Meyer Madonna ", kana hapana chikonzero chakanaka
chaizvo nei shoulderstand kwete, kutoti kungaratidzwa thal Both mienzaniso
vakanyarara muBasel muna 1621, hahungangovi, ZVISINEI, kuzivikanwa mumwe
wavo kunyange pakanga panguva akaita: kopi Iselin anogona havebeen inotengeswa
yake mupenyu, kunyange zvazvo izvi haribvumirani nepfungwa tsika ".
p. 171. Ataura nzvimbo Fesch'schen zvinyorwa, izvo zvinoreva mufananidzo yedu:
"An ndima inonakidza iri katsamba [pakati Fesch] ndiye akaita pamusoro
rokupenda John Ludi kana Giovanni Lodi vaikopa Fesch kuti manhamba maviri
boka, kana mufananidzo chii muna Nederlands: kuti akanga asina kudaro
kutevedzerwa mufananidzo yose, pamukova sametime? muverengi achava
akacherechedza-vakaita kuyerwa wakapiwa Fesch kururama, uye tsananguro ndiko
saka kukwana, munyori pachena kumbobvira kuriona. Kana ari Giovanni Battista
Lodi, iye yakataurwa Antonio Campi sezvo tenzi akanaka kwazvo, zvirokwazvo
anotaura zita rake zvishoma nevamwe sezvo Kuenzanisira colmo della perfetione uko
unyanzvi akanga asvika panguva yake. Lodi akazvarwa pana Cremona anenge 1580,
uye mukereke SS Egidio pamusoro Omobuone da guta riri atari-chidimbu
kupendwa naye muna 1611, rinomiririra Mhandara uye Mwana mukubwinya, pamwe
Saints Carlo uye Antonio Abate pazasi '. Lodi vangadaro akakurukura kuna Fesch
chokwadi pamusoro kutengeswa pamufananidzo Maria de' Medici. "
V. zino 1867. s. No. 7.
Fechner 1868. S No. . 9
11) Carl v. Liphardt
muFlorence. 1868
v. Liphardt , yairemekedzwa zvikuru voga connoisseurs, haana kutaurwa pachena
pamusoro nderechokwadi mubvunzo, asi ndima. Dental ini akaudza kuti ndiye
akanga abvuma kuva kwokutanga kupera kushanyira Darmstadt kuti nderechokwadi
Darmstadt; maererano richangopfuura cheki chifananidzo asi zvakafanana
vanobvuma, sezvo ane inotevera ndima kubva tsamba v. Liphardt
kwakaita kuti ndima.Zino (January 1868) ravanofanira.
"Nezvokushandisa Darmstadt Holbein 's iniwo ndiri ikozvino chose nechokwadi
ayo oga pashure ndakaona naye zvakare pasi akanakisisa ezvinhu. Zvakatora kurwa,
ndisati aigona kuchinja maonero asi kamwe yatova quasi chokunze zvikonzero

(zvikuru mangelhaftere muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano iyo uori nzira saka anoziva
Vaikopa vasingagoni sinkage - zhinji verstandeneres zvakadzama: makapeti peta8) ,
etc.) kurova, ipapo ndakagutsikana kuti chii yaindinetsa mupfungwa, kunyanya
pakuti ari meya, nemhaka murombo retouching ndiye. "
8)

Hakusi pachena kwandiri apo rinotaura izvi zvichiitirwa pano. F.

12) Dr. Herman Grimm

muBerlin (1869).
Paakaverenga Wornum 's uye Woltmann matambudziko Grimm' s kuna kuDresden
Madonna chinoratidzwa tsamba kwandiri dating 3 April 1869th
"Sei aigona vanoti kuDresden Picture munhu asiri Holbein, mutsetse haanzwisisiki
kwandiri. Ndakanga wokupedzisira Darmstadt kuwa katatu, maawa pamberi veko
paredhiyo. Ndakanga mufananidzo kuDresden Madonna muruoko kuenzanisa
mumutsara mutsetse. pamusoro mutsetse kunogona kuva nomumwe chinotsanangura
kuti boka mberi kusvikira yepamusorosoro, uti: kuziva zvakawanda
akanyatsokodzera chete zvaigona kuitwa tenzi pachake, kuvandudzika kazhinji
ainzwa saizvozvo akanaka uye akatunhidzwa kuti imwe nokukurumidza kupfuura
chimwe kupfuura munhu. hanya vakashamiswa. Holbein aifarira yose chinhu ari
mweya kutora kuitira kuti pave zvakare. "
"Mukupesana, ndine wokupedzisira chitubu ari kuDresden Madonna akadzidzawo
zvapedyo wiederholentlich. Basa iri rinogona, izvo kupenda anonetseka, zvachose
munzvimbo dzakawanda havana, Usati hakubvi kuna Holbein, asi nokuda tenzi,
mumwe nzvimbo pamusoro ichocho bhodhi . akapendwa zvokungoitawo
wokugamuchirwa anofanira saka afunga zvino, ndinoona: Holbein vakakwidza
bhokisi mutsva, basa rakanga akapendwa pamwe nevadzidzi vake uye iye akaita
saizvozvo yakawandisa sezvo aida duchte ".
13) Gottfried Kinkel
Professor muna Zurich (1869).
Munyori ane iri kuratidzira Wornum 'kutonga uye Woltmann ' kutonga Holbein
-Monographie, muna Lutzow-Seemann'schen Zeitschrift. . Add Arts Fine 1869. Issue
6. S. 167 zvikabatanidzwa nderechokwadi mubvunzo mufananidzo yedu inotevera
nomutowo muziso: Anotorera chekutanga pasi 5 nhamba nhoroondo yose Fesch uye
Sandrart kuti muChikamu 6 chingarangarirwa sechinoitika kuzivikanwa pano pasi
Anhalt Wornum 's uye Woltmann zvabudiswa dzayo' s, uye inofamba pashure iye
akasimbisa kupikisana kuti Fesch mufananidzo kwedu Leblon kuna Maria Medicis,
izvo zvisati zvaitika akanga (anenge 1606) ne nhume avo vanoda kutenga, Sandrart
asi vanogona kutengesa kuna Lssert, saka pamusoro:
6) "godmother ane upenyu Holbein 's akazviratidza pamberi nyaya Erasmus Praise
upenzi 1676, aiziva zvose vane manyoro Fesch kwaanoziva uye kuzoona
mukurumbira; .. vhoriyamu Sandrart wokutanga yakabudiswa gore yapfuura Patin,
ane basa ari angorukwa kusina pasina kupikiswa, akadzidza [ona?] the siyana

