Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Shaft
Rotating
Speed
Journal
Bearings
instability
Blades
2x
Rolling Element
Bearings
Gear
3x
1 KHz
3KHz
25KHz
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
Relative Sensitivity
Frequency Range
30
dB
20
10
Frequency Response of Sensor
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
2Hz
10KHz
Frequency [xf0]
ConsiderSensorInstrumentCablesSensor Coupling
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
Sensitivity
Frequency
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
Vibration Pickups
Journal
Bearings
instability
Shaft
Rotating
Speed
2x
Rolling Element
Bearings
Blades
Gear
3x
1 KHz
3KHz
25KHz
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
Hand held
probe
Magnetic
holder
curved
surfaces
VIB 6.12X
VIB 8.660
VIB 6.140
VIB 6.140
VIB 8.606
VIB
8.680
SET
VIB
8.685
SET
VIB 8.736
10
5
Hz
10k
36k
2
1
Hz
20k 36k
10
2
1k 2k
36k
Hz
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
15k Hz
Stationary Signals
- Vibration from rotating machines
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
Amplitudo
vibrasi
frekuensi
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
1. Unbalance
Sebanding dgn
ketidak balance,
dominan pd
radial (2x aksial)
1 x rpm
Single
reference
mark
Kondisi sering
ditemui
f
1x
Ve = 13
Vf = 13
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 7
Af = 8
Va = 4
Vb = 3
Vc = 4
He = 15
Aa = 3
Ab = 4
Hf = 15
Ac = 5
Ad = 5
Ha = 4
Hb = 5
Hc = 3
Hd = 2
Vd = 4
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
2. Misalignment
kopling atau
poros bengkok
Dominan pd
aksial, 50%
atau lebih dari
arah radial
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
Ve = 3
f
1x
2x
Vf = 4
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 4
Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 10
Vc = 10
He = 4
Aa = 7
Ab = 15
Hf = 3
Ac = 15
Ad = 7
Ha = 5
Hb = 10
Hc = 10
Hd = 5
Vd = 4
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
10
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
Tidak stabil,
ukur percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
probe
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
4x 10x..
Tdk tentu,
Berubahrubah
A
Vibrasi akan timbul
apabila bearing sdh
parah. Gunakan
vibrotip / shockpulse u
deteksi awal
Ve = 5
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
f
1x
2x
3x
4x
Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 4
Af = 2
Va = 2
Vb = 4
Vc = 5-10
He = 4
Aa = 4
Ab = 3
Hf = 4
Ac = 10-15
Ad = 5
Ha = 3
Hb = 3
Hc = 5-10
Hd = 4
Vd = 3
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
11
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
Tidak stabil,
ukur percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
probe
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
4x,5 x,6x
PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
Tidak stabil,
ukur percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
probe
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 3x
or greater
PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
Tidak stabil,
ukur percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
probe
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 3x
or greater
KETERANGAN
Excessive
Internal
clearances
Bearing
turning on
shaft
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
Excessive Clearance
normally accompanied
by FTP modulating
other frequencies; can
also sifnificantly affect
balance sensitivity
f
1x
3x
4x
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
Frequency 3X or
greater is the
predominant multiple
f
1x
Bearing
turning on
shaft
2x
2x
3x
4x
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
Frequency 3X or
greater is the
predominant multiple
f
1x
2x
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
3x
4x
12
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
7. Mechanical
looseness
(Housing
bearing aus)
Tinggi pada
aksial
2 x rpm
2 referensi Sering
agak kacau bersamaan dgn
unbalance /
misalignment
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
f
2x
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
13
Frequency
1-6X
Clearance
Defect
Remarks
Excessive internal
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
14
fnat =
x
Machine vibration
1
m
1
l
1
d
1
a
c = stiffness
)
m = Mass
Material crack
plastical / elastical
deformation
fnat,B
fnat,
2
1
Example
l
1
l = n m
f x 1/1m
fnat x 30 Hz
d = n 1 mm
f x 1/1 000 m
fnat x 30 000 Hz
a
f
fnat
1 000
10 000
36 000
100 000
= n m
x 1 / 1 00 000 m
x 3 00 000 Hz
flog / Hz
velocity
sound
shock pulses
Copyright
2004- PT. Putranata Adiacceleration
Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik
AG, Germany ultra
PART
2 emission 15
Velocity
Acceleration
Speed /
Rolling speed
Shock
Pulses
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
16
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
4. Sleeve, metal,
Jurnal bearing
(friction
bearing) /
eksentrik
Tidak besar,
aksial
lebih tinggi
Single
Ve = 4
f
1x
Vf = 4
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 4
Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 7
Vc = 3
He = 4
Aa = 7
Ab = 15
Hf = 3
Ac = 4
Ad = 4
Ha = 3
Hb = 8
Hc = 5
Hd = 3
Vd = 5
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
17
Sleeve bearing
Posisi seharusnya
pada saat setelah
alignment
Ball bearing
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
18
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
5. Rodagigi
buruk atau
bersuara
Rendah, ukur
kecepatan &
percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
Sangat tinggi
Jumlah gigi x
rpm
Tdk tentu
Awal rusak
bersuara, semakin
lama keras.
