Solution To Transport Phenomena - R BYRON BIRD

SOLUTIONS TO THE CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 PROBLEMS IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA WARREN E. STEWART EDWIN N. LIGHTFOOT Department of Chemical Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin New York ~ London, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHaerer 4 — Checked by | T. J. Sadowski L.A Computation | Rn of Goses at Low Den Two methods of solution are given in the texts the kinetic theory method based on Eq. |.4-18, and the corresponding states method baxd on Fig. 1.3-1, The kineivc Huory method is mor acurale, Coluulahons by both methods are summarized here. _ Me a Dap y dan [Mei] gmc | =e] nites | 0, 32.00| 3433) 113, 200 | 108 0.02029 | Ne | 202 3681 | as 320 | 1oan 0. 01747 ees 16.04 | | S822] Bt 24 | Lis 0. 01044 | _ Corresponding Stans Merned: oe [ Constants from lable 5-I Pr Me Brvalcted | | Gas | T. (K) | peat) | pe Cop) | = = BE | (fg. bao preny | O. | ies [487 [o0250 tao | 6.020 O82 | Na 126.2 335 0.0180 2.32, 0.030 0.97 0.075 | CHy | 191-0 458 0.0159 1.64 0.022 0.64 0.0110 ‘The observed valus are: 0, (0.0203cp), Na (0.017Sep) , CHy (0.0109 cp), as given wn Table 11-2, L.B Calculation of Viscosities of Gas Mixhares ak Low Density For the binary »yiem bang considered re seo “be He cs CchF, — 2h0 According to Eq, 4-20, & é i. =1, and “Le (HIM (ERIM = 008 an els Bs1 120.4 124, zoie \"4 == 2.) I. 1 f= flies (BR) MCREYAT® = coro Application of Eq. 14-19 than gives: Ze i 2.2 A= Be AtB= | xy | 2xjhy | Lx yhy xi / Ey xpi/ Sa Paine” Hongx 108 er nin Ht i 6.00, 3.434 ie00 0.0 124.0 (124.0) ato | o2s | 3.200 0.13 o4 tau. 3 ant (aa. | OSO! 2.467 0.546 17-4 113.6 130s" 43-4 i o7s | 1734 0.314 32 91, Bos las | 1.00} [.000 0.04z a4 0.0 (88%) Bas (8) Fom lable 8-1 we find that 1,= 126.2°K , pe= 33Satm., and He= 180x 1O~ g crn} sec '. Hence: Pe = pipe = (1000 + 147 )/(33.59C147) = 1-40 b From fig. 13-1) Mr = Lo! = Wh = (400468 / (126.218) = 232 iil Hence the predic viscosity 1S = By He = (-0F)(18Ox 107%) = 1.93 x 107% cow sect (bo) Fem Table lt-2, at 20°C (68°F), po al (6 107 g cmt see. Tom Mig, 13-2 for the vabics 3 Pe Gnd Tp Calculated above, pi = 1, Hence the predicied viseasily 8 i b= pp? = (an yciasxio4) = 1.93 %107* g cmtsec A.D Estimation of Liquid Wiscosity (a) Equation 15-10 may be used with valugof N,h, R fom TableC.2, and nn oT (R) 273-2 373-2 e (gy cm=3) 0.9948 0.4584 V=Mip (cm? g-molcn") 18-02. isso} AG np (cag) at rormal boiling pt) 4989 aq DU np = MAD yup (eat g-mncie™") 3,982 | 8,988 | exp 0-408 AU yu, /RT B.6ox10% | 1.40 x0™ Nas P(g et eet) 2aixio*| aaiaxiot Redined Viscouiry (4 € 0-19 0.02973 (by Use Eq. 15 42 te get: (Hew Tp = 373974) At 213.2% At 373.2°% a2 x10) exp (5.89(919.29/(278.2) = 4.04107 "gun's fh = (Zur) exp (3.3) = 9.5 x10} go sect Summary of results: orc lootc, Ovserved viscosity Cop? L737 0.2821 Prediuicd by Eq. 15-10 484 2.97 Preaiciea by Eq, 15-18 t.0 gs Both equahons give poor predichons. This is not Surprisirig inasmuch a5 Phe cmpriveal forevuta in Eqs. LS=| Gt seq. donot hold for wake, nor for mest astouakd sub stances. LE Molecular Vetocity and Mean Free Path From Eq. \.4-l the mean speed of A molecule is we [BRR =f 8 eam 107 x273.2)' 2 425 x10 em sect ™M wT (32.00) From Eq 14-3 the mean free path is (82.057X273.2) -6 = 4340 NZ re (3x 10-8)* (41) (6.023% 1074) Hence the mean fice path is (43% 169/ (34107?) = 310 molecular dia encten under these conditions. cm In the liquid state, on Hu other hand, te correspondiag Tatio wbuld be of the order of magnitude of or een less than, unihy L.F Compartson of the Uyehara-Wation Chart with Kinetic Theory (:) Gmbination of Eqs. 4-H and 18 gies Sree 2 BO acoqexios SE YM PB In addition, from Eq. L4-il we knew that T= O17 wT/e The calculations for the kwiehic thedry blo! are summarized below| V6 Tt Oye | Ondine = y Be Bom from Table | 2.6093 VED, i Aig. 13-1 | B-2 fa O38 0.23) 2785 0.464 } _ | OF 0.308 2aie 054s : _ 05 0.385 2.287 a.735° Hl - | 0.8 0.616 | 1780 tag ! 0.215 Lo 0.170 1.587 1.492, 0.342 We Liss 1314 28S 0.515 2° tse fo waias Dar : 0.64 3.0 23) |! Loaq 3.90 | 0.96 50 335 | 0997 | 565 : 43g Bo Ge 0. e584 116 | 138 10.0 2.70 O.8LY4 400 2.16 SS = As may br seen th the figure both Hy kinehe theory plot and the Uyehara- Watson plot predict essentially the sams kempernhure cpencanceef visosity, as fs seen by the Similar shapes of tha hwo cures. (b) Using an asemge value for the ratio of Hhe ordinates of the wo curves, we get: poe ME To a — = 42 x 1075 Bie where pL [2] 9 on! seen! Pe in micropones we get: wet 42 MPT ater A, and Te [=] °K. Solving for {) Estirnation of of by Bq. L412 gives bee 42M 7% Loess EA]? = 59am heh ve Eq. 1.3-2 gives a coeffiuent of 61-6 but is otherwise i dantcal, Estrnation of oF by Eq. 14-14 gives: Bes 42 Me TU [zat (teyp.y \ ~ T.06 M'& pM Tos This should be compared vaith Eq. bos in wien the namarial wottracnt is 770. In View of He epprovimalt manteop Eqs. b4-il 2, 43, Uyshara and Watson's relahons re to be picterrea,Figure fer Problem 1.6c 1.G Companion ofthe Simple Kinetic Theory with the Exact Theory for Rigid Spheres When Eq. 1-4-9 is written tn terms of the units uscd in Eq. 14-18, and dis assurmd 4e be the Same as o” we get: = 2% A(M/N aT p= 4%. 3 ve ae 2 (1.3805 x 107" ) th (MT ane 6.023 x 107% (oe 4) = 1.813 x 107% “SS Eq. L418 reduas to the same form as thal above (by setting Quy cqual te unity) but the numerical constant is 2.6693 x 1075, Hence the simple kines Heong I low by about 22% for rigid spheres. CuapreR 2 — Checked by V.D Shah 2.A Determination of Capillary Radius by Flow Measurements Solve the Hagen-Poiseuille formula for R to get R- 4/8&kelo . 4/ 8P?Lw AI x Ap or Ap in whith P=p/p and w= pQ. formula to get! R= 4/ 8(4:03 x 1078 )(0.5002 2.997 x10°9)_ (3. 1416 )(4.829 x 105) = [3.105 x 107° = 751x107 m or OLTSI_mm, The Reynolds number for the system (s: Using mks units we subbshhute into this (mks unite Used here) Re = Dwrp _ 2(# 2 (2.997 x Io) EOE \RPp T (7.512 x107*)(4.03 x10 0.9552. x10)7 Hence Re = 66.0, and the flow is laminar (this justifies use of fre. Hagen Poiseuille law. Inasmuch as Le = 0.035 DRe = 0.35 cm. , allowance for he tnd effects would wot change R by mor than a factor of: 2.B Volume Rake of through an Annu We use Eq. 24-16 im which KS O88e Oe p= (136.9 Ib, FO he ) (see he = 380x107? Ib, feo! (R-PL) = (8.37 Ip i*)(32.17 poundals Thy!) (144 in" fe) = 2.44 x10" poundals fe R= (li in)\(& Hi") = 0.0417 fF Thensubstthibon into Eq. 24-16 gives Q= we (24-4 “to* IL fen! S07) (0.0 ostT ey (0.163) 9 og B (3.8 x 10-* Ibm FE see) (21 Fe) - Ft 3 sect Te verify that it was proper to use the laminar flow formula of Eq.24—Ib we compuk the Reynolds number: = 2R (I-*) dvyp 2 ( Re ee ES ae) (Te) - z& (0. 108)( 80.3) = (090 ® (0. O917 C3. B x10 YI. 45) 2-C Loss of Catelyst Partices ma Slack Gos @) Rearrangement of Eq, 26-16 give: v= v= Dy-p)g /18 in which Dis the sphere diameter, When vy Is larger than 1.0 ft sec! (vertically lowmward) then the porticle will not * 40 up the shade, Henue we want is und that vaheo} D for whic vj = LO ft see! This will be the maginvim cliameter of partides that can be lost.Using cgs units we get: vy7 OF ft seo *) (42 ae fAN(2.546 em et) = BOS On seel P = (0.045 Ib, ft 22(454 g tba! (12 x 2.54)77 (ft? em) = 1.2 x10 g cd Therefore: ae — Dro =f BR 2 [ (8X 0.00026 20.5 (pg (1.2 = 7.2107") ( 981) = bel x 107% cm = LO microns (b) Fa. 26-16 fs of course valid only for ReZO.4 although it mony be Applied approximately Up ty about Re=d . Far the system ot hand Re = Dup (l-L x 107? X 30-5 )(7.2 x1 b (0. 00026) In Chapter © , methods are giv for handimiy flow around spnuc fue Re 7 1. 2.D Flow of Falling Film--- Aliemate Derivations (@) Set up a Momentum balance as before and obtain the differential equation: kz 22 = 9q cos dx + p which may be Integrated to give? Ty, = pGX cop + Cy Inasmuch as Ne moammbum is transfered at Z=8, then at that plane we have T , =O. This boundary condition enables us to determine Cx to be + Gs - 9 & ase and hence the momentum flux dishibution ist Tre = —pgS csp [1 -( 2/81) Note that thy momentum flux ism the negative X- directionInsertion of Newton's law of viscosity Tz, = —f Gv, /d%) into the above expression then gives the differential ¢quation for the Velocity distribution ae (Ajo (0-9) PB This first-order differential equation fs easily integrated to give : ve = easy. EZ _ 1(zy ( B oh (os 2 (3) the constant of integration, C,, being zero becaux Vz=0 of H=0. Now we nole that Z and x are related thus? @ - +-(@) where 2 i the Coordinak used 4 $2.2. If the above relation fs subsHhuted inte the velecity dismbution we get + Ve = (285) cas [1-3 -4{a-2 which, upon Simplification, —— > (Be )ee [+ GY) which is the same as EQ. 22-16 This just illushaks that the choice of Coordinate syste makes no diffcrena im the final answer, ole ye cal we pee (b) Sulsstibulion of Eq. 2.2 12 wh Eq. 22-8 gyes for combank pe dv, oe 3) cos ae 7 (ele Integration dwrce gives: Y= pose txt ot Get, Application of the boundary conditions Be 4 At x=0, Az/dx=0 Bc Zz At x=8) y =-0 gives two Simultaneous equations for He iilegration constants Cy ond Cyt10 O = (P9/PI (cs B20 + Cy Oo-+ (937) (cos p)- £87 + Cy8 + Cr whence Cy =0 and Ca= £ (9q57/p) cos B+ Insertion of the valass into the last expression for Vz than grees finally! Ve = (995°/2p) (cosa) Li - (x/5 I which is the same as Eq. 22-16. A. differential momentum balance leads to dtz _ Q-R = Mort dx Lt Then, tnserhon of Newton's law gives ay, _ _(R-%) due “po Two successive integrations then yield - — (RA) Ma nt t+ Ox + Use of the boundery enditions that v.sO at x= +B then gives the values of Cy and C, 5 when these are Wiserted inte the last equation we get for te velocity distribution: ye (BRB [. (3) . 2pt B Onee the velocity profiles are known we Can get Various derived gquanhhest Go-F The momentin flax dishababin fs Ty. = —p ee Dy Tha average velocity is: kaye SSP ve dade = eye dxdz OB = (A) E lt 27 ie Sa). GY] 48) = (BR) BY/3pbdi The marumum velocity is: Vz,mox = Rake of avg. to makvelocity Siny / Va, mone P\ BR Volume rate of Flow: Q-= BW) = 3 @i® Ww The latter result is the analeg of the Hagen-Foiseuille law 2.F Interrelation of Slit and Annulus Formulas Subshiution of K = 41-€ info Eq. 24-16 gives: Q= = (R R)RT (4-1 4+ 4e ~6er + 43-64) B i (4-4 +2€ - €2)* Len 4er-be -é * w(B-R)R* | 4e ~ ez + tes — * Bpl 4e% -4e34e4 etbet+gerre When the indicated long division i» performed we then get + or x (BR) RE? Siete) [4 If € CL , tan the term ge and higher terms may be neglected. = Fe + |2.G Laminar Flow of a Falling Film on Outside of a Circular Tube (a) We set up a momentum balance over a thin shell of thickness Or: {Momentum IN} — {MomENTIM OUT? 4 {Force} = 0 QnrL ty.) \ ~ (Aer t)| + InLdr pq =0 . rear PY Divide by 2nL Or and take the limit as Ar +O - wk = (rt) + rpg =e Substitution of Newton's law into this equation gives: (for constant [L) a dua) th a(n Ss) = — $qr Two integrations then give: ve = = PTT i + Cyinr + Application of the boundary conditions : Bei: At r= R, Vz 20 Bc. 2: At rzaR, dvzldr=o Qives the followirig two equations for Cy and Cz 2 Beau: o- - £9Rt +C,&R +G 4p 2 Boz: o= —~882R , Ga 2p oR Thex mon be solved for Cy and Cz, and the Tesults subshhikd int He expression for Vz Gbove ; hence we finally get: = Re re 2 r me PE (yy ew &] {b) The volume rate of flo: is: me pak pa Qs= Cj verdrda® = &mk*| wy § dg whee F- lo IeSubsti futon of the velocity profile intu this integral gives+ 43 Q= ee (tg Pa 2a EE) ab & {; - 2 4 = regi pe sty ee lPte ap (3 e+ ela ] og RY ~ "E— (- i+4a?