nezvemashoko maviri Fesch uye Sandrart, uye anogadziriswa ichi siyana jovial,
achiti: Le Blond akatengesa pamufananidzo 1,000 florins kuti Lssert 9) , iri kumativi
3000 kuna Mariya Medici. uyo haaoni kuti iri pfupi rubatsiro? Le Blond, mumwe
speculator muna zvifananidzo, mufananidzo muBasel atenga 1,000 florins, uye kuti
ave nokudzikinurwa chete mutengo kuna Lssert, zvokuti anouya katatu uwandu
kuna Maria anogona kutengesa Medici! "
9)

comp. kureva kucherechedza nhaurirano p. 24

"Zviri pachena: Kunyange Le Blond ari nhaka chifananidzo chacho, kaviri

mufananidzo peanoita anotengesa makopi maviri, umwe Lssert, mumwe yakabereka
musi Marie of Medici The nokufungirana iyoyo kopi yakaitwa, asi - uye pano ...
anogara pakakoromoka mu Pedigree - wakagamuchira vaviri yepakutanga, Lssert
kana Medici, risingagoni kutsunga achibva kuruvanze zvinhu ".
"Uye akanga ari munyori? Wornum , akaona rayo asingarevi nhema ziso sharpest
yose muvhidhiyo, iye kunyumwira kune John Ludi, uyo chete iyoyo zvakakopwa
inofananidza maviri kubva mufananidzo Muduku Remigius Fesch. Zvingadai ipapo
zvichida Giovanni Battista Lodi kubva Cremona, umo mune Cremona imwe nzvimbo
altarpiece ( Wornum S. 171) naro, asi anoti kuti makopi maviri akarayira Fesch Ludi
ichi, izvo vachiri muBasel, kuti zvikuru mediocre mabasa. ".
"Zviri pachena kuti zvino kupfuura Pedigree nokuda mubvunzo pamusoro
nderechokwadi Photo maturo kana. Woltmann mu bhuku rechipiri (p 452; hunopa
uchapupu ane Amsterdam okisheni katarogu muna 1709 uye mumwe dzokurwa
maoko pamusoro Darmstadt pamatanda kuti kutengeswa Lssert mufananidzo
pamwe Darmstadt ndiye akafanana, saka inogara zvinofadza asi hazvisisirizve
dzinonetsa. Nokuti kana Lssert kana Maria mufananidzo chaiye Le Blond akatenga,
ndizvo vanogona kuwana mhuri muti akarurama. "
"Asi kana vari kutongwa connoisseurs zvose nokuda pezviri kwezvikonzero
Darmstadt mufananidzo ndiwo yepakutanga, kana kuratidza kuti anobva mumhuri
Lssert wacho, saka isu tichati: ane inotungamirwa Le Bland kopi ichi kutengeswa
Marie of Medici . ichi uyewo kuva kazhinji; zvakanga nyore kuisa kopi abvisa muna
kweBrussels, mambokadzi mugari, somunhu Dutchman, kuna Amsterdam, saka
panzvimbo pacharo, akararama uye kubva ichi zvakare kunoita kuti kunyumwira
simba kubva kuDresden mufananidzo. izvo akatenga L743 ari Elector pamusoro
Saxony naMambo muPoland panhaka mhuri Delfino muVenice, uye ane Pedigree
akanga asingazivikanwi ikoko; zvikasadaro munhu aizofanira kuziva yaiye izvozvo,
asi kunyange 1741, makore maviri asati kuritenga, makaona kuti muridzi nezvazvo
akasvinudza meso mhuri mufananidzo Thomas More, uye zvichida ane Walpole chete
(Walpole pana Wornum ), S. 174f. Saka zvinoita sokuti kuDresden mufananidzo
chaizvo izvo inotungamirwa Le Blond akatengesera Medici kopi ndiye. "
"Against idzi Wornum pakarepo akawana kutendiswa balked Woltmann kunyange
paakanga Directory pamusoro Holbein 'akabudiswa vaJehovha mabasa; zvino anoti

mushure Kuongorora kuDresden kopi uyewo nokuda chokwadi kuti pava paya
kutevedzera uye kwete pasi wechipiri Holbein ' ari vakaurayiwa kwaJehovha
cherechedzo . " 10)
10)

Nokuda kwaizvozvi, pasi No. 8 akataura choRugwaro Woltmann.