Vibrasi biasanya
dalam toleransi.
Ve = 7
f
2x
1x
3x
4x
tooth
Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 8
Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 3
Vc = 7
He = 6
Aa = 3
Ab = 4
Hf = 4
Ac = 8
Ad = 9
Ha = 3
Hb = 2
Hc = 7
Hd = 7
Vd = 7
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
19
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
6. Gear mesh
buruk atau
bersuara
(pada saat
start / stop)
Rendah, ukur
kecepatan &
percepatan,
gunakan accel.
Sangat tinggi
Jumlah gigi x
rpm
Tdk tentu
Sering terjadi
pada saat
pemasangan
f
2x
1x
3x
4x
tooth
Ve = 7
Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 8
Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 3
Vc = 7
He = 6
Aa = 3
Ab = 4
Hf = 4
Ac = 8
Ad = 9
Ha = 3
Hb = 2
Hc = 7
Hd = 7
Vd = 7
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
20
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
7. Mechanical
looseness
(Housing
bearing aus)
Tinggi pada
aksial
2 x rpm
2 referensi Sering
agak kacau bersamaan dgn
unbalance /
misalignment
Ve = 3
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
f
2x
Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 4
Af = 4
Va = 4
Vb = 12
Vc = 5
He = 4
Aa = 3
Ab = 15
Hf = 2
Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 3
Hb = 12
Hc = 5
Hd = 4
Vd = 5
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
21
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
8. Mechanical
Looseness (Pondasi
kendor dudukan
lemah/karatan
baut kendor)
Tinggi pada
vertikal
Kurang dari
1 x rpm
Tdk tentu
Kencangkan baut
Untuk memastikan
f
<1x
Ve = 3
Vf = 2
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 4
Af = 3
Va = 9
Vb = 10
Vc = 5
He = 3
Aa = 3
Ab = 4
Hf = 4
Ac = 2
Ad = 2
Ha = 2
Hb = 4
Hc = 2
Hd = 4
Vd = 3
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
22
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
9. Mechanical
looseness
(Pondasi
melengkung)
Tinggi pada
vertikal,
horizontal &
aksial
2 x rpm
2 referensi Sering
agak kacau bersamaan dgn
unbalance /
misalignment
Ve = 3
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
f
2x
Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 4
Af = 4
Va = 9
Vb = 12
Vc = 5
He = 4
Aa = 7
Ab = 6
Hf = 2
Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 13
Hb = 14
Hc = 5
Hd = 4
Vd = 5
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
23
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
Tdk
tentu/berpulsa
1,2,3
atau 4 x
rpm belt
1 atau 2
tergantung
frekuensi,
tdk tetap
Biasanya terjadi
karena belt tdk berada
pada tempatnya secara
sempurna.