—3a) + 4at ta) ae ©) \f we sct asd+e€ (where € Is small) and expand im power of € This ts in agreement with §q.2.2-19 with W=2wR , S= eR and os=4. 2.H Non-Newlonten Flow mi a Tube (a) Combination of Eq, 2.H—I and fq.2.3-12 gives: diz)” (Fo-P.) r m(-@=)" = (- Ss) a let sedi/w 3 tin: ude C ( PP y rs ‘or amb -P.\S post a (® *) fone + c| mL sel The boundary condition of Zero Velocity at He Wall allows ont fo evaluate C, with fhe reait that : Integration gives:ae (Soe R i r\ st 2m s+l [4 7 (=) | The volurac rai of flow tstran: Qa an(RAI) RTs (5) (g) 20g) Hence, when tha integralion is performed: (RRR Note that whin eed and Q=tk on FL mrp» this becomes the 2mL s+3 Hagen- Poiseuille formula (b) For the Ellis fluid the velocity drstabution is: = WARRIR* [eye & [TORR wn eo SEE [Cay] + SPREE [7] Gnd the volume rate of flow ts: 2L BL 2L Q= w(R-A)R*D 4 TBR | Re +3 These results may be obtained by the same process described in (w. R.L Flow of o Bingham Fluid from a_ Circular Tube There will be flow only if the qreakst Value of te momentum flux Ths exceeds thavalue of T characterizing the Birgham fluid. “The greekst val Of Tz occunat thewall and Is £gR/2 Henw: ') pgR/2 < %% Flura will not flow If pa R/2 > Te Flaia will flo45 2.3. Annular Flow Inner Cylinder Moving Axially A shell romenturn balana leads to the difleential equation A (p We S:(" Ze) = 0 This has to be integrated with the boundary conditions Boi: At rekR, we Bet At or-R, v2 + 0 When the tntegration ts performed and the two titegration constants arc evaluaked from the above two boundary conditions, we get: ve , tr(/R) v tk Then the volume rate of Flow Js found to be: R Q= 2n fon ve r dr " 7 4 ane (a (5) &) (8) = 2nRV tee [Te tee HS] |S se Ls - 2] 2. Non-Newtonien Film Flow Accoroing te P%% for any fluid Ty, = pgx. When the rheologia! equation for the Bingham fluid is inserted into this , we get: ve T) — Po dx ~ £3% When this is integrated we get : Ve = eat Be tyAt x=8, vz=0 so that 46 o= -ft gr 4 Bs 4+ q@ Ho & Subtracting these last two equations gives: oo EL] EL] Gee) for re veiouy eat m ae Heh xs &. Th velocity in Pre “plug flows region* (OS xox) Is: ve = seh [4 - 7? De 5 (0¢%¢ xe) where To — gxe is tha defining equation for Xo- Next, we get the mass rate of flow ( with W=usidth of film, GQ= volume rate of flav): Q 8 = foe 3 i W £ J, Vz OX = o[ue|t- fe) x] ) ntegntn by pacts = s. x (~ SE) ae 5 ae Finally : ee pe ple Pos sa [a 2(3) + 4(8)'] Hence 5 would have to be obtawied from oa. graphical solution , by plotting ST pe x p7gs* "8 isCHAPTER 3 — Checked by V. D. Shah 3A Torque Required to Turn a Fricton Bearing In Eq. 3.5-13 is given an expression for calaulating the torque needad to turn an outer rotating cylinder at an angular velocity ho. For the problum described wi Prob. 3.A we necd & Similar formula for the torque need to turn an inner rotatmy cylader aban angular velouly Oi. Ib should be obviows thar the two expressions mut be the same, If ito nob one can easily Show that when the winer cyindar 1S volaked at Le and Ha oul held stationary, Hun the velocth, dismbution Gb * KR: and the torque is then: = QmreR )( + ) («R) rekeR I wi or Ton te paer® (2s) Which is the same 1h form as Eq. 3.5-13 For the situation described in Problem 3.A we evaluate the various quantihes needed : toner radius t000 |. oaas 5 0.996 ouker radus 4.002" Ke 0.996 Text) = Boog * 244 y These conversion factors come from Table, C.3-+ H = 229 @ = (2006.72 x107%) Ub, févhsec? = O.1344 IB FET sect = (200% 2.04 x107F ) Ube sec fi = 4.19 x107 "y see ft~ Dui = Qoo rem (5 EE )(20 Foden = 22 raters Ree (am) = (GaP fe = Lo = &m = tee 1 2 iaa Fe # See Problem 3-FHence the torque is “= Gm )(4) (418 10) ( 238) (ita. )(2) = 0.32 Ib ft And the power Is P=IQ (0.32 fe) (22m sec"') (<4 tl 0.012 hp if In using the above formulae tt has been tacitly assurmad that the flow is Stable and laminar. We must Verify Hnat this is indeed so by using Eq. 35-1. Henw We must chide fo be sun that: Baeke )O-*)™ < A 4s Inserting tha values from this example we have: 3) (0.498) ( rex) (Se) (@.1344) which is well helows the cribtead limit of 412. »y (0.002) “ae mR 10 3.8. The Cone-and- Plate Viscornekr Throughout this problem we recognize that 1 the conical slit O = Wa that Sih 6 can everywhere be set equal to unity te a very good approximation; hence ‘the expressions for torque, Mmomertim flux, and velocthy profile may be writen as follows : and Fom &q. 2.5-32: T= Suk’ T,, — a/v, Rom Eq. 3.5-33: Teg * -p SC4) From Eq. 3.5 -37: Yea (9) =~)When these three relations are combined we get fs 2, 3 g- Fe FuRP pa. /(E-%) which is 8 very good approximation for Very fing cone angles. [This same result is given by S.Oka m Vol. IL of Eirtch's "Rhedogy" (Academic Press, 1160)— see p. 62.] For the situation at hand R=lOem p= lOocp = bg crt sect 10 radians 1 radians = mit = S, fadians 2 1 radiant Seen ete rate 60 Sec ese = = 05% 2 ian Fn = BE = ag Tadlens Hence the torque is: T= Ex (40) (4) ( 2) /& = 4% 10" dynem B.C The Effect of Altitude on Air Pressure, If we assume @ staltonary atmosphere —te.no wind currents — then the equation of mation is: 4 se = PY (~ is measured from level of Late Superior) If it be assumed that the ideal gas lew (s applicable, then p= PM RI From the given temperature data. the ternperature in PR is: Ti) = 530 —(3xlo*)z “Thin the equation of motion may be integrated: > l42t \aat M dz dp = dz = a. { j P [ra R 530 — (3x1o3)z 150 ° ° When the integrations are performed, we get:a tm (i750) = (E)(sta) & HESS CHG a) [a- (2.421) 5 use serves ("2) (shes) (2 Keen . ) ta (Id = R / \ 3x10 B30 = (x4 Ss Bey Ce) Now thsert the values q= — 32.19 ft seo i it M= 29 |b,, (Ib-mole)t R= 1545 fe lby (Ib-mole)™' CRI™ and obtain: at x= 1421 ft above Lake Superior B.D, Viscosity Determination with a Couette-Hatschele Viscomelr Here it will be desirable to wie a. sufficientty high torque that accuracy of viscosity determinations Is primarily limied by the error In measuring angular velocity. A torque of 10* dyn-cm , corresponding to a torque uncertairity of 4% , appears reasonable, if this Corresponds 40 & Reynolds number th the stable lamuhar range. The angular velodhy corresponding to this torque (ss Qs TF (t-KY) _ fot) Ci~ 0-719) = 4.98 = Oa ret pL RE An (079) (0-579(49(29-25) The Reynolds number for this case is: Re = eR _ G58) 20.2572) sag & (0.87) Accordmy ty Fig. 3.5-2 thisis well Whltih the stable, larmhar range, ard Harton & torque of 10% dyne-cm is acceplable,B.E Use of Navier-Stokes Equattons to Set-Up Simple Problems Problem ‘Start with equations | Assumptions Results given In: (2) Flow of iso- Contmuity: Fable 3-4-1 (A) thermal film | Moton: Tabla 3.42 (Der) L (b) Two-phare Gontrmutty: Tame 4-1 (4) | 2 5 a Flows wi aw Motien: Table 34-2. Omh TR horizental slit (Der) ip both phases] {c) Axial an- Gorknuity: Table 34-1 (A) | nular Flow Hotton: Tabu 3: o= pte i * 43 Vg=‘e=0 7 OF Pror i (D,e,FD 8 i Vp = Var) 4 p scorahant G0 i 13 L == Note that in each of these cases tha €quation of continuity is autematiaily satished by tha assumpkons in the 3d column. 3.F Nelocity Distibution 1h a Stormer Viseometer_ Frum Table 34-3 (D,E,F) , assurmng that Yp 8-compeonent of the equation af motion becames: o- SCE (eve) When this is tegrated we get(by “peeling off" the g's one ata hme): Ve lr) and Vr ave eo the - CL Ves Grit &22 When tha boundary conditions (n rekR, Vyes KROY Atr=R 5 vy=0 are used, Cy and Ca areevaluated to giver or We rey now use Gy.(D) of Table 34-6 to get the torque a5 follows: a J = (2nkRL)+ (4+ %,) * (eR) R reve [area] force perunitarea] — [levtrarm] ) r=kR = (2nK*R*L) (- pr2 (3) Than useof the velocihy dishribution above gives: P= 4nlp Qi R (75) Whan this ts solved for (i and rserked inte Hu velocity distibution we get (e)= ge (#- a) 4xpl Which Is the expression geniin the text. Noke that Ve/r is the angular velouhy dishibution. An alternate solution may be effected by starting with &q(B) of Tabu 34-3 And imfegratng once, getting JT into the momentum flux expression by application Of the boundary condihon at rere,age) = 3 Beto = -e (Sat Re ay (td = —e(BB) = -e (et RE Belt = pRB = ew (Ber BB) (ix) Then add the various contiibutions Bret Stet he = (Ses See BR Ve ayy - HB (F + at 9) This collection of derivatives ¢s Just (U2) and is zero for @ Fluid of constant p. 3-H Velocity Distribution behveen Tro Rotating Cylndes This problem Is setup exacHy as 3.F. Theve locity distribution is Vy = Cir + Car”! Qs before, but now the constants Cy and C, are determined from the boundary con- ditior on Atrs Ry 9 Ve= xR Os [at inner wail] At r= R, Yes Ride (at outer wat] Both O.; and Que are considued to be positive 1A the @untertodastse (posshve 8) direeh’on Solution for the constants griet: (kKR)*May — Ry Cy = eae) (eK)* - RE and hene, fnally: eR (O4- Mey Gs (xe Re St 2 med) — Re ~ 2.) | % Barn [Rr (Oe Mui) (= Aa) r24 3.T Changing the Form of the Equation of Motion (a The equivalence of Eqs. 3:2-8 and 32-10 may easily be Shown by Showing that their 2c¢ Yr and Z-components are the same. For the x- components this comesponds. to dumonshating the equivalence of Eqs. 3.2-5 and 32-4, We begih by performmiy the differenbiations of pmdiucte ih Eq, 32-5: 3 3, Ux Ue = OV Px £ + pm me | + tM Boy + py +¥n 35 pYe + pve means the addihonal terms which ar common te both equatrons. Nok that underlined erms are a em 2 2B) we (on Pt ay POY Bee) = (- # where the equation of conhnuity has been used toget the m’gnt side. Note that tha, wee Underlined ferms are: 2. a 2 = D 2 (Ps + Py by TPS) Me = PEO POE where the definition of the Substanhal derivative has been used. Substhution of These expressions inte Hu equation of mohon above gives: Dy L FD which is Eq. $2-9. (i) Alternatively one can use some of the vector tensor formulosop th pendix A. We note that C4. Ash 30 allows us te wnile setting equal toy i 1) SY squat toe Lvs pyy 1 = [ee Vy] + vr py) are x cau fe px.) Then using Hie equation ofconhiuity we get! Lv py l= ply-¥s) - vy 22 y = +WwIj- 2B py + p & ply w1l- 2px + ep 3 Daan = Dz = PRE 7 BeretInsertion of this result into Eq. 32-8 Mun gives Eq. 32-10, B.S. The Equation of Continuity in Gyhindrical Codrdinates (0) Consider a volume element fixed (Pedr, Ord0,2+A2, Wi space. es shown 11 Ihe accompanying diagram. The volume of #his element is approximately equal t FAB Ar Ar Whe fate of increase of mass wit this volume Is:given Very nearly by: ee) r A@ Ar Az st “The net rate of input of mass is: (pvr raean)/ =( Pye rbAs)/ hor +(pvg- Ards)] —(pvg- Arde (pve Ards 6 (p¥e- Ar at + (pier rOOO2)| (pve PAP Ae) When the rate of increase of mass fs equated to the net rate of inpub, we then have @ shutement of Hx lows of conservation of mass. Ibis nok quike exad inasmuch as one really Should speuity an opproprialt. overage value for rand fer p in tu volume elmunt If now wedimdeby Arde ana let Ar, 96, he all yo fo tery, hen the above tentionta cro become Unimportant and we get! rE aun Prt = PPV Dera yy (PVE re PM orae ari3 ‘ar B70 AD ele p Letedhe — Crone Bewo Ba TT This yields finally, After division by rs ic} 2 p= [Eten + This # the same ay Eq. (by mh Table 34-1.26 (8) Using the chain rule of partial differentiation a ox (om) =O Cz*),.