"Akakurumbira 'kududzira Tote" Saka uyewo kuitwa Darmstadt, mwana anoona

pamusoro ruoko Madonna haana kurwara. Asi utano kubvira, hongu, izvozvo
Anonyemwerera, uye mwana anorwara kana aparadzana, vakatakura Madonna
pamusoro maoko, anogona saka Holbein vasisiri kutaura 's pfungwa. "
14) William Schmidt
muMunich (1869).
Mune "Munich. Kupera August" yomusi musangano Munich kwemasimba ekare
mifananidzo iri Lutzow-Seemann'schen Zeitschrift. 1829. Issue L 2. S. 388 anoita
munyori wokutanga vose ichangopfuura maonero Woltmann 's pamusoro
inauthenticity ose kuDresden kopi, uyewo yechitanhatu munwe kuruoko rwake
rworudyi akashama Knableins chii Handimupinduri wake nechekare
achikurukurirana muna nhaurirano, uye ipapo anopfuurira: "Mweya [Darmstadt]
mufananidzo dzakapendwa pamwe zvikuru hwakasimba impasto, uye kwazvo
yunifomu, magadzirirwo bvudzi, ndarama zvishongo kapeti vanyatsohuongorora,
kunyange kwete Dutch delicacy. akarambazve angabvuma sezvinei kuva kuti
hurukuro iri duller uye zvishoma witty pane ZVAKAITIKA Holbein 's (kubva
pamakore 1533 u. 1541), izvo va Suermondt itsva yakanga pamberi pedu.
Mukuwedzera, zvikuru yeyero varnish unotema zvino uye zvino maburi shoma vave
plugged zveufende, asi izvi hazviiti avhiringidzike mugumisiro. Three
okuwedzeredza hunopa Woltmann pakuti rondedzero pamusoro, mbiri, ndinofunga
zvakarurama, wechitatu nokusaruramisira. ari shure mukadzi meya, Anna
Tschekaprlin, Knieende Zvisinei sokunge W.akaona kuva vashakabvu vaimbova
mukadzi. Iye akarurama okuti chimiro mavakirwo Darmstadt kutevedzera zvikuru
kunzwisisa uye Renaissance ndiye maererano. Asi kuti wemufi gare gare achiri. , ,
[Nezvimwewo hurukuro Chap. II.] Anopa. "
15) Theodor great
rokupenda uye purofesa kuDresden (1869).
The kuDresden Artist Big, ivo loggia ari Leipzig Museum chikwereti
Pamifananidzo ayo akanaka, ane, mushure anonyatsoongororwa ari Darmstadt
mufananidzo panguva Munich kuratidzwa, uye pakarepo pashure pokunge adzokera
uyewo pasi kuDresden rutsva kuenzaniswa kudzidza, kuti, dzangu Zvisinei,
vashomanana chete vhiki pashure yakanyorerwa kwaari kufadza kwandiri (27 Sept.
1869) dzinomutevera yakanyorwa nayo.
"Chokutanga, ndinofanira kutaura kuti kuDresden mufananidzo ndinoona kuti
muchechetere. Rokutanga chaioneka musiyano ndiye ruvara inooneka kwazvo yero
muna Darmstadt-achiumba pasi yekare varnish, asi zvingave vamwe exfoliated
dzinokosha chena jasi mberi akapfugamira . musikana, mumwe kuDresden kuona
ruvara zvakafanana Zvakadini sezvo akabatanidza kuwedzera mapurani inyaya

yepamusoro mufananidzo wacho Madonna muna kuDresden mufananidzo uye

vamwe vanhu, saka anoita . mazino ndima akati pamusoro Exhaustive -. kuenda
wacho, saka mapopoma muna Darmstadt mufananidzo kunyanya kuti kure
chinoramba musoro Madonna zvakakwana chimiro uye mashoko mushure
kuDresden, kuti kunyange kupotsa kumbofanana pakati zvitima zvepanyama; imwe
chete chinoshanda kubva mwana mumaoko ake ari Madonna kuti asi kwete wistful
okuti reDresden ane. zvazviri, vose vakuru, akaisa mberi mufananidzo mwana kure
zvishoma yakachengeteka, saka kure sezvo ndakayeuka kuti zvakafanana
akasvibiswa yakati avhiringidzwa pamwe chete. Kutsutsa simba uye chinhu ndiye
ruoko Madonna. Zvose unoitwa zvinenge zvakafanana michina sezvo Dresde
mufananidzo.Nguo nezvishongo saizvozvo vakakwana. Mufananidzo misoro muna
Darmstadt pamufananidzo Ndinofunga kutarisa kuti akafanana, dzimwe nguva
havana dzakapendwa zvakasikwa pasina dambudziko;mumusoro wake yababa
nzvimbo izvo akafanana Madonnas musoro zviri isina kugadzirwa, zvinoita sekuti
mutorwa ruoko kuti vasvika pamusoro. In kuDresden mufananidzo zvose izvi
mufananidzo misoro njodzi, yakanyarara, asiwo vakasvimha kutonhora uye unotedza
nokuita chii chaizvo zvakanaka zino "inonyatsoenderana kwaJehovha
sevanakomana. Saka kuDresden Madonna kubudirira pachake kudzokorora pamwe
gereifterem pfungwa runako, muna Madonna uye mwana mumaoko ake, chete
nokuda rokupenda Chinangwa. Muchidimbu, Dresdenerin ini zvikuru nemasango
kuonekwa. "
Vamwe nomumukanwa Shoko Big iri kare vafunga S. 34 uye 36th
16) Joseph Archer Crowe
rokupenda uye nhumwa General muLeipzig 1869th
In Grenzboten 1869 2nd kwetemu No. 40 ndiko kuva wakasainwa pamwe C.
Article, yaiti: ". The kwemasimba mifananidzo kuburikidza dzekare
muMunich Holbein uye Drer ", sezvo Munyori-apa aikosha connoisseur yave
kuzivikanwa. Uye ipapo imi pano uchityaira mugumo yaisanganisira.
"Chokwadi chokuti isu vari Darmstadt mufananidzo huna pano vane yepakutanga,
hwakasikwa zvakanaka pamberi kuDresden, unofanira zvino zvimwe vasisina kunzi
nharo. The mibvunzo, izvo zvichiri akavamba zvikuru kusiyana kwemaonero, muri 1)
kana mufananidzo Darmstadt muna kudhirowa, urongwa uye mhando inopfuura kuti
ishamwari muna kuDresden uye 2) kana kuDresden mufananidzo
yakatofanana Holbein ndiye 's pachake ruoko kana mumwe wevadzidzi vake kana
pakupedzisira kunyange kopi akazotevera? "
"Kubva mativi akawanda hunosimbiswa kuti mitsetse mavakirwo uyewo zviso
Madonna uye mwana, izvo zvakasiyana pamusoro makopi maviri, kusvikira
kuDresden yaikosha kupfuura pamusoro Darmstadt. Isu isu tiri vakomana pfungwa
uye kumutsa nebope mifananidzo iri akavimbiswa, uye izvo tine chokwadi chokuti
ticharatidza isu zvakarurama. pfungwa iyo erheischt zvikuru ngadziteerere nepo
Tecknik. Zvichienderana kutonga, iro inotengwa pano, inomira kana mapopoma
okuti Holbein vanofanira kuva tenzi zvose mifananidzo. Asi pano, iwe uchaita
zvakanakisisa kumirira zvakananga kuenzanisa. "

