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AASHTO 2014
CSiBridge 2015
Bridge Superstructure Design
AASHTO 2014
March 2015
Copyright
Copyright Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2015
All rights reserved.
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Inc. Watch & LearnTM is a trademark of Computers & Structures, Inc. Adobe and
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DISCLAIMER
Contents
Introduction
1.1
Organization
1-1
1.2
Recommended Reading/Practice
1-2
2-1
2.2
2-3
2.3
2-5
3-1
3.2
3-2
3.3
3-3
3-4
3.4
3.5
3.6
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-6
3-6
3-6
3-6
3-7
4-4
4.2
Check Type
4-4
4.3
Station Range
4-6
4.4
Design Parameters
4-6
4.5
Demand Sets
4-18
4.6
4-18
5.2
ii
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-5
5-5
5-5
5-6
Contents
5.3
5.4
5-7
5-10
5-15
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5-15
5-15
5-17
5-18
5-24
Capacity Parameters
Variables
Design Process
Algorithm
Shear Design Example
5-31
5-31
5-31
Stress Design
6-2
6.2
Shear Design
6-3
6.2.1 Variables
6.2.2 Design Process
6.2.3 Algorithms
6-4
6-5
6-6
6.3
5.2.4 Algorithm
5.2.5 Flexure Design Example
Flexure Design
6-10
6.3.1 Variables
6.3.2 Design Process
6.3.3 Algorithms
6-10
6-11
6-12
Stress Design
7-1
7.2
Shear Design
7-2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7-3
7-5
7-5
7-9
7.3
Variables
Design Process
Algorithms
Shear Design Example
Flexure Design
7-14
iii
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
8.2
Section Properties
8-1
8-1
8-3
8-7
Demand Sets
8-11
8-12
8-13
8-14
8-15
8.3.1 Flexure
8.3.2 Shear
8-15
8-22
8.4
8-24
8.5
8-26
8.6
8-27
8-27
8-27
8-28
8-28
8-30
Section Optimization
8-33
8.3
8.7
iv
7-15
7-16
7-16
7-20
Variables
Design Process
Algorithms
Flexure Capacity Design Example
Section Properties
9-1
Contents
9.2
9-1
9-2
9-7
Demand Sets
9-9
9-11
9-12
9-13
9.3.1 Flexure
9.3.2 Shear
9-13
9-16
9.4
9-19
9.5
9-20
9.6
9-22
9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3
9.6.4
9.6.5
9-22
9-22
9-22
9-23
9-27
9.3
9.7
10
Section Optimization
9-10
9-30
10-2
10-3
10-3
10-5
10-6
11
11-2
11-7
11-8
11.4 Verification
Bibliography
vi
11-1
11-11
Chapter 1
Introduction
As the ultimate versatile, integrated tool for modeling, analysis, and design of
bridge structures, CSiBridge can apply appropriate code-specific design processes to concrete box girder bridge design, design when the superstructure includes Precast Concrete Box bridges with a composite slab and steel I-beam or
U-tub bridges with composite slabs. The ease with which these tasks can be accomplished makes CSiBridge the most productive bridge design package in the
industry.
Design using CSiBridge is based on load patterns, load cases, load combinations and design requests. The design output can then be displayed graphically
and printed using a customized reporting format.
It should be noted that the design of bridge superstructure is a complex subject
and the design codes cover many aspects of this process. CSiBridge is a tool to
help the user with that process. Only the aspects of design documented in this
manual are automated by the CSiBridge design capabilities. The user must
check the results produced and address other aspects not covered by
CSiBridge.
1.1
Organization
This manual is designed to help you become productive using CSiBridge design in accordance with the available codes when modeling concrete box girder
1-1
1.2
Recommended Reading/Practice
It is strongly recommended that you read this manual and review any applicable Watch & Learn Series tutorials, which are found on our web site,
http://www.csiamerica.com, before attempting to design a concrete box girder
or precast concrete bridge using CSiBridge. Additional information can be
found in the on-line Help facility available from within the softwares main
menu.
1-2
Recommended Reading/Practice
Chapter 2
Define Loads and Load Combinations
This chapter describes the steps that are necessary to define the loads and load
combinations that the user intends to use in the design of the bridge superstructure. The user may define the load combinations manually or have CSiBridge
automatically generate the code generated load combinations. The appropriate
design code may be selected using the Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Preference command.
When the code generated load combinations are going to be used, it is important for users to define the load pattern type in accordance with the applicable code. The load pattern type can be defined using the Loads > Load Patterns command. The user options for defining the load pattern types are summarized in the Tables 2-1 and 2-2 for the AASHTO LRFD code.
2.1
2-1
Table 2-1 PERMANENT Load Pattern Types Used in the AASHTO-LRFD Code
CSiBridge
Load Pattern Type
AASHTO
Reference
CREEP
CR
DOWNDRAG
DD
Downdrag force
DEAD
DC
SUPERDEAD
DW
BRAKING
BR
HORIZ. EARTH PR
EH
LOCKED IN
EL
EARTH SURCHARGE
ES
VERT. EARTH PR
EV
PRESTRESS
PS
Table 2-2 TRANSIENT Load Pattern Types Used in the AASHTO LRFD Design Code
CSiBridge
AASHTO
Load Pattern Type
Reference
Description of Load Pattern
BRAKING
BR
CENTRIFUGAL
CE
VEHICLE COLLISION
CT
VESSEL COLLISION
CV
QUAKE
EQ
Earthquake
FRICTION
FR
Friction effects
ICE
IC
Ice loads
IM
BRIDGE LL
LL
LL SURCHARGE
LS
PEDESTRIAN LL
PL
SETTLEMENT
SE
TEMP GRADIENT
TG
TEMPERATURE
TU
STEAM FLOW
WA
WINDLIVE LOAD
WL
WIND
WS
2-2
2.2
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
LL
IM
CE
WA
WS
WL
FR
TU
TU
SE
EQ
IC
CT
CV
1.75
1.00
1.00
0.5/
1.20
TG
SE
Str II
1.35
1.00
1.00
0.5/
1.20
TG
SE
Str III
1.00
1.40
1.00
0.5/
1.20
TG
SE
Str IV
1.00
1.00
0.5/
1.20
Str V
1.35
1.00
0.40
1.00
1.00
0.5/
1.20
TG
SE
Load
Combo
Limit
State
Str I
Ext Ev I
1.00
EQ
1.00
1.00
1.00
Ext Ev
II
1.00
0.5
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Serv I
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.30
1.00
1.00
1.00/
1.20
TG
SE
Serv II
1.00
1.30
1.00
1.00
1.00/
1.20
Serv III
1.00
0.80
1.00
1.00
1.00/
1.20
TG
SE
Serv IV
1.00
1.00
0.70
1.00
1.00/
1.20
1.00
Fatigue
I-LL, IM
& CE
Only
0.875
/1.75
Fatigue
II-LL, IM
1.00
2-3
Table 2-4 shows the maximum and minimum factors for the permanent loads
in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD code.
Table 2-4 Load Factors for Permanent Loads,
Type of Load
DC: Components and Attachments
DC: Strength IV only
Load Factor
Maximum
Minimum
1.25
1.50
0.90
0.90
1.40
1.05
1.25
0.25
0.30
0.35
1.50
0.65
1.50
1.35
1.35
0.90
0.90
N/A
1.00
1.00
DD: Downdrag
Piles, Tomlinson Method
Piles, Method
Drilled Shafts, ONeill and Reese (1999) Method
1.00
N/A
1.35
1.00
1.30
0.90
1.35
0.90
1.95
0.90
1.50
0.90
1.50
0.75
Table 2-5 Load Factors for Permanent Loads due to Superimposed Deformations,
P,
CR, SH
Superstructures, Segmental
Concrete Substructures supporting Segmental Superstructures
Bridge Component
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
2-4
Table 2-5 Load Factors for Permanent Loads due to Superimposed Deformations,
P,
PS
CR, SH
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Two combinations for each permanent load pattern are required because of the
maximum and minimum factors. When the default load combinations are used,
CSiBridge automatically creates both load combinations (one for the maximum
and one for the minimum factor), and then automatically creates a third combination that represents an enveloped combination of the max/min combos.
2.3
2-5
2-6
2-7
Chapter 3
Live Load Distribution
This chapter describes the algorithms used by CSiBridge to determine the live
load distribution factors used to assign live load demands to individual girders.
An explanation is given with respect to how the distribution factors are applied
in a shear, stress, and moment check.
The live load distribution factors derived using the code-based Method 2 described in Section 3.1 of this manual are applicable only to superstructures of
the following types: precast I- or U-girders with composite slabs, steel I-girders
with composite slabs, and multi-cell concrete box girders. These deck section
types may also have the live loads distributed based on Methods 1, 3 or 4 described in Section 3.1 of this manual.
Legend:
Girder = beam + tributary area of composite slab
Section Cut = all girders present in the cross-section at the cut location
LLD = Live Load Distribution
3.1
3-1
Method 2 CSiBridge calculates the LLD factors by following procedures outlined in AASHTO LRFD Section 4.6.2.2.
Method 3 CSiBridge reads the calculated live load demands directly from individual girders (available only for Area models).
Method 4 CSiBridge distributes the live load uniformly to all girders.
It is important to note that to obtain relevant results, the definition of a Moving
Load case must be adjusted depending on which method is selected.
When the LLD factors are user specified or specified in accordance with the
code (Method 1 or 2), only one lane with a MultiLane Scale Factor = 1
should be loaded into a Moving Load cases included in the demand set combinations.
When CSiBridge reads the LLD factors directly from individual girders
(Method 3, applicable to area and solid models only) or when CSiBridge applies the LLD factors uniformly (Method 4), multiple traffic lanes with relevant Multilane Scale Factors should be loaded in accordance with code requirements.
3.2
3-2
overhangconsists of the horizontal distance from the centerline of the exterior web of the left exterior beam at deck level to the interior edge of the curb
or traffic barrier
the beamsincludes the area, moment of inertia, torsion constant, center of
gravity
the thickness of the composite slab t1 and the thickness of concrete slab
haunch t2
the tributary area of the composite slabwhich is bounded at the interior
girder by the midway distances to neighboring girders and at the exterior
girder; includes the entire overhang on one side, and is bounded by the midway distances to neighboring girder on the other side
Youngs modulus for both the slab and the beamsangle of skew support.
CSiBridge then evaluates the longitudinal stiffness parameter, Kg, in accordance with AASHTO LRFD 4.6.2.2 (eq. 4.6.2.2.1-1). The center of gravity of
the composite slab measured from the bottom of the beam is calculated as the
sum of the beam depth, thickness of the concrete slab haunch t2, and one-half
the thickness of the composite slab t1. Spacing of the girders is calculated as
the average distance between the centerlines of neighboring girders.
CSiBridge then verifies that the selected LLD factors are compatible with the
type of model: spine, area, or solid. If the LLD factors are read by CSiBridge
directly from the individual girders, the model type must be area or solid. This
is the case because with the spine model option, CSiBridge models the entire
cross section as one frame element and there is no way to extract forces on individual girders. All other model types and LLD factor method permutations
are allowed.
3.3
3-3
3.4
3-5
When stresses are read from analysis into design, the stresses are multiplied by
n (where n is number of girders) to make up for the reduction applied in the
Virtual Combinations.
3.5
3-6
3.6
3-7
AASHTO LRFD 4.6.2.2.2d may not be applicable. If the user specifies option
Yes in the Diaphragms Present option the program follows the procedure
outlined in the provision AASHTO LRFD 4.6.2.2.2d.
For this example, one deep reinforced concrete diaphragm is located at the
midspan of each span. The stiffness of the diaphragm was deemed sufficient to
force the cross-section to act as a rigid section; therefore, the provisions of
AASHTO LRFD S4.6.2.2.2d apply.
3-8
= 1,085 in2
= 733,320 in4
= 8 in.
= 110 ft.
= 9 ft.-8 in.
= 4,696 ksi
= 3,834 ksi
= 35.62 in.
= 36.38 in.
Calculate n, the modular ratio between the beam and the deck.
= EB ED
Calculate eg, the distance between the center of gravity of the noncomposite beam and the deck. Ignore the thickness of the haunch in determining eg
eg = NAYT + t s 2 = 35.62 + 8 2 = 39.62 in.
3.
Kg = n I + Aeg2 (4.6.2.2.1-1)
2
= 1.225 733 320 + 1 085 ( 39.62 ) =
2 984 704 in 4
4.
0.6
( S L )0.2 ( K g
0.6
12.0 Lt s 3
0.1
= 0.796 lane
5.
0.1
(eq. 1)
0.4
( S L )0.3 ( K g
= 0.06 + ( 9.667 14 )
0.4
12.0 Lt s 3
0.1
3
12 (100 )( 8 )
= 0.542 lane
0.1
(eq. 2)
3-9
Notice that the distribution factor calculated above for a single lane loaded already includes the 1.2 multiple presence factor for a single lane,
therefore, this value may be used for the service and strength limit states.
However, multiple presence factors should not be used for the fatigue
limit state. Therefore, the multiple presence factor of 1.2 for the single
lane is required to be removed from the value calculated above to determine the factor used for the fatigue limit state.
6.
0.3
tan
0.3
tan 20
= 1.047
7.
Calculate the shear distribution factor for an interior beam with two or
more design lanes loaded using AASHTO LRFD Table S4.6.2.2.3a-1.
DV = 0.2 + ( S 12 ) ( S 35 )
= 0.929 lane
Apply the skew correction factor:
DV = 1.047 ( 0.929 ) = 0.973 lane
8.
Calculate the shear distribution factor for an interior beam with one design lane loaded using AASHTO LRFD Table S4.6.2.2.3a-1.
DV = 0.36 + ( S 25.0 )
= 0.36 + ( 9.667 25.0 )
3 - 10
(eq. 4)
= 0.747 lane
Apply the skew correction factor:
DV = 1.047 ( 0.747 )
= 0.782 lane
9.
(eq. 5)
From (1) and (2), the service and strength limit state moment distribution
factor for the interior girder is equal to the larger of 0.796 and 0.542 lane.
Therefore, the moment distribution factor is 0.796 lane.
From (4) and (5), the service and strength limit state shear distribution
factor for the interior girder is equal to the larger of 0.973 and 0.782 lane.
Therefore, the shear distribution factor is 0.973 lane.
10.
Exterior girder
11.
Calculate the moment distribution factor for an exterior beam with two
or more design lanes using AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1.
DM = eDVinterior
e
= 0.77 + de 9.1
where de is the distance from the centerline of the exterior girder to the
inside face of the curb or barrier.
e
DM = 0.97(0.796)
12.
= 0.772 lane
(eq. (7)
Calculate the moment distribution factor for an exterior beam with one
design lane using the lever rule in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1.
3 - 11
(eq. 8)
Notice that this value does not include the multiple presence factor,
therefore, it is adequate for use with the fatigue limit state. For service
and strength limit states, the multiple presence factor for a single lane
loaded needs to be included.
DM = 0.672 (1.2 )
= 0.806 lane
13.
Calculate the shear distribution factor for an exterior beam with two or
more design lanes loaded using AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3b-1.
DV = eDVinterior
3 - 12
where:
e = 0.6 + de 10
= 0.6 + 1.83 10
= 0.783
DV = 0.783 ( 0.973 )
= 0.762 lane
14.
(eq. 10)
Calculate the shear distribution factor for an exterior beam with one
design lane loaded using the lever rule in accordance with AASHTO
LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3b-1. This value will be the same as the moment
distribution factor with the skew correction factor applied.
DV
= 1.047 ( 0.806 )
= 0.845 lane
= N L N b + X ext
( e) x
(4.6.2.2.2d-1)
where:
3 - 13
= horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pattern of girders to each girder (ft.)
Xext = horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pattern to the exterior girder (ft.) See Figure 1 for dimensions.