@),.+ CH), (88) + CE Oz ae), 2B [ pyr cos =P% 38 | + cos + 2; L pvr oe - pe sine | + (- 3%) +o Bees) = (32), AD, CRG, CED 08 fA I, Fh Oz DOs 2 [pve sin® + pvp cose | + sin 8 2 e + 3 [ pve ome + pve ]-(S8) +0 When these two expressions are added, cansidembu cancellation occurs Gnd one obtains * Solem + Blew = Be (reves + +30 (Pv) Insertion of this into Eq.(A)of Table 34-1 gves “Eq (6). (©) This mas be done easily by using Summply frigonomedrical ana geomebical arguments as seen at Fhe rrght27 .K Radial Flow between Two Faralle) Disks _ (a. (Equation of comhnuity : Airey =o ti motion: Ve Ove a — ap Bw(L_]> ie Oy, Sai Pre Se =~ Bt hae (ee (PH) tH SE From the coninnuity equation It follows that rv, = Pl) , that is, some function of Z Becaas of symmehy we know that of dots not dipnd on & (b) Becouse of the result th (a), the second term on the myhtside of the equation of motion is identically zero. And becouse We = P@O/r We mroy re wine the equation of motion thus: pte GA) =-B tee Gh or -p fi ue 4 be 3 dr - de ©) We now integrnte this equation wilh ispect tor te get. wy Vb shee (ao) = Se +e) GE (d) When the left side & small we get: eb Ap dz B Int B And wntegmmhing we get: A =~ SP ot + 4G apn " Hence Cy rmust be ano Now ¢ must be zero ok Z= +b and z=-b + Ab 2p ine and C= so Hrat finally:) The Volurme vate of flow fs given by: +b Q= nine | ry de 28 2 a = an. Aee _y> 7 apt (rainy je erat 3 = Zn. Ap 2 [t- Ap tm (nin) 1 = 4m Ap bP 2p tm (Ia) 3. Symmety of the Tensor T The moment of inertia of a rectangular body, of dimensions Ax by Ay and mass My with vespect-to an axis through its Cenkr of gravity and perpendicular tothe surface Axdy iw rem (@ 2 2") For the volume element undar consideration, Newtons 24 lars of motion bevomes: 2 Y(t, Azan 2 ( yy * Tye hyeay ) — Ayan & (S5).+ Flea) (x) +@ypY =p Axby Az 2 (aren) vibe Os 1s Hie instantanceus ungutar velouhy- Divide by QvdyAz and fet AnByAz go fe iro. “the Kem containing OL Clearly of hightr onder amd drops out. We are Haan left wath Tay = Tye 3.M. Aur Entrammant it a Drainitig Tank Ay thts syste fs foo wmplex to permit analytic talment, we are dimensional analysis. We rusk establish operating condihons so that the differential equations and boundary conditions dasuibing the system are both the Same. This means that Hae large andsmall tanks must be geometvically similar, and that the Froude and 24 Reynolds numbers must be equal Choose D Clank diamekr) as a characteriste length, and (4Q/"b*) as the characteristic Velocity, Where Q is the volumetric flow rate out of tha. tank. Then : . Re - 26 . R= lee De ? Teg Denote quantihes assodakd with the large and small tanks by subscripts Land Tespechvely. We excluds tha possibility of attening the grovitatronal eld. thin the requirement of equel Reynolds and Froude numizes is: ee (B)(B) = YA) = (EGR) - ce Re: () = (By* Then: from the abort bro statenunts: (=) = (00227) 2 6.080 Gonsequentiy, Dy = ©.080)(cofe) = 4.8 fe @g = (0.080) ( 00 gal mn = 146 galm Therefore: a. The modal lank should be 4-8 fl in diameter b. The drawolf Hube should be 0. 0P0 ft in diameler, and 0.080 fi high C. The drawolf- Aube should be plaud 0.32 feet from the side of thu tanke. IE In thistank Waters wiHthdruan at 1.46 golem, air will be entraind when te liquid level (2 G8 /60) of Hu level producing entoiiment in the large tank at a. witthdrawal rake of 800 3c rant30 CHaprter 4 — Checked by T J. Sadowski 4.A ‘Time for Attainment of Steady State in lube Flow @) From Figure 4.13 the velocify will be within 10% of Its final value when Pt/R® = 0.45. Hence: t= (0.45)R2/9 = (o.4sy OTK OE = 6.39 x10" sec. (3.45 x 107%) (b) For water P= 107° m* sec”! hence: t= (0.48) Cte” = 22 sec A.B Velocity near a Moving Sphere From Eq.4.2-!3 for @= x/2 oss = - [1 4(8) -4(8 where Rir <4. If “Rie KA then tha cubic ferm will be unimpor tant. Then we get: oot = 3(8) or we = %R r= Soa R i (Clearly the neglect of the cubic tarm was yustifiable: y 3 J314.D Comparison of Exact Result and Boundary-Layer Result 32, For the exact sclution , we simply look up the appropriate values of the error function: (2) 0.177 (b) 0.480 (c) 157 From Gy, 4.4-10 we get for the boundary-layer solution: @) 4- 2% (02) + $$ (029%. 1 0212 + 0.00; = 0.789 (e) 4- 3 (os) 4 £A(os)= | —0530+0.022 = 0.442 OM 4- FE Clo + ££ Gos | — lob 40.177 = ONG Hena the percent error ins tre boundary-layer treatment is: @+41.5% (b) + 25% () - 26%. 4-E Unsteady Pseudoplastic Flo~ near a Moving Wall The partial differential equation to be solved is: Oe -(= Be mH man (_ Oe) Dw ot P) dy By) OP Oy ) We now assume that ~ # (30) = dp Substitute these "Similar profiles" inte the onginal differential equation and Inegrak. from 0 to yet [rear] ms [STL ea] 0 —_ SO call tis -B call this (&) call this +A len Then stg A B itv orWhen we take $(y) tobe f(y) = 1-3 a/8 and A= (3/2)™(I/n) lence (& y= (2 y x mi monV™" sw = | g(ay mow “+ describes how tne boundary layer thiclaress advances with hme 21+ AP we dind that B= + (met) Whence: 4,F Use of the von Kirmdén Momentum Balance (a) For flow pasta flat plate Vea IS @ constant and: = yy we S&L ER) 4 We assume the Following similar profiles: 2d dx pty Cs) = doy Se JPA A) ay u Now we fet ep Then: oop 7 800 = where { coos * T * = 3 x 3 - Ey and $0) = JP 80-6149 = So (44-49) 0-24 4 2 + Hence the boundary loyer momentum balanu ay rts us Pye, 8 br 3 3 3 ah dx = ve 38. ~ eax 140 13 Veo 4y3)dy = 3h a3)dy S 8lntgmtion then gives 7 (280" [PZ be = fie fab (b) The drag force on a plate with climensions W*L wetkd on both sides oF would be: i Q (Try \yoo? We 0 : i$ [oe dx opr We [Ee = 1.292 pp lLwrv3" 4.G. Ideal Flow near a Stagnation Point (@) Complex potential is casos Vo = zt a = (x+ity)® = = (x -y*) — i (2xy) Hence the velocity potlentral and stream funchonare eOoy) = — (x*-y*) Vo WY Gy = - 2xyvo the curves of P= C are sheambines: ys -£0% a v positive values of C we get hyperbolas 14 the seoand quadrant as Fig4@ For negater valucsof C we get hyperbolic in the fret quadmant When C=O we get the x-axis as a Streaming. “This steambru moy be repla ed by a solid sur face. (by The velocity components are: vy = ~ BA = tdvox Vy= -2B 2 ‘y By 7 Aves fer (eel = [yl = wnan = Ed and ys 4b. That ts, vo specthes the “Speco level” of the Flow netA.H Ideal Flow around a Sphere _ 7 (a) From Eq, 4.H-I Ves - LE ob r2sin@ 30 =. ve Rt Vo F* = “2 sho = Braging 70 8 + 5 Tae TE sh8 os = = Veo RE cos8 + Vp cor 8 = _ R Vag Cos 8 (1 =) Ve = 7 \ Yoo 1 a= 7 ra) ~ Bsm8 shee (ee) Re 7 ae) os R3 Then vz = Veg os? @ ('-%) “t+ Veo sin (1 + REY When reo, the terms with 194 the denominatr gchamali and V2 = Veo Cos" + Veg Sin*@ = Voo (b) At the surface r=R, from part (a) we gett Vg =~ vo smO+ (itt, = — te sine (C) Fir ideal, trrotahynal flow P+ tpyt = Po + £p veo and hence: a , ~ bev te. 7 oe lat poPe ~ dyvd Li -Ge)"] by @& (1 = $oiate) 4.1. Vortex Flow (a) w= t(f/2e) wz = -(L/2e)@ + i(Dyun) tar Hence { ¢= - (L/20)6 LW = + (L/an) tar and Ye= - ttf = & rye > te(6) For a. “free vortex" vg = B/r [fem @J 36 For a "Fareed vortex” vg = Qur C From Ex. 34-2] Ka. u Vy ZZ ” Forced Voritx a a "Free Vortex” ts rc CHAPTER 5 — Checked by T.J- Sadowski 5-A Pressure Dro uited for Laminar-Tur bu lent Transition At thetransition point Re = D&dp/p = 2-1 x10 Now from a rearrangement of Pofseuille's law, We can get Ap/L in terms of the Reynolds number, thus: 4 Qe RaPR LC nRtew BpL Solving for the pressure gradient, we get: Apa 8h0? _ Sp Dorp 1 4 ip L Re pRD F gr? IF we now insert the crihcal valucof Re given abort, and the following values for Pp, and Ri P= 0-183 pose 5 p= 132 gem 5 R= O21 thin we get? ap. # (ounsy* C (oun asp + (210 10°?) - [eat tasot no (1.32) (0.21 x 2.54) 68 B/y5B Velocity Distribution i Turbulent Pipe Flow _ 37 y = ApR ~ R (Ap) = @5) (,, a.) = 4, mF ast © To ek BR (Ar) > (#0 * gta5) = 473 x10 ps (b) For the sthiation described we ux the following values: p= lO gums = e24 Ib pL = 0-01 g em! sec! Vie 0.01 cm*sect = bi KIO Fr see! Hence: Hip = 5390 ft-! And Atolp = Bug d X10 Ft sect thus vt = eae 3 St= 520 s At the tube center , r=O , s=R =0.5 ft , so that S| = (63490) (0.5) = 2695 lpoR Which enables as fo get from Fig 5.371 the following value for He rraximuan Velocity vt = 25.2 Sek Conse quen ry unit vt= 25.3 >- 5 st = 5390s We are now In & position to calculate Ihe following table: V* (cate) st (Fig. 5-3-1) s (ft) [1 stn) — | 00 | ao ~~ t O0. ° 2.58 2.58 4.19 «104 0.0081S 5.16 Se Ox 1073 0.01250 10.32 Iso 2.83 x103 0.0340 18,00 (73 3.31% 10% 0.397 | 204s B10 so x10" 1.800 } 258 | 269s 0.50 | Gone(C) See Gropn on next page ZL Just, a reatonable number 38 GG) If we assume that <¥27/Vismex = 0-83 then wecan calculate an approximate value for te Reynolds number. Vay = 0.83 Vin = 0.83 (5.43K10™ vt) = 0-83 (593x107 (268) = [270 fe sec? Then the Reynolds number (s ethmakd to be: = D&> 5) (1. Re = 4% 2p _ (OF) (4270) _ 5.76 x10" Cl x107S) Hence the flow is Certainly turbuent (e) “The volume rate of flow is obtained by inkgrating the velodty profile over the cross-section. ey, AME E/E ymon)) Par V, [ Get Aor) 2D rt (4-) man’) he I That is we evaluate the integral using “Simpson's Rule The terms ini the Dracket are Omputd below to ae 1.000)( 0.0) 0.0c0 9.492)( 0.5) Lagy Bane Los Lasy Therefore 0-965 1.5) is s (20(0.450)( 2.05 eo ia) 2 86.3 = 0.80 (4)(0-933)(2.5> @.330 Non 6 Ss (2) (0.413) ( 3.0) 5-478 smox 4) (0.89) (3.5) 12.474 and ()( 0.865) 4.0) 6.920 @) (0.830) ( 45) 14.440 27 = ©80)(5-43 xi0™ Kas) (2)(0-784X b.0) 1840 ) (0-717)C Ss) Is.74 = UL23 ft see! UU) (0.00060) = _ 2-000 and B= 86.284 Q = (os) (1.223) = 0.963 ft} sec!5.C Average Flow Velocity in Turbulent Tube Flow Gey LE ead rr ag PR ‘ Boe Ete eee 1 iT = 2 J, (i-&)™ Ede Where £ = /R = Sp RG et 2) o* U-s) ag wee Gated 7 Ate dar 4 rl [ al [ C _-s | tel fer ° eg RLGned= ted at (menneny (nei(ane) (6) <> 2 ow R R? lo L + a 8 a tm st + 3. ) rdr Va rmase Va, max a Rte = 2%_ (4 B (Lita sts a.9)( RM? -st) ast Vezmax \ Rvp lo 0.36 7 & ve KPa (Ry, st Reap = 2- j=) aia ( Sa) (st tm st — st) - Tmax (Rup 0.36\ “pe (sty st on (Ss =) + 38 (=) st. 3.8 (=) ; When the limits are inserted, we get oop ey Ryne _ oo, Se = ees \ene te wane ©. 3a) ayn Vesmace Note that thts result shows a dupendence on a. Reynolds number Rvx pl p> Whiuas Hheresult iri (a) showed no dependena of thit sort.5.D Velocity Distribution ina Channel 4i @) The momentum flux dishi lution iA the channel [+ Vyz = Ue (7/h) Where ‘Co is the wall shear stress. Hence acvording to the von kdrmén sinilarily hypothests (Ax dy) (d>¥_ /dy*)* (b) Take the square root of both sides to get 1 rm (AN /dy)* 7 muy = a fay where ve ol # sat (ave fay) Let p= d%/aq, se thar To: (y/h) = pry ved] = 5 where or ar ar I ay ot. Which ee (4 le eu Me) = 20-) Setting p= die /dy we then get a first order equation for Jp which can be integrated: 0 oe 72, Vaz, max Integration i> easily performed by nie vq= Bs one gets finaly Vevmox ~ Ve - = tn roe aaa + & (1 -JE) (c) If the result tin (b) Is expanded in eS series, We get: Vesmax - Vi Ht Ma Tee el fe: [- es 3 (4) Hence 4. 