Zvadaro, siyana mashoko pamusoro Kuronga Darmstadt mufananidzo zviri

zvishoma kure mubvunzo wedu 11) uye kwokutanga [Discussion Cape. II.]
Zvakarondenzwa ndima pamusoro vanoverengeka retouching nemufananidzo
uyu. Saka ramba:
"Tinoona iri ounyanzvi unyanzvi yaJohann Van Eyck uchikura nokupesvedzera
mberi rechi15 uye rechi16 emakore. It anosanganisa realism vatana Home Services
pamwe rinobvumirana kubatana mamiriro uye ruvara, iro ndiro akazotevera Artists
pachake. Drer ' S wakaoma nehasha uye ruzivo rwakadzama ane Holbein , asi
anofarira isu achishandisa chinyararire rokugadza unhu dzacho zvinyoronyoro okuti,
kubudikidza softness waro modeling, uye. Kunyange zvazvo iye anoita kuzara
mitinhimira kwayo kusvika pamwero runovabvumira ungamboti kuwedzera , asi
anoramba zvose venyama guru; .. chiedza uye mumvuri zviri zvinobudirira
kupararira, akauyisa zvose pamwe nevapfumi murayiro uye zvakajairika utsanana
mukati zvokukanda zuva kweItaly ari pamufananidzo, zvinonzi vakatenda kumira
pamberi Paaidzidzisa chechipiri Leonardo duku oddity Naizvozvo zvose zvikuru
achirova ndiwo mufananidzo haruzvitsvakiri, pasina unyanzvi nako kupfupikisa
maoko vanokweverwa, uye kuyemura rudo kuburikidza Education. zvisinei 5 minwe
panzvimbo 4 vari kuoneka panguva Handchen, iyo unopisa akapfugamira shure
kwake mukomana pamusoro ruoko mberi imire kapeti kupfeka mwana,
inoshamisa.Zvikasadaro kurapwa romuzvarirwo. "
11)

Pakati zvinotevera, munyori yaingowanikwa? "Angave abvumirwa vakawanda Vatsoropodzi kubvuma kuti
akashama mwana dzakaderera vanofanira kuuya kupfuura ichangopfuura scion weimba Meyer yaJehovha,
chaizvoizvo Us kutsungirira anoita pano pamusoro anogona nharo zhinji, kunyanya mubvunzo nei kubata
dzepedyo dudziro kuti hapana mumwe munhu asi muduku Baptist chinofanira vakatsvaka muna Knbchen
ichi? naro havafaniri kukanganwa kuti, pasina haloes akakodzera nhamba hazvina kucherechedzwa pano se
kumwe. "

"About matangiro uye nhoroondo chifananidzo chacho apiwa machisi muna

kuDresden akaita nezvatinovavarira kwazvo munguva ichangopfuura. Zvinhu
sezvinotaurwa Wake-Heusler , v. Dental ,Woltmann , Fechner vanodzidziswa,
ane Gottfried Kinkel yakabatana anotevera tangaizve, isu tibve kuti ikozvino kunobva
ndiye [. ichi kunotevera CV ane kubereka ndiko dispensable kuburikidza No. 13,
sezvamakaropafadzwa fuma raJehovha Kinkel akaudza mwoyo S. 65 nguva
nezveunhu Leblon kubva Sainsbury kwakaita Papers Anti Leblon fungidziro
chaizvoizvo izvi rinoti mamwe :.]
"Isu nechekare akataura kuti tinoda kumbosendeka chisarudzo musi kana
kuDresden mufananidzo kopi kana remavambo, zvimwe kusvikira nebope pamwe
Darmstadt Vamwe likes Actual asi ikozvino vawanikwa. The kuDresden kopi mudiki
vamwe, ari Gesamton ndiye paler uye rinoratidza kana upfumi coloring, kana rine
mavara ose akafanana ishamwari. pakupfeka ose kuDresden Madonna munyoro, ari
maoko vasina goridhe mwenje, saka zvikuru vanoyemurwa chiso zvinoratidza
yakasiyana chaizvo zvinhu uye nezvimiro kuti nhamba wavhomorwa pasi kubva
chipfuva pakureba, kureva kuti Kristu mwana asina akazorora mumuviri uye hudyu