Belt
Ve = 8
f
1x
2x
3x
4x
Vf = 4
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 8
Af = 3
Va = 3
Vb = 2
Vc = 10
He = 7
Aa = 2
Ab = 3
Hf = 2
Ac = 10
Ad = 10
Ha = 2
Hb = 4
Hc = 10
Hd = 8
Vd = 10
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
24
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
25
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
11. Elektrikal
2 x rpm lebih
tinggi daripd
1 x rpm.
Single/
rotate
double
mark
f
1x
Ve = 3
2x
Vf = 2
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 3
Af = 3
Va = 7
Vb = 6
Vc = 4
He = 3
Aa = 6
Ab = 7
Hf = 1
Ac = 5
Ad = 5
Ha = 8
Hb = 8
Hc = 5
Hd = 3
Vd = 3
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
26
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
27
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
12. Gaya
aerodinamik /
hidrolik
Tinggi pada
vertikal atau
horizontal
1 x rpm atau
jumlah sudu
atau fan atau
impeler x
rpm
Tdk tentu
f
1x
Ve = 14
Jml x
Vf = 13
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 7
Af = 7
Va = 1
Vb = 2
Vc = 4
He = 13
Aa = 1
Ab = 3
Hf = 14
Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 2
Hb = 2
Hc = 3
Hd = 4
Vd = 4
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
28
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
13. Gaya
reciprocating
Dominan aksial
1 x,2 x rpm
atau lebih
Single,
double,
triple
Pada mesin
reciprocating
bisa ganti
desain/isolasi
Ve = 2
f
1x
2x
Vf = 2
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 3
Af = 3
Va = 7
Vb = 8
Vc = 3
He = 4
Aa = 6
Ab = 7
Hf = 2
Ac = 4
Ad = 4
Ha = 8
Hb = 7
Hc = 2
Hd = 4
Vd = 3
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
29
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
1. Unbalance
Sebanding dgn
ketidak balance,
dominan pd
radial (2x aksial)
1 x rpm
Single
reference
mark
Kondisi sering
ditemui
Dominan pd
aksial, 50%
atau lebih dari
arah radial
Tidak stabil,
ukur acceleration
untuk freq.
tinggi
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
4x 10x x
Tdk tentu,
Berubahrubah
4. Sleeve, metal,
Jurnal bearing
(friction
bearing)
Tidak besar,
aksial
lebih tinggi
Single
5. Rodagigi
buruk atau
bersuara
Rendah, ukur
kecepatan &
percepatan,
gunakan accel.
2. Misalignment
kopling atau
poros bengkok
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
f
1x
Sangat tinggi
Jumlah gigi x
rpm
Tdk tentu
f
1x
2x
1x
2x
f
3x
4x
f
1x
f
2x
1x
3x
4x
tooth
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
30
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
6. Gear mesh
buruk atau
bersuara pada
saat start/stop
Rendah, ukur
kecepatan &
percepatan,
gunakan accel.
Sangat tinggi
Jumlah gigi x
rpm
7. Mechanical
looseness
(Housing
bearing aus)
Tinggi pada
aksial
2 x rpm
8. Mechanical
Looseness (Pondasi
kendor dudukan
lemah/karatan
baut kendor)
Tinggi pada
vertikal
9. Mechanical
looseness
(Pondasi
melengkung)
Tinggi pada
vertikal,
horizontal &
aksial
2 x rpm
Tdk
tentu/berpulsa
1,2,3
atau 4 x
rpm belt
Kurang dari
1 x rpm
FASE
Tdk
tentu
KETERANGAN
Sering terjadi
pada saat
pemasangan
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
f
2x
1x
2 referensi Sering
agak kacau bersamaan dgn
unbalance /
misalignment
Tdk tentu
Kencangkan baut
Untuk memastikan
3x
4x
f
2x
f
<1x
2 referensi Sering
agak kacau bersamaan dgn
unbalance /
misalignment
1 atau 2
tergantung
frekuensi,
tdk tetap
Biasanya terjadi
karena belt tdk berada
pada tempatnya secara
sempurna.
f
2x
f
1x
2x
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
3x
4x
31
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
11. Elektrikal
2 x rpm lebih
tinggi daripd
1 x rpm.
