CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

SUBJECT CODE
EXPERIMENT CODE
EXPERIMENT TITTLE
COURSE CODE

MA1
TOTAL SOLID

KOD ETIKA PELAJAR

(KEP)
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA
UTHM
Saya dengan ini mengaku bahawa saya telah menyediakan laporan ini dengan daya
usaha saya sendiri. Saya juga mengaku tidak menerima atau memberi sebarang
bantuan dalam menyediakan laporan ini dan membuat ikrar ini dengan kepercayaan
bahawa apa-apa yang tersebut di dalamnya adalah benar.

___________________________
Tandatangan Pelajar
Nama : _______________________________
No. Matrik :____________________________
Tarikh :________________________________

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT :
TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

PAGE NO
EDITION
REVISION NO
EFFECTIVE DATE
AMENDMENTDATE

1/8
MA1
01/12/2007

1.0
OBJECTIVE
To provide and strenghten knowledge, skill, understanding in solid determination and enable to relate
theories taught to the practices in laboratory.
2.0
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this course students are able to:
(1)
Apply knowledge in solid determination
(2)
Analyse the laboratory result and differentiate between suspended solid and dissolve solid
(3)
Identify problems and use their generic skill to solve problems
(4)
Develop their ability to work in groups
3.0

THEORY

Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water that can be physically isolated
either through filtration or through evaporation. Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a
number of ways. Waters with high dissolved solids generally is of inferior palatability and may induce a
favourable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solids analyses are important in the control
of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory
agency wastewater effluent limitations.
Total solids is the term applied to the residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at
103C to 105C. Total solids measurement can be useful as an indicator of the effects of runoff from
construction, agricultural practices, logging activities, sewage treatment plant discharege and other
ssources. Higher total solids affect the water clarity and limiting the passing light through water; thus,
slowing down photosynthesis process. Total solids includes total suspended solids, and total dissolved
solids.
Total suspended solids (TSS) is the portion of total solids retained by filter, and total dissolved
solids (TDS) is the portion of solids that passes through a filter of 2.0 m (or smaller) nominal pore size
under specified conditions. Fixed solids is refer to the residue of total, suspended, or dissolved solids
after heating to dryness for a specified time at a specified temperature (500C 50 C for 15 minutes).
The weight loss on ignition is called volatile solids. Determination of fixed and volatile solids does not
distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it includes losses due to
decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. Settleable solids is the term applied to the material
settling out of suspension within a defined period. It may include floating material, depending on the
technique.

PAGE NO

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT :
TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

Settleable solids

Imhoff cone

Samples

Filter paper

Fibre glass filter (

2.0m)

Microwave (at
103C - 105C)

EDITION
REVISION NO
EFFECTIVE DATE
AMENDMENT DATE

Microwave (at
103C - 105C)

MA1
01/12/2007

Total solids (TS)

Dissolved Solid

Microwave (at
180C 2C)

Suspended solids (SS)

Dissolved solids (DS)

Muffle furnace (at

500C 50C)

Volatile suspended solids

(VSS)

2/8

Muffle furnace (at

500C 50C)

Fixed suspended solids

(FSS)

Volatile dissolved solids

(VDS)

Total volatile solids TVS =

VSS + VDS

Fixed dissolved solids

(FDS)

Total fixed solids

TFS = FSS + FDS

Total solids (TS)

DIAGRAM 1.0

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID
DETERMINATION
4.0

EDITION
REVISION NO
EFFECTIVE DATE
AMENDMENT DATE

3/8
MA1
01/12/2007

EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIAL

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

5.0

PAGE NO

Evaporating dishes: Dishes of 100mL capacity made of porcelain, platinum or high-silica

glass.
Muffle furnace for operating at 500C 50C
Desicator
Drying oven
Analytical balance
Graduated cylinder
Wid-bore pipet
Low-form beaker
PROCEDURES
A. Total Solid Determination (TS)
1. Weight the evaporating dish and record the the reading.
2. Measure 5ml of water sample and pour into the evaporating dish. Record the weight of
evaporating dish + sample.
3. Calculate the weight of sample and record in the table provide.
4. Then, dry the sample in the drying oven at temperature of 103 to105C for at least 1hour.
5. After 1 hour, take out the evaporating dish from the drying oven and put the evaporating
dish in a dessicator to balance temperature.
6. Weight the evaporating dish and calculate the weight of solid.
7. Then, dry the solid in a furnace at temperature 50050C for 15 minutes.
8. After the drying process, put the evaporating dish in the dessicator.
9. Weight the evaporating dish and calculate the weight of volatile solid.
B. Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
1. Place a filter paper in the dessicator for a few minutes to let the moisture to be absorbed
by the silica gel.
2. Weight the filter paper and record the reading.
3. Place the filter disc onto the base and clamped it on the funnel.
4. Measure 5ml of water sample and pour the water sample and let it flow through the filter
disc. Switch on the vacuum pump and continue suction to remove all traces of water.
5. Dry the filter paper in the drying oven at temperature of 103 to105C for 1 hour.
6. After 1 hour, take out the filter paper from the drying oven and cool the filter paper in the
dessicator to balance temperature.
7. Weight the filter paper and calculate the weight of solid.
8. Then, place the filter paper in the furnace at temperature of 50050C for 15 minutes.
9. After the drying process, put the filter paper in the dessicator.
10. Weight the filter paper and calculate the weight of volatile solid.