amai, asi zviri pachena kuti ari munjodzi zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope pasi seri
maoko. uyewo, nguvo yapararira chete zvisingaoneki pamusoro meya ;. uye izvi
pacharo haana maoko ake pamusoro pamafudzi mukomana Musapfuudza rokutanga
Maria Kukodzera hadzi mufananidzo akapfugama mumumvuri yavatsvene, asi
anogamuchira chiedza zvizere pamusoro profile. The niche inonyaradza vanotanga
mainjisi mashoma pamusoro misoro uye jira pachayo yekudyidzana akatambanudza
mudenga, zvokuti anoumba hapana denderedzwagama; kapeti ndiye ruoko mapfupi
zvikuru uye ane ruvara vashoma. Kudeuka yomuzvarirwo asi vachasangana Child
Jesu. Izvi ane kuDresden saka dzakashata ruvara uye kuitira kuti kuora mwoyo
aussehn kuti unogona pamwe kunzwisisa mavambo kwose anozivikanwa asingabati
Ngano kuti mwana Madonna pachake akagara pasi uye vanofanira kutora varwere
gotwe Meyer pamusoro ruoko. Vakanga Darmstadt mufananidzo chete
munorumbidzirweiko mumwe dudziro iyi murwiyo kuti vapedza, kuti aizova takunda
nokuda munhoroondo unyanzvi. "
17) Karl Foerster
ducal. Council muna Meiningen, nezvimwewo (1869).
A Tsamba zvimwe AV. Musi Munich kwemasimba ekare mifananidzo iri
Schasler'schen Dioskuren 1869 No. 35. S. 272 rine zvinotevera noruremekedzo kuti
mubvunzo wedu:
"Kana kuedza kurwisa zvechipameso ... [zvichingodaro hurukuro Chap. IV]."
"Chimwe ndiye ari mubvunzo Darmstadt picture, nokuti pano ndinogona,
sezvambotaurwa, chete kubvuma kuti wekutanga gwaro uye
underpainting Holbein aiva 's basa, apo zvisakadaro ari po- kuoneka mufananidzo
chete rwake. pano simba, tenzi huru kukodzera, murwiyo ari compressed, vakuru
zvinhu chaizvo pamuviri, pasina muenzaniso wakanaka Holbein 's uye pasina
unyanzvi nokunzwisisa kwake aurayiwa zviri sezvazviri mirayiridzo tenzi
rinowanikwa kuDresden mufananidzo mukati maro. . pachokwadi kudzidzisa,
kunyanya kare zvikuru chimiro ari "mhandara" zvaidiwa chiso muri kutapira zvikuru,
anokudzwa munhukadzi uye munyoro, uye nhamba yacho ane chidhindo
chinyararire, utongi nyore, uye upenyu nomumwe kuburitswa misoro vari
akapfugamira nzvimbo navo dzikarongwa nhamba vane chinangwa kutaura
chokwadi, nomwoyo pauMwari. ari Darmstadt mufananidzo inopa pamusoro Allen
chinhu. "
"Kunyange kupfuura izvi, zvisinei, pachena kusimba uye zvikanganiso musi uye
nomuvhenganiswa zviri kwandiri ruvara unyanzvi uchapupu ndiro
zvandinoshevedzera Mweya Tenzi, pano ndiri kutsvaga rayo maitiro features, pano
ndinofanira waro peculiarity kumuziva pasina. iwe kugona kuwana chiedza, rinenge
zvakavanda akaurayiwa Touche Holbein wacho , ake dazzlingly inopenya, zvakajeka
ruvara kubva wakanakisisa impasto, raakanga asi kubudirira maererano nyore nzira
Championship wake mukuru maturo. pano ndiyo ruvara rinorema, wakarwadzisa,
impastierte simba saka sei isu kana Holbeinkana zvirokwazvo inowanikwa aimbova
unyanzvi nguva, asi ndezvevaya kuti papfuura nguva. izvi anditungamirira kuti
akachengeteka nechokwadi chokuti ichi, kunyange zvazvo zvakagadzirirwa