Single/
rotate
double
mark
Tinggi pada
vertikal atau
horizontal
1 x rpm / jml
sudu / fan
atau impeler
x rpm
Tdk tentu
12. Gaya
aerodinamik /
hidrolik
13. Gaya
reciprocating
f
1x
2x
f
1x
Single,
double,
triple
Pada mesin
reciprocating
bisa ganti
desain/isolasi
Jml x
f
1x
2x
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
32
Latihan - 1
A
Roller
bearing
Sleeve
bearing
Coupling
Single phase
motor
5 blade
impeller
PICKUP
LOCATION
Peak
(mm/s)
FREQ
(cpm)
Peak
(mm/s)
FREQ
(cpm)
Peak
(mm/s)
FREQ
(cpm)
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1.7
2.4
1.2
1500
1500
1500
0.3
0.5
0.09
3000
3000
3000
0.05
0.05
0.01
6000
6000
6000
2.1
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1500
1500
1500
0.4
0.7
0.15
3000
3000
3000
0.05
0.05
0.01
1500
1500
1500
0.2
0.15
-
3000
3000
-
1500
1500
1500
0.2
0.09
-
3000
3000
-
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
3.2
1.9
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.5
Peak
(mm/s)
FREQ
(cpm)
6000
6000
6000
0.08
0.07
-
Variable 37500
Variable 37500
-
0.05
0.4
-
7500
7500
-
0.4
0.45
1400
1400
0.4
0.05
-
7500
7500
-
0.25
0.30
0.42
1400
1400
1400
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
33
PERTANYAAN : LATIHAN-1
(a) Kemungkinan penyebab apa yang mengakibatkan terjadinya
vibrasi 1500 cpm pada bearing A dan B ?
(b) Bila kemungkinan penyebabnya lebih dari satu, bagaimana cara
Anda untuk menemukan penyebab yang sesungguhnya ?
(c) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 3000 cpm pd bearing A,B,C & D ?
(d) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 6000 cpm pd bearing A dan B ?
(e) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 37500 cpm pd bearing B ?
(f)
34
Latihan - 2
Water turbine
12 blades
Sleeve
bearing
Roller
bearing
Coupling
Generator
PICKUP
LOCATION
DISP
FREQ
DISP
FREQ
DISP
FREQ
DISP
FREQ
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
2.7
2.8
1.3
1500
1500
1500
1.2
1.2
1.3
3000
3000
3000
1.3
1.1
0.9
4500
4500
4500
1.2
1.3
40000
40000
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1.8
1.9
1.2
1500
1500
1500
1.2
1.4
0.9
3000
3000
3000
1.2
1.2
1.0
4500
4500
4500
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1.2
1.1
1.1
1500
1500
1500
0.9
1.1
-
18000
18000
-
2.0
2.1
1300
1300
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1.2
1.3
1.1
1500
1500
1500
1.3
1.2
-
18000
18000
-
2.1
2.2
2.0
1300
1300
1300
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
35
PERTANYAAN : LATIHAN-2
aa) Kemungkinan penyebab apa yang mengakibatkan terjadinya vibrasi 1500 cpm pada
bearing A dan B ?
b) Bila kemungkinan penyebabnya lebih dari satu, bagaimana cara Anda untuk menemukan
penyebab yang sesungguhnya ?
(c) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 3000 cpm pada bearing A dan B ?
(d) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 40000 cpm pada bearing A ?
(e) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 4500 cpm pada bearing A dan B ?
(f) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 18000 cpm pada bearing C dan D ?
(g) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 1300 cpm pada bearing C dan D ?
h) Bagaimana Anda menentukan apakah penyebab vibrasi tersebut harus ditanggulangi ?