18y = Wy he)(4/2h) , which shows that the velocity distibution (incorrectly) has a non-zero slope at yro. ~ 3G)Chapter © — Checked by V. D. Shah i ©.A Fressure Drop for Given Flow Rak with Fittings Tipe isi i Average velocity = y= Q = LatxtoPemsee! _— 4o20 um see"! A we (25/2)* cme Reynolds number = P&r = 25(Amacie (2.01) 4 = Loos xlo From Fig.6.2-1 for smooth pipes The requited pressure drop is then: (Pompe) = 2B ep rE f= 0.0020 = 2( ial 4 (32025) + 2(1S)28) 2 Pere ) (2) (4020) “fo-00r2) = 3.29 «10% g erm sem* = 4,63 10% pai 6.B. Pressure Drop Required for a Gwen Flow Rate with Elevation Change The Reynolds number is HESS e eee eee Re. Dee ; ar (Sect wasy)™ ot (B.oe8in x254 om) (18 Seo 378s x ge TE owe 2,) (0.01005 g crm sec~ = 184 10" In fig. G.2-1 we find that for this Reynolds number f= 0.0064 for tmosth tubes. Therefore: Ti) Po-PL = ~PGCho—h.) + 45 bewrsf = frBows ) (32.16 #(% )(2.tex10 *psia ) pourdal (95202) + 2.(15) (3.062) lb ae \ ene ‘b= \(oage2) (ig Bes ocozme BH) 6 cov) (ate nic* Be) x (5.008 /ia)2/4 fee Pounds = 182 + 0.04 5 15.2 psa43 The quantities needed for the calculation are: bob, = (0.251 the th™ (82.17 Ih, FE Secm® Ibe!) (14h in fe) = L1G x103 Ib, Fe! sec D = os ft. P= 62.4 tb, ft L = i320% B= 6.72 x10 * Ib, fr sect Herwe. 7 (0.5)(62.4) ( 103)(0.5) (e72 x1o*) Y 2 (1320)(624) | 4 (4.64 x104)(5.92 x 1077) = 274 x10™ © 274 x10 A straight lie Of stops —2 on the log f vs: log, Re plot threagh f=, Rez 2pb x 107 intersects, the f vs. Re curve at Re = 3.6 x10" Hence the average Velocity is: + 7 Gy = Rep , Get yetexio) gags pe sect Dp (0.5 X 624) The volume rate of flow is: _ 2 3.142 )(0.5)* Qa ~P ay = (Mewes) (0.775) = 0.152 ft5 secm? =G3 SX ©.D Motion of a Spherein a Liquid (Q) Fore of gravity on sphere is: Fray = ‘mq = (0.0500 )( 4807) = 49.0 dynes Fora of buoyancy fs Foaoy ~ $x (0.28)3(0.900)(980-7) = S78 dynes Hence net upwarct force is: Fasay ~ Farms = 8:8 aye Hence drag force In the downward direction is Fle Baynes (b) The friction factor is defined by: Fo= (RR*)( ap vcs )FThen. f = fe af ae 7 44 2 i = ae) el (SE )(4e2 Dp ve 8 (88 dynes) T (0.500 em)* (0.900 9 cm™3) (0.500 cm sect) = 398 (ey Sree f 398 isin the Stokes's law region We can write _ 2t Bag Re where Re = 0.0602 . Hence, pew Die _ (OSNO5H08) 524 4g artsce & 310 ep. & (0.0602) 6.E Drag Calculations when Sphere Diam “Is Unknown (0) Methed A: Plot f/Re vs. Re Sime f/Re does nob contain D, hena from this curve we can read off the value of Re for a calculable verlus of Fire. Methoa B+ On the log-log ploto¢ F=f (Re) , plot abo the curse f= (Eye, Which , on the log-log plot, will be a Inhe of slope sd. This method avoids any necessity o preparing a separnic plot. (o) First walcalue F/R: 49D Pepnee —P » Veo = 30.5 cm veer! PvE Np) Disp P= 12x10" tg end Sipn = 2g awd = t dP (Psp —P 7 een eel =F vap 7 Bes 2.0% 107% gem tse = 4 G8oee x10) (2 Qo.5)* (12 x10) = 208 log-log. plot We now draw almeof siope 4 through Re=I f= 278 on Fy 6-3-1. te intenedts the f (3. Ra Gurre at about 0.955 Then we can get the partide diameter fiom the known Reynoldsnumber: = 4 = r . ) De Repl OAs26 x1 iio ricmens Voo @ Go.5 7.241074) (c) When Voo & Increased by a factor of 40 then f/Re= 10-3. 278 and the plotting produ described catirer gives Ke = 75. Herce: (15)( 26 x10*) == = 890 microns (305) (7.2 x10" *) ©.F Estimation of Void Fraction ofa Packed Bed The superficial Velocity is: Ig y¢ om gy _ to py = (28s in oo SEN 4S* we) Tame SL sy cn aee (14h int 02.54 > According to the Blake-Kozeny equation: ee _ _ 1150p L Vo (1-€)* Dp Ap 150 (0.565 4 cr! sect )(T3 * 2.54 em) (1.55 em sect) (Oe em)* (158 x ©8947 dynes cm—*) = 0.0555 Solving the above equation for €, we find: €=0.30 The quantity Dyvop 1 | (oa russ(nae7) 1 en po ire (0.565) (1-09.30) ~ and here (+ was legitimate to ux the Blake-Ko.eny equation (a Ryure 04-0. 6.G Friction Factor for Flow around a Flat Plate Define K= bpvd , A= QWL = total weted categ he = Tel Then } is deh-ud as:(0) Laminar flow: f= 1328 YPRLW*vS 1.328 46 WLp va {Re 2 V3 (b) Turbulent tow, = f = O72 pvoWL (Lvuep/p) - eR WLpw [Re ©.H Friction Factor for Laraar Slit Flow For a slit of width W the quantities in Eq. @.I-I are defined as follows: Fos (pop. ) 2 BW Kz bp qt As 2WL+4BL ¥ Q2WL Re = 2BL>p/p Herce: (pope) 2BW WL op From Problem 2E , since Q = ZBW YW), (pepe) = 3BLO_ _ 3 ph (2BWw<)) = Baw 2 Bw Cornbination of these last two resulls gives: feo. & Bwp Re G1 Friction Factor for_q Rotating Dik 7 menor ameter fren 7 (2) Laminar Flows =f 2 2. = O01 ep RA (pe) oc ~ KAR pk? OF Qe Re Re 5 ‘ (b) Tarpatnt Flow gL O oT pM RE /R*Oap)"* 9.023 Fy Cee AR 4 pRrQH- 2nR ORG.I Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow 1A Smooth Tubes 47 According to tne logarithmic velocity distribution given In Eq. 5-3-1245 vt 2.5 st 45.5 Where vt =V/Vy and st= Svy p/p. The average velocity is given by lL a [Pore 2p 7 Rede = = d sx we Re aay le (i &) 4(S8E) = 2 phe %(2- Svup/e a Re, 1, We eS) a(S *) Re Re, i "(2.5 tm st + 5.5)(1= iz, ) dst = a2 Ra = = [55 - £65), +25 (sttnst -s)| * * le 2 Re, —25( 1 st* +i * (4 sin s 4 ) 0 = LTS + 2.5 tm Re, i Vx \2 Hence f= 2 (S) or Helis - WF Vee (25 Ge Re + oo) = 4.07 log, Re VF - 0.60 the latter siep maleing use of He folloving: _ Ry p — Deve ive = Rey = =" = et aj 7 Reg = Re 4 fé v7©.K Friction Factor for Power-Law NonNewtonian Flow 48 tn Tubes For tubes we know From Eq, 61-4 And from Problem 2.H = = a = (BPIRT R* Q= FRAW = ok ae = When the stond relation is solved fo get (Pe-PL) in terem of 47 and subshhiked Into the expression for $,we get- a f= Ne “mR (3n41)™ kee = fa Geet Lt Diver 5 n™ Ree a cant ths Reg Re. = eee meee ane (ora) The only advantage to dehning Req is that the result tor + has the Same form Gs the expression for f fer Nentonn tlaids, €.L. Inadequary of Mean Hydraulic Rauius for Laminar Flow (a) For the annulus with radii hydroulic radits [st fe So Fhe wR and IS respect tly tne mean Dee Cy ce Then Eq. 2 -le with $= Ib/Re beomes: Po-P t te bp or Bik) 2RU- arrSolving for (> we get: = (Po-PL) R™ 1 ~ = oe Lo] 49 b) At k=. the bracketed quantity in Eq. 2-4-5 is: a) [ (re) - co =i () - At k= 4, the bracketed quantity in the equahon for <4) at He fop of this page is: [a-«] = 025 Hence, the Error in using the mean hydraulic radius is 025-04 _ , 9 OT 047] or 47% pasa 2=0. & 12) ° O17 6.M Falling Sphere th Newto law Region Newton's law of motion is for a spnere of fixed mass m mw FE > ot The force F ts madeup of FA = Qravitahonal fore = mg F= drag fore = (wR 4pv2)(044) = mgcrv™ Where © [s @ constant defined by the abole. Then Newton’ second law of motton becomes for the z-direction: dv L ce etyt 7 gt 7 Integeahon for V=O ak to then yields: «ay t \ Inon * I | a lo or 7 titan ey = gtand hence = dz 50 SEosv = E& tanh cgt Nore that as t > 02, tanh cgt 4. Hence the "terminal velocity” Te Lye. A Second integration then gives (for 2=0 at to): z ret i de = ¢€ J, tanh cgt at or —=5 ' cg But mgcr= 0.22 wR” , so that C= YO2 wRy/mg = 0.22 wR? 9 AV ERR Pond Eom EMS) Nok that this solution assumes Hhut the particie Is always In the Newton's law reyion during its ennre trajectory, We hone used He inilval condition that v2O ut t=O , Which Is Clearly outside the Newtons law region.* According to Eq, 75-6 PoP = p%e* (p71) We now compute. B and vz thus: Si Ss Dy 5\+ -2-(2) 2/5) = 021 &- 2+ (3) -G) 2 v= @ _ (450 9 \(noo222 HS, H i" rom it tt 2.27 Fb se) ae (2/8 ft)? Hene il Ib, mn Pa-Pi = (63 Bes (2.27 fy (ox at \Gax E\Gh am) = On1d/ psi TB Compressible Gas Flow in Cyhridrical Pipes From Eq. 1.3-2 ~ Pa 2, =-f" Ldn -(4e'- £0) pf - Ro, P 1 (RT ee oo Ge te (L487 C597. +) in2 (28) aa (coatuoctooans. som oa a a 2 TU/4)* 3g Tse a = 26.4 -0.1 = 26.3 Btu lbz! Here we naveused R= 1.987 B% __ = 0.7502 fetatm Ib mole °R Ib more °R bi | lbp = 322 poundals 1B = 7/8 Ib, te(4) The mean hydraulic radius Is (see Eq. 62-14) = 2. T(RZ-RMY RL =e = = +R- 27 Seimae 7 FRR) and the average flow velecity is 6 a = &. SL = SB TRERS (44) The Reynolds number Is (see Eq. 6-2-I6) Rea FRiGre _ 2(Ri-RD Qe _ 2ap ¥ me (R2-RE) pb ae (RR, HE Lomi) (| gem 2 (240 C3789 gar Nes BE) C'S x (Sir 3 4 = 1.56xI0 W254 F)(0.00 3s.) Hence flow fs turbulent and f = 0.0047 (Att) From Eq, 7440 we determine —WpQ (rate of dorrig work in foot. poundals per second ) : ak + (ha-hi)pQ + 3 Ap vy R, F L 7 “Qe gohan b) PQ + \ Soe Kee -pWa 1 W fe m= (32.2 Sen )(s He) 624 FR) ad0 Fe x0.134 Bx Yo TE 240% 0.134 * 2)°(624 ¢ a wot 2 20.3 _. (0.0047) we (By -(RY) kG? = 5300+ 114 = 5470 ft poundals see’ = 0.51 hp Keep iri mind that the mean hydraulic radius is an empiriusm. A recent analysis of available experrmental data (0.M.Meterand R.B.Bird, AIChE Journal (1961)) shows that for annuli the mean hydraulic radius gives friction factors Which are OFF by as much as 15 or 20%, in’ the turbulent regime. Keepinmind further that Ry, should not be used for laminar flows (see Problen 6-L),TD Force on a U-berd ina Pipe 53 The net force on the U-bend will be the sum of the force oft the fitid and tre force of the surroundiriy atmosphere. The force of the flurd ia the x-direction is: Foe FSM2* SP + PMY a —s + por + pa Sa Pr A Sz 4 (Signs marked with an arrow are +" because the exit Control surface — at plane "2"—I[s oriented in the -x—direction.) Insertion of numerical Values a re (©24 BB )(o Ae scot) x (44e)* + {2b + 147 K (Zin)* - 2.2) + {19 + 14.7$ wm (2m)* - (32.2) 4 4 ad = 3 = 129 x10" + 2.81 x10 = 4,10 x10 poundals = /.27 x10 be Now to get the net force omit the two 14.773 and get Fret = (1-29 x 10%) + (eee «10%) = 2.91 x 1S poundals = 905 Iby 7.E Disintegration of Wood Chips GG) From Eq. 74-10 taking “I at the top of Hhe slurry suspension and "2" at the outlet +o the digestor: [i duy?-o] +[o- gh] + (BP) =0 2 Hence we = af {( pe) + ah] = i | Be x 44 BE x 32.2 Pande me tbs fe 5 bn fe + 32. 