naHolbein, asi chete zvichida 80-100 yave ichiitwa makore gare gare zvikuru
muduku vemifananidzo. The rinorema, simba impastierte ruvara chakanyanya
unorema uchapupu. "
"Tinoona sei rokupenda remuSamoa kuedza Holbein 's sezvimwe unyanzvi nzira
yekuita ayo kusimba, nyanzvi contours obudisa nezvimiro pamwe nokunzwisisa
kuti Holbein akanga asvika pamwero wakakwirira kurovedza kwakadaro." "Kana munhu aiva nharo kuti gobvu turbid varnish kuchaita kuviga runako uye
kubwinya chifananidzo, saka anofanira kucherechedzwa Ukuwo kuti, kunyange kana
mumwe chokwadi ichi kuva vachazvidavirira asi hazvina kuoma kuti zvechokwadi,
tsime kujairana unyanzvi connoisseur ndiko rokuongorora pamwero icho varnish
kukuvadzwa mufananidzo mufananidzo. "
"Humwe uchapupu hwangu kwokukakavara ndiyo disparity iri hwokugadzira
kushandiswa mavara: Saka, somuenzaniso, tsoka rworudyi mwana, akatakura Maria
mumaoko, nounyanzvi kupendwa, zvikuru rworuboshwe ruoko ichishaikwa, saka
raggedly musi. uye kuuraya, uyewo pamuromo mwana uye mhandara. maoko
pfungwa kana pfungwa verisimilitude kana yakaisvonaka kuburikidza
nedzidzo Holbein 's uyewo musoro akapfugama chaipo mufananidzo munhukadzi
mufananidzo. musoro meya asi haana zvachose oumhizha kunzwisisa panyaya
modeling. ini vanotaura yokutsigira kwangu maonero vaviri yaiva kuna muBasel
vanodhirowa, pane zvidzidzo misoro, mumwe unova effigy ari meya Meier in
chiso vari, mumwe, kumusoro achitarira ko akafanana pano pamufananidzo.
yamambo. copperplate Cabinet muMunich ane vaviri chokwadi, akanaka kwazvo
Photographic mifananidzo. "
"Kunyange ari chiitiko kuti ini akamira nokusatya kwangu zvachose oga, ndingadai
ichiratidzwa kuita vanosimbirira nokuti ndiri muna zvakare yakadzika, vakanyura
mune Kururama kunzwisisa kwangu uye simba rangu nenharo, kuti kunyange siyana
kwekanguva. Zvinodzidziswa Dresde chokuita mufananidzo, ndakacherechedza asi
kuti ndine zvakafanana panguva wangu wemakore gumi ikoko nenhungamiro ose
kwazvo kudzidza panze. "
"Kuti uyu anofanira kuva zvandakatonga pamusoro zvimwe, vari kutevera Nhamba
Dioscuri Holbein zvichiitirwa dzakabatanidza mifananidzo chete inoratidzirwa, iyo
Chap. V ..
E. Forster, 1869, p. No. 3.
F. Hbner, 1869, p. No. . 5
18) Bruno Meyer
muri munyori muBerlin (1870).
Mune imwe nyaya Hildburghausener Ergnzungsbltter cherechedza kuvapo muna
1870 H. 1 u. 2, iro rinorarama uye mabasa edu Holbein inotsanangura zvachose,
zvingaonekwa kuwanikwa pashure mamwe mashoko enhoroondo uye rairatidza
pamusoro makopi maviri mufananidzo yedu hazvina zvakaguma zvinotevera kana
toreva pedyo nesu.

Munyori anoita. Chekutanga anoti pashure Woltmann Zvakawanikwa 's, iyo marara
reDresden chifananidzo dzakavamba mhuri asinganyimi zvakawanda Musono, ukuru
iri implementation iri Darmstadt mufananidzo "Allen" akazviona chakataurwa,
mumvuri pamusoro ratidza chiso kare somugumisiro kubudikidza akura
underpainting uye wechitanhatu nomunwe rimwe ruoko akashama mwana
dzakaderera, Zvinokosha Darmstadt mufananidzo, uye iwe unogona vachizobvunza
pashure zvakakomba kuva, "kana kuDresden mufananidzo
nokusingaperi Holbein angadai yakamuka 's Chivako" chii "zvinokosha uye
sezvinooneka kushanda chete kuisa mberi, mukopi ungadai zvarakasiya vakadaro
havana kubvumirwa, uye kuDresden Madonna musoro zvokuti yakanaka, chinhu
chokutanga pakusikwa uye Holbein 's akakodzera chete". The zvinonzwisisika
achinyatsoramba tikiti uyu hwakatangwa nemunyori sezvinotevera:
"Zvinofanira kubvumirwa panguva iyi undersigned, pasi ndakacherechedza ake uye
maonero panyaya iyi iye anotenda kuitwa kodzero kuita, sezvo zvose nzvimbo,
pamwe rubatsiro mbiri uri connoisseur -. In Munich Woltmann nhasi zvose
zvifananidzo saka anokurumidza - 's kuzviremekedza, sezvo refu uye kakawanda
akapa pasi wakakodzera ezvinhu akadaro uye ane upfumi rakadaro nomumwe
nokucherechedzazve uye manotsi, akaongororwa sei mukana yaipirwa musingabati
pamberi. "
First nokufungirana ipapo anoita munyori. First
rakarondedzerwa Wollmann panyaya iyi pachena girini Madonna kupfeka kuDresden
mufananidzo vakabvuma Neizvi Darmstadt mufananidzo kuti "nenzira inoshamisa
sanganisika" anotsanangura uye, dai mumwe kwose kwose [uyewo
kunyange Woltmann ] pakupfeka panzvimbo inonzi "rinokwanisa kucheneruka
mitema" ari Darmstadt Madonna, rinoti nemapfekero ona kuburikidza kubudikidza
pendi "saka zviri manyoro kunze kuti aizivikanwa Munich vemifananidzo
sezvinoputswa mutema reconnoitred". "Green saka - anoramba, sezvo vachiri sokuti,
mumwe anogona zvokufungidzira, wekodzero pedhi chifananidzo kuDresden akaona
yemapfekero uye dzakapendwa Naizvozvo sezvaakangoita." Saka ramba: "Zvino
mubvunzo ndewokuti, zvakadini nevaya zviviri akamboramba."
"The Darmstadt mufananidzo ari nhamba yakati Vakamanikidza; murwiyo
zvichiitirwa uye naye mumba, asi vanhu, kunyanya meya pachake uyo vanofanira
kukotama pazvakaringana mamiriro A ano sentient ziso aigona gumbuki uye mukopi
kuti. kupa kuti asike zvimwe nzvimbo iri kudzokororwa kana kuita nani rose kana
kuti kwete, haasi chokuita nesu ;. zvakanaka, zvisinei, kana kuchinja nguva
akatengesa munhu sentient uye kuumba Artist hapana shoma iri Darmstadt Madonna
anosimuka kuti pamafudzi.! uye pamwechete kwebasa rinofanira mwana musoro
semicircular conch of niche, mbabvu pakati dzemugungwa vakafanana nemwaranzi
kumativi musoro wake, izvozvo anozadza nzvimbo, uye akawedzera kukomba
vanoda kukusiyai kunze maoko avo uye mwana wose. ari kuDresden achiri anomira
kunyange naye musoro wose muna mhou dzakaipa uye buda ingangoita-wegumi
nomumwe pamusoro dhayamita wokunzwa curvature ari mwana inogara kunze,
nenzvimbo chinhu, kubatana pamwe goko chimiro akarasika, tainge vakakomba
vanoda kukusiyai kunze munhu pasina mufananidzo. Nekukura yose nzvimbo asi