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
36
Latihan - 3
A
1500 rpm
Roller
bearing
D
3000 rpm
5 blade impeller
PICKUP
A
Sleeve
bearing
LOCATION
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
2.8
2.9
2.4
4.0
4.1
4.9
4.5
4.4
4.8
3.8
3.9
3.3
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
1.3
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.0
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1.2
1.3
40000
40000
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
37
Latihan - 4
A
gearbox
1500 rpm
Roller
bearing
3000 rpm
compressor
PICKUP
A
Sleeve
bearing
LOCATION
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
2.8
2.9
2.4
4.0
4.1
4.9
4.5
4.4
4.8
3.8
3.9
3.3
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
1.3
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.0
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1.2
1.3
40000
40000
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
38
Harmonic
Imbalance
Misalignment
Modulated
Torsional Load
Tooth Fatigue
Eccentricity
1X
2X
200Hz
1X
5 kHz
1X
10 kHz
1X
10 kHz
Random
Lubrication Problems
Rolling Element (RE)
Bearing Mounting defect
Flow Exited
Pulsed
Time
RE Bearing Wear
Rubs
Blade Damage, fouling
Surge, Cavitation,
Local Tooth Defects
Frequency
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
39
Dominant
Frequency
1x rotation frequency
Misalignment;
bent shaft
1x rotation frequency
often 2x and higher
multiples
High frequency vibration,
Shock pulse vibration
Bearing
damage
Sleeve
bearing play
Subharmonic, exactly
1/2 or 1/3 of rotation
frequency
Oil film whirl
40% - 50% of rotation
or whip (sleeve frequency
bearings)
Hysteresis
Critical shaft rotation
whirl
frequency
Gear tooth
damage
Belt drive
damage
Turbulence;
cavitation
Electrically
induced
vibration
Frequency
alternator
signal
Direction
Radial for dynamic imbalance,
possibly axial
Radial and
axial
Radial and
axial
Radial
Comments
Amplitude proportional to unbalance and RPM;
caused by displacement of rotation axis from mass
center of gravity
Severe axial vibration and 2nd harmonic; best
realigned with ROTALIGN, OPTALIGN V or SYSTEM
2 TURBALIGN
May be diagnosed from vibration only through
use of diagnostic functions, shock pulse analysis
or envelope curve analysis.
Usually dependent upon RPM and operating
temperature.
Radial
Radial
Radial and
axial
Radial
Radial and
axial
Radial and
axial
Radial
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
40
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
41
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
42
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
43
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
44
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
45
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
46
Unbalance
fn
fn
Machine spectrum:
Machine spectrum:
v
[mm/s]
v
[mm/s]
fn
f [Hz]
fn
2xfn
f [Hz]
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
47
fn2
fn1
z2
fn1
z1
z1
z2
fn2
a
mm/s
Machine Spectrum:
fz
2xfz
3xfz
4xfz
a
mm/s
f (Hz)
Symptom : Harmonics of fz
visible
Gear mesh frequency fz = fn1. Z1
= fn2. Z2
Z, Z2 : number of gear teeth
Machine Spectrum:
fz
2xfz
3xfz
f (Hz)
Turbulences
s=9
fn
fn
x=3
(e.g. fixture for
bearing)
v
mm/s
Machine spectrum:
fn
2xfn
3xfn
4xfn
v
mm/s
f (Hz)
60
Root Cause:
Resonance or Instability
Machine spectrum:
fn
fBPF
x fBPF f (Hz)
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
49
fn
()
a) Machine spectrum
nRes. n in Rev/min
V
mm/s
nRes.