One lane loaded (only the leftmost lane applied):
2
2
2
R = 1 6 + 24.167 ( 21) 2 ( ( 24.1672 ) + (14.52 ) + ( 4.8332 ) )
= 0.1667 + 0.310
= 0.477 (Fatigue)
Add the multiple presence factor of 1.2 for a single lane:
R = 1.2 ( 0.477 )
= 0.572 (Strength)
Two lanes loaded:
2
2
2
R = 2 6 + 24.167 ( 21 + 9 ) 2 ( ( 24.1672 ) + (14.52 ) + ( 4.8332 ) )
= 0.333 + 0.443
= 0.776
Add the multiple presence factor of 1.0 for two lanes loaded:
R = 1.0 ( 0.776 )
= 0.776 (Strength)
3 - 14
2
2
2
3 6 + 24.167 ( 21 + 9 3 ) 2 ( ( 24.1672 ) + (14.52 ) + ( 4.8332 ) )
= 0.5 + 0.399
= 0.899
Add the multiple presence factor of 0.85 for three or more lanes loaded:
R = 0.85 ( 0.899 )
= 0.764 (Strength)
These values do not control over the distribution factors summarized in
Design Step 16.
16.
From (7) and (9), the service and strength limit state moment distribution
factor for the exterior girder is equal to the larger of 0.772 and 0.806
lane. Therefore, the moment distribution factor is 0.806 lane.
From (10) and (12), the service and strength limit state shear distribution
factor for the exterior girder is equal to the larger of 0.762 and 0.845
lane. Therefore, the shear distribution factor is 0.845 lane.
Table 3-1 Summary of Service and Strength Limit State Distribution Factors -AASHTO LRFD
Moment
interior
beams
Moment
exterior
beams
Shear
interior
beams
Shear
exterior
beams
0.796
0.772
0.973
0.762
0.542
0.806
0.782
0.845
NA
0.776
NA
0.776
NA
0.572
NA
0.572
Design Value
0.796
0.806
0.973
0.845
Value reported by
CSiBridge
0.796
0.807
0.973
0.845
Load Case
3 - 15
Chapter 4
Define a Bridge Design Request
This chapter describes the Bridge Design Request, which is defined using the
Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Design Requests command.
Each Bridge Design Request is unique and specifies which bridge object is to
be designed, the type of check to be performed (e.g., concrete box stress, precast composite stress, and so on), the station range (i.e., the particular zone or
portion of the bridge that is to be designed), the design parameters (i.e., parameters that may be used to overwrite the default values automatically set by the
program) and demand sets (i.e., the load combination[s] to be considered).
Multiple Bridge Design Requests may be defined for the same bridge object.
Before defining a design request, the applicable code should be specified using
the Design/Rating > Superstructure > Preferences command. Currently, the
AASHTO STD 2002, AASHTO LRFD 2007, AASHTO LRFD 2012,
CAN/CSA S6, EN 1992, and Indian IRC codes are available for the design of a
concrete box girder; the AASHTO 2007 LRFD, AASHTO LRFD 2012,
AASHTO LRFD 2014, CAN/CSA S6, EN 1992, and Indian IRC codes are
available for the design of a Precast I or U Beam with Composite Slab; the
AASHTO LFRD 2007, AASHTO LRFD 2012, AASHTO LRFD 2014,
CAN/CSA S6, and EN 1992-1-1 are available for Steel I-Beam with Composite Slab superstructures; and the AASHTO LRFD 2012 and AASHTO LRFD
2014 are available for a U tub bridge with a composite slab.
4-1
Figure 4-1 shows the Bridge Design Request form when the bridge object is for
a concrete box girder bridge, and the check type is concrete box stress. Figure
4-2 shows the Bridge Design Request form when the bridge object is for a
Composite I or U girder bridge and the check type is precast composite stress.
Figure 4-3 shows the Bridge Design Request form when the bridge object is for
a Steel I-Beam bridge and the check type is composite strength.
4-2
4-3
4.1
4.2
Check Type
The Check Type refers to the type of design to be performed and the available
options depend on the type of bridge deck being modeled.
For a Concrete Box Girder bridge, CSiBridge provides the following check
type options:
AASHTO STD 2002
Concrete Box Stress
AASHTO LRFD
Concrete Box Stress
Concrete Box Flexure
Concrete Box Shear and Torsion
Concrete Box Principal
CAN/CSA S6, and EN 1992-1-1 and IRC: 112
Concrete Box Stress
Concrete Box Flexure
Concrete Box Shear
For Multi-Cell Concrete Box Girder bridge, CSiBridge provides the following
check type options:
4-4
EN 1994-2:2005
Steel Comp Ultimate
Steel Comp Service Stresses
Steel Comp Service Rebar
Steel Comp Constructability Staged
Check Type
4-5
The bold type denotes the name that appears in the check type drop-down list.
A detailed description of the design algorithm can be found in Chapter 5 for
concrete box girder bridges, in Chapter 6 for multi-cell box girder bridges, in
Chapter 7 for precast I or U beam with composite slabs, and in Chapter 8 for
steel I-beam with composite slab.
4.3
Station Range
The station range refers to the particular zone or portion of the bridge that is to
be designed. The user may choose the entire length of the bridge, or specify
specific zones using station ranges. Multiple zones (i.e., station ranges) may be
specified as part of a single design request.
When defining a station range, the user specifies the Location Type, which determines if the superstructure forces are to be considered before or at a station
point. The user may choose the location type as before the point, after the
point, or both.
4.4
Design Parameters
Design parameters are overwrites that can be used to change the default values
set automatically by the program. The parameters are specific to each code,
4-6
Station Range
deck type, and check type. Figure 4-4 shows the Superstructure Design Request Parameters form.
Table 4-1 shows the parameters for concrete box girder bridges. Table 4-2
shows the parameters for multi-cell concrete box bridges. Table 4-3 shows the
parameters applicable when the superstructure has a deck that includes precast
I or U girders with composite slabs. Table 4-4 shows the parameters applicable
when the superstructure has a deck that includes steel I-beams.
Table 4-1 Design Request Parameters for Concrete Box Girders
AASHTO STD 2002
Concrete Box Stress
Design Parameters
4-7
Concrete Box Stress, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit - Multiplier
on f c to calculate the compression stress limit
Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit Units - Multiplier
on sqrt( f c ) to calculate the tension stress limit, given in the
units specified
Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit - The tension limit
factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi units for f c
and the resulting tension limit
Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, Lightweight Resistance Factor
that multiplies nominal shear resistance to obtain factored
resistance for light-weight concrete
Include Resal (Hunching-girder) shear effects Yes or No.
Specifies whether the component of inclined flexural compression or tension, in the direction of the applied shear, in
variable depth members shall or shall not be considered
when determining the design factored shear force in accordance with Article 5.8.6.2.
Concrete Box Shear Rebar Material - A previously defined
rebar material label that will be used to determine the area
of shear rebar required
Longitudinal Torsional Rebar Material - A previously defined
rebar material that will be used to determine the area of longitudinal torsional rebar required
Concrete Box
Flexure
Concrete Box Flexure, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
Concrete Box
Principal
CAN/CSA S6
Concrete Box Stress
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit Multiplier on f c to calculate the compression stress limit
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit - The
tension limit factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi
units for f c and the resulting tension limit
4-8
Design Parameters
Eurocode EN 1992
Concrete Box Stress
Design Parameters
4-9
4 - 10
Design Parameters
Multi-Cell Concrete
Box Shear
Multi-Cell Concrete
Box Flexure
CAN/CSA S6
Design Parameters
4 - 11
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit Multiplier on f c to calculate the compression stress limit
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit - The
tension limit factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi
units for f c and the resulting tension limit
Multi-Cell Concrete
Box Shear
Multi-Cell Concrete
Box Flexure
Eurocode EN 1992
Multi-Cell Concrete
Box Stress
4 - 12
Design Parameters
Design Parameters
4 - 13
Precast Comp Stress, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
Precast Comp Stress Factor Compression Limit - Multiplier
on fc to calculate the compression stress limit
Precast Comp Stress Factor Tension Limit Units - Multiplier
on sqrt(fc) to calculate the tension stress limit, given in the
units specified
4 - 14
Design Parameters
Precast Comp Flexure, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
CAN/CSA S6
Precast Comp
Stress
Precast Comp
Shear
Design Parameters
4 - 15
Eurocode EN 1992
Precast Comp
Stress
Precast Comp
Shear
4 - 16
Design Parameters
Design Parameters
4 - 17
Steel I Comp
Construct Stgd
Steel I Comp
Construct Non Stgd
4.5
Demand Sets
A demand set name is required for each load combination that is to be considered in a design request. The load combinations may be selected from a list of
user defined or default load combinations that are program determined (see
Chapter 2).
4.6
4 - 18
Demand Sets
Chapter 5
Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithms applied in accordance with the AASHTO
LRFD 2014 (AASHTO LRFD) for design and stress check of the superstructure of a concrete box type bridge deck section.
When interim revisions of the codes are published by the relevant authorities,
and (when applicable) they are subsequently incorporated into CSiBridge, the
program gives the user an option to select what type of interims shall be used
for the design. The interims can be selected by clicking on the Code Preferences button.
In CSiBridge, when distributing loads for concrete box design, the section is
always treated as one beam; all load demands (permanent and transient) are
distributed evenly to the webs for stress and flexure and proportionally to the
slope of the web for shear. Torsion effects are always considered and assigned
to the outer webs and the top and bottom slabs.
With respect to shear and torsion check, in accordance with AASHTO Article
5.8.6, torsion is considered.
The user has an option to select No Interims or YYYY Interims on the
Bridge Design Preferences form. The form can be opened by clicking the Code
Preferences button.
5-1
The revisions published in the 2015 interims were incorporated into the Flexure Design.
5.1
f c is multiplied by the
5.1.2 Algorithm
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber and three points at the
bottom fiber: extreme left, Bridge Layout Line, and extreme right. The stresses
assume linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and both bending
moments (M2 and M3).
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set (Chapter 4). If the demand set
contains live load, the program positions the load to capture extreme stress at
each of the evaluation points.
Extremes are found for each point and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the Capacity Parameters (see Section 5.2.1).
5-2
Figure 5-1 AASHTO LRFD Stress Design, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII48
=
0.150 kcf
Concrete unit weight, w c
Concrete strength at 28 days, f c =
5.0 ksi
Design span
=
95.0 ft
Prestressing strands: in. dia., seven wire, low relaxation
Area of one strand
=
0.153 in2
=
270.0 ksi
Ultimate strength f pu
=
0.9 ksi
Yield strength f py
=
243 ksi
f pu
=
28500 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, E p
5-3
=
826 in2
=
39 in
= 170812 in4
=
19.5 =
0.9344 ksi
A I
826
170812
5-4
60.0 ksi
19.5 in
5.2
5.2.2 Variables
A PS
AS
A slab
b slab
b webeq
dP
Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
dS
f ps
f pu
5-5
f py
fy
Mn
Mr
t slabeq
Stress block factor, as specified in AASHTO LRFD 2015 Interim Section 5.7.2.2.
5-6
The flexural resistance is determined in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Paragraph 5.7.3.2. The resistance is evaluated for bending about horizontal axis 3
only. Separate capacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The
capacity is based on bonded tendons and mild steel located in the tension zone
as defined in the Bridge Object. Tendons and mild steel reinforcement located
in the compression zone are not considered. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, have f pe (effective stress after loses) larger
than 0.5 f pu (specified tensile strength). If a certain tendon should not be considered for the flexural capacity calculation, its area must be set to zero.
The section properties are calculated for the section before skew, grade, and
superelevation have been applied. This is consistent with the demands being
reported in the section local axis. It is assumed that the effective width of the
flange (slab) in compression is equal to the width of the slab.
5.2.4 Algorithm
At each section:
All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge model
units to N, mm.
The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on the slab area and slab
width, assuming a rectangular shape.
tslabeq =
Aslab
bslab
The equivalent web thickness is evaluated as the summation of all web horizontal thicknesses.
bwebeq =
nweb
web
5-7
10
0.02; 0.75
1.0
If f c > 28 MPa, =
then 1 max 0.85 c
0.05; 0.65 ;
7
else 1 =0.85.
The tendon and rebar location, area, and material are read. Only bonded tendons are processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
Tendons and rebar are split into two groups depending on which sign of moment they resistnegative or positive. A tendon or rebar is considered to resist a positive moment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression
stress block and is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located
outside of the bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression stress
block extends over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a = 1 c from
the extreme compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to
the neutral axis.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
5-8
distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of prestressing tendons, d P
distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tension rebar, d s
The distance c between the neutral axis and the compressive face is evaluated
in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).
c=
APS f PU + As f s
1 f c1bslab + kAPS
f pu
dp
Code
0.6
0.003
0.003 +
where the compression control strain limit is per AASHTO LRFD 2013
Interims table C5.7.2.1-1
When the limit is not satisfied the stress in mild reinforcement f s is reduced
to satisfy the requirement of Section 5.7.2.1.
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine if
the section is a T-section or rectangular section.
5-9
c=
=
fPS fPU 1 k
dp
c tslabeq
c
c
=
M n APS f PS d p 1 + AS f s d s 1 + 1 f c ( bslab bwebeq ) tslabeq 1
;
2
2
2
else
c
c
=
M n APS f PS d p 1 + AS f s d s 1 .
2
2
5 - 10
0.150 kcf
5.0 ksi (~34.473 MPa)
95.0 ft
60.0 ksi
5 - 11
=
826 in2
=
39 in
= 170812 in4
=
19.5 in
Aslab 48 5.5
=
= 5.5in
bslab
48
5 - 12
bwebeq =
nweb
web
= 5 + 5 = 10 in
) 4.437 in 2
sum of the tendon areas, APTbottom
= 0.153 ( 6 + 23
=
Value reported by CSiBridge = 4.437 in2
distance from the center of gravity of the tendons to the extreme com23 2 + 6 4
=
pression fiber, yPTbottom =
39
36.586 in
23 + 6
Value reported by CSiBridge = 19.5 + 17.0862 = 36.586 in
f py
243
k= 2 1.04
= 0.28
= 2 1.04
f pu
270
5 - 13
=
1 max 0.85 c
0.05;0.65
7
34.473 28
=
max 0.85
0.05;0.65 =
0.80376
7
The distance c between the neutral axis and the compressive face is evaluated
in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).
c=
APT f pu
0.85 f c1bslab + kAPT
f pu
y pt
4.437 270
=
6.91in
270
0.85 5 0.8037 48 + 0.28 4.437 36.586
Value calculated by CSiBridge = 6.919 in (not reported)
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine if
the section is a T-section or a rectangular section.
=
c
5 - 14
7.149
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
=270 1 0.28
=255.23 ksi
36.586
y pt
c tslabeq
c
=
M n APT f ps yPT 1 + 0.85 f c ( bslab bwebeq ) tslabeq 1
2
2
2
7.149 0.80376
=
4.437 255.228 36.586
+
2
0.85 5 ( 48 10 ) 5.5
2
2
= 38287.42 kip-in
Value calculated by CSiBridge = 38287.721 kip-in (not reported)
Factored flexural resistance is obtained by multiplying M n by .
Mr =
M n =
1.0 38287.42 =
38287.42 kip-in
5.3
5 - 15
Include Resal (haunched girder) Shear Effect Typical value: Yes. Specifies
whether the component of inclined flexural compression or tension, in the direction of the applied shear, in variable depth members shall or shall not be
considered when determining the design factored shear force.
Shear Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material label that will be
used to determine the area of shear rebar required.
Longitudinal Torsional Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material
label that will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal torsional
rebar.
5.3.2 Variables
A
AO
Area enclosed by the shear flow path, including the area of holes, if any
Al
Avsweb
Avtweb
Minimum horizontal gross width of the web (not adjusted for ducts)
bv
Minimum effective horizontal width of the web adjusted for the presence of ducts
be
Minimum effective normal width of the shear flow path adjusted to account for the presence of ducts
dv
CGtop, CGbot Distance from the center of gravity of the section to the top and
bottom fiber
5 - 16
ph
Minimum normal gross width of the web (not adjusted for ducts) =
b cos ( web )
tv
web
web
5 - 17
5.3.4 Algorithm
All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge model
units to N, mm.