2% sv208] a[15550 = 124 ft sec!And w= pogo = To get the initial inpact fore ae opply ey 7.2-3 between plane "2" and plane "3" (the whpack plane) + (es a Ya (Eee) = 2210(b, sea! S4 vaN, = (124 (2810 be (da a) = 10.900 I ‘LE Calculution of Flow Rate Ey. 74-10 tor this systmis (H = depthot Itquid in tank) gh, - $lsyh) + FEAL + 2: (4vev), =0 a Re Re pr\* tii craman 2(SRysr or kU Zen. = g (ten) For the siftuutton descrip 4 1 “4 p= Glo x 10° Ib. ft! see f= O44 tb, > = (die) tt Lo= Z2i+il+la = S2tt Sey = OS + 2(0.7) = 14 H+h, = 12 +2) + 14 = Soft or: Re fF + 5.8 x10? RE = Trid) and error solution Re + Ret 2x10 O,c045 reio!? dxieé C.0ce4 O.24 x 10° 15% 10% 0,002; O.61 x icl® Graphical vatrpotatio yies Re = 1c > x 10% = 1.05 «10 [b-8 x 10 Re* Hence ©.72 104 \2 \ : ye xion* \* 2(2 a) Bt) Be a1 { ele (& (oe, ( g/t +2 (& (ouay eT = (622)(54) + Ret f az 10° 0-67 x 10'° Lat xio'®Then, knowing the Reynolds number we can get the aviraye flo os velocity p= Rex ($5) = (23 x40") (258 x10S) = BLS tse! De Tre volume rate of Flow is: a> oS = (318 Ln ( EY ay 449 BE gal ge) = 1450 3 1G. E Jaluation of Various Averages of Velocity from Pi ot Tube Data Use of Stnpson's rule gives: 7 uy He LEI LIN eHUeAt TTS Aet ed 0.67 el Venon vy, TH Velocity Averages 1 Turbulent 3 4 all 7 (@) For tee turbulent éetouty distribution eatin (1 il k) ‘ * wk i ai (1-£)7 rarao TE Jel Jf dea z rar dé TR (rk yi rdrds (by SirmitarlyTL Mulhple Discharge into a Common Canduit 56 (ar As plane "I" we select the collection of cress-sechions of all the smell hibes leading into the big tube, plane "2" (8 taken to be @ plane far enough down the tube that a distinct Velocity profile has been established. © rer He system thus defined we pale three balances: MASS BAI ance = At steady stake WeWk or G1>S, = (22S. 50 that = & ® ps MOMENTUM BALANCE: At Skady Stake with no external forces» POPIS — 9417S. + PS) — pS. — F =O The fore F of the fluid on tre solid will consist of Hoe Viscous forces acting tangentially at the walls (whtch we neglect) and the normal forte p, (Sa-Si) acting in the direction opposite to the direction of Flow. Hence: POPS. PEP Sa + PS, —PaS2 tb (Sar1)=0 The result may be rewriliey by using the mass balance and the definition of a set of quantites K;P defined ty Eq. 7-1-3: @® (Pa b= psa? “le Ki? — pe Ke] MECHANICAL, Ab steady-state the mechanical energy balance gives: Erne Yenc ST bbe ea 2) f > wi? qa? We insert mip this the expression obtained from the momentum balanu for (p,-p))3 thereby we obtain: 7 w ay @® E,= bet oun? [i 2p Ke +e(2 z | Kn KO” ee The equations rnarkced with @ are the results of applyiny the mucroscopre balances. (b) The calculation of freltc'? has been descrined in the solution to Probie 7H. (c) For B=0 (Ce. for discharge into avery large tank) tie Kinetic Energy of Hae entering Stream fs completely Aissipaicd , Yegardess of He. 1 Y requmne tn trie small tune. For laminar flow ta wnat tubes and nighly turpulent flow 1 the jarge have , Gnd vith Bai, wehee Kis K and KLPLL vo that the LJ 1m the exprension fr Fy ts YeS7 N ew/tnnion (a) The method is the same as in Problem TH. 3 we set ves ry\st pst! Yow I= (RYT = bok where s= l/r, and perform the same integiattons as mM ITH. for example: 3 we fb a BY gas V3 ay ct max j,i Fas : oP ase. 3st) pay - 24 (1-35 3k =§ ) Eas Bsr? (St 3)(S+2) 3545) Ard ep 7 Cie eae ee nae f) Bay 343 Hence: cys 3 (s#3)* 3 (Sn t1)* Kips (eee (3845) (ane (5043) “The expression for the Is Obtauried Similarly (b) For the Bingham fluids oy = K (1-98, + 3S) 5 is >? is 12 are 454 The at ig So + ig Se a Sa +54.7 Friction Losses in Non- Newtoa‘an Fiow 58 (a) From the solution to Problem 2.H: = [ BaF s a =[I-( (& yn “2m en y= | &-FIR 1S B 2m Sea Dividing gives: te = (Ss "') <4) (SX - (=) Wher sot (b E,= -J(t:vy)aV R = | 7 du, de = ehh Igy Ge GS rdrde = Qamt fF ce ee de dr = 2mm ve 2B 4 RAL PO SF = (347x105) + (8.18 x 108) (3.47 x 10° ) 4 GPC 000) ©.044) = (@53x10°) ft6c Cuaprer & - Checked by T. J. Sadowski 8A Prediction of Thermal Conductivities of Gases at Lew Density. a. For argon we may write ,from Table B-4: M= 39 q4¢4, o= 3.4104 , and e/ =124°K. Then at 100°C KT/e = 373.16 /124 = 3.009 ; 2,2 1.038 Substitution of the above values into Eq.8.3-13 gives: k= 4.98491 «10 *V37396794.94F/(3,418)" (1.038) = 5 02.107" cal sect cmt K7! For NOssubstitution into the Eucken formula , Eq. 8.3-15, gives on ke (7.15 + £-4.987)(1929«10")/30.01 = 6 19.x 10°7 cal sec! ca! “Kt This calculation checks the measured value exactly. For CHa: k= (8.55 © §-1.987)(1116~ 1077) /16.04 = 768 «1077 cal sect cmt eK! The experimental value is 6.67. higher. Such a disevep— ancy is not unusual for polyatomic molecules. 8.8 Computation of the Prandtl Number for Gases at Low Density Prandtt Number Gas From €4.83-13 b From observed propertias He Oo. 667 0.697 Ar Oo. 667 o.67i He ©. 735 0.724 Air 0. 737 0.740 COQ ©. 782 0.7849 H,0 ©. 764 1.003él 8.C Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity of a Dense Gas. @. The critical properties of methane are: T.= 141.0 *K, Pot 45.8 atm yand Ke = 158x410 © cal sectem'*K ' For the conditions of the problem: T)« S622095, = 1.74 1410.4 Peo BSR T 2:41. From Fig 82-4 we find Kp= 0.77. Hence Ke Ky Ke 0.77*15810 °° 4.22 «107* cal sect emt eK"! - 2.94x107% Btu he’ ftt oF These calculated results are 4 7, above the observed value. b.we first compute the viscosity from Eq. 14-48: KT/e = 326 /137= 2.38 5 p= 1410 BE 2.6699 x 1078 Vae24 326) (3-022)7C41.110) SALA «LO 9 cot emt of methane at 127 °F (326% We next use the Eucken equation, Eq. B.3-15 to caleulate the thermal conductiuby at low pressure: K= (8.864 2.404) Lids to” = B42 «1077 cal sec! em! oK™ This value iste be used aa K° in determining the thermal conductivity at 110.4 atm from Fig. 8.2-2. From this fiyne we od Ke 14. Hence: Ke k* KE =(1.49(842 x40°7) = 1180x%10°7 cal sec! em! *K™ = 0.028 Bra he’ fet cr! Note that this vesalt observed value. Is WR very qoed agreement With the62 8.D Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity of a Gas Mixture. Date for this problem are summarited in the table immediaxely Below = IComponent| M Kx 107, k «107, Mole 3g sect em! cal sectem™ eK | frackien ACHa) | 2.016 8q6 4250 0.80 2 (ea,) |44,010 4495 383 2.20 Insertion of thase data inte Eq. 8.3-18 Cor Ey. 4.4-20) gives: @ = da = 4-0 wt 1 wag] ® » Bfa+ 2s, Ty (O28 ) “(aa.o10}“] oe 44,010, 1445 Zz. O16 = 2.47 il 14 3 -Afh . sa-040] [1 1495)\7( 2.016 Hei an) 2.016 ate 44,010. = 0.1849 Substitution of these caleulated $:; into Eq. 8.3-17 qives: k (0. 80)4250%107) (0.2.0)(383%10"") min” (ORO (LO) FCO2OND.47) (0.800.489) + CO.20)(4.0) = 2630 x40°T 4246% 1077 = 2850 «141077 cal sect emt % B.E Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity of a Purc Liquid. = =‘ at ry 10’ First we compute (ap/ap), = Pp Lp Gp/aple] = Taasacaay = 2.648 *10* mesabay em? Qo! a 2.648% 10° cm? sec* We now substitute this value of COPp/ap), inte Eq. 84-4. By assuming Cpe Se we thas obtain: wea Vioy(a.e4a doy = 4,627%10% cm sec!63 We next use Eq. 8.4-3 te obtain the thermal k = 2.80 (Np/m)?* conductivity: o.043 +10" )¢0.2998) } eon eioe 2,30 [%-043 2047 2¢0.3998) *CA,3805"40")(1.627* 107) 2.00 (10.33 * 10'*)(4.3605 x 10°'")(4.627 « 105) 6.50 »10* erg sec’ cm! °K" ST SS tae all Fil sec! om a = 0.975 Ste het pert op! 8.F Calculation of Molecular Diamelers Transport Properties. A. We may reweile Ep 44-4 te obtain: d= (273 RY (MR T/N ?)* On substition trom of numerical values into thia equation we get, using 6.9.5. units: a a2 2 (39.944 * 1.3805 x 107K 300 ds Ca79 49270 110) (Se esa) = 2.a5xto%em = 295A bo Reavvangement of Fq.A.3-12 gives: d=VE7R Gt tN / rte) Tn berms of eg.s units we may then write: a.eai « to74? «300 » 6.023 Kick? = Vi7iter (2.634 * t07** ~ B00 v ¢.029 wiot? i aad ee 39.944 «73 ) = 1.88 x10 %em = 188A Note that this result is considerably from Elid viscosity in part A. Note also that k ts expressed in terms of ergs rather than calories in making Ahis celevlabron. C. Equation 1.4-18 may be reevranged ts give: ry ua M o = €2.0699x 107576 On.) * OMT) Substituting numerical valves as abave we qatwith Tl «2 44 Ou Oxy ALOE lower than that obtained64 Pa 7 a o = (Bee83 e108 (39 a4 ae300)” = 3.415 K ‘2270n 30-7 witot Equation 8.3-13 gives: o > (4:9891 x to-* ie A2inio'«110q = 3.425 4 3 d. Both values of & aqree closely with the value of 3.418 A given in Table B-1. This shows that the Chapman -Enskoq theory can be used to predict K from measurements of Th) whereas the Simple Kinehe theory cannek. Crater 9 - Checked ey VD. Shak 9.4 Heat Loss from anInsulated Pipe. We moke vse of the notation in Fig A.6-2. When the wall Femperatucet ave Kaen Com Te and Ta), Eq. 9-6-249 may be simplified to give: ant -T) Oa Med y Indra 7nd 4 InGra/a) we jess Taser The h for this problem are: fo = 2.067/2 = 1.03" Ws 1.034015 448" ry AAB+ 2.0 3.48" Fa = 348+t2.0 = 5.18" Substitution of numerical velner inte the ebeve fermaia ples L Qo. 2W(250°F -90°F) 2303 [tepGs0703) | to9(0.18/4.18), 1o9(548/3.48) ee i A 0.35 0.03 = 32071 . BO 518. o.4+3 et aaos[ Ses + -Sek2e + Sa] = L005 “(2.7093)(8.26) = 5B Btu he! cper foot of pipe?65 9.B Heat Loss Eq. 97-14 ve mey write Fro Q= 2WLACTA-T3)-] where ™ isgiven by Eq. 4.7-16 25 = tanh (hl?/kBY?/ (he /k BY Problem For the conditions of this nL py® =,/arerceca)* _ gym i 7KBY (@0) (0.08/12) eh We may then writs Qs (2.0)(4.0)(0.2) (4 2O)(ATO) tanh (2VS)/2vo = 2080 Btu hy! 9.C Maximum Temperature in a Lubricant. We bagin by multiplying both sites of Eq A4a-11 by CT, -TY. We then set (“Tl equal to were to obtain: T-Te = ea ere tt seeb)\ The maximum temperature occurs Vi= SLR. We may therefora write: Ximae Te 2 eC RAY = 4{(0.923)( am «7408/60)" (5 Co.0065* 4.18107) ak lever +472 , and = 9°C 1SQsoxte- A744 Hence Tyrax7 this system is The Reynolds number for Re = ReMmdp/p = (5.962(9.92 711790870105) (41.22) Cae 2ay =ASO This is below the critical About 900; hence the flow is laminae in the above Reynolds number”™ of as assumed calce lations. * HAL. Deydea, Sv.) FD. Murnaghen, and HO Bateman, Dover (New York) --- Pp. 205 Hydrodynamics” ,2.0 3.6 66 Current- carrying Capacity of a Wire From the tenperature profile sketched at the left ct is clear the maximum tem. Porebers fn the plastre is Tay the temper - ature ef ble coppes-placte< tater feces There. fore, for the conditions of this problem, the \imibing current is vemched When T= 200%, We beqin the solution of this preblem by determining the rake of heat less per foot of wine covvrespending to a Tr ef Zoot. Frem Bq. F.©-24 the rate ef heat loss iss aya s ame / | REED. AE] In(o.040.02) , A ar (100)/[ Inte:0W/0.02) *(oteeria) os | = 200n7/(5.5+133) = 4.53 Bru nel ee! Distance = 0.0435 watts cmt We next equate the heat loss to the heat generated by Lissipatien of alcetrrest cnergy: @/L = URL where R= (nedke) | = wire vesistenca per unit length tetal Current carried by He wire. Sol Ror curvent we than get: ts CQL IMRILY Tha musiman elloweble corrent (+ then obterned by febeetiteting Rumerccal values inte Eliz equation: va il 0.0435 watts om 2.4 x10°* ols ew max = AST anperes Free-convection Velocity. From G4. 9.9-15 we may write: i S war = eetl om?- dm = FR q aT /sop ao7 Tor the conditions of this problem: Rai/T = 1/333" KD Cideal-ges behavion assumed) w= 0.192 em seer Hence: ive? = (0.003 °K™")6980 cm sec%) 60.3 emi (807K) ARC OAD cmtsece’) = 2,3 em sec" 9.F Evaporation Loss From an Oxygen Tank. @ A thermal energy balance on a shall of thickscer Ar gives: in TR ee RRS ce eH Henes fi a (kp ot =o and ket des cy Where Cy is a constant of integration, In ther preblen we may write ey - Ke te kor) = kof (Sa) (Ee =, where Ko is the the thermal cendvctrwity at Te end Ky is the Herma condve y tt Ty. We new define @ vedeced temperature @= Cr-TeI/CTY- TL), Que allen — Entvel equetion may than be re-arranged to give: ko Cla to Lt + (Kk) @] d@ = cyar/see This exgression may ane integrated te give: kel T-TILL a(t) PJ] @ = - Shee, Wee now make se of be bender, cendibienss At reve, @o At reyyg, @2h Hence: (4/20 0T4-T. et Ke) oe. eq 49.G Alternate Metheds a 68 crake ng & bedween Shere we niche Cpe RN ATIC ROE Ng may new waite Fer dhe eat -trenQer reba at rey? Q -anetkSt| os - any es Q.