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Algebra
Anton & Rorres, 9th Edition
Lecture Set 04
Chapter 4:
Euclidean Vector Spaces
Isi Bab IV
Euclidean n-Space
Transformasi Linier dari Rn ke Rm
Sifat Transformasi Linier dari Rn ke Rm
Transformasi Linier dan Polynomials
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4-1 Definisi
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4-1 Catatan :
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Jika u = (u1 ,u2 ,,un), v = (v1 ,v2 ,, vn), dan w = (w1 ,w2 ,,
wn) adalah vektor-vektor pada Rn dan k and l adalah skalar,
maka :
u+v=v+u
u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w
u+0=0+u=u
u + (-u) = 0; that is u u = 0
k(lu) = (kl)u
k(u + v) = ku + kv
(k+l)u = ku+lu
1u = u
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Definisi
Contoh 1 :
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Teorema 4.1.2
Sifat-sifat Hasil Kali dalam