If the option to consider resal effects is activated, the component of the inclined flexural compression or tension in the direction of the demand shear in
variable depth members is evaluated as follows:
Stat2 Stat1
5 - 18
Stat2 Stat1
where
yslab top2 , yslab top1 vertical coordinate of the center of gravity of the top
slab at stations 1 and 2. The y origin is assumed to be at the top
of the section and the + direction is up.
Stat1 , Stat2 stations of adjacent sections. When the section being
analyzed is Before, the current section station is Stat 2 ; when
the section being analyzed is After, the current section station
is Stat 1 . Therefore, the statement Stat1 < Stat2 is always valid.
P M
=
Pslab top Aslab top u u 3 dslab top
I3
A
P M
=
Pslab bot Aslab bot u + u 3 dslab bot
I3
A
where dslab top , dslab bot are distances from the center of gravity of the
section to the center of gravity of the slab (positive).
The magnitudes of vertical components of slab normal forces are determined
as follows:
Outer Web
V uweb
abs(Vu 2 + Presal top + Presal bot )
cos web
T uweb
Abs(T u )
Inner Web
V uweb
abs(Vu 2 + Presal top + Presal bot )
cos web
T uweb
0
5 - 19
Check
where web =
cos ( | web |)
nweb
1
cos ( | web |)
If b v 0, then
D
WebPassFlag
0; Avt=
0; Avs=
2; Avt=
2
= 2,= 0; Avs=
web
web
flag
flag
C
proceed to report web results
Evaluate design
f c min(
f c :
f c , 8.3 MPa)
bot =
P M3
P M3
CGtop tens= max ( top , bot )
+
CGbot top =
A I 33
A I 33
|P|
A
1+
,
0.166 f c
where K < 2.
Evaluate V c per web (shear capacity of concrete):
=
Vcweb 0.1663K f c bv dv .
5 - 20
Vsweb =
Vuweb Vcweb
.
Vsweb
.
f y dv
Vsweb = Avsweb f y dv
V=
Vcweb + Vsweb
nweb
Vuweb
=
.
bv dv f c
Tcr = 0.166 K f c 2 A0 be .
Evaluate torsion rebar:
1
If Tuweb < Tcr , then:
3
Avtflag = 0
Avtweb = 0
Shear Design AASHTO LRFD
5 - 21
Al = 0
Avtflag = 1
Avtweb =
Al =
Tuweb
A0 2 f y
Tuweb ph
A0 2 f ylong
Vuweb
T
+ uweb
b d
2 A0 be
= v v
.
1.25 f c
D
D
If
> , then Ratio Flag = 0;
C sweb C tweb
else
Ratio Flag = 1
D
D
D
= max , .
C
C sweb C tweb
If
D
> 1, then Web Pass Flag = 1;
C
else
Web Pass Flag = 0.
5 - 22
Assign web rebar flags where the rebar flag convention is:
Flag = 0 rebar governed by minimum code requirement
Flag = 1 rebar governed by demand
Flag = 2 rebar not calculated since the web b v < 0
Flag = 3 rebar not calculated since the web is not part of the shear flow
path for torsion
Evaluate entire section values:
V
= V
= V
=A
=A
Vcsection =
cweb
Vssection
sweb
Vnsection
nweb
Avssection
vsweb
Avtsection
vtweb
Alsection = Al
nweb
1
D
=
C ssection
tv
Vuweb
bv dv
nweb
1
tv
f c
D
=
C s sec tion
nweb
1
t v dv
f c
and
| Vu |
D
=
C tsection
nweb
1
t v dv
1.25 f c
| Tu |
2 A0 be
.
5 - 23
D
D
If
, then Ratio Flag = 0 else Ratio Flag = 1
>
C ssection C tsection
D
D
,
= max
.
C
C ssection C tsection
If
D
> 1, then Section Pass Flag = 1;
C
else
Section Pass Flag = 0.
Assign section design flags where flag convention is:
Flag = 0 Section Passed all code checks
Flag = 1 Section D/C > 1
Flag = 2 Section b e < 0 (section invalid)
5 - 24
Figure 5-5 Shear Design Example, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48
=
0.9
=
0.150 kcf
Concrete unit weight, w c
=
1.0
=
5.0 ksi (~34.473 MPa)
Concrete strength at 28 days, f c
Design span
=
95.0 ft
Prestressing strands: in. dia., seven wire, low relaxation
Area of one strand
=
0.153 in2
= 270.0 ksi
Ultimate strength fpu
=
0.9
Yield strength fpy
= 243 ksi
fpu
= 28500 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, Ep
Reinforcing bars: yield strength, fy
Section Properties
A
= area of cross-section of beam
h
= overall depth of precast beam
I
= moment of inertia about
centroid of the beam
yb,yt = distance from centroid to the
extreme bottom (top) fiber of
the beam
Aslabtop= Aslabbot = 485.5
=
=
=
5 - 25
Ao
Ph
Outer Web
Location
Shear and
Torsion
Check
5 - 26
Vuweb
abs(Vu 2 + Presal top + Presal bot )
cos web
Tuweb
=
abs(148.3E + 03 + 0 + 0) 1
= 74151.9 N
cos0
Inner Web
Vuweb
Tuweb
Abs(Tu)=515.2E+06
N/A
0
N/A
where
=
web
cos ( | web |)
=
cos
(| web |)
1
nweb
cos ( | 0 |)
= 0.5
2
cos ( | 0 |)
1
=
dv max(0.8h, ybot + yPTtop )
= max(0.8 990.6,495.3 + 419.1) = 914.4mm
f c :
Evaluate design
f c min
f c ,8.3MPa min (=
=
=
34.473,8.3MPa ) 5.871
P M3
3560E + 03 852 E + 06
bot = +
CGbot =
+
495.3 =
12.616 MPa.
A I 33
532902
71097322269
P M3
3560E + 03 852 E + 06
0.745MPa
top =
CGtop =
495.3 =
A I 33
532902
71097322269
tens =
max(top , bot ) =
max(12.61, 0.745) =
0.745MPa
If tens > 0.5 f c , then K = 1 false;
5 - 27
| 3560E + 03 |
|P|
532902
A
else K =
1+
=
1+
=
2.8
0.166
5.871
0.166 f c
V=
0.1663K f c b=
0.1663 2 1.0 5.871 127 914.4
cweb
v dv
= 226781N.
Evaluate Vs per web (shear force that is left to be carried by the rebar):
Vsweb =
0.9
Vsweb
.
f y dv
0.35 127
= 0.10745mm 2 / mm and Aswebflag = 0;
413.68
else Avswebflag = 1.
Evaluate the nominal capacities:
5 - 28
D
0.9= 0.1208
=
=
C sweb bv dv f c 127 914.4 5.871
T=
0.166 K f c 2 A0=
be 0.166 2 5.871 2 929353 127
cr
= 460 147 419 Nmm
Evaluate the torsion rebar:
1
1
If Tuweb < Tcr =
> 515.2E6 < 0.9 460E6 false, then:
3
3
Avtflag = 1
=
Avtweb
=
Al
Tuweb
515.2E6
=
= 0.7444mm 2 / mm
A0 2 f y 0.9 929352 2 413.68
Tuweb ph
515.2E6 3886.2
=
= 2893mm 2
A0 2 f ylong 0.9 929352 2 413.68
D
D
If
> , then Ratio Flag = 0 false;
C sweb C tweb
else
5 - 29
D
D
D
= max =
=
( 0.1208, 0.427 ) 0.427.
, max
C
C sweb C tweb
If
D
> 1, then Web Pass Flag =1 true;
C
else
Web Pass Flag = 0.
Assign web rebar flags where rebar flag convention is:
Flag = 0 rebar governed by minimum code requirement
Flag = 1 rebar governed by demand => true
Flag = 2 rebar not calculated since web bv< 0
Flag = 3 rebar not calculated since the web is not part of the shear flow
path for torsion.
Evaluate the entire section values:
=
2 40645 =
81290 N
V =
2 267 426 =
534852 N
=
V =
=
2 0.10 745 =
0.2149 mm / mm
A =
=
2 0.7444887 =
1.48898mm / mm
A =
Vcsection =
Vcweb =
2 226 781 =
453562 N
Vssection
Vnsection
Avssection
Avtsection
sweb
nweb
vsweb
vtweb
Alsection= A=
2893mm 2
l
D
=
C ssection
5 - 30
nweb
1
tv
Vuweb
bv dv
nweb
1
f c
tv
| Vu |
148.3E3
nweb
1 t v dv 0.9
D
=
=
C ssection
f c
127 914.4
=
2
5.871
0.1208
and
| Vu |
D
=
C tsection
nweb
1
t v dv
| Tu |
2 A0 be
1.25 f c
148.3E3
515.2E6
0.9
2
929352 127
0.9 1 127 914.4
= = 0.427.
1.25 5.871
D
D
If
, then Ratio Flag = 0 false;
>
C ssection C tsection
D
D
( 0.1208,0.427 ) 0.427.
,
= max =
=
max
C
C ssection C tsection
If
D
> 1, then SectionPassFlag = 1 true;
C
else
Section Pass Flag = 0.
Assign the section design flags where the flag convention is:
Flag = 0 Section Passed all code checks true
Flag = 1 Section D/C >1
Flag = 2 Section be < 0 (section invalid)
5 - 31
5.4
f c is multiplied by the
5 - 32
Chapter 6
Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
This chapter describes the algorithms used by CSiBridge for design checks
when the superstructure has a deck that includes cast-in-place multi-cell concrete box design and uses the Approximate Method of Analysis, as described in
the AASHTO LRFD 2014 (AASHTO LRFD) code.
When interim revisions of the codes are published by the relevant authorities,
and (when applicable) they are subsequently incorporated into CSiBridge, the
program gives the user an option to select what type of interims shall be used
for the design. The interims can be selected by clicking on the Code Preferences button.
For MulticellConcBox design in CSiBridge, each web and its tributary slabs
are designed separately. Moments and shears due to live load are distributed to
individual webs in accordance with the factors specified in AASHTO LRFD
Articles 4.6.2.2.2 and 4.6.2.2.3 of the code. To control if the section is designed
as a whole-width structure in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Article
4.6.2.2.1 of the code, select Yes for the Diaphragms Present option. When
CSiBridge calculates the Live Load Distribution (LLD) factors, the section and
span qualification criteria stated in AASHTO LRFD 4.6.2.2 are verified and
non-compliant sections are not designed.
Stress Design
6-1
With respect to shear and torsion check, in accordance with AASHTO LRFD
Article 5.8.3.4.2 of the code, torsion is ignored.
The user has an option to select No Interims or YYYY Interims on the
Bridge Design Preferences form. The form can be opened by clicking the Code
Preferences button.
The revisions published in the 2015 interims were incorporated into the Flexure Design.
6.1
Stress Design
The following parameters are considered during stress design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value: 1.0. The compression and tension limits are multiplied by the C factor.
FactorCompLim f c multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; Typical values: 0.4 to
0.6. The f c is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain compression limit.
FactorTensLim
f 'c
6-2
Stress Design
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set (Chapter 4). Extremes are found
for each point and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the preceding parameters.
6.2
Shear Design
The following parameters are considered during shear design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical values: 0.7 to 0.9. The
nominal shear capacity of normal weight concrete sections is multiplied by the
resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
PhiC (Lightweight) Resistance Factor for light-weight concrete; Default Value = 0.7, Typical values: 0.7 to 0.9. The nominal shear capacity of light-weight
concrete sections is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
Check Sub Type Typical value: MCFT. Specifies which method for shear design will be used: either Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Section 5.8.3.4.2; or the Vci/Vcw method in
accordance with AASHTO LRFD Section 5.8.3.4.3. Currently only the MCFT
option is available.
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = 0.4x103,
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.4x103.
Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = 6.0x103, Typical value: 6.0x103.
PhiC for N u Resistance Factor used in AASHTO LRFD Equation 5.8.3.5-1;
Default Value = 1.0, Typical values: 0.75 to 1.0.
Phif for M u Resistance Factor used in AASHTO LRFD Equation 5.8.3.5-1;
Default Value = 0.9, Typical values: 0.9 to 1.0.
Shear Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material label that will be
used to determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder.
Shear Design
6-3
6.2.1 Variables
6-4
Ac
Aps
Avl
Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of the member at the section under consideration
AVS
AVS min
bv
dgirder
dPTbot
Distance from the top of the top slab to the center of gravity of the
tendons in the bottom of the precast beam
dv
Ec
Ep
Es
f pu
Shear Design
Mu
Nu
Vp
Component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force; if Vp has the same sign as Vu, the component is resisting the applied shear.
Vu
V2 c
V2Tot
Shear Design
6-5
The effective web width is taken as the minimum web width, measured parallel
to the neutral axis, between the resultants of the tensile and compressive forces
as a result of flexure. In determining the effective web width at a particular level, one-quarter the diameter of grouted ducts at that level is subtracted from the
web width.
All defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, are assumed to be grouted.
Each tendon at a section is checked for presence in the web, and the minimum
controlling effective web thicknesses are evaluated.
The tendon duct is considered to have an effect on the web effective thickness
even if only part of the duct is within the web boundaries. In such cases, the entire one-quarter of the tendon duct diameter is subtracted from the element
thickness.
If several tendon ducts overlap in one web (when projected on the vertical axis), the diameters of the ducts are added for the sake of evaluation of the effective thickness. The effective web thickness is calculated at the top and bottom
of each duct.
Shear design is completed on a per-web basis. Please refer to Chapter 3 for a
description of the live load distribution to individual girders.
6.2.3 Algorithms
All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge model units
to N, mm.
For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes, a
new force demand set is generated. The new force demand set is built up from
the maximum tension values of P and the maximum absolute values of V2 and
M3 of the two StepTypes (Max and Min) present in the envelope COMBO
case. The StepType of this new force demand set is named ABS and the signs
of the P, V2 and M3 are preserved. The ABS case follows the industry practice
where sections are designed for extreme shear and moments that are not necessarily corresponding to the same design vehicle position. The section cut is designed for all three StepTypes in the COMBOMax, Min and ABSand the
controlling StepType is reported.
6-6
Shear Design
In cases where the demand moment Mu < Vu Vp dv , two new force demand
sets are generated where Mupos
= Vu Vp dvneg . The acro= Vu Vp dvpos and Muneg
nyms -CodeMinMuPos and -CodeMinMuNeg are added to the end of the
StepType name. The signs of the P and V2 are preserved.
The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
Vp =
V2 c V2Tot
ngirders
The depth of the equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative moment is evaluated in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Equation 5.7.3.1.1.
Effective shear depth is evaluated.
If M u > 0, then
=
dv max ( 0.72 dgirder , 0.9 dPTbot , dPTbot 0.5 a ) .
If M u < 0, then
=
dv max 0.72 dgirder ,0.9 (dgirder 0.5 dcompslab ),(dgirder 0.5 dcompslab ) 0.5 a .
The demand/capacity ratio (D/C) is calculated based on the maximum permissible shear capacity at a section in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Section
5.8.3.2-2.
Vu
Vp
V
D
=
C 0.25 f 'c b dv
snumerator =
Mu
dV
Shear Design
6-7
snumerator
E p Aps
s
.
Avl =
Es
If snumerator <0, then sdenominator = E p Aps + Es Avl + Ec Ac
Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4).
s = snumerator
sdenominator
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face of
the section.
If
Nu
> 0.52 f 'c , then s = 2 s .
Agirder
Check against the limit on the strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement specified in the Design Request, and if necessary, recalculate how
much longitudinal rebar is needed to reach the EpsSpos tension limit.
=
s max( s , sLimitNeg ) and =
min( s , sLimitPos )
s
Evaluate the angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as determined in AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.3.4.