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT :
TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

PAGE NO
EDITION
REVISION NO
EFFECTIVE DATE
AMENDMENT DATE

4/8
MA1
01/12/2007

C. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Weight the evaporating dish and record the the reading.

Pour the water sample that pass the filtration process into the evaporating dish.
Weight the evaporating dish + sample and calculate the weight of sample.
Then, dry the sample in the drying oven at temperature of 103 to105C for 1 hour.
After 1 hour, take out the evaporating dish and put it into dessicator to balance
temperature.
Weight the evaporating dish and calculate the weight of solid.
Then, dry the solid in a furnace at temperature 50050C for 15 minutes.
After the drying process, put the evaporating dish in the dessicator.
Weight the evaporating dish and calculate the weight of volatile solid.

7.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS

Fill in the bench sheet provided and show all the calculation for:
Unfiltered sample:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Weight of sample (g)

Weight of solid (g)
Weight of volatile solid (g)
Percentage of solid in the sample (%)
Total solid (mg/L)

Filtered sample:
a) Suspended solid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Weight of sample (g)

Weigth of solid (g)
Weight of volatile solid (g)
Percentage of volatile dissolved solid (%)
Total dissolved solid (mg/L)

b) Dissolved solid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Weight of sample (g)

Weigth of solid (g)
Weight of volatile solid (g)
Percentage of volatile dissolved solid (%)
Total dissolved solid (mg/L)
Total volatile dissolved solid (mg/L)

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

PAGE NO

TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT :

EDITION
REVISION NO
EFFECTIVE DATE

TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

AMENDMENT DATE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

5/8
MA1
01/12/2007

8.0 DISCUSSION
1. What is total solid (TS), total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS)?
2. What are the possible causes of high levels of total solids in water?
3. What are the effects of high concentration of total suspended solid and total dissolved solid in
water?
4. The total solids for a water sample was found to be 555 mg/L. If the following test results were
obtained, determine the size sample used in the analysis.
Tare mass of evaporating dish = 35.4323 g
Weight of residue left after drying at 1050C and evaporating dish = 35.4739 g
5. Discuss the caution that you consider and errors occur (if any) during the experiment.

9.0 CONCLUSION
(Student shall write the conclusion based on the experiment)

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

PAGE NO

6/8

TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT :

EDITION
REVISION NO
EFFECTIVE DATE

TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

AMENDMENTDATE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MA1
01/12/2007

10.0 BENCH SHEET

10.1 Unfiltered Sample
DATA FOR TOTAL SOLID TEST
Sample A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Volume of sample (ml)

Weight of evaporating dish (g)
Weight of evaporating dish + sample
Weight of sample (g)
Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying process at
103oC - 105oC
Weight of solid (g)
Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying process at 500 oC 50oC
Weight of volatile solid (g)
Total Solid (TS) (mg/L)
Percentage of solid in sample (%)
Total volatile solid (VS) (mg/L)
Percentage of volatile solid (%)

10.2 Filtered Sample

DATA FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (SS)
Sample A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Volume of Sample (ml)

Weight of filter paper (g)
Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at 103 oC - 105oC or at
180oC
Weight of suspended solid (g)
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) (mg/L)
Weight of filter + solid after drying at 500oC 50oC (g)
Weight of volatile suspended solid (g)
Total Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) (mg/L)
Percentage of Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) %

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

PAGE NO

7/8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT :
TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

EDITION
REVISION NO
EFFECTIVE DATE
AMENDMENT DATE

MA1
01/12/2007

DATA FOR TOTAL DISSOLVE SOLID (TDS)

Sample A
1

Volume of sample (ml)

Weight of evaporating dish (g)

Weight of evaporating dish + sample (g)

Weight of sample (g)

Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying at 180oC

Weight of Solid (g)

Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) (mg/L)

Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying at 500 oC 50oC
(g)
Weight of volatile dissolved solid (g)

10

Total volatile dissolved Solid (VDS) (mg/L)

11

Percentage of volatile dissolved Solid %

(g)

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY

PAGE NO

8/8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EDITION

MA1

TITTLE OF EXPERIMENT :
TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

REVISION NO
EFFECTIVE DATE
AMENDMENT DATE

APPENDIX
(a)Total Solid (mg/L)
mgTotal Solid/L = ( A B ) x 1000
Volume of Sample (mL)
Where;
A = Weight of dried residue + dish, mg
B = Weight of dish, mg
(b) mg Total Dissolved Solids/L

= ( A - B ) x 1000
Sample Volume, (mL)

Where;
A = Weight of dried residue +dish, mg
B = Weight of dish, mg
(c) mg Total Suspended Solid/L

= ( A - B ) x 1000
Sample Volume (mL)

Where;
A = Weight of filter + dried residue, mg
B = Weight filter, mg
(d) mg volatile solids/L

= (A B) x 1000
Sample Volume (mL)

Where;
A = Weight of residue + dish or filter before ignition, mg
B = Weight of residue + dish or filter after ignition, mg
C = weight of dish or filter, mg

01/12/2007