mukopi yaitotarisira yavo nokugadzirwa nokuti aifanira kuratidza mapurani zvinhu

zvisina kumiririrwa iye Holbein. Nepo zvino vakafunga statically
nechavangapomerwa kodzero iyi Zvose inonyaradza ichishanduka cantilevered,
nechifukidzo pitikoti - hinlaufend yepakutanga tsime pamusoro inonyaradza - the
articulated mamiriro anovhara, inokura mashoko ari mamiriro zvakajeka
kucherechedzwa, zvose ndiye kuDresden mumufananidzo saka mhuka, saka zvose
utano mapurani Style kunzwa zvinopesana nokuda kuumbwa, kuti zvingaita kuti
zvisabvira Holbein mutoro kunzwisisa mavakirwo, nani kupfuura mawa muvaki
muGermany. akanga ane chinhu chakadai haagoni kuitika pasi meso ake; uye
kunyange zvaibvira chete panguva apo iwe havana kukwanisa nyore uye makuru
mapurani kunyora, asi zvikuru unorganized, frizzy, zvechokwadi wekuvamba ari
untrained ziso anodzimaidza zvizere. Saka zvatowedzera akawana chinhu yose
kuwedzera mukamuri, asi kuti meya anogona kugara zvishoma akasununguka,
Ukuwo yakarasikirwa zvakawanda, uye zvakawanda zvinokosha, asi chaizvoizvo
haisiriyo kuti zvakaoma chidimbu kuti mukopi.
. "To kutiudza Ongorora zvino kuramba wechipiri The kuDresden mufananidzo
inounganidzwa voga zvishoma nezvishoma kure, kubva pasi whacked, chete kutyaira
kapeti chaizvoizvo aisiririsa akaurayiwa pasina pavo; ipapo chando, mikukutu uye
yakaoma kupendwa akapfugama nenhamba rakasvika asi kutaura nokukurumidza
zvayo maoko uye misoro hakuna kupfuura zvavo Holbein . 'sche basa rokuponesa
jasi vedu Lady, tega ngano imwe hakumbofi chakaitika overpainting; mavakirwo
plunges nzanga kupfuura misoro yavo pamwe chete, uye Kristu mwana haagoni kuva
rombo zvakakwana kubvisirwa ;. kuriziva ane aisiririsa, kurwara mukurumbira uye
whiny, akafundumwara chiso, ukuwo Darmstadt mwana ari utano hwakanaka uye ari
Friendliest uye loveliest Anonyemwerera kuti dzakashata mwana musoro asi ane
inane pfungwa vakapiwa yayo mavambo, kuti mwana ari maoko Madonna nhengo
kurwara hwemhuri, imwe pfungwa vane zvakawanda ingi nebepa kuti versudelt, uye
chii vakanga zvirokwazvo vagara nguva dzose, zvino nokuda kuti Darmstadt
mufananidzo muduku hazvo sezvo anofanira kuva kwokutanga zvikuru yepakutanga
akabvuma zvechokwadi chete musoro, nokuti hachisisina chinangwa chawo. Saka
panotova ikozvino yose kuDresden mufananidzo chinhu asi musoro Madonna
akasiya, iyo ichiri zvaPauro kuedza kutaura. The undersigned zvino akahwina
kuburikidza akadzokorora zvakadzama nehanya uye kutsigirwa, kuwedzera kune
zvichibvira zvokunze zvinooneka, nokuda yakarovedzwa uye yakavimbika
ndangariro chiso maumbirwo uye emashoko chiso richinyanya kutendiswa iyo, vari
zvaanofunga, munguva pfupi nokuenzanisa mifananidzo miviri nerimwe Prejudice
mijenya uye Kukodzera kutonga kwaizoita kumanikidza mangoti kuti kuDresden
Madonna musoro chete kwete yepakutanga [zvichingodaro hurukuro chap. III kwete.
Of]. Kutonga izvi hazvisi sezvo chisimba sezvo chokwadi vakauya yapfuura pfungwa
nezvokusakwana, uye vari saka provisionally kunyanya nevaya vari Darmstadt
mufananidzo haana kana kuziva zvechipameso chete, akapokana uye zvichida
kusekwa; asi nguva achapiwa ainyatsoratidza mubvunzo. "
"Inoramba kwatiri chete maviri ;. akasiya Kuti kutaura zvatinoda nekuti Chinyarara
akanaka pamusoro kuDresden mufananidzo, uye kutsanangura sei ndiye une kuramba