= -4r(h-TW SEV (45th) TWhta result staws Rhereral Then Hak tha nee 2f ae avitlionete mare conductivity is \usty Ged TF thermal conduchurd, Vawter Unecarly with temperature. The desinad beat Ste fe in tie mines e dhe ected and hence equal te -Q. = 4 (483)(0.081) 443741077) 5 im 5 \Cads oes) ZEZ cet sect evaporation rate is 2B2 cel see"/41636 Cal gu-mol” BS OL72 gmenrot sec! oy 14.8 ka he! ui Hewes the of Setting Up the Heated-wire Problem. Heat pradvced within cylinder = TEAL S, e y e Heat entering cylinder =O Meet leaving — ¢ytinder = z amr qy Substitution into a heat balance gives: Tet LS. = 2rrkg. qe te Substitution of Fourcer's law inte Eq,4.2-6 gives, fou constant thermal ov conductiviby?Whe tue integration ennsdents may ba eg through use eR tha bowndeny tandeheds At r=O , T= BWnite AR Y= R, Tem Application ob trare boundary comdctians (ends te By. W213. 9.H Heat Conduction from a Sphere to a Staqrent Fluid. B. The differential equation is the same er that dave tn Prob. A.F. For constant thermal seomadvetivin, this bacomes: Ror dy =0 b. Tart eqration twice with vaspact te & gives: + Ca The boundary condétroms ara: AbyrnR Ts Ta Ae reo TsTe Therefore the tampereture distributren ca: Suh uaa Te Teo i C. The heat Box at the wall is then: Ty a (Ta Tee Ge Kg vis ae) r=R r= We new compare this expression with Mewtan's law of cooling: tl = h (Ta~Ta) whieh mea he Equeting these lart tue expressions we get:70 he keR or KD. R72 where D ta the diameter of the sphere. 3.I Heat Conduction in a Nuclear Fuel- rod Assembly. Within the fuel element the differetial equation is Similar te that developed in Ele text for the curvent-ca- Fying wive. Hence we write immediately , for constant ky and the given heet- source: eth te)-s..[t- eRe] The differential eqyation Rew the cladding ie aimilan bet c5omtaing ne seurvea tevin: mee dt -ke Grr FS) = 0 These two second-order differential eqetens an te be Solved with the aid of trese boundary condirtons: > At vso Te 1s Pinite : At reR, Tete Ak FeR dts). dT. Bg (STF) = “he CS) Bc. 4: At b= R, ~k. (HS)= bh CR-TL) of the above differential cyuations qrves: T, = Sn Re e 7 Ake (ca,)°- S(5,y] Ey hyr + Fy Tet Cahar + Cn Application Integration ef the boundary conditions then gives, 2fter Considerable manipulation wets Beet PCa CRT BURNT} : * FE BERTH The desived answer is obtained from this engnession by rating F=0,TI QJ Heat Conduction in an Annulus. B. Aheat balance on a shell of Uhickness Sr gives: 2nvla,] — @rrla, =O lesa Hence: £(rq,)=0 Then, through use of Fourier’s ¢ we may Srite: Pe ig dt EGkr HH) =0 5 beSb = We new write KO) where @ = CT-TLIMCTE-To? dest a in Pret. AF te obtains [Re Ka - Kk.) O]dT = Cy deer CF CTT ko + & Cea KY @] @ = Cabar +n The boundary conditions for this problem ave- At ran @:0 At vety @=4 We may then write; O= bh + Co ECW-Te) (ke thal = Ca ry Hea The constant Cy is thens Cae CAAT -To Ro HK re Hence the heat -transfer rate at r=. is: Q.= amt kot \ = -2nLey rer, (1/2) Ko eK Cte V8 TTA Re b. We begin by dePining €, the wall thickness, for thin Anneli, by teas @ Vaylee serves te obtain: &-k (Eye --- We then expana Litrsny Lira) = (Ae & Tk we consiaes all terms but the Einrt negligible, we get72. Qe= arnt (Sehs)( Text) This just says: heat flow = area * average thermai Conductivity © temperadone gy adtent. 9K Heat Generation in a Non-Newtonian Fluid. @. For the Octwald-de Waele (power-law) fluid: Tn this problem dyg/dx is positive se that Tq =m (dy dx)” and hence Sy =~ Tye SY = am ( ULM q tT) dx b. The velocity prefite may be determined from Abe eqvation of motion. Thas ater Sdz=0 5 $3 (dvy/dx)" =O Tnere fove: Cdva/dx)” = C4" 5 dus Zde = Cy Integrating with respect to HK we gett Mar ye tn Determination of the constarts gives: Ma. * INI) just as for the Nawteonian case. Than the volumebic heat qQeveration pate 3: Sv =m) c. The analeg of Ea.9.4-8 is T= -CM/ RV 6) Catz) tC e/K oF CQ and the analog of Ey A444 is ha a 4 By, x _(% eet $7 ee COL 6) where Bry = mV naa 76 bo TT.)73 9.L Calculation of Insulation Thickness for a Furnace Well. The minimum wall thickness will occa when T= 2000°F. Then in the region “OL” the thickness must be: x Fee CRE!) CT -T) /Q. = (#423£)(S00)/5000 = 0.99 ft For the remaining two regions: 1. -T i _ _2000-1400 me BE TT ee mea Talal ieee Eeoaste) 264 4 = 0.513 Et 9.M Radial Temperature Gradients in a Chemical Reactor. B. The behavior of this system can be deccrited by the following differential eavation and boundary conaitions: 4 hese FeO SP) + Se = © ce Ay case Bic: Ak re R. pdt /de =O b. In terms of He reduced variables tis description ist Ba SE) =-4 Bad: At €-4 @-0 B.c.2: AL ESL dO/sdE=0 C. Integrating twice with respect te G we get: Or - Br + Rerce Apelication of the boundary conditions gives: Cyged Cat Hence: @=1-87+ 2Re d. the reduced temperature of the outer wall is simely: @cay= 4-07 +200.ON 4 where Q= Ry/ Ro. The velume-averege reduced temperature is: an ne Jo Sp Ca-e2+22.8) ed8do L@>= LSS edsae a Ces -hsteetur-se)l, che yt = -$¢a%ea) s2e(Sr NI a In terms of the oviginal variables we may write: Hh Re “R3 => 4 (Ra sRe Ses + 2)+ 2 (goe: ~Re Se SeR2/4Keeg For the etated conditions: a= 0O.50/0.45= 4.44 4 t 3 Bow s S.= (480 Sy) aris? Be) (ast ate ge) 53,600 Btu he! t-3 Then i (53,600)(0.45/42)* [4 _ °. Tys Qo0 + S280) e- (1-1.23+021] = 900 ~ 630.02] + 899° The temperature difference betureen inner and outer walls weuld be feur ‘times as great. Heat Transfer to a Non-Newtonian Fluid. For tebe flow we may write the analog of Eq, 1.2-5 as: ~dve GS = pote + 7,2 The aes Sat aay distribetion ist ve = (PeRtet-Ce)] + (22Ree [4 -CRY |1S where Te is He wall sheave stvess, This expresson may be written in dimensionless ferm asi K 4 “aiYon = Farle B+ Gq i- et) where: Vinax = (PoRte/2) + CPi Regt) /Cs44) e=r/7rR K= @.(s+4)/2@,c5+ This velocity distibution ia then subetituted inte Ea, WB-d in place of the Paiseuille distribution 4sed in Seth. SB. Anexactl, aneloqous development ,differin only in the form of uz) then ytelas the tem perative distri butions = Ce + eri [ (SE - $ Sr) +(¥- &5)- lt where @,= (TT) K/RG, = reduced temperature in Biles Fluid. Cor CK 4) Pe LE K+ Stha]} Pe = pCpRyi,/K = Pelcles number Zo = t/R = veduced distence along Lube axis =f us feiss Mens c= Gt Re +k ALS + Sth) ST 4410324365? +465 +AT Fes) = ~ Te ses) (S53) F,6s) = s* 4106s? +5665* 442365 +774 96(s+3)7 (s+5) Cs +7) that this solution, like that in f$f2@, is ont) exact Vimact of very large 4, Note ia the16 Cuareter 10 - Checked by R.H.Weaver 10.A Tempereture ina Friction Bearing. We start by multiplying both numerator and denominator of Eq. 10.5-15 by KVM, Then, remembering that N is very large for the conditions of this problem, we may write: Bt dave] 62 Emax Get AY Evpanding Lu in a Taylor series we obtai Qre(i- Sets Yep". Y Bmax (ert) ex pression For the given conditions We may now evaluate this Ka 1/4002 = 0.998: ia 2(o.39srca + 23eF so): Ena [ wr |: 0.999 We nent multiply Eq tOS-24 by (Ta-TH) te gets tee Te = [Se Oe) REL &)] AR BOER 0.992 6 4.005, <3 kK = 299% J] .co4e 10 4 San FOMEA IO = O184 p27 RK For the conditions eof this problem: Kh 2 9 sect emt 400*an/G0 = 449 rad sect we R= 2.54 om kK = #xto-* cat sect ew! +e! k= Zooce We may then write: 2 = 200 + 0184, Peer tescnal a szsaxio® | Tmax = 200 + 24.8 a 225°C Note that a conversion facter was inclued to teantform Calories te dyne- centimeters. 10.B Viscosity Variation and Velocity Gradients ina Non-isothermal Film.11 a. We begin by determing the temperature at which the discrepancy between the two methods of calculation ts qreatest. To do thin we define 2 fractional discra- Paney as aes rte A= —* be B= RZ tho as calanlated fem Eq. 10.5-420, considered a3 Correct for our present porpeses- Where [Ls Re as calculated from Ez. 105-49. We may use Eq. 1.5-12 to write A at: , 3 As exp( (CoE ]-( Sa, Ce) F TY = 4 We next eliminate eK with thre aid of Ey 10.5-18% Ba TT = As cee(-B LCS) CSP} - 1 We now differentiate A with wespecl te T and seat the derivative eyval te tevo: BF -0- F(4-C58)- leer hale EN} aT The temperature of maximum discrepancy is then T HVT Bb. The data needed 4. sbtain the desired 680%) = 0.357 cp. ft C400%) = 0.264 cp. Ty= W373 353 °K = 363°%K =a0°%C The temperature of maximum discrepancy thus occurs Very nearly at x= 0.05 mm. Then using Fy. 105-19 we Caleatatbe the viscosity here te be: elution are: CAote) = (0.3957%0.284)*™ = 0.349 ag. The observed viscosity of water et Qo™= 6.317 ep. The maximum discrepancies in PR ana aysdx ave When beth eyuen to 29.002 _ Se = co 100 n 2555 = 0. 3%18 10.C Transpiration Cooling. @. Define (T-THVCT.AH TL) as @® in the absence of mass Evanston ond as OY in the presence of moss transfers Ly wy =O: aya, @° = (hOO/4)— 0.200 UA HNN 4.000 — 0.200 PTH Wwe then find t 4oo 200 “300 400 §d0 — wetty 0.375 0.1667 0.0625 ero Q) wes qg sect Lo*/ Ca) Ca )€ 6.43 x A078) = 7 B25 microns 3.25 «10sec = 32.5/r (e ~ 0.89N/( 0.722 - 0.937) ad 400 zoo. gee 400 Soe Mnlty 0.404 O486 0.070 wniky 0.99 0.89 0.83 = b. Be (32.5/5001(0.8/0.2) = 0.260 0.26 « 4- 23S 2 4. 75 20 eet J.297-4.000 1-0.875 125 10D Free Convection from » Vertical Surface. For the conditions of this probiem the average temparates if 420° a- t- he ve k= Eee p= er S7OPR. qe0 ens cect A.RS™ #4077 g aw? A395 * 407% 9 see em! OA56 emt sect @.FT «107 cel em! sect we! 0.24 cal gh ect A/T = 340% OTK Cat T<570°R) Gab Adored Gat Alore) cab Adore) cat Tes30°R)19 AT= 80°F -44.4° H= ZOem Pr = (0.24)(4.95 «407%)/06.37«10°5) = 0.735 Gr = (48006 30)°¢3.4041077 (44.4) /(0.456)* = 1.64 x10*% Gy Pi)” = = 41.05 x107 By the Levens fermute Q =(0.548 X50) (6.37 «1074 4.4) (405) = 6.44 cal sec! According ta Schmidt and Beckmann Q= 8.44 65174549) = 7.68 cal sect LOE Velocity, Temperature, and Pressure, Changes in 2 Shock Wave. a. ve AVR - 2V4-4 (53045 45KS2A OMAN = 2250 Ft sect b.ca> Velocity: Setting R=100 in Eq. 10.5-69 we fina Ju a= SS + Bag 7 0.375 Vos? foo? O-BIS* 2250 = B44 Ft sec! (2) Vemyperature: Beu2 = 2.53% 410° S*/cect wtoe Se Te =O. 24215 301778 F2AGC)= 3.22(en sec tye + & T= 5.75 *40° Et sect Cagle = (S15 -0.250 e405 = Bax doe fh sae Te = wo €5:F979.22)(530) = BEER (3) Pressure: The velocity, gradient well downstream ol the Sheck wit be negligible, Wwe may then usite:go PevoYeo * eo ~ Pove *to Pan tet €5.07- 1.90% 10°16 29) /C1545)(5302(32.40) = 3.38 atwu Poo = 4:48 ate CA) Bo: Peres = 0.45 ot tert R= 1125 WI = 950 Fk sec! = 2.9K10% em see! Xo = (45 «10787039 W078) /0 2.9 107%) = 4.975 ~« 407% em a= 0.375 R= C9/9)C2.4)J n/a «tar = 41.43 «ay BOs (A (C4- CB - eT /20CA- ce] + Ce ) xx, = [Cars 40° 02904. 49000. ers) eat =(5.4-5¥ 107 Sem] AH ©z| This: relatronship is shown graphically in Fry. 10.5-5 day a= ¢é- Boat = cogs - 1887)( 288-520) z+ 64.4 Bee tb 7! (2) A =-4 (5.07-0.141) x 40% Rte sec Be= 2.18 K40o BET sec =- 987 Btu Ibe 10.F Adiabetic Frictionless Compression of an Ieleal Gas. For the conditrons of this problam we may write: OA A tie 4S pas PV, We rewrite thig expression WiLL tha aid of Aha Meat-ge- law te gets i nae Te = T (V/V) = (4604400) (40)°* « n = 4406°R oF 946°F10.G al Use of the Energy Equation to Sel Up Problems. A. Start with &y.B. of Tale 40.2-2. Discara atl of Lett ide =P eyuation because of wertriction te steady atate, and drrecard A\\ terms Containing velocities Ov viscous skrerser onthe wrsOt side. Discard terms containing Lea ee Va on grounds of Rreblem symmetry. Equation B then bewme o--b 8 Orn) Now vemenber thet eleetcel enesgy war net OT — Ta) whieh is the desived velation. 