18 29 + 3500 s 45
4.8
1 + 750 s
Evaluate the nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the concrete (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.8.3.3-3).
=
Vc 0.083
6-8
Shear Design
f 'c b d v
VS =
Vu
Vp Vc
s
Vs
.
1
tan
(AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
f y dv
0.083 f 'c b
in accordfy
VS = AVS f y dv
1
.
tan
Evaluate the longitudinal rebar on the flexure tension side in accordance with
(AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.8.3.5-1).
Vu
VU
VP 0.5 min VS ,
MU
S
NU
1
A=
E p Aps
SLreq
d + 0.5 +
tan
f
P
v
fy
AVL = max( AVL , ASLreq )
Assign longitudinal rebar to the top or bottom side of the girder based on the
moment sign.
If MU < 0, then AVLCompSlabU = AVL and AVLBeamBotFlange = 0,
else AVLCompSlabU = 0 and AVLBeamBotFlange = AVL .
Shear Design
6-9
6.3
Flexure Design
The following parameter is used in the design of flexure:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0. The nominal flexural capacity is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain factored
resistance
6.3.1 Variables
A PS
AS
Aslab
bslab
bwebeq
dP
dS
f ps
f pu
Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted average of all tendons in the tensile zone)
f py
fy
6 - 10
Flexure Design
Mn
Mr
tslabeq
Stress block factor, as specified in AASHTO LRFD 2015 Interim Section 5.7.2.2.
Flexure Design
6 - 11
the compression zone are not considered. It is assumed that all defined tendons
in a section, stressed or not, have f pe (effective stress after loses) larger than 0.5
f pu (specified tensile strength). If a certain tendon should not be considered for
the flexural capacity calculation, its area must be set to zero.
The section properties are calculated for the section before skew, grade, and
superelevation have been applied. This is consistent with the demands being
reported in the section local axis. It is assumed that the effective width of the
flange (slab) in compression is equal to the width of the slab.
6.3.3 Algorithms
At each section:
All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge model units
to N, mm.
The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on the tributary slab area and
the slab width assuming a rectangular shape.
tslabeq =
Aslab
bslab
6 - 12
Flexure Design
10
0.02; 0.75
1.0
If f c > 28 MPa,=
then 1 max 0.85 c
0.05; 0.65 ;
7
else 1 =0.85.
The tendon and rebar location, area, and material are read. Only bonded tendons are processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
Tendons and rebar are split into two groups depending on the sign of moment
they resistnegative or positive. A tendon or rebar is considered to resist a
positive moment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress
block and is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside
of the bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression stress block extends over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line
located parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a = 1 c from the extreme
compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
sum of the tendon areas, A PS
center of gravity of the tendons, d P
specified tensile strength of prestressing steel f pu
constant k (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
f py
=
k 2 1.04
f pu
Flexure Design
6 - 13
Positive moment resistance first it is assumed that the equivalent compression stress block is within the top slab. Distance c between the neutral axis and
the compressive face is calculated in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD eq.
5.7.3.1.1-4)
APS f PU + As f s
c=
1 f c1bslab + kAPS
f pu
dp
0.6
0.003
0.003 +
where the compression control strain limit is per AASHTO LRFD 2013 Interims table C5.7.2.1-1
When the limit is not satisfied the stress in mild reinforcement f s is reduced to
satisfy the requirement of Section 5.7.2.1.
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine if the
section is a T-section or rectangular section.
If c1 > tslabeq , the section is a T-section.
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in accordance with
(AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).
c=
6 - 14
Flexure Design
=
fPS fPU 1 k
d
p
=
M n APS f PS d p 1 + AS f s d s 1 + 1 f c ( bslab bwebeq ) tslabeq 1
2
2
2
else
c
c
=
M n APS f PS d p 1 + AS f s d s 1 .
2
2
Extreme moment M3 demands are found from the specified demand sets and
the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The process for evaluating negative moment resistance is analogous.
Flexure Design
6 - 15
Chapter 7
Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithms used by CSiBridge for design and stress
check when the superstructure has a deck that includes precast I or U girders
with composite slabs in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD 2014 (AASHTO
LRFD) code.
When interim revisions of the codes are published by the relevant authorities,
and (when applicable) they are subsequently incorporated into CSiBridge, the
program gives the user an option to select what type of interims shall be used
for the design. The interims can be selected by clicking on the Code Preferences button.
The user has an option to select No Interims or YYYY Interims on the
Bridge Design Preferences form. The form can be opened by clicking the Code
Preferences button.
The revisions published in the 2015 interims were incorporated into the Flexure Design.
7.1
Stress Design
The following parameters are considered during stress design:
Stress Design
7-1
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value: 1.0. The compression and tension limits are multiplied by the C factor.
FactorCompLim f c multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; Typical values: 0.4 to
0.6. The f c is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain compression limit.
FactorTensLim
f'c
is multiplied by the
The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and either both bending moments (M2 and M3) or only P and M3, depending on
which method for determining the LLD factor has been specified in the Design
Request (see Chapters 3 and 4).
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set (Chapter 4). Extremes are found
for each point and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the preceding Parameters.
7.2
Shear Design
The following parameters are considered during shear design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical values: 0.7 to 0.9. The
nominal shear capacity of normal weight concrete sections is multiplied by the
resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
7-2
Shear Design
PhiC (Lightweight) Resistance Factor for light-weight concrete; Default Value = 0.7, Typical values: 0.7 to 0.9. The nominal shear capacity of light-weight
concrete sections is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
Check Sub Type Typical value: MCFT. Specifies which method for shear design will be used: Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD section 5.8.3.4.2; or the Vci/Vcw method in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD section 5.8.3.4.3. Currently, only the MCFT option is
available.
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in accordance with AASHTO LRFD section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = 0.4x10-3,
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.4x10-3.
Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in accordance with AASHTO LRFD section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = 6.0x10-3, Typical
value(s): 6.0x10-3.
PhiC for Nu Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1 of the code; Default
Value = 1.0, Typical values: 0.75 to 1.0.
Phif for Mu Resistance Factor used in AASHTO LRFD equation 5.8.3.5-1;
Default Value = 0.9, Typical values: 0.9 to 1.0.
Shear Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material label that will be
used to determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder.
Longitudinal Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material label that
will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the girder
7.2.1
Variables
a
Ac
A ps
A VS
7-3
7-4
A VSmin
A vl
Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of the member at the section under consideration
dv
d girder
d compslab
d PTBot
Distance from the top of the composite slab to the center of gravity
of the tendons in the bottom of the precast beam
Ec
Ep
Es
f pu
Mu
Nu
V 2c
V 2tot
Vp
Component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force; if V p has the same sign as V u , the component is resisting the applied shear.
Vu
Factored shear demand per girder, excluding the force in the tendons
Shear Design
7.2.2
Design Process
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with AASHTO LRFD paragraph 5.8.3.4.2 (derived from Modified Compression Field Theory). The procedure assumes that the concrete shear stresses are distributed uniformly over
an area b v wide and d v deep, that the direction of principal compressive stresses
(defined by angle and shown as D) remains constant over d v , and that the
shear strength of the section can be determined by considering the biaxial stress
conditions at just one location in the web. The user should select for design only those sections that comply with these assumptions by defining appropriate
station ranges in the Design Request (see Chapter 4).
It is assumed that the precast beams are pre-tensioned, and therefore, no ducts
are present in webs. The effective web width is taken as the minimum web
width, measured parallel to the neutral axis, between the resultants of the tensile and compressive forces as a result of flexure.
Shear design is completed on a per-girder basis. Please refer to Chapter 3 for a
description of the live load distribution to individual girders.
7.2.3
Algorithms
All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge model
units to N, mm.
For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes,
two new force demand sets are generated. The new force demand sets are
built up from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum and minimum values of V2 and minimum values of M3 of the two StepTypes (Max
and Min) present in the envelope COMBO case. The StepType of these new
Shear Design
7-5
force demand sets are named MaxM3MinV2 and MinM3MaxV2, respectively. The signs of all force components are preserved. The two new cases are
added to comply with industry practice where sections are designed for extreme shear and moments that are not necessarily corresponding to the same
design vehicle position. The section cut is designed for all four StepTypes in
the COMBOMax, Min, MaxM3MinV2, and MinM3MaxV2and the controlling StepType is reported.
In cases where the demand moment Mu < Vu Vp dv , two new force demand
sets are generated where Mupos
= Vu Vp dvpos and Muneg =
Vu Vp dvnneg . The
acronyms -CodeMinMuPos and -CodeMinMuNeg are added to the end
of the StepType name. The signs of the P and V2 are preserved. The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force,
positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
Vp =
V2 c V2tot
ngirders
Depth of equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative moment is
evaluated in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1).
Effective shear depth is evaluated.
=
dv max ( 0.72 dgirder ,0.9 dPTbot , dPTbot 0.5 a ) .
If M u > 0, then
If M u < 0, then
=
dv max 0.72 dgirder ,0.9 ( dgirder 0.5 dcompslab ) , ( dgirder 0.5 dcompslab ) 0.5 a .
Vu
Vp
V
D
=
C 0.25 f 'c b dv
7-6
Shear Design
Mu
dV
snumerator
E p Aps
s
Es
s = snumerator
sdenominator
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face
of the section.
If
Nu
> 0.52 f 'c , then s = 2 s .
Agirder
=
s max ( s , sLimitNeg ) and =
s min ( s , sLimitPos )
Evaluate the angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as determined in AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.3.4.
18 29 + 3500 s 45
Shear Design
7-7
4.8
1 + 750 s
f 'c b d v
VS =
Vu
Vp Vc
s
Vs
1
f y dv
tan
0.083 f 'c b
in accordfy
1
tan
7-8
Shear Design
Vu
VU
VP 0.5 min VS ,
MU
S
NU
1
A=
E p Aps
SLreq
d + 0.5 +
tan
f
P
v
fy
AVL = max( AVL , ASLreq )
Assign longitudinal rebar to the top or bottom side of the girder based on
moment sign.
If M U < 0 , then AVLCompSlabU = AVL and AVLBeamBotFlange = 0;
else AVLCompSlabU = 0 and AVLBeamBotFlange = AVL .
7.2.4
Shear Design
7-9
60 ksi
Shear Design
=
=
=
72 in.
8 in.
1,085 in2
=
551 in2
= 733,320 in4
=
35.62 in.
=
36.38 in.
=
31.380 in.
V2c V2tot
V p = 0 since no inclined tendons are present.
ngirders
Depth of equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative moment is
evaluated in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1).
Effective shear depth is evaluated:
Since M u > 0, then (for calculation of the depth of the compression
block, refer to the Flexure example in Section 7.3 of this manual)
=
dv max ( 0.72 dgirder , 0.9 dPTbot , dPTbot 0.5 a )
= max ( 0.72 80", 0.9 75", 75" 0.5 5.314 0.85 )
( 57.6",67.5",72.74") 72.74"
=
d v max
=
Value reported by CSiBridge = 72.74"
Check if Mu < Vu Vp dv
M=
3,678 12
= 44,136 kip-in > ( 319 0 ) 72.74
= 23,204 kip-in
u
Shear Design
7 - 11
D/C is calculated based on the maximum permissible shear capacity at a section in accordance with AASHTO LRFD 5.8.3.2-2.
Vu
319
Vp
0
V
D
0.9
= =
= 0.406
C 0.25 f 'c b dv 0.25 6 8 72.74
Value reported by CSiBridge = 0.406
Evaluate the numerator and denominator of (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.8.3.4.24)
snumerator =
Mu
dV
3678 12
=
+ 0.5 0 + 319 0 6.73 0.7 270 =346.2 kip
72.74
sdenominator = E p Aps + Es Avl = 28500 ksi 6.73 in 2 = 191805 kip
346.2
s = snumerator =
=1.318E-4
sdenominator 2626346
Value reported by CSiBridge = 1.318E-4
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face
of the section.
7 - 12
Shear Design
If
Nu
> 0.52 f 'c , then s = 2 s ; this is not applicable since N u = 0.
Agirder
Check against the limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement as specified in the Design Request, and recalculate Avl.
s =max ( s , sLimitPos ) =max ( 1.318E-4, 1.318E-4 4 ) =1.318E-4
Evaluate angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as determined in AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.3.4.
4.8
4.8
=
= 5.3265
1 + 750 s 1 + 750 1.318E-4
Value reported by CSiBridge = 5.3267
=
Vc 0.0316 f 'c b dv
= 0.0316 5.32 1.0 6 8 72.74
= 239.92 kip
Value reported by CSiBridge = 240.00 kip
Evaluate how much shear demand is left to be carried by rebar:
VS =
Vu
Vp Vc =
319
0 239.6 = 114.8 kip
0.9
Shear Design
7 - 13
=
AVS
Vs
114.8
=
= 1.43E-2 in 2 /in
1
1
f y dv
60 72.74
tan
tan 28.5
(AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
AVS min
=
Vu
VU
VP 0.5 min VS ,
MU
S
S
NU
1
A=
E p Aps
SLreq
d + 0.5 +
f
tan
f
P
v
y
319
0 0.5 114.9
3678 12
1
0
0.9
=
+ 0.5
+
28500 6.73
=
3176.3 in 2
1.0
tan 28.5
72.74 0.9
60
Value reported by CSiBridge = 0.00 in2 no additional longitudinal rebar is required in the beam bottom flange.
7.3
Flexure Design
The following parameter is used in the design of flexure:
7 - 14
Flexure Design
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value: 1.0. The nominal flexural capacity is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance
7.3.1
Variables
A PS
AS
A slab
b slab
b webeq
dP
dS
f ps
f pu
Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted average of all tendons in the tensile zone)
f py
fy
Mn
Mr
Flexure Design
7 - 15
t slabeq
1
7.3.2
Design Process
The derivation of the moment resistance of the section is based on the approximate stress distribution specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 5.7.2.2. The natural relationship between concrete stress and strain is considered satisfied by
an equivalent rectangular concrete compressive stress block of 1 over a
zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a = 1 c from the extreme compression
fiber. If the AASHTO LRFD 2015 interim is selected the factor 1 is taken as
0.85 for specified compressive strengths not exceeding 10.0 ksi. For specified
concrete compressive strengths exceeding 10.0ksi, 1 is reduced at rate of 0.02
for each 1.0ksi of strength in excess of 10.0ksi, except that 1 is not taken less
than 0.75. For AASHTO LRFD no interim the 1 is always taken as 0.85 independent of concrete compressive strength. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral axis. The factor 1 is taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths
not exceeding 4.0 ksi. For concrete strengths exceeding 4.0 ksi, 1 is reduced at
a rate of 0.05 for each 1.0 ksi of strength in excess of 4.0 ksi, except that 1 is
not to be taken to be less than 0.65.
The flexural resistance is determined in accordance with AASHTO LRFD paragraph 5.7.3.2. The resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal
axis 3. Separate capacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The
capacity is based on bonded tendons and mild steel located in the tension zone
as defined in the Bridge Object. Tendons and mild steel reinforcement located
in the compression zone are not considered. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, have f pe (effective stress after loses) larger
than 0.5 f pu (specified tensile strength). If a certain tendon should not be considered for the flexural capacity calculation, its area must be set to zero.
7 - 16
Flexure Design
The section properties are calculated for the section before skew, grade, and
superelevation are applied. This is consistent with the demands being reported
in the section local axis. It is assumed that the effective width of the flange
(slab) in compression is equal to the width of the slab.
7.3.3
Algorithms
At each section:
All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge model
units to N, mm.
The 1 stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with AASHTO LRFD
5.7.2.2 based on section f c
For AASHTO LRFD 2015 Interim
10
0.02; 0.75
1.0
1 = 0.85
f 28
0.05; 0.65 ;
If f c > 28 MPa, =
then 1 max 0.85 c
7
else 1 = 0.85.
The tendon and rebar location, area and material are read. Only bonded tendons are processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
Tendons and rebar are split into two groups depending on what sign of moment they resistnegative or positive. A tendon or rebar is considered to resist a positive moment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression
stress block, and it is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression
Flexure Design
7 - 17
stress block extends over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section
and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a = 1 c
from the extreme compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
f py
=
k 2 1.04
f pu
distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tension rebar, d s
Positive moment resistance First it is assumed that the equivalent compression stress block is within the top slab. Distance c between the neutral axis
and the compressive face is calculated in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD
eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4)
APS f PU + As f s
c=
1 f c1bslab + kAPS
f pu
dp
7 - 18
Flexure Design
No Interims
later
0.6
0.003
0.003 +
Ratio limit
where the compression control strain limit is per AASHTO LRFD 2013
Interims table C5.7.2.1-1
When the limit is not satisfied the stress in mild reinforcement f s is reduced
to satisfy the requirement of Section 5.7.2.1.The distance c is compared to
the slab thickness. If the distance to the neutral axis c is larger than the composite slab thickness, the distance c is re-evaluated. For this calculation, the
beam flange width and area are converted to their equivalents in slab concrete by multiplying the beam flange width by the modular ratio between the
precast girder concrete and the slab concrete. The web width in the equation
for c is substituted for the effective converted girder flange width. The distance c is recalculated in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).
c=
If the calculated value of c exceeds the sum of the deck thickness and the
equivalent precast girder flange thickness, the program assumes the neutral
axis is below the flange of the precast girder and recalculates c. The term
1 ( ) in the calculation is broken into two terms, one refers to the
contribution of the deck to the composite section flange and the second refers
to the contribution of the precast girder flange to the composite girder flange.
Average stress in prestressing steel fps is calculated in accordance with
AASHTO LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-1.
=
fPS fPU 1 k
dp
Flexure Design
7 - 19
c tslabeq
c
c
=
M n APS f PS d p 1 + AS f s d s 1 + 1 f c ( bslab bwebeq ) tslabeq 1
;
2
2
2
2
else
c
c
=
M n APS f PS d p 1 + AS f s d s 1
2
2
Mr = M n
Extreme moment M3 demands are found from the specified demand sets and
the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The process for evaluating negative moment resistance is analogous, except
that calculation of positive moment resistance is not applicable.
7.3.4
7 - 20
Flexure Design
Flexure Design
7 - 21
=
=
=
243 ksi
270 ksi
28,500 ksi
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
72 in.
8 in.
1,085 in2
733,320 in4
35.62 in.
36.38 in.
31.380 in.
7 - 22
Flexure Design
243
k= 2 1.04
= 0.28
= 2 1.04
f
270
pu
The distance c between neutral axis and the compressive face is evaluated in
accordance with AASHTO LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-4.
c=
APTbottom f pu
0.85 f c 1 bslab + k APTbottom
f pu
yPTbottom
6.732 * 270
= 5.314 in
270
0.85 4 0.85 116 + 0.28 6.732
75
Value calculated by CSiBridge = 5.314 in
f ps = f pu 1 k
= 270 1 0.28
= 264.64 ksi
75
yPTbottom
Flexure Design
7 - 23
2
2
= 129593.17
=
12 10 799.4 kip-ft
Value calculated by CSiBridge = 107 99 kip-ft (not reported)
7 - 24
Flexure Design
Chapter 8
Design Steel I-Beam Bridge with Composite Slab
This chapter describes the algorithms CSiBridge applies when designing steel
I-beam with composite slab superstructures in accordance with, the AASHTO
LRFD 2014 (AASHTO LRFD).
8.1
Section Properties
The user specifies in the Design Request the name of the combo that
represents the moment caused by the remainder of the factored permanent load (applied to the composite section).
8- 1
Fyt =
M dnc M dc M AD
+
+
S NC
SLT
SST
where
SNC =
SLT =
SST =
My is taken as the lesser value calculated for the compression flange, Myc,
or the tension flange, Myt. The positive My is calculated only once based
on Mdnc and Mdc demands specified by the user in the Design Request. It
should be noted that the My calculated in the procedure described here is
used by the program only to determine Mnpos for a compact section in
positive bending in a continuous span, where the nominal flexural resistance may be controlled by My in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD
eq. 6.10.7.1.2-3).
M n 1.3 Rh M y
8.1.1.2
For composite sections in negative flexure, the procedure described for positive
yield moment is followed, except that the composite section for both short-term
and long-term moments consists of the steel section and the longitudinal reinforcement within the tributary width of the concrete deck. Thus, SST and SLT are
the same value. Also, Myt is taken with respect to either the tension flange or
the longitudinal reinforcement, whichever yields first.
The negative My is calculated only once based on the Mdnc and Mdc demands
specified by the user in the Design Request. It should be noted that the My calculated in the procedure described here is used by the program solely to determine the limiting slenderness ratio for a compact web corresponding to 2Dcp /tw
in (AASHTO LRFD eq. A6.2.1-2).
8-2
Section Properties
=
pw( Dcp )
E
Fyc
Dcp
rw
Mp
Dc
0.09
0.54
Rh M y
and web plastification factors in (AASHTO LRFD eqs. A.6.2.2-4 and A6.2.25).
Rh M yc
R pc = 1 1
Mp
w pw( Dc )
rw pw( Dc )
M p
Mp
M yc M yc
Rh M yt
R pt = 1 1
Mp
w pw( Dc )
rw pw( Dc )
M p M p
M yt M yt
The positive plastic moment, Mp, is calculated as the moment of the plastic
forces about the plastic neutral axis. Plastic forces in the steel portions of a
cross-section are calculated using the yield strengths of the flanges, the web,
and reinforcing steel, as appropriate. Plastic forces in the concrete portions of
the cross-section that are in compression are based on a rectangular stress block
with the magnitude of the compressive stress equal to 0.85 fc. Concrete in tension is neglected. The position of the plastic neutral axis is determined by the
equilibrium condition that there is no net axial force.
The plastic moment of a composite section in positive flexure is determined by:
Calculating the element forces and using them to determine if the plastic neutral axis is in the web, top flange, or concrete deck
Calculating the location of the plastic neutral axis within the element determined in the first step
Calculating Mp.
Section Properties
8-3
Equations for the various potential locations of the plastic neutral axis (PNA)
are given in Table 8-1.
Table 8-1 Calculation of PNA and M p for Sections in Positive Flexure
Case
PNA
In Web
D P Pc Ps Prt Prb
=
+ 1
Y t
Pw
2
Pt + Pw
2
Pw 2 (
P c + P s + P rb + P n
=
M
Y + D Y ) + [ Ps ds + Prt drt + Prb d rb + Pc dc + Pt dt ]
p
2D
t P + Pt Ps Prt Prb
=
+ 1
Y c w
Pc
2
Pt + Pw + Pc
2
P
c 2
Ps + Prb + Pn
=
M
Y + ( tc Y ) + [ Ps ds + Pn dn + Prb d rb + Pw dw + Pt dt ]
p
2tc
II
In Top
Flange
III
Concrete
Deck
Below
Prb
Pt + P w + Pc
crb
Ps + Prb + Pn
t2
IV
Concrete
Deck at
Prb
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb
crb
Ps + Pn
ts
Concrete
Deck
Above
Prb and
Below
Prt
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb
crt
Ps + Pn
ts
VI
Concrete
Deck at
Prt
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Pn
crt
Ps
ts
8-4
Y and M p
Condition
Section Properties
P + Pw + Pt Prt Prb
Y = ( ts ) c
Ps
2
Y Ps
M=
Y = crb
Y 2 Ps
M=
+ [ Prt drt + Pc dc + Pw dw + Pt dt ]
p
2t s
P + Pc + Pw + Pt Prt
Y = ( t s ) rb
Ps
Y 2 Ps
M=
+ [ Prb drb + Pc dc + Pw dw + Pt dt ]
p
2t s
PNA
VII
Concrete
Deck
Above
Prt
Y and M p
Condition
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Prt <
crt
Ps
ts
P + Pc + Pw + Pt + Prt
Y = ( t s ) rb
Ps
Y 2 Ps
M=
Art
ts
Crt
Arb
Prt
Crb
Ps
Prb
bc
tc
tw
Pc
PNA
PNA
Y
Y
PNA
Pw
Pt
tt
CASE I
CASES III-VII
CASE II
bt
Figure 8-1 Plastic Neutral Axis Cases -- Positive Flexure
8.1.2.2
Section Properties
8-5
practice are given in Table 8-2. The plastic moment of a noncomposite section
is calculated by eliminating the terms pertaining to the concrete deck and longitudinal reinforcement from the equations in Tables 8-1 and 8-2 for composite
sections.
Table 8-2 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Negative Flexure
Case
PNA
Condition
Y and Mp
In Web
D P Pt Prt Prb
Y c
=
+ 1
2
P
w
Pc + Pw Pt + Prb + Pn
2
Pw 2 (
M
=
Y + D Y ) + [ Pn dn + Prb drb + Pt dt + Pd
p
l l]
2D
II
In Top
Flange
t P Pc Prt Prb
Y l w
=
+ 1
Pt
2
Pc + Pw + Pt Prb + Pn
2
Pt 2
M
=
Y + ( tl Y ) + [ Pn dn + Prb drb + Pw dw + Pc dc ]
p
2tl
Art
Arb
Prt
Prb
ts
bc
tt
tw
Pt
Y
PNA
Pw
Pc
tc
bc
CASE I
CASE V
in which
Prt = Fyrt Art
Ps = 0.85 fc bsts
8-6
PNA
Y
Section Properties
CASE II
The program determines if the section can be qualified as compact based on the
following criteria:
the specified minimum yield strengths of the flanges do not exceed 70.0 ksi,
the web satisfies the requirement of AASHTO LRFD Article (6.10.2.1.1),
D
150
tw
3.76
E
.
Fyc
The program does not verify if the composite section is kinked (chorded) continuous or horizontally curved.
8.1.3.2
Section Properties
8-7
the specified minimum yield strengths of the flanges do not exceed 70.0 ksi,
the web satisfies the noncompact slenderness limit,
2 Dc
E
< 5.7
tw
Fyc
I yc
I yt
0.3.
The program does not verify if the composite section is kinked (chorded) continuous or horizontally curved.
8.1.3.3
For rolled shapes, homogenous built-up sections, and built-up sections with a
higher-strength steel in the web than in both flanges, Rh is taken as 1.0. Otherwise the hybrid factor is taken as:
Rh =
12 + ( 3 3 )
12 + 2
where
=the smaller of Fyw fn and 1.0
2 Dn t w
A fn
8-8
Section Properties
8.1.3.4
For rolled shapes, homogenous built-up sections, and built-up sections with a
higher-strength steel in the web than in both flanges, Rh is taken as 1.0. Otherwise the hybrid factor is taken as:
Rh =
12 + ( 3 3 )
12 + 2
where
=
2 Dn t w
A fn
Afn = Flange area on the side of the neutral axis corresponding to Dn.
If the top flange controls, then the area of longitudinal rebar in
the slab is included in calculating Afn.
Dn = The larger of the distances from the elastic neutral axis of the
cross-section to the inside face of either flange. For sections
where the neutral axis is at the mid-depth of the web, this distance is from the neutral axis to the inside face of the flange on
the side of the neutral axis where yielding occurs first.
Fn = fy of the controlling flange. When the top flange controls, then
Fn is equal to the largest of the minimum specified yield
strengths of the top flange or the longitudinal rebar in the slab.
8.1.3.5
For rolled shapes, homogenous built-up sections, and built-up sections with a
higher-strength steel in the web than in both flanges, Rh is taken as 1.0. Otherwise the hybrid factor is taken as:
Rh =
12 + ( 3 3 )
12 + 2
where
Section Properties
8-9
2 Dn t w
A fn
Afn = Flange area on the side of the neutral axis corresponding to Dn.
Dn = The larger of the distances from the elastic neutral axis of the
cross-section to the inside face of either flange. For sections
where the neutral axis is at the mid-depth of the web, this distance is from the neutral axis to the inside face of the flange on
the side of the neutral axis where yielding occurs first.
Fn = fy of the controlling flange.
8.1.3.6
2 Dc
rw 1.0
Rb =
1
where
rw =
5.7
awc =
E
Fyc
2 Dc t w
b fc t fc
When the user specifies the Design Request parameter Do webs have longitudinal stiffeners? as yes, the Rb factor is set to 1.0 (see Chapter 4 for more information about specifying Design Request parameters).
8 - 10
Section Properties
8.1.3.7
The program assumes that the top flange is continuously braced for all Design
Requests, except for Constructability. For more information about flange lateral bracing in a Constructability Design Request, see Section 8.6 of this manual.
The unbraced length Lb for the bottom flange is equal to the distance between
the nearest downstation and upstation qualifying cross diaphragms or span end
as defined in the Bridge Object [the preceding sentence needs to be clarified].
Some of the diaphragm types available in CSiBridge may not necessarily provide restraint to the bottom flange. The program assumes that the following diaphragm qualifies as providing lateral restraint to the bottom flange: single
beam, all types of chords and braces except V braces without bottom beams.
The program calculates demands and capacities pertaining to a given section
cut at a given station without considering section transition within the unbraced
length. It does not search for the highest demands vs. the smallest resistance Fnc
within the unbraced length as the code suggests. It is also setting the value of
the moment gradient modifier equal to 1.0. It is the responsibility of the user to
pay special attention to the section transition within the unbraced length and to
follow the guidelines in AASHTO LRFD C6.10.8.2.3.
8.2
Demand Sets
Demand Set combos (at least one is required) are user-defined combinations
based on LRFD combinations (see Chapter 4 for more information about specifying Demand Sets). The demands from all specified demand combos are enveloped and used to calculate D/C ratios. The way the demands are used depends on if the design parameter "Use Stage Analysis? is set to Yes or No.
If Use Stage Analysis? = Yes, the program reads the stresses on beams and
slabs directly from the section cut results. The program assumes that the effects
of the staging of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sections, as
well as the concrete slab material time dependent properties, were captured by
using the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge.
Note that the Design Request for staged constructability check (Steel-I Comp
Construct Stgd) allows only Nonlinear Staged Construction load cases to be
used as Demand Sets.
Demand Sets
8 - 11
If Use Stage Analysis? = No, the program decomposes load cases present in
every demand set combo to three Bridge Design Action categories: noncomposite, composite long term, and composite short term. The program uses
the load case Bridge Design Action parameter to assign the load cases to the
appropriate categories. A default Bridge Design Action parameter is assigned
to a load case based on its Design Type. However, the parameter can be overwritten: click the Analysis > Load Cases > {Type} > New command to display the Load Case Data {Type} form; click the Design button next to the
Load case type dropdown list; under the heading Bridge Design Action, select
the User Defined option and select a value from the list. The assigned Bridge
Designed Action values are handled by the program in the following manner:
Table 8-3 Bridge Design Action
Bridge Design Action Value
Specified by the User
Non-Composite
Non-Composite
Long-Term Composite
Long-Term Composite
Short-Term Composite
Short-Term Composite
Staged
Non-Composite
Other
Non-Composite
P
Acomp
M NC M LTC M STC
+
+
Ssteel
SLTC
SSTC
where MNC is the demand moment on the non-composite section, MLTC is the
demand moment on the long-term composite section, and MSTC is the demand
moment on the short-term composite section.
8 - 12
Demand Sets
The short-term section modulus for positive moment is calculated by transforming the concrete deck using the steel-to-concrete modular ratio. The longterm section modulus for positive moment is calculated using a modular ratio
factored by n, where n is specified in the Design Parameter as the Modular
ratio long-term multiplier. The effect of compression reinforcement is ignored. For negative moment, the concrete deck is assumed cracked and is not
included in the section modulus calculations while tension reinforcement is accounted for.
If Use Stage Analysis? = Yes, then the fbu stresses on each flange are read directly from the section cut results. The program assumes that the effects of the
staging of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sections, as well as
the concrete slab material time dependent properties, were captured by using
the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge.