simba chero ari kuDresden mufananidzo, wokutanga, pasina mubvunzo paya kopi
pasina kamutsetse pamusoro Holbein ruoko 's, uye, tiri akawedzera, kunyange mwero
chaizvo kopi. nezvimiro vasina rounding, ivo akamendwa inopendwa kujeka uye
pasina richiswedera, vakuru havana upenyu uye vari coarsened maoko tisanzwe
ndivo emapuranga uye kusagadzikana. mavara vasina simba, ivo neguruva, chalky,
wose anoita simba Mat pfungwa imwe cake mufananidzo, kuwirirana chinoshayikwa,
iyo inechirevo chepakutanga. kushaya kunzwisisa mapurani, mumusoro huzivikanwe
kuri pfungwa Petite uye hunhu ruvara nemafungiro inosiya kwechinguva sokuti
chokwadi kuti mufananidzo haasi mukuru zvikuru pane ayo nhoroondo
vanopupurirwa, uye kuti tinoona maari basa kubva wechipiri rechina decennium
ramakore rechi18 pamberi pedu. "[Maererano neizvi, Kap.V. ambotaurwa
pfungwa; zvino anopfuurira:] The yakawanikwa Venice kuDresden mufananidzo
zvinofanira kugamuchirwa munyika chive pakati kuripwa bhenga Avogadro
maererano Kuyeuka mutana muAmsterdam. Sezvo kare katsamba ichi hachina
ukoshi, asiwo kurarama uyewo zvose ngano vakaramba zvavo nenguva vechokwadi,
saka pano Kuyeukwa Dutch kwakabva mufananidzo. Shure ruvhevhe ichi, uye
mushure manyorerwo ari kubuda kwayo vanowanzoguma zvinoenderana zvokuti
zvakanaka kuti chiitiko pamwechete, izvo zvakakonzera zvirokwazvo nebope uye
akataura nezvekubatsira yepakutanga yakatengeswa ekupedzisira muna 1700 kusvika
chinokosha mutengo florins 2,000 vari okisheni kuna Amsterdam, umo atari hombe
zvidimbu Rubens akawana 1000 guilders. "
"Kubudirira Its zvino, chepiri chinhu shoma pane chinoshamisa: chinoshayikwa
yepakuvamba pacharo akaramba kwemakore anopfuura zana, Holbein asi 's Madonna
ndeimwe mifananidzo dzisina kuparadza, kubva munhu, kunyange zvakaipisisa
mabasa kubereka achitungidza kukura uye simba yepakutanga pakunambwa
nezvakadaro. saizvozvowo akatora kuDresden mufananidzo pfungwa dzose, uye
yakanga senzira muenzaniso wakakwana hwakakwana, nekuti vakanga vasina
chikonzero nechokwadi nderechokwadi, uye hapana mukana kuenzanisa nawo
kunyange nani. kunyange ari Madonna kumunyomba tichienzanisa zvino dzava
akarembera mufananidzo Morett pamusoro Holbein mukati kuDresden
muunganidzwa dzavarwi akawira, sezvo iri sezvo basa da Vinci Leonardo akanga uye
navamweHolbein 's asvika kuDresden, sezvo pane vasingakoshi, kwete pane nyaya.
chifananidzo akanga zvechokwadi chinhu aifanira kumupa pasuo. naro akavhunduka
Vasingazvioni pedyo kubudikidza mazuvaano yake manyawi, izvozvo akasangana
pano mufananidzo airwara yekare inoshamisa zvakadini pfungwa yeshoko mutsva "
"Kana pavanotaurirana miviri Madonnas kuti ichi chaiva kwakaunzwa kuwa, sezvo
Tinovimba, mugore kuitika muna kuDresden zvivepo, iye kuDresden
ndiye" Holbein 'sche "Madonna mune nhoroondo kubvira ipapo sezvo dzinonakidza
Monument chete chikanganiso refu pa ".
Pakupedzisira, muna Kap.VIII. Kurukurirano ataurwa katsamba pamusoro kapeti.

J. Hbner, April 13-1870s. No. 5.

Fechner, April 1870 s. No. . 9

19) Jacob Felsing
muvezi uye purofesa Darmstadt (1870).
Chinokosha epistolary wacho Note maererano Pentimento muna Darmstadt
mufananidzo (pashure epistolary kudyidzana 15 April 1870), izvo, kana nevakawanda
kugamuchirwa, zvichida kupfuura yairwirwa hwokuti Zvinokosha Darmstadt
mufananidzo ichapa kukwanisa, zviri Chap. II. Kwakaita. Munyori pachake kunoreva
zvinoreva iyi Pentimento, pamwechete kuwedzera Handimupinduri: "akafanana neni
wokutanga aiva iye akadana zvakachinjwa kukura nenhamba uye Ishe V zino. Vade,
zvichiita hazvo tsanangura kuisa kwedu mufananidzo mashizha pasina kuda saka
paku Woltmann aenda. "[Comp. katsamba p. 115.]
20) Otto Heyden
dare rokupenda muBerlin (1870).
The chete OH akasaina munyori anorondedzera ari Berl. BSN. Of State uye
akadzidza zvinhu 1870 No. 271 rokuenda Darmstadt mufananidzo muna Darmstadt,
kwaakanga amboita maonero zvikuruWoltmann 's sezvo achiri yayo Holbein mabhati,
kuburitswa pamusoro nderechokwadi ukama pakati mifananidzo miviri, pashure izvo
Darmstadt mufananidzo haana chete zvakapfuura, asi zvose Holbein 's ruoko ari
kupendwa, ukuwo "matambudziko akawanda uye Misiyano mupfungwa uye maoko"
anoratidza "kuti kuDresden haana kuramba kubudikidza Holbein pachake, kunyange
noruoko unyanzvi chaizvo ruoko rinoitwa pasi pokudzora wayo". Naiyewo akawana
"kwete kuchangotanga retouching" iri Darmstadt mufananidzo. Izvi zvinofanira kuva
Cape. II. Automatic kwokusafunga kuti zvakanzi nechepadivi yomucheka uye glued
chete pamusoro pehuni.
Hbner. 1869 s. No. . 5