10.1 Viscous Heating in Laminar Slit Flow, From Eq.A of Table 40.2-3 we may write: = et dvr yt On were) Tt may readily be shown that tha velocity prefrle is: Ya = Vea (1 - C4787] ard therefore that (dva Joe = VL C4 a BY) The energy equation is thent Cat Tydxt)s -ap vt tsk Be The voandary conditions ave: AtL «w=B , T=Te AA wr-By, Te te Solving he Energy equation With these boundary condibionr we fina: a i ae THTe= FOR va JIC Ce7Bd*] 10.1 Velocity Distribution in a Non-isothermal Film. K ay AL x=5 OL 23 8 ik A+Q FE ase FS UI a TE Uda (pg “pho. CRs 7Re) Cis (tte) At x=0 & 7 ay os eg oe Q\ Ate oon: Bhim [othe loll beer) °83 @) For poms age [feet B1/oo} Where @ = CHS/Re) y= %/5 Using VHSpital’s rule twice we obfain: eat” 9. e*. Htiiitiosme paé* Fe (4-3) whieh is the deaived relation. ve rave t ” 10.J Transpiration Cooling in a Planar System. Assuming idestqar Lekauies and iqnesing prestece changer we may write: e ae aT atc Perry dy = hE : So Yo aye MTT Ze CRTC TR Se ReNALe TT asienere es ale etme at of continuity. We new integrate the above Likfevential equation to yet Ts Aexecasnm) +B wuheve A ana B ave constants of inteqration, We nert Ase the given boundary conditious te evaluate there comatants, We may then weiter Tete _ ee -4 The rete of heat removal may be calectates Raw Fourie: law: ar eek = +Epyy nme JC] 1. Sl... ee VA il KE) ES 4 | Live ay Whee Sa Lve.84 10.K Use of Transpiration to Reduce Heat Losses. GL Without transpivation: Q.= -4rk eye Ink eqrating over the shan diicenes: we gets Qs s4rk (R-TCE -% ) = 41r(0,.027(30+362)/C 4-45) AQ = FA Btu net C2) WRK transpiration: From Bq.410.5-30% Rose RU L-K? Qn = ark ROCTH-TLISC © -41) Frem an Qnerqy belances -Q.=wAs 4ekKARL SED We new combine there two expressions and veave ange the vesult to obtain: -@, - Gal 48") 1, | SEE mee, <4] (2344 eSat)( Am+o-02 Uy 9 (352 1Co2R! 22), +4] = 69.5 Beu he! 5s in an Ta 10.0 F a. Substitusing Ep- pUsr fer By we may writes pe, (g-0T)=kO7T ~ p(Tey d+ E Cy VT) Vast teem of this wre Lexpression may be Cer a With the aid ok the Wdeat-gas law te give: (PIT) CUT) = 0 Cy VGpved) (bY ve)- E.cy-Ve)) = Cy-vpr- E( cv. py) - povy)) ickionless Proce 485 For a steady-state system (F-pyY=O by the equation of continuity, Then: Reyevry = ceva spon) Substituting Mis Expression ints We acnieve the desyed resute, ake Rivet eof ue above equations Performing the indicated operation we obtains b. Peeve, og een, _ 7 a See 2 Cy" ) = te vert _ pV cyte") We now divide bot sider nb die equation by EQ UT/D ko obtained the desived expression: 2 Cy VT* y= he VOT Be Cy 0th) ce. ww Cap7ae), = VIZ) RTM VGt 66-8976, EVE,TOV-AY Eee VVET = VACA yD = CAM Dimensional Analysis of Forced-convection Heat Transfer in an Agitated Tank. TF the same Reynolds number, DInesp, ca ured in the twee tanks then TCA 2%, ye, ar) Will be Abe same in ama the Sach. This is because the Prandtl num ber initial and bewndery conditrens ave aedenelrcntty the 10.M Sane in ench tank. vayeires that tha pate Constancy of Reynolds number of reration MW of the impeller cme the smell tank be fou Himes that in the larger. Under tiese conditions tenper- athres at any pair of corresponding positrons will be tHE NT. epeat reducaa tine at the sane86 1O.N Equivalence of Different Forms of the Energy Equation, QB. Herve we estat with the expression poosDe = A0WQ) gy CorVy) Since A= Od we may write: Do pR@ee) Por * ppe - But: Deevpel. 1 De 2 PE Dt P Dt ep? 4 De_ % a a . FRE BLE er eee From the equation of cette ie ean be seen that the Whe Underlined terns above sun te tere, Thevetore eR oe) = Re +3 0V+y¥) Combining this vesult with the second of the ebwe eguations gives us our Jesived relation. b. Herve we must shew that: pee BE ™ RCPCST) + CV PET y) ~ PT ESE = pC, BE + THe CeCe) +p Cp Ce Ty) +Tu-Wee,) is Just pape. Bnd can thas be cancelled aqeinst the left side of The term underlined with dashes whe ageatron, The bamatning Lemmy may be rewritten t give!87 +Q,7 0 22+ cue) + etv-yy) ne term underlined with dasher camcels with the NefR side of He equation, ana the terms underlined WiAK dats sums to aero by the equation of continuity Cuaererii- Checked by VD Shah 11.A Unsteady-state Heat Conduction inan Iron Sphere a. aa k/pe, = 90/4 96)( 0.42) = O.5 74 Fe het b, The center temperature Ten Te _ 4128-70 _ anil eer enc Then,according to Fig. 11.1-3, wt/R™ = O.4 , ana: t= 0.4 Rol is to be L28°F 5 hence. COAL (24Y7690.574) = 4.4 sec CG oy ty 7 Ry = Lt, 7 R* 3.02 x40°* bys " Os hy (tasty) = ©.57410A/2) = ee ex* be! do atvate 0 4, 2 C7 8T) Comparison of the Two Slab Solutions for Short Times, According to Fig. 444-4, at at/b*= 0-04. and yr TT. ce = 0.9, = 0.46 where y ts distance Sram the mid-plane, Next we use Fig. 44-1, which can be intevpreted ar (T-To)/(T-To? va.11.D 33 YWAVGaT where ye b-¥Y is distance From the wall. we may then write: 3 4 GA- 09) at & Catlb*) Then from Fig. 44-4, (elite Tt Hence the use of this solution introduces anerror of about four percent. Smaller errors occur at smaller valnes of xt /b. va= ASD = 0.48 Bonding with Thermoplastic Adhesive. The reduced center et the time ef bending is: Tetr7Te _ 460-20 Oe Th To 22a -2O Thit occurs very nearly at a&t/b t= 0.6. Hence ts oe Bye = £0:6)¢0.77)" Sax 1o-F = BS s@e Quenching of a Steel Billet. Thermal diffusivity ef the billetirs. w= KEP = (25044365 *1077/07.7K 0.42) = O.444 ant seat The veduced time Cor Fourier num ber) ts then: mesR = COALAVCS * 699/70 G* 2.54)" zso44a4 From Fig. 14.4-2 the reduced centerline temperature is: O.34= (T-Te)/CT-T) TREE 9.94 4000-200) 4200 = 448°F1LE 11.F 89 Temperature in a8 Slab with Heat Production. A. Fram page 120 of Cavelaw and Tacqes we may weske: (T=Te) 24 Feat . Sina iilk ST) 4 [2-9 4, Do Gee eee | b. The maximum centerline temperature is approached at very large T and is Tmax = Te + Qo b*/2K C. According te the graph on page 134 oF Carsiaw and Jaeger (O% of te temperature rise occurs whan C= 1.0, Heating of a Semi-infinite Slab: Constant Wall Flux. Eq. died-2 becomes: aTZat = & a*TZay* On differentiation with respect te y and multiplication by Kwe get: iy <7 " wd ek Bhs Sb Here use has been made of the relation qyz-k 3%. We now define a dimansiontass heat flux QE4y/qe and rewrite our differential equation as aa. va ae S gt This is to be solved with the initial 2nd boundary Conditions: At 4:0 @ro Ah 4¥ Co Q:o0 At yO Q=4 We may then weite, by enalegy with Ex ha.d-d: Q= 44/% = erfelL4 Weak ] We must new inteqrate once more with respect to y Av ebtain the temperature diatributien:ae tt 90 niall ¥J erfe[s/VFat] ay oo SAN@at “veer J erfeB dp " + yok Want cerfelyNaat) 11.G@ Dimensional Analysis of the Heat-cenduction Li. Equation In reetangalar co-ordinates the heat- conduction equation i Ell 27 , att, atr Br eC SR + UR + Bat) On introduction of tye reduced veviables plrestion by L*/aCTy-Te) we gets eg. #9 7@,2#@ ot” set * yar t5et The initial and boundary conditions may alse be given im berms of the reduced variables: and mu ttre + Ic.s At cr=0 @=0 Bc: At TPO @-4 Herve vV*® ana 3* ever V*(E,4, 4) over 3*(<,m,4) Vepresent the dimensionless) space occupied by the solid ana its Cdimenatonless) surface respectively, Fer any given solid V*® and S* will contain Only pure numbers. Time-table for Roasting Turkey, For a given ehapa the weight of the turkey w= el? where Cis @ constant, @ the velime-uveraze density Bna L seme characteristic length. Hence we mey Wrike the reduced Hime as T= MESA = CO’ t /ewse > where cf = ct/?,44.1 91 We now tentohvel assume the following: (LY AIL turkeys have the Same physical praperties 2k covresponding points, as wall shape, irrespective of size. (LY Dit Ferent tur Keys as the some ave cocked to tLe sane Segrac when Waive vaduced Samperature distributions ave aqeat. Reduced initial and boundary conditions do nek vary with turkey site. Te tvere assumptions ave expect cooking time to 431 Justified we stould Wary with Ane two-thirds power of turkey weight. This appears te be thre case: Average Avavage Xava mass, time, tavg wav? B by, 1BO min 45.0 13 2a? 44.8 215 ass 46.0 Tt may be seen that the Vigucer in tre wid Column are remarkably wear to equal considering the wide weight end time renger GR the given data--- not to speak of *he analytreal preblans involved in experimental deter minatron of the fend point of the cooking presess. Mean Temperature in a Slab. The desired answer is obtained through multiply — Cation of each term of Eq. 444-34 by CAs EIdY And then integvating €ach term frem yuo te Ts be Owhat is the prysicat seguitreauce ot thir precerr?]92 CHAPreR 12- Checked by V.D. Shah 12.A Temperature Profile in Turbulent Tube Flow. a. ST = SWORE CR WE pot /p p/p CAVE AR YCD Ov? P/E YE Botts pCa (TTI. = pC As OOF CE TI/G. = (Der p/n) CE, p/ RICE 29 (KFT /D Ge] eG. Ay [KCF-RY D4. 1 = TA Re PR ZY FE Oo79 RE '* = ZS K10°% Lk OT-Tod 74,0] = T*L 4.414) ALO) CLOY) (Sx 40) 2.928 T*x41077 A) 4- B= stams eel = 40 6tedoo7 Sz L- seestxto7 (3) Since Frg. 42.3-2 gives T* ar afunctron of sf for Vavieur Pe it can be used 4, calculate thre dared valanon Wsing Hhe expressions developed in UY and «2 [Mik above. Some representative apprencmate values ave: leq s* O84 os 1.0 4.0 leq Tt O48 0.4 0.5 os Tk PWG Dae Bt wa at a4 eee 6.99993] 099982] 0.49944 O44 12.B Asymptotic Expressions For Cup-~ mixing Temperatur at Very High Prandtl Number. We begin by weiting Eq. 42.9-22 For steoo: 7 dst Toye J J, ee neste (A= dent tty 51S. A 93 We ase thisepuntion beyond its movmal range of ocst2e because ab high Ro TCRE) is very nearly eqerl to Teo), GCwhy?) Neglecting the higher terme of the Taylor serves 85 eXggerted we obtain: iil ss ast 4 a Toy s [4 Steuer a > ne Rw 3 Rtntsts Jats hd Performing tre indccated integration wa obtain: + AN NUiGae elnino Theo) ee POM Kin 20) CHapreR 13 - Checked by V.D. Shah Average Heat-transfer Coefficients, The total heat-transfer rate is Ax we l(Tya-Ted = (10,000)(0.6)(200-4100) = G00,000 Btu bh The total insise surfece avea of the tubes is: A= wDL, = Wltog-2«0.0657(3000/12 = 68.4 Er The vacions temperature Jiklerences between tne water and the ofl eres (Te-Te, = Zis-too =. sagce Cre -W) = C4436 43/2 = Caer CR Wy t AAs ass RCI: 4e.2cF Subetibution inte the defy ng eyratvone for hese he gens Wat 6600,c0d/(6 8.41113) = 7B Btw he! fe oft Wa = (600,000) /(68.4)¢ 63) = 134 ha = (000, ove) /(oa.42(46.2) =414094 143.B Heat Transfer a. Re in Laminar Tube Flow, Devre/m = 4w/Dem = 4210014 /129(1.42) 7 Ao7TSs b. Pr = €, Rs K = CO.491(1.42)/(0.0825) = 8.44 &. Beam Fig 13-32-41 Cae) 23 Ose awd BY RICKY Now for constant Tr (Tor- Toa) _ mot tom PGE) Then for this problem: ,2t LID= 240: 20,0028 wB-tr 29 (3) = (0.0028) C%60)( 8.44) (1.0) = 0.046 0.646 7 ate = 1/0524 Insertion oF R= ZASPE and Ty 7 1OO°F gives: 215 —-O.524(2145-100) = Tt = 455 °F 13.C Effect of Flow Rate on Exit Temperature tom @ Heat Exchange A Feeom the solution of Pet. 43.8 we Vind Wak Ree 4075~ and tear Te=Ty, e@ 2ttY ae = Oba Toten SPC RES EAY) = Where win vate Ordinate of Fig The oP Plow in pounds per hour and ¥ is the AB.A-d atthe prevailing Reynolds number, ourtlet kenwperature is then Tat Teas (Te Ta C4 = TATE YD bb. The total heat Flow through tHe tube wall te tHe oil is giver by? Q=wC, (Tea -Tht) Caleulations Ber a. and bo are summarired below:98 | ow Re hil 4-67] ea-nayee | Taek | @. Rte ne 100 10975 0.0028 0.416 543 155 3 Z00 200 2L60 0.00185 | 0.348 40.0 140 4390 400 | 4300 | 0.0036 | 0.565 66.0 16s 15,00 B00 BG00 | 0.0040] 0.603 eae 169 33, 000 Agoo | 17,200 | 0.0037] os7* e6.0 166 64,000 3200 | 34,400 | 0.0033) 0.694 ort ret 118, 00¢ 19.D Local Heet-transter Coefficient for Turbulent Forced Convection in a Tube, The physteal properties of interest at Yo= 160 °F ave: Cys 400 Bee Wo tet e608 and Ber 2-76 We het fart Ker O96 Wh ket geet ky = o- Paz? BEC hel Cet eect The Reynolds and Prandtl wumbers ave: Re hw Cr DWE IAS, 090770 2742962.76) = 41,500 Pr s(Cyp/k)y (4.0002.76)/(0.343) = 8.05 AX this Reynolds number we may werbe, Wom Fry £8. 