In the Strength Design Check, the program verifies the sign of the stress in the
composite slab, and if stress is positive (tension), the program assumes that the
entire section cut demand moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to
reflect the fact that the concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not
contribute to the resistance of the section. Flange stress ff , used in the Service
Design Check, is evaluated in the same manner as stress fbu, with one exception. When the Steel Service Design Request parameter Does concrete slab resist tension? is set to Yes, the program uses section properties based on a
transformed section that assumes the concrete slab to be fully effective in both
tension and compression.
In the Constructability checks, the program proceeds based on the status of the
concrete slab. When no slab is present or the slab is non-composite, the fbu
stresses on each flange are read directly from the section cut results. When the
slab status is composite, the program verifies the sign of the stress in the composite slab, and if stress is positive (tension), the program assumes that the entire section cut demand moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to
reflect the fact that the concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not
contribute to the resistance of the section.
Demand Sets
8 - 13
Steel Girders has been selected for the deck section type (Components >
Superstructure Item > Deck Sections command) and the Girder Modeling
In Area Object Models Model Girders Using Area Objects option is set to
Yes on the Define Bridge Section Data Steel Girder form.
The bridge object is modeled using Area Objects. This option can be set using the Bridge > Update command to display the Update Bridge Structural
Model form; then select the Update as Area Object Model option.
The Design Parameter Use Stage Analysis is set to Yes
Set the Live Load Distribution to Girders method to Use Forces Directly
from CSiBridge on the Bridge Design Request Superstructure {Code}
form, which displays when the Design/Rating > Superstructure Design >
Design Requests command is used (see Chapter 3 for more information
about Live Load Distribution). Since there is no live load used in the Constructability design, request this setting does not apply in that case.
In all other cases, the flange lateral bending stress is set to zero. The fl stresses
on each flange are read directly from the section cut results.
fc
=
Dc
d t fc 0
fc + ft
where
8 - 14
Demand Sets
8.3
8.3.1 Flexure
8.3.1.1
=
M n M p 1.07 0.7
Dt
8 - 15
Mn 1.3RhMy
where Rh is a hybrid factor for the section in positive flexure.
The demand over capacity ratio is evaluated as
1
Mu + 3 f1S xt
f
DoverC = max
, l
f Mn
0.6 Fyf
8.3.1.2
fbu + 3 f1 fbu
f
DoverC = max
,
, l
f Fnt f Fnc 0.6 Fyf
8.3.1.3
(6.10.8.2.2-1)
Otherwise
Fyr f pf
Fnc = 1 1
Rb Rh Fyc
Rh Fyc rf pf
in which
8 - 16
(6.10.8.2.2-2)
b fc
f =
2t fc
(6.10.8.2.2-3)
0.38
pf =
E
Fyc
(6.10.8.2.2-4)
0.56
rf =
E
Fyr
(6.10.8.2.2-5)
(6.10.8.2.3-1)
Rh Fyc Lr L p
Rb Rh Fyc Rb Rh Fyc
(6.10.8.2.3-2)
(6.10.8.2.3-3)
in which
Lb = unbraced length,
L p = 1.0rt
E
,
Fyc
Lr = rt
E
Fyr
Fcr =
Cb Rb 2 E
Lb
r
t
(6.10.8.2.3-8)
8 - 17
rt =
b fc
(6.10.8.2.3-9)
1 Dc t w
12 1 +
3 b fc t fc
(6.10.8.1.3-1)
fbu + 3 f1
fbu
f
DoverC = max
,
, 1
f Fm f Rh Fyf 0.6 Fyc
8.3.1.4
Sections that satisfy the following requirement qualify as compact web sections:
2 Dcp
tw
pw( Dcp )
where
=
pw( Dcp )
5.7
rw =
8 - 18
E
Fyc
Dcp
Mp
Dc
0.09
0.54
Rh M y
E
Fyc
Dc
Dcp
R pc =
R pt =
Mp
M yc
Mp
M yt
Sections that do not satisfy the requirement for compact web sections, but for
which the web slenderness satisfies the following requirement:
w < rw
2D
w = c
tw
where
5.7
rw =
E
Fyc
Rh M yc
R pc = 1 1
Mp
w pw( Dc )
tw pw( Dc )
M p
Mp
M yc M yc
Rh M yt
R pt = 1 1
Mp
w pw( Dc )
rw pw( Dc )
M p M p
M yt M yt
where
8 - 19
D
pw( Dc ) = pw( Dc p ) c
Dcp
rw
R pc M yc
(AASHTO LRFD A6.3.2-2)
in which
b fc
f =
2t fc
0.38
pf =
E
Fyc
0.95
rf =
Ekc
Fyr
4
D
tw
8 - 20
Fyr S xc Lb L p
M nc= Cb 1 1
R pc M yc Lr L p
R pc M yc R pc M yc
(AASHTO LRFD A6.3.3-2)
If Lb > Lr , then=
M nc Fcr S xc R pc M yc
in which
Lb = unbraced length,
L p = 1.0rt
=
Lr 1.95rt
E
Fyc
E
Fyr
Fyr S xc h
1 + 1 + 6.76
S xc h
E J
J
C b 2 E
( Lb rt )
3
Dt 3 b fc t ft
J =w +
3
3
rt =
1 + 0.078
J
S xc h
t fc
1 0.63
b fc
b fc
1 Dc t w
12 1 +
3 b fc t fc
( Lb rt )
b ft t 3ft
+
3
t ft
1 0.63
b ft
8 - 21
The nominal flexural resistance of the top tension flange is taken as:
f R pt M yt
Mu + 3 f1S xc
Mu
f
, 1
DoverC = max
,
f M nc
f R pt M yt 0.6 Fyc
8.3.2 Shear
When processing the Design Request from the Design module, the program assumes that there are no vertical stiffeners present and classifies all web panels
as unstiffened. If the shear capacity calculated based on this classification is
not sufficient to resist the demand specified in the Design Request, the program
recommends minimum stiffener spacing to achieve a Demand over Capacity
ratio equal to 1. The recommended stiffener spacing is reported in the result table under the column heading d0req.
In the Optimization form (Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Optimize command), the user can specify stiffeners locations and the program recalculates the shear resistance. In that case the program classifies the web panels as interior or exterior and stiffened or unstiffened based on criteria specified
in AASHTO LRFD section 6.10.9.1e. It should be noted that stiffeners are not
modeled in the Bridge Object and therefore adding/modifying stiffeners does
not affect the magnitude of the demands.
8.3.2.1
in which
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
8 - 22
If
D
Ek
1.12
, then C = 1.0.
tw
Fyw
Ek D
Ek
1.12
, then C =
< 1.40
D
Fyw t w
Fyw
tw
Ek
.
Fyw
D
Ek
1.57 Ek
, then C =
> 1.40
,
2
tw
Fyw
D Fyw
t
w
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-6)
in which k= 5 +
8.3.2.2
5
dc
D
The nominal shear resistance of an interior web panel and with the section at
the section cut proportioned such that:
2 Dt w
2.5
( b fc t fc + b ft t ft )
is taken as
0.87 (1 C )
Vn Vp C +
=
2
do
1+
where
do = transverse stiffener spacing.
8 - 23
0.87 (1 C )
Vn Vp C +
=
2
do
do
1
+
+
D
D
8.3.2.3
in which
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w .
8.4
Vu
.
vVn
ff
0.95 Rh Fyf
fl
2 .
DoverC =
0.80 Rh Fyf
ff +
The flange stresses are derived in the same way as fbu stress demands (see Section 8.2.1 of this manual). The user has an option to specify if the concrete slab
resists tension or not by setting the Does concrete slab resist tension? Design
Request parameter. It is the responsibility of the user to verify if the slab qualifies, in accordance with Does concrete slab resist tension? Section 6.10.4.2.1,
to resist tension.
For compact composite sections in positive flexure used in shored construction,
the longitudinal compressive stress in the concrete deck, determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.1.1d, is checked against 0.6 f c .
DoverC = fdeck/0.6 f c
Except for composite sections in positive flexure in which the web satisfies the
requirement of AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.2.1.1, all section cuts are checked
against the following requirement:
DoverC =
fc
Fcrw
where:
fc
= Compression-flange stress at the section under consideration due to demand loads calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending.
Fcrw = Nominal bend-buckling resistance for webs without longitudinal stiffeners determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9
Fcrw =
0.9 Ek
D
t
w
8 - 25
k=
( Dc
D)
where
Dc = Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article D6.3.1.
When both edges of the web are in compression, k is taken as 7.2.
The highest Demand over Capacity ratio together with controlling equation is
reported for each section cut.
8.5
where
Vu = Shear in the web at the section under consideration due to demand specified in the Design Request demand set combos. If the live load distribution to girders method Use Factor Specified by Design Code is select8 - 26
ed in the Design Request, the program adjusts for the multiple presence
factor to account for the fact that fatigue load occupies only one lane
(AASHTO LRFD Section 3.6.1.4.3b) and multiple presence factors shall
not be applied when checking for the fatigue limit state (AASHTO
LRFD Section 3.6.1.1.2).
Vcr = Shear-buckling resistance determined from AASHTO LRFD eq.
6.10.9.3.3-1 (see Section 8.3.2.3 of this manual)
8.6
8 - 27
8.6.4 Flexure
8.6.4.1
F
f Rh Fytbot
f
nc
top
f
crw
top
where Fnctop is the nominal flexural resistance of the discretely braced top
flange determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.8.2 (also see
Section 8.3.1.3 of this manual) and Fcrwtop is the nominal bendbuckling re-
8 - 28
sistance for webs specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9.1 for webs
without longitudinal stiffeners.
Fcrw =
0.9 Ek
D
t
w
k=
9
Dc
8.6.4.2
8.6.4.3
where Fncbot is the nominal flexural resistance of the discretely braced bottom
flange determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.8.2 (also see
Section 8.3.1.3 of this manual) and Fcrwbot is nominal bend-buckling resistance
8 - 29
for webs specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9.1 for webs without longitudinal stiffeners (also see Section 8.6.4.1 of this manual).
8.6.4.4
where Fncbot is the nominal flexural resistance of the discretely braced bottom
flange determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.8.2 (also see
Section 8.3.1.3 of this manual), Fcrwbot is the nominal bendbuckling resistance
for webs specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9.1 for webs without longitudinal stiffeners (also see Section 8.6.4.1 of this manual), and fdeck is the demand tensile stress in the deck and fr is the modulus of rupture of concrete as
determined in AASHTO LRFD Article 5.4.2.6.
8.6.5 Shear
When processing the Design Request from the Design module, the program assumes that there are no vertical stiffeners present and classifies all web panels
as unstiffened. If the shear capacity calculated based on this classification is
not sufficient to resist the demand specified in the Design Request and the controlling D over C ratio is occurring at a step when the slab status is composite,
the program recommends minimum stiffener spacing to achieve a Demand
over Capacity ratio equal to 1. The recommended stiffener spacing is reported
in the result table under the column heading d0req.
In the Optimization form (Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Optimize command), the user can specify stiffener locations and then the program
can recalculate the shear resistance. In that case the program classifies the web
panels as interior or exterior and stiffened or unstiffened based on criteria specified in Section 6.10.9.1 of the code. It should be noted that stiffeners are not
modeled in the Bridge Object and therefore adding/modifying stiffeners does
not affect the magnitude of the demands. Adding stiffeners also does not increase capacity of sections cuts where the concrete slab status is other than
composite.
8 - 30
8.6.5.1
in which
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w .
8.6.5.2
Vu
vVn
Composite Section
in which
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
D
Ek
, then C = 1.0.
1.12
tw
Fyw
If 1.12
Ek D
Ek
1.12
, then C =
< 1.40
D
Fyw t w
Fyw
tw
Ek
.
Fyw
8 - 31
If
D
Ek
1.57 Ek
, then C =
> 1.40
,
2
tw
Fyw
D Fyw
t
w
AASHTO LRFD (6.10.9.3.2-6)
in which k= 5 +
5
dc
D
2 Dt w
2.5,
( b fc t fc + b ft t ft )
is taken as
0.87 (1 C )
Vn Vp C +
=
2
do
1+
where
do = transverse stiffener spacing.
Otherwise, the nominal shear resistance is taken as follows:
0.87 (1 C )
Vn Vp C +
=
2
do
do
1
+
+
D
D
8 - 32
in which
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w .
8.7
Vu
vVn
Section Optimization
After at least one Steel Design Request has been successfully processed,
CSiBridge enables the user to open a Steel Section Optimization module. The
Optimization module allows interactive modification of steel plate sizes and
definition of vertical stiffeners along each girder and span. It recalculates resistance on the fly based on the modified section without the need to unlock
the model and rerun the analysis. It should be noted that in the optimization
process the demands are not recalculated and are based on the current
CSiBridge analysis results.
The Optimization form allows simultaneous display of three versions of section
sizes and associated resistance results. The section plate size versions are As
Analyzed, As Designed, and Current. The section plots use distinct colors
for each version black for As Analyzed, blue for As Designed, and red for
Current. When the Optimization form is initially opened, all three versions are
identical and equal to As Analyzed.
Two graphs are available to display various forces, moments, stresses, and ratios for the As Analyzed or As Designed versions. The values plotted can be
controlled by clicking the Select Series to Plot button. The As Analyzed series are plotted as solid lines and the As Designed series as dashed lines.
To modify steel plate sizes or vertical stiffeners, a new form can be displayed
by clicking on the Modify Section button. After the section modification is
completed, the Current version is shown in red in the elevation and cross section views. After the resistance has been recalculated successfully by clicking
the Recalculate Resistance button, the Current version is designated to As Designed and displayed in blue.
Section Optimization
8 - 33
After the section optimization has been completed, the As Designed plate sizes
and materials can be applied to the analysis bridge object by clicking the OK
button. The button opens a new form that can be used to Unlock the existing
model (in that case all analysis results will be deleted) or save the file under a
new name (New File button). Clicking the Exit button does not apply the new
plate sizes to the bridge object and keeps the model locked. The As Designed
version of the plate sizes will be available the next time the form is opened, and
the Current version is discarded.
8 - 34
Section Optimization
Chapter 9
Design Steel U-Tub Bridge with Composite Slab
This chapter describes the algorithms CSiBridge applies when designing steel
U-tub with composite slab superstructures in accordance with the AASHTO
LRFD 2014 (AASHTO LRFD).
9.1
Section Properties
9.1.1
Yield Moments
9.1.1.1
The user specifies in the Design Request the name of the combo that
represents the moment caused by the remainder of the factored permanent load (applied to the composite section).
9- 1
Fyt =
M dnc M dc M AD
+
+
S NC
SLT
SST
(D6.2.2-1)
M y = M dnc + M dc + M AD
(D6.2.2-2)
where
SNC =
SLT =
SST =
My is taken as the lesser value calculated for the compression flange, Myc, or the
tension flange, Myt. The positive My is calculated only once based on Mdnc and
Mdc demands specified by the user in the Design Request. It should be noted
that the My calculated in the procedure described here is used by the program
only to determine Mnpos for compact sections in positive bending in a continuous span, where the nominal flexural resistance may be controlled by My in accordance with (eq. 6.10.7.1.2-3).
M n 1.3 Rh M y
9.1.1.2
For composite sections in negative flexure, the procedure described for positive
yield moment is followed, except that the composite section for both short-term
and long-term moments consists of the steel section and the longitudinal reinforcement within the tributary width of the concrete deck. Thus, SST and SLT are
the same value. Also, Myt is taken with respect to either the tension flange or
the longitudinal reinforcement, whichever yields first. The negative My is calculated only once based on the Mdnc and Mdc demands specified by the user in
the Design Request.
9.1.2
Plastic Moments
9.1.2.1
The positive plastic moment, Mp, is calculated as the moment of the plastic
forces about the plastic neutral axis. Plastic forces in the steel portions of a
9-2
Section Properties
cross-section are calculated using the yield strengths of the flanges, the web,
and reinforcing steel, as appropriate. Plastic forces in the concrete portions of
the cross-section that are in compression are based on a rectangular stress block
with the magnitude of the compressive stress equal to 0.85 fc. Concrete in tension is neglected. The position of the plastic neutral axis is determined by the
equilibrium condition, where there is no net axial force.