n in Rev/min
2xfn
3xfn
4xfn
5xfn
f (Hz)
v
mm/s
fn
2xfn
3xfn
Resonance step-up
RPM [Rev/min]
fundamental freq. fn =
60
f (Hz)
Natural frequency
n Prftechnik
(Rev/min) AG, Germany PART 2
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent
50
BEARING CONDITION
MEASUREMENT
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
51
Monitoring Techniques
Types of Bearings
Journal
JournalBearings
Bearings
Stationary
StationarySignals
Signals
Relative
RelativeLow
LowFrequency
Frequency
Displacement
Displacementtransducer
transducer
Use Accelerometers
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
52
Example:
bearing type 62222C3
C3 = 0.05 mm
gap
Vc
Fcentrifugal, rolling
element
Vb
v(fn)
housing
Fdyn., rotor
shaft
Fstat, rotor
acceleration impulse
roller leaves load zone
Hertz
surface pressure
breaking impulse
roller enters load zone
vibration
53
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
54
wear
- lifetime expired
- overloading
- assembly /
manufacturing error
- greasing deficiency
shock pulses
wear
2 Damage to
rolling track
3 Contaminated
lubricant
lifetime expired
bearing overloaded
bearing under-loaded
greasing deficiency
shock pulses
damage
envelope
high variation in
shock pulse levels
and defect
frequencies
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
55
- greasing deficiency
- Under-loading
temperature
rises very late
shock pulses
air gap
5 Unround
deformation of
bearing race
- assembly error
- manufacturing defect
in shaft or bearing
housing
damage
frequencies
in envelope
dirt
6 Jammed loose
bearing
- in bearing housing
(sliding fit)
- mis-calculation of
housing design
fixed bearing
loose bearing
high vibration
increasing bearing
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2 temperature
56
8 Installed at an
angle
- maintenance error
(quantity, interval)
- defective grease
grease drain
- assembly error
- assembly error at
9 Rolling bearing
bearing with taper sleeve
clearance too small - shaft diameter to large to
Large temperature
Increase after greasing
Whistling
Bearing noise
Large temperature
increase after greasing
deficiency
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
57
k (t) Method
BCU Value
Kurtosis Factor
gSE - Factor
SEE Factor
Acceleration Crest Factor
Shock pulse measurement
Normalising
Alarm Levels
Gradient of trend development
is necessary for evaluation of rolling
bearing condition
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
58
dBsv
90
ideal
measurement
dBn
measurement location
with signal damping
dBm
dBm
dBc
dBc
dBi
0
0 dBia
-9
-9
dBsv = absolute shock pulse value dBn = normalised shock pulse value
dB i = initial value
dBia = (f(, rpm)
dBi = (f(, rpm) dB ia = adjusted initial value
Basic normalised shock pulse value
Actual measurement location
dBn = dBsv dBia
function of RPM and shaft diameter dBn = dBsv dBi
(not at load zone)
influencing factors like load condition
dBia = dBi + dBa
lubrication
and
bearing
type
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
59
Where dBa(dB) is
the adjusting value
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
60
0 good
n - number of rolling
elements in contact
with damage
b
a - extent of damage to
rolling bearing component
1 very small
2 small
at
ac
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
61
3 medium
4 large
5 very large
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
62
ENVELOPE ANALYSIS
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63
Rectification
a
m/s2
t (s)
Enveloping
a
m/s2
a
m/s2
Envelope spectrum:
Envelope
t (s)
f (Hz)
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
64
a
m/s2
Rectification
t (s)
Enveloping
Envelope spectrum:
a
m/s2
a
m/s2
Envelope
t (s)
Defect frequency
fRPO 2 fRPO 3 fRPO 4fRPO
F
1
TRPOF
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany
(Hz)
PART
= 2
f
RPOF
f (Hz)
65
a
m/s
a
m/s
Envelope Spectrum:
fRPOF2fRPOF3fRPOF4fRPOF5fRPOF
f (Hz)
Envelope Spectrum:
RPIF
2xfRPIF
f (Hz)
a
m/s
Cage Defect:
a
m/s
Envelope Spectrum:
0.5 fRPF
fRPF
3 f
2f
1.5fRPF RPF2.5fRPF RPF
f (Hz)
Envelope Spectrum:
f (Hz)
f
can be also visible because of too small bearing clearance
RPF
fCRF cage rotational frequency is cage defect
or insufficient lubrication
frequency
Modulation with cage rotational speed
f , as the rolling
CRF
coming out of the load zone: the rolling element
element runs periodically through the load zone with
f
CRF
is accelerated and slides on the cage defect
Sub-harmonics ofRPF
f exist always with the harmonics, because the
pulse on outer race gives a higher level as pulses on the inner race or coming into the load zone: the rolling element
is braked
and
slides
on the
cage defect
Copyright
2004- PT.frequency
Putranata
sole
agent Prftechnik
AG,
Germany
PART
2
67
Fundamental
modulation
f Adi
and Mandiri
harmonics
are visible
CRF