2-4: hia D +e a. AES = o.0ogis Ray PL Cree’ . $383) (41,500)¢2.005)¢4.4158) = 625 Btw hee! Feo cet The Vocal radial heat tax ise = (0.003457(. at Ale pipe wall ce then Velen 7 Mtoe OT -Te) = (ozs 00-1607 =- 6.25 e407 Bay het Ge? IBE West Transfer from Condens na Vapors. 8. The steam saturation Rempervature (3 ZiQ°F , and the Bil Semparatare io 6472104901212) = ZOLTF. The13.F 396 Following physical praperties apply (see Ex.43.6-41): AHyap = ATO Btw Ib) at 212° Couv-covling of condensate is neslected.> Ke= 0.343 Btu he! PR ee Pet GOL Ib. 7 Het 0-738 Ib, We! Fo! The abscissa of Fig. 13.@-2 then is: ke A997 (Ta TIL _ (0.393) OMY Fg autor? fH? (22) 4.0) ne’? Aflse Co.7ze07!? (A170) = 166 This falls i the lamimay region of the Piguce j extrapelaln eh Wee Veena Wee SL pt slope G8 am Cone Ey 430-5) aan Bee Wr, > 170 (0.468) = 45 The Waat tranrfer vate, naglecting sub- cooling 15: Q- nor ata = wA/42) CAS » 0.778) (410) = 8400 Btushe. A similar vesult contd have been obtsined from Gq. Adee Comparison of Eqs 13.6-3 and 5 ab constant To anl Ty Sives , Foy laminar condensate Flow: Quo o125 (sy"* Qe 7 0.943 VP Hence iF the tebe weve hovitontal the heat trensfer rate wonld bet Qy., = 8400 (0.725/0.949)(12)* = 12,000 Be~ he! The value of Tt, is clearly Vers Lece than for the vertrest Rube} Wence laminar flew isto be expected. Forced- convection Heat Transfer Prom an Iselated Sphere: For thu Flaw system Ey 15.9-d ov Fig. 15.5-2 may be wrest) The physcel prepertias ab date end tps EC tet Teo) 150°F ores pps PMVYRT= 0.0654 Ib, 713.q ‘ fp = 0-044 Wey FET he Gs 0.241 Bee wy fA36K10 Ie ets opt ky = 0.0469 Ben he! Fel oft The Reynolds and Prandtl numbers aver R €4742)C4002C O.0654)/(4.36% 40-7) = 3.4NK 10% PQ = €0244260.0490)2/(0.0464%) = 9.90 Subshtution of these values into Eq. 173-4 aives Nug = 2.01 0,60(3.9% x10%)*/*( 9.7094! = 108 hb, 408(SS42") = 24.4 Ben Wo Et oF The heat loss From the sphere is: a Q= (24.996 WIC4 2429? (200-4100) = 49.8 BEE HET! = GF5 cal see” The heat loss by vadiation is aeent veo 2s mack end San safely Le neglected. Free -convection Heat Less from an Tsolated Sphere, For the conditions of this problem the thermal expan- stom coetCicient G- A/Tp is CAvELO°RD. OMee Physical properties ava the same as in Prob.18.F (Note thee for the correlations of §19.5 @& andp ave eval- wakes at Thy rather than FT as in Chap.i10, Sor calea- Vabing Gr.) We may then weite From Eq.43.5-21 tn Nuy = 2.0+0. o (C&P (0.054932. 2) (1 /o40)(400)\" o oD) Be xdo8)* = 2.0 + 0.6 (44.3) 2 10.9 Since GRY £200 this expression iv applicable. o byt 10-7 229R 08) gad Bee net Pech eet The heet loss is Q ZAIMC/1L44)(200-100) = 4.74 Bee hit = 0.332 cel seen!13.H 13.1 98 Allowance for radiation increases the calculated heat loss by @bount SO%. it the sphere ects 23 2 black budy, Limiting Local Nusselt Number fo. Laminay Pipe Flow with Constant Wall Flux. We may write hee? U/CR-Te) = K/RC@- @.) where © is the veduced temperatura introduced in $I.B. Then the local Nusselt number it Nuevo oh Next we write: @5,4)- @4,¢)= ©-8 = - 46-8 + EM4 6 7/24 eager - 1G -7/24 = Be Be Ete The Feduced thermal driving force is then D/k = 2/0 @-@.) toe. @,-@, = Scom- ete etveyca- o> eas/fes- sede = [C8 - ot CYRIL wan/J* (Lewd rede) Then Ray = 27014724) = 4Blad. Local Over-ell Heat-transfer Coefficients. We first estimate a steam Bile coetiveient easuming B Meat Flaw OF some reasenable maquitude, Kring Bq. LRG? 3 ptat. \“B he o.95e( te Peat ) Be 6% ya, As a Sirst trial we assume Qre= 2500 BK he! per feet of pipe. Physical prepertier sre assumed to be theas in Prob. A43.E. Vhen 99 byt 0.954 | (0.3437 Coosa dT «10% VF €O.73B)CAT0)(25OO? = 4610 Btw he We now use this fet eT trial value of hy te heat -transfer coe Prevent peat Dy,” ealeulabe an overall aceovdtuy te Eq. 19.4-9 20. » Wid/oaN , 41.2 UW Teto * RZx2is + Saredde Us= 149 BEL heb set ope! Q: 144(fE TAs FICC) = 2460 Btu he! is close fate that our trial accepted. value of KL may be To determine tle temperature drop across may write Ve AToa = het where the ei) we ATea is the BT en ia the overall temperature deup and ates temperature deop in the of \-Then AT ZO ASA/ANO =078.5 Vhen temperature at the inner pipe surface ts 150° F +(0.785)(632°F « 499.5 °F 43.J The Hot-wire Anemometer. A Fig. 13.3-4 wil be used. The phy steal properties interest at peed ate of and Ty > k(TO+e00) Pex 0.0499 Ib. Fare: ee? Bet 20594 Ib wet FETS 4.od KAO Ib, fee Cas calewtated from Eq. b-4-48? ee O.242 Btu \br' ee From Eq. 8.3-16, Py 335° = 0.7%100 The Reynoles number is Re = (0.04/12961009(0.0499)//C 1.64 «10%. - 254 From Fig. 43.3-4 f+ 0.035 and hun % CO.03S)L0-04.44K0-24.2)1 3.6 «407) 0.74977 74 x 18@ Btw he fet cent The heat loss is then: Qs bh wDuCT-Te) ® (486 wi 0,01712)60.5/12)€ G00-70)= 10.15 Ben K-! = BAS watts b. As velucily inwreases From doo te does ft sect du deops from 0.035 42 about 0.012. Then : 5 2 COLE i i @ltooor/ actos) = SSF Ce) = 343 The prearcted vatve (5 S90" oy abot 3.16. King’ > retenen fs therefore not very celvable in His vange of Re. The Comet ant ¢ tepresents heat less ot tere velocity , that is for steady heat conduction bo infinitely Vee quiescent Survonnding Fluid. Since no steaty state slot af AAis type exists Fer ae intinitely len, depen? ey lender, © wut en He vate oF Ere lesgth & dcaneter AB.K Evtensieon of Dimensren al Anal A. According be Eq. 08-93: rah el wt = f Polra-trar se/f [Sov vdeo In terms of reduced variebler this aise eteskion may be writen ani an ‘ J vi Ty eare/[ f vit rtd rtd 28 > = WiC Re, BR, BLD) Vow-Tee Teno Te Te-Tys * = SS a = 1 Hl Cee BBD) Te-Ty | Tem tn ital a Wa may Werke Bualeqeusly be Ba dt.2-2 aT WDUL CT. Te) hfe - Tha) fs he inteqval in Eq. 43.2-2. The analog te101 Bq. 49.2-3 is then: News DPI*/6 4+ Wet Since TE depense onty epen Re, R,Be, panda Seggerted Punctional velation is valid Lip we Semilir menipetetrons oF he wxpreterens For hy and hin yielie: Negis (DI*/anv) LATE I/c4- Tt) Magee ODINV2nLI/ TT CNeg erate ates at B24 /D? 13L Relation between hy and Wo B. To abtain the right side oF Eq. 4teb-Li simply equate the wake of beak beeerftee Bengh He wall peekion da with the vate of gain of energy by the Seid in passing Ehrengt Hrs UPhevenbial section, Assume @& constant and neglect both kinebte energy changes and Went conduction In the Avection of How. (See He leSinition PTL, Bp 9-8-3390 Eq. AFL-2 is obtained by 2 simple integraten b. Aga equate rete oF heat transfer wilh vate -PF energy qin. Fer the length L o® tue pipe Q= w ly (HOO - Teor? = QA e-The, ws (nD 40 Ov? A> nPL Tt then Colows Amat car eOeder( Tar = Td) = Ly The desives auswer then Pollews divectl, by substi tutny whe Dbeve expression Inte Eq. 48.L-2 and dividing the vesu\k by L. APM Weak Loss b Free Convection frem = Pree, Ne = 0.525(6. RY Wada s Cha C/T CEE Ce14.A \4.B 102 Ak the conditions of this problem: Kz Foz ap K = O0173 Bte hel ear or! @: '7eSo eRe Ey 0.242 Be tt ert Then, using subscripts 4&2 Gon the Prevvens and present conditions, ney, echoes: o.o4st\ 7 650, 0.244, o024e5!* Dasha - COS "(88 - SRE SaaS) = (4486 0995 * 4439/4447) “~= 090 = 0.995 Ths We Neat transfer vebe fa rlghtty incewesed. Note thet GE GA Led bee seas d deeb and RR vaered Wide ane Yu-power of T, aceordyng & he simp Bred Krmebe Areoies oF Chaps. B end 4, Hen almost ne change Wenlh have been pro aicted Cc 44 -Ch Approximation of a Black Body by @ Hole in a Sphere. According to Bq. 14.2-42: ey IL eS 2 2s | e+iG-e) oF Re ea Here @- O57 and @/= 0.9% Then $= (o.870.04% 0.990.432 = 0.0474 F Cave of hole?/Caree of spharey= TR / an (327 The vadins oF the hele must then ber R=VG6' = GY0013e = 0.695 in, Efficiency of a Solay Engine. Aveo off mirrer = 2S SH. Selay constant = 428 Btu we! geo103 Energy input to device is: (426 VC25 703.49 w4O7*) = ASD he Eff rciency = Z2/49.2 = 159.2% {4.0 Radiant Heating Requirement. The heat required is the sum of the heat: beancPan vater Lelween Fhe Hier and cok of Mhe other surleces. Since no pertinent data are supplied fer tke estimation, the Convective heat transfer will be neslected. Te ca. be en- Pected bs be apprecinble, however We weite for the debe heat france vate: Qs cA ORE -tat) 2 Hon Floor to cailing: Fy = O44 Floor te large wall: Fas Fa = 0.47 Fioor to swvall wait Fae fro> 0-075" DR O49 +2047 +24 C.ONS = Ow Now, alternately, we may consider the Floor te be Completely surrounded by black Surroundings, We Krew then Zs 1,000. An accumulated error of 27 has thes resulted From considering each of fre cold Surfeces separately. Then @yaa~ AUD 450 ( 0.535 F- 0.450% = 34,800 BUH! {4.D Steady-state Temperature of 2 Ree Assume the angle of incidence of Ane suns paps he be ZA. SY Eqvete enegy inpet by radiation de rate of heat less by convection O-4-B0-cos 215" = Weg - Tar) + oe Toy B. 00) 643 020.1304) = 2 CT - 566) § UTAD 4.0096 Bet)*104 By trial and error the roof temperature is fund bh we about 625°R of 165°F. "| b. (0.32¢4-30960.9804) = 26 Tee -— TED CAvtzWo.onl Es) Aqain asing Trial and evver the ke be about GAsoerR roof bemperatuen is busd er 150°r. 44.6 Radiakion Errors in Temperature Measurements. Assuma the thermocouple t= act as a grey bedy in Nerqc Glace tere eendings, and equate bee neh vadiabes Vast with the convective inpet: IRR CIN cetera TSee For the conaitions of this Preblam: (Oo. BA TARK O9W* = 0.16%) = 5SO( Ty - 200) = Qeo"R + 6 Tos/S0) = ATSATR = sin see “Thene ve thee a 11 OF discrepancy tabuere tha calentated 42s temperature and the thermocouple reading. L4.F Mean lemperature For Effective Emissivity. B tre temp Bssamehion of \ineer variaton vobare ate Oun arias where OQ ant b are Of Renissivity with constants. Then @y- e° = WlT-T9) 3 @,- 2° = bUR-TD Ce erty = bo PIAS CeQ.- eo R* = bCR-TOR* Bur (qe Tt = een and therefore i Pr rae The desired answer fs now obtained by rearrange 414.G@ Radintion across an Annulas. \We proceed by Following *he history af 2 Single Prey vey mitted trom the inner cylinder Canes Aq). However,

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