The plastic moment of a composite section in positive flexure is determined by:
Calculating the effective width of bottom flange per 6.11.1.1
Calculating the element forces and using them to determine if the plastic neutral axis is in the web, top flange, or concrete deck;
Calculating the location of the plastic neutral axis within the element determined in the first step;
and
Calculating Mp.
Equations for the various potential locations of the plastic neutral axis (PNA)
are given in Table 9-1.
Table 9-1 Calculation of PNA and M p for Sections in Positive Flexure
Case
PNA
In Web
II
In Top
Flanges
Section Properties
Condition
Y and M p
D P Pc Ps Prt Prb
Y t
=
+ 1
Pw
2
P t + P w P c + P s + P rb +
2
Pw 2 (
Pn
M
=
Y + D Y ) + [ Ps ds + Prt drt + Prb d rb + Pc dc + Pt dt ]
p
2D
t P + Pt Ps Prt Prb
Y c w
=
+ 1
Pc
2
P t + P w + P c Ps + Prb +
Pn
2
Pc 2
=
M
Y + ( tc Y ) + [ Ps ds + Pn dn + Prb d rb + Pw dw + Pt dt ]
p
2t c
9-3
Y and M p
Case
PNA
III
Concrete
Deck
Below
Prb
c
Pt + Pw + Pc rb
t2
IV
Concrete
Deck at
Prb
c
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb rb Ps + Pn
ts
Concrete
Deck
Above
Prb and
Below
Prt
c
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb rt Ps + Pn
ts
VI
Concrete
Deck at
Prt
c
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Pn rt Ps
ts
VII
Concrete
Deck
Above
Prt
9-4
Condition
Ps + Prb + Pn
c
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Prt < rt
ts
Section Properties
Ps
P + Pw + Pt Prt Prb
Y = ( ts ) c
Ps
Y 2 Ps
M=
+ [ Prt drt + Pc dc + Pw dw + Pt dt ]
p
2t s
P + Pc + Pw + Pt Prt
Y = ( t s ) rb
Ps
2
Y Ps
M=
+ [ Prb drb + Pc dc + Pw dw + Pt dt ]
p
2t s
P + Pc + Pw + Pt + Prt
Y = ( t s ) rb
Ps
Y 2 Ps
M=
Art
Crt
Arb
Prt
Ps
Prb
Crb
PNA
Y
Pc
Y
PNA
PNA
Pw
Pt
CASE I
CASE II
Prt
Ps
Prb
Pc
Pw
Pt
=
=
=
=
=
=
Fyrt Art
0.85 fc bsts
Fyrb Arb
2 Fycbctc
(2 Fyw Dtw)/cos web
Fyt bttt where bt is effective width of bottom flange per 6.11.1.1
Next the section is checked for ductility requirement in accordance with (eq.
6.10.7.3)
Dp 0.42Dt
where,
Dp is the distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the
composite section at the plastic moment.
Dt is the total depth of the composite section.
At the section where the ductility requirement is not satisfied, the plastic moment of a composite section in positive flexure is set to zero.
9.1.2.2
Section Properties
9-5
is calculated by eliminating the terms pertaining to the concrete deck and longitudinal reinforcement from the equations for composite sections.
Table 9-2 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Negative Flexure
Case
PNA
Condition
Y and Mp
In Web
D P Pt Prt Prb
Y c
=
+ 1
Pw
2
Pc + Pw Pt + Prb + Pn
2
Pw 2 (
M
=
Y + D Y ) + [ Pn dn + Prb drb + Pt dt + Pd
p
l l]
2D
II
In Top
Flange
t P Pc Prt Prb
Y l w
=
+ 1
Pt
2
Pc + Pw + Pt Prb + Pn
2
Pt 2
M
=
Y + ( tl Y ) + [ Pn dn + Prb drb + Pw dw + Pc dc ]
p
2tl
Art
Arb
Prt
Prb
Pt
PNA
Y
Y
PNA
Pw
Pc
CASE I
CASE II
Prt
Ps
Prb
Pc
9-6
=
=
=
=
Fyrt Art
0
Fyrb Arb
Fycbctc where bc is effective width of bottom flange per 6.11.1.1
Section Properties
9.1.3
The program determines if the section can be qualified as compact based on the
following criteria:
the bridge is not horizontally curved
the specified minimum yield strengths of the flanges do not exceed 70.0 ksi,
the web satisfies the requirement of Article (6.11.2.1.2),
D
150
tw
the section satisfies requirements of 6.11.2.3
the box flange is fully effective as specified in 6.11.1.1
the section satisfies web slenderness limit
2 Dcp
tw
3.76
E
.
Fyc
(6.11.6.2.2-1)
The user can control in the design request parameters how the program shall
determine if the bridge is straight or horizontally. If the Determined by program option is selected the algorithm checks for radius of the layout line at
every valid section cut. If the radius is a definite number the bridge is classified
as horizontally curved.
Section Properties
9-7
9.1.3.2
(6.10.1.10.1-1)
2 Dn t w
A fn
(6.10.1.10.1-2)
Rh =
where
9.1.3.3
For composite sections in positive flexure, the Rb factor is taken as equal to 1.0.
9.1.3.4
awc
2 Dc
1
Rb =
t rw 1.0
+
1200
300
awc
w
(6.10.1.10.2)
where
rw = 5.7
9-8
Section Properties
E
Fyc
(6.10.1.10.2-4)
awc =
2 Dc t w
b fc t fc
(6.10.1.10.2-5)
When the user specifies the design request parameter Do webs have longitudinal stiffeners? as yes, the Rb factor is set to 1.0 (see Chapter 4 for more information about specifying Design Request parameters).
9.2
Demand Sets
Demand Set combos (at least one required) are user-defined combination based
on LRFD combinations (see Chapter 4 for more information about specifying
Demand Sets). The demands from all specified demand combos are enveloped
and used to calculate D/C ratios. The way the demands are used depends on if
the parameter "Use Stage Analysis? is set to Yes or No.
If Yes, the program reads the stresses on beams and slabs directly from the
section cut results. The program assumes that the effects of the staging of loads
applied to non-composite versus composite section and the concrete slab material time dependent properties were captured by using the nonlinear stage analysis load case available in CSiBridge.
If Use Stage Analysis? = No, the program decomposes load cases present in
every demand set combo to three Bridge Design Action categories: noncomposite, composite long term, and composite short term. The program uses
the load case Bridge Design Action parameter to assign the load cases to the
appropriate categories. A default Bridge Design Action parameter is assigned
to a load case based on its Design Type. However, the parameter can be
overwritten: click the Analysis > Load Cases > {Type} > New command to
display the Load Case Data {Type} form; click the Design button next to the
Load case type drop down list, under the heading Bridge Design Action select
the User Defined option and select a value from the list. The assigned Bridge
Designed Action values are handled by the program in the following manner:
Table 9-3 Bridge Design Action
Demand Sets
Non-Composite
Non-Composite
9-9
9.2.1
Long-Term Composite
Long-Term Composite
Short-Term Composite
Short-Term Composite
Staged
Non-Composite
Other
Non-Composite
P
Acomp
M NC M LTC M STC
+
+
Ssteel
SLTC
SSTC
where,
MNC is the demand moment on the noncomposite section.
MLTC is the demand moment on the long-term composite section.
MSTC is the demand moment on the short-term composite section.
The short term section modulus for positive moment is calculated by transforming the concrete deck using steel to concrete modular ratio. The long term
section modulus for positive moment is using a modular ratio factored by n,
where n is specified in the Modular ratio long term multiplier Design Parameter. The effect of compression reinforcement is ignored. For negative moment,
the concrete deck is assumed cracked and is not included in the section modulus calculations, whereas tension reinforcement is taken into account.
The effective width of bottom flange per 6.11.1.1. is used to calculate the
stresses. However, when design request parameter Use Stage Analysis? =
9 - 10
Demand Sets
Yes, then the fbu stresses on both top and bottom flanges are read directly from
the section cut results. In that case the stresses are calculated based on gross
section; the use of effective section properties cannot be accommodated with
this option. Therefore, if the section bottom flange does not satisfy criteria of
6.11.1.1 as being fully effective, the design parameter "Use Stage Analysis?
should be set to No.
When Use Stage Analysis? = Yes, the program assumes that the effects of
the staging of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sections and
the concrete slab material time dependent properties were captured by using the
Nonlinear Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge. The Modular
ratio long-term multiplier. is not used in this case.
The program verifies the sign of the stress in the composite slab, and if stress is
positive (tension), the program assumes that the entire section cut demand
moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to reflect the fact that the
concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not contribute to the resistance of the section.
Flange stress ff used in the Service design check is evaluated in the same manner as the stress fbu, with one exception. When the Design Parameter Does
concrete slab resist tension? in the Steel Service Design request is set to
Yes, the program uses section properties based on a transformed section assuming the concrete slab to be fully effective in both tension and compression.
9.2.2
Demand Sets
9 - 11
In all other cases, the top flange lateral bending stress is set to zero. The fl
stresses on each top flange are read directly from the section cut results and the
maximum absolute value stress from the two top flanges is reported.
9.2.3
fc
=
Dc
fc + ft
d t fc 0
(D6.3.1-1)
where,
fc = sum of the compression-flange stresses caused by the different loads, i.e.,
DC1, the permanent load acting on the noncomposite section; DC2, the
permanent load acting on the long-term composite section; DW, the wearing surface load; and LL+IM acting on their respective sections. fc is taken as negative when the stress is in compression. Flange lateral bending
is disregarded in this calculation.
ft = the sum of the tension-flange stresses caused by the different loads.
Flange lateral bending is disregarded in this calculation.
For composite sections in negative flexure, DC is computed for the section consisting of the steel U-tub plus the longitudinal reinforcement, with the excep9 - 12
Demand Sets
tion of the following. For composite sections in negative flexure at the Service
Design Check Request where the concrete deck is considered effective in tension for computing flexural stresses on the composite section (Design Parameter Does concrete slab resist tension? = Yes), DC is computed from (eq. D
6.3.1-1). For this case, the stresses fc and ft are switched, the signs shown in the
stress diagram are reversed, tfc is the thickness of the bottom flange, and DC instead extends from the neutral axis down to the top of the bottom flange.
9.3
9.3.1
Flexure
9.3.1.1
Dp
=
M n M p 1.07 0.7
Dt
(6.10.7.1.2-2)
9.3.1.2
9 - 13
Fnc = RbRhFyc
(6.11.7.2.1-1)
(6.10.7.2.1-2)
Where
Where =
= 1 3
20
9.3.1.3
Negative Flexure
Nominal flexural resistance of continuously braced top flange in tension is taken as:
Fnt = RhFyt
(6.11.8.3)
= 1
In which:
(6.11.8.2.2-1)
=
nominal axial compression buckling resistance of the flange under compression alone calculated as follows:
If , then:
=
9 - 14
(6.11.8.2.2-2)
If , then:
=
If , then:
0.3
f p
Rh
r
p
0.9
2
(6.11.8.2.2-3)
(6.11.8.2.2-4)
If 1.12
= 0.58
then:
(6.11.8.2.2-5)
0.65
If > 1.40
=
=
0.9
2
(6.11.8.2.2-6)
then:
(6.11.8.2.2-7)
0.57
0.95
(6.11.8.2.2-8)
(6.11.8.2.2-9)
(6.11.8.2.2-10)
9 - 15
ks
= 1 3
(6.11.8.2.2-11)
St. Venant torsional shear stress in the flange due to the factored
loads at the section under consideration (ksi)
20
(6.11.8.2.2-12)
=
=
( 0.3)
4.0
5.34
(6.11.8.2.2-13)
9.3.2
Shear
When processing the design request from the Design module, the program assumes that no vertical stiffeners are present and classifies all web panels as unstiffened. If the shear capacity calculated based on this classification is not sufficient to resist the demand specified in the design request, the program recommends minimum stiffener spacing to achieve a demand over capacity ratio
equal to 1. The recommended stiffener spacing is reported in the result table
under the column heading d0req.
In the Optimization form (Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Optimize command), the user can specify stiffener locations and the program recalculates the shear resistance. In that case the program classifies the web panels
9 - 16
9.3.2.1
In the following equations D is taken as depth of the web plate measured along
the slope and each web demand over capacity ratio is calculated based on shear
due to factored loads taken as
=
cos
Where Vu is vertical shear due to the factored loads on one inclined web and
web is the angle of inclination of the web plate to the vertical. The Vui value is
reported in the result tables.
The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened webs is taken as:
Vn = CVp
(6.10.9.2-1)
in which
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
(6.10.9.2-2)
D
Ek
, then C = 1.0.
1.12
tw
Fyw
If 1.12
If
(6.10.9.3.2-4)
1.12
Ek
D
Ek
, then C =
< 1.40
D
Fyw t w
Fyw
tw
D
Ek
1.57 Ek
, then C =
> 1.40
2
tw
Fyw
D Fyw
t
w
Ek
.
Fyw
(6.10.9.3.2-5)
(6.10.9.3.2-6)
9 - 17
in which k= 5 +
9.3.2.2
5
dc
D
(6.10.9.3.2-7)
The nominal shear resistance of an interior web panel and with the section at
the section cut proportioned such that
2 Dt w
2.5
( b fc t fc + b ft t ft )
(6.10.9.3.2-1)
is taken as
0.87 (1 C )
Vn Vp C +
=
2
do
1+
(6.10.9.3.2-2)
(6.10.9.3.2-3)
where
do = transverse stiffener spacing.
Otherwise, the nominal shear resistance is taken as follows:
0.87 (1 C )
Vn Vp C +
=
2
d
do
1
+
+ o
D
D
9.3.2.3
(6.10.9.3.2-8)
V=
V=
CVp
n
cr
(6.10.9.3.3-1)
in which
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w .
9 - 18
(6.10.9.3.3-2)
9.3.2.4
Torsion Effects
For all single box sections, horizontally curved section, and multiple box sections in bridges not satisfying the requirements of Article 6.11.2.3, or with bottom flange that is not fully effective according to the provisions of Article
6.11.1.1 Vui is taken as the sum of the flexural and St. Venant torsional shears.
The St. Venant torsional shear is calculated as:
=
20
9.4
0.95
(6.10.4.2.2-2)
The flange stresses are derived in the same way as fbu stress demands (see Section 9.2 of this manual). The user has an option to specify whether concrete
slab resists tension or not by setting the design request parameter Does concrete slab resist tension?. It is the responsibility of the user to verify if the slab
qualifies per Section 6.10.4.2.1 of the code to resist tension.
For compact composite sections in positive flexure utilized in shored construction, the longitudinal compressive stress in the concrete deck, determined as
specified in Article 6.10.1.1.1d, is checked against 0.6fc.
DoverC = fdeck/0.6fc
9 - 19
Except for composite sections in positive flexure in which the web satisfies the
requirement of Article 6.10.2.1.1, all section cuts are shall checked against the
following requirement:
where:
DoverC =
(6.10.4.2.2-4)
0.9
(6.10.1.9.1-1)
(6.10.1.9.1-2)
where Dc= depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as
specified in Article D6.3.1 of the code.
When both edges of the web are in compression, k is taken as 7.2.
The highest demand over capacity ratio together with controlling equation is
reported for each section cut.
9.5
9 - 20
from the Design module the Design Result Status table shows message text
No stiffeners defined use optimization form to define stiffeners.
In the Optimization form (Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Optimize
command), the user can specify stiffeners locations and the program recalculates the Web Fatigue Request. In that case the program classifies the web panels as interior or exterior and stiffened or unstiffened based on criteria specified
in Section 6.10.9.1 of the code. It should be noted that stiffeners are not modeled in the Bridge Object and therefore adding/modifying stiffeners does not
affect the magnitude of the demands.
In the following equations D is taken as depth of the web plate measured along
the slope and each web demand over capacity ratio is calculated based on shear
due to factored loads taken as
=
cos
Where Vu is vertical shear due to the factored loads on one inclined web and
web is the angle of inclination of the web plate to the vertical. The Vui value is
reported in the result tables.
For all single box sections, horizontally curved section, and multiple box sections in bridges not satisfying the requirements of Article 6.11.2.3, or with bottom flange that is not fully effective according to the provisions of Article
6.11.1.1 Vui is taken as the sum of the flexural and St. Venant torsional shears.
The St. Venant torsional shear is calculated as:
=
=
20
9 - 21
DoverC=Vui/Vcr
9.6
9.6.1
(6.10.5.3-1)
This request enables the user to verify the superstructure during construction
by utilizing the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case. The use of nonlinear
staged analysis allows the user to define multiple snapshots of the structure
during construction where parts of the bridge deck may be at various completion stages. The user has a control of which stages the program will include in
the calculations of controlling demand over capacity ratios.
For each section cut specified in the design request the constructability design
check loops through the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case output steps
that correspond to Output Labels specified in the Demand Set. At each step the
program determines the status of the concrete slab at the girder section cut. The
slab status can be non-composite or composite.
The Staged Constructability design check accepts the following Bridge Object
Structural Model Options:
Area Object Model
Solid Object Model
The Staged Constructability design check cannot be run on Spine models.
9.6.2
9.6.3
9 - 22
compares the capacities against demands specified in the Demand Set by calculating the demand over capacity ratio. The controlling Demand Set and Output
Label on girder basis are reported for every section cut.
When slab status is composite the program assumes that both top and bottom
flanges are continuously braced. When slab status in not present or noncomposite the program treats both top flanges as discretely braced. It should be
noted that the program does not verify presence of diaphragms at a particular
output step. It assumes that anytime a steel beam is activated at a given section
cut that the unbraced length Lb for the top flanges is equal to distance between
the nearest downstation and upstation qualifying cross diaphragms or span ends
as defined in the Bridge Object. In other words the unbraced length Lb is based
on the cross diaphragms that qualify as providing restraint to the bottom flange.
Some of the diaphragm types available in CSiBridge may not necessarily provide restraint to the top flanges. It is the user responsibility to provide top
flanges temporary bracing at the diaphragm locations prior to the slab acting
compositely.
9.6.4
Flexure
9.6.4.1
The local buckling resistance of the top compression flange Fnc(FLB) as specified
in Article 6.10.8.2.2 is taken as:
If f pf, then Fnc = RbRhFyc.
(6.10.8.2.2-1)
Otherwise
Fyr f pf
Fnc = 1 1
Rb Rh Fyc
Rh Fyc rf pf
(6.10.8.2.2-2)
in which
f =
b fc
(6.10.8.2.2-3)
2t fc
pf = 0.38
E
Fyc
(6.10.8.2.2-4)
9 - 23
rf = 0.56
Fyr
E
Fyr
(6.10.8.2.2-5)
The lateral torsional buckling resistance of the top compression flange Fnc(LTB)
as specified in Article (6.10.8.2.3) is taken as follows:
If Lb Lp, then Fnc = RbRhFyc.
(6.10.8.2.3-1)
Fyr Lb L p
Fnc= Cb 1 1
Rb Rh Fyc Rb Rh Fyc .
Rh Fyc Lr L p
If Lb > Lr, then Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc.
(6.10.8.2.3-2)
(6.10.8.2.3-3)
in which
E
E
=
=
length, L p 1.0
=
,
Lb unbraced
rt
Lr rt
Fyc
Fyr
rt =
Cb Rb 2 E
Lb
r
t
b fc
1 Dc t w
12 1 +
3 b fc t fc
(6.10.8.2.3-8)
(6.10.8.2.3-9)
The nominal flexural resistance of the top compression flange is taken as the
smaller of the local buckling resistance and the lateral torsional buckling resistance:
9 - 24
(6.10.7.2.1-2)
Where
= 1 3
Where =
20
/ = max
,
,
,
,
0.6
0.9
(6.10.1.9.1-1)
9.6.4.2
(6.11.3.2.-3)
Where
9 - 25
Where =
= 1 3
20
(6.11.3.2.-3)
Where
Where =
= 1 3
20
9.6.4.3
/ = max
+
,
,
0.6
Where Fnctbot is nominal flexural resistance of the continuously braced unstiffened bottom flange determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article
6.11.8.2.2-1 (also see Section 9.3.1.3 of this manual).
9.6.4.4
,
,
Where Fnctbot is nominal flexural resistance of the continuously braced unstiffened bottom flange determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article
6.11.8.2.2-1 (also see Section 9.3.1.3 of this manual), and
Where =
= 1 3
20
factored loads and A0 is enclosed area within the box section and fdeck is demand tensile stress in the deck and fr is modulus of rupture of concrete as determined in AASHTO LRFD Article 5.4.2.6
9.6.5
Shear
When processing the design request from the Design module, the program assumes that there are no vertical stiffeners present and classifies all web panels
as unstiffened. If the shear capacity calculated based on this classification is
not sufficient to resist the demand specified in the design request and the controlling demand over capacity ratio is occurring at step when the slab status is
composite, the program recommends minimum stiffener spacing to achieve a
demand over apacity ratio equal to 1. The recommended stiffener spacing is reported in the result table under the column heading d0req.
In the Optimization form (Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Optimize command), the user can specify stiffeners locations and the program recalculates the shear resistance. In that case the program classifies the web panels as interior or exterior and stiffened or unstiffened based on criteria specified
in Section 6.10.9.1 of the code. It should be noted that stiffeners are not modeled in the Bridge Object and therefore adding/modifying stiffeners does not
affect the magnitude of the demands. Adding stiffeners also does not increase
capacity of sections cuts where concrete slab status is other then composite.
In the following equations D is taken as depth of the web plate measured along
the slope and each web demand over capacity ratio is calculated based on shear
due to factored loads taken as
=
cos
9 - 27
Where Vu is vertical shear due to the factored loads on one inclined web and
web is the angle of inclination of the web plate to the vertical. The Vui value is
reported in the result tables.
9.6.5.1
Torsion Effects
For all single box sections, horizontally curved section, and multiple box sections in bridges not satisfying the requirements of Article 6.11.2.3, or with bottom flange that is not fully effective according to the provisions of Article
6.11.1.1 Vui is taken as the sum of the flexural and St. Venant torsional shears.
The St. Venant torsional shear is calculated as:
=
9.6.5.2
20
(6.10.9.3.3-1)
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w .
(6.10.9.3.3-2)
in which
9.6.5.3
Vu
vVn
Composite Sections
(6.10.9.2-1)
in which
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
9 - 28
(6.10.9.2-2)
D
Ek
1.12
, then C = 1.0.
tw
Fyw
If 1.12
If
(6.10.9.3.2-4)
Ek
D
Ek
1.12
, then C =
< 1.40
D
Fyw t w
Fyw
tw
D
Ek
1.57 Ek
, then C =
> 1.40
2
tw
Fyw
D Fyw
t
w
in which k= 5 +
5
dc
D
Ek
.
Fyw
(6.10.9.3.2-5)
(6.10.9.3.2-6)
(6.10.9.3.2-7)
2 Dt w
2.5
( b fc t fc + b ft t ft )
(6.10.9.3.2-1)
is taken as
0.87 (1 C )
Vn Vp C +
=
2
do
1+
(6.10.9.3.2-2)
(6.10.9.3.2-3)
where
do = transverse stiffener spacing.
Otherwise, the nominal shear resistance is taken as follows:
9 - 29
0.87 (1 C )
Vn Vp C +
=
2
do
do
1
+
+
D
D
(6.10.9.3.2-8)
(6.10.9.3.3-1)
Vp = 0.58 Fyw Dt w .
(6.10.9.3.3-2)
in which
9.7
Vu
vVn
Section Optimization
After at least one Steel Design Request has been successfully processed,
CSiBridge enables the user to open a Steel Section Optimization module. The
Optimization module allows interactive modification of certain steel plate sizes, materials, and definition of vertical stiffeners along each girder and span.
The U tub section plate parameters that are available for modification are:
Top flange thickness, width and material
Webs thickness, material
Bottom flange thickness, material
The program recalculates resistance on the fly based on the modified section
without the need to unlock the model and rerun the analysis. It should be noted
that in the optimization process the demands are not recalculated and are based
on the current CSiBridge analysis results.
9 - 30
Section Optimization
Section Optimization
9 - 31
Chapter 10
Run a Bridge Design Request
This chapter identifies the steps involved in running a Bridge Design Request.
(Chapter 4 explains how to define the Request.) Running the Request applies
the following to the specified Bridge Object:
Program defaults in accordance with the selected codethe Preferences
Type of design to be performedthe check type (Section 4.2.1)
Portion of the bridge to be designedthe station ranges (Section 4.1.3)
Overwrites of the Preferencesthe Design Request parameters (Section
4.1.4)
Load combinationsthe demand sets (Chapter 2)
Live Load Distribution factors, where applicable (Chapter 3)
For this example, the AASHTO LRFD 2007 code is applied to the model of a
concrete box-girder bridge shown in Figure 10-1.
It is assumed that the user is familiar with the steps that are necessary to create
a CSiBridge model of a concrete box girder bridge. If additional assistance is
needed to create the model, a 30-minute Watch and Learn video entitled,
Bridge Bridge Information Modeler is available at the CSI website
10 - 1
www.csiamerica.com. The tutorial video guides the user through the creation
of the bridge model referenced in this chapter.
10.1
10 - 2
10.2
Design Preferences
Use the Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Preferences command to
select the AASHTO LRFD 2007 design code. The Bridge Design Preferences
form shown in Figure 10-4 displays.
10.3
Load Combinations
For this example, the default design load combinations were activated using the
Design/Rating > Load Combinations > Add Defaults command. After the
Bridge Design option has been selected, the Code-Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form shown in Figure 10-5 displays. The form is used
Design Preferences
10 - 3
to specify the desired limit states. Only the Strength II limit state was selected
for this example. Normally, several limit states would be selected.
The defined load combinations for this example are shown in Figure 10-6.
10 - 4
Load Combinations
The Str-II1, Str-II2 and StrIIGroup1 designations for the load combinations are
specified by the program and indicate that the limit state for the combinations
is Strength Level II.
10.4
The name given to this example Design Request is FLEX_1, the Check Type
is for Concrete Box Flexure and the Demand Set, DSet1, specifies the combination as StrII (Strength Level II).
10 - 5
The only Design Request Parameter option for a Concrete Box Flexural check
type is for PhiC. A value of 0.9 for PhiC is used.
10.5
The user may select the desired Design Request(s) and click on the Design
Now button. A plot of the bridge model, similar to that shown in Figure 10-9,
will display.
If several Design Requests
have been run, the individual Design Requests can be
selected from the Design
Check options drop-down
list. This plot is described
further in Chapter 11.
10 - 6
Chapter 11
Display Bridge Design Results
Bridge design results can be displayed on screen and as printed output. The
on-screen display can depict the bridge response graphically as a plot or in data
tables. The Advanced Report Writer can be used to create the printed output,
which can include the graphical display as well as the database tables.
This chapter displays the results for the example used in Chapter 10. The model
is a concrete box girder bridge and the code applied is AASHTO LRFD 2007.
Creation of the model is shown in a 30-minute Watch and Learn video on the
CSI website, www.csiamerica.com.
11.1
11 - 1
Figure 11-1 Plot of flexure check results for the example bridge design model
11 - 2
Figure 11-2 Select the location on the beam or slab for which results are to be displayed
4
5
Centerline of the web
Figure 11-3 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Vertical
11- 3
1
Top
slab
cut
4
5
6
Centerline of the web
Figure 11-4 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Sloped
1
Top
slab
cut
4
5
Centerline of the web
5
Centerline of the web
Figure 11-5 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Clipped
11 - 4
1
Top
slab
cut
4
6
Figure 11-6 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders and Radius
4
5
5
Centerline of the web
Figure 11-7 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Sloped Max
11- 5
5
Centerline of the web
6
Centerline of the web
Figure 11-9 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - AASHTO - PCI - ASBI Standard
11 - 6
11.2
When all selections have been made, click the OK button and a database table
similar to that shown in Figure 11-11 will display. Note the drop-down list in
the upper right-hand corner of the table. That drop-down list will include the
various data tables that match the selections made on the Choose Tables for
Display form. Select from that list to change to a different database table.
11- 7
Figure 11-11 Design database table for AASHTO LRFD 2007 flexure check
The scroll bar along the bottom of the form can be used to scroll to the right to
view additional data columns.
11.3
11 - 8
This important step allows control over the size of the report to be generated.
Export only those tables to be included in the final report. However, it is possible to export larger quantities of data and then use the Advanced Report Writer
to select only specific data sets for individual reports, thus creating multiple
smaller reports. For this example, only the Bridge Data (input) and Concrete
Box Flexure design (output) are exported.
After the data tables have been exported and saved to an appropriate location,
click the File > Report > Advanced Report Writer command to display a
form similar to that show in Figure 11-13. Click the appropriate button (e.g.,
Find existing DB File, Convert Excel File, Convert Text File) and locate the exported data tables. The tables within that Database, Excel, or Text file will be
listed in the List of Tables in Current Database File display box.
11- 9
Select the tables to be included in the report from that display box. The selected
items will then display in the Items Included in Report display box. Use the various options on the form to control the order in which the selected tables appear
in the report as well as the headers (i.e., Section names), page breaks, pictures,
and blanks required for final output in .rft, .txt, or .html format.
After the tables have been selected and the headers, pictures, and other formatting items have been addressed, click the Create Report button to generate the
report. The program will request a filename and the path to be used to store the
report. Figure 11-14 shows an example of the printed output generated by the
Report Writer.
11 - 10
11.4
Verification
As a verification check of the design results, the output at station 1200 is examined. The following output for negative bending has been pulled from the
ConBoxFlexure data table, a portion of which is shown in Figure 11-10:
Demand moment,
Resisting moment,
ResistingNeg (kip-in) =
AreaPTTop (in2)
20.0
Top k factor,
kFactorTop
0.2644444
CDistForNeg (in)
5.1286
266.7879
536981.722
f
k = 2 1.04 PY
fPU
245.1
Verification
11- 11
c=
c=
fPU
YPT
fPU
YPT
, for a T-section
20.0(270)
= 5.1286 (Results match)
270
0.85(4)(0.85)(360) + 0.26444(20)
114
c
fPS = fPU 1 k
YPT
5.1286
c tslabeq
c
=
M N APT f PS YPT 1 + 0.85 f c ( bSLAB bwebeq ) tslabeq 1
2
2
2
c
=
M N APT f PS YPT 1 , when the box section is not a T-section
2
5.1286(0.85)
M
=
20.0(266.788) 144
=
N
596646.5 kip-in
2
=
= 536981.8 kip-in (Results match)
M R =
M N 0.85(596646.5)
The preceding calculations are a check of the flexure design output. Other design results for concrete box stress, concrete box shear, and concrete box principal have not been included. The user is encouraged to perform a similar check
of these designs and to review Chapters 5, 6, and 7 for a detailed descriptions of
the design algorithms.
11 - 12
Verification
Bibliography
ACI, 2007. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08)
and Commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete Institute, P.O.
Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
AASHTO, 2007. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Customary
U.S. Units, 4th Edition, 2008 Interim Revision, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capitol
Street, NW, Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001.
AASHTO, 2009. AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge
Design. American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capital Street, NW Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.
AASHTO 2012. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications U.S.
Units, 6th Edition, American Association of State High way and
Transportation Officials, 2012.
AASHTO 2014. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications U.S.
Units, 7th Edition, American Association of State High way and
Transportation Officials, 2014
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 2006. Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. Canadian Standards Association, 5060 Spectrum Way,
Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L4W 5N6. November.
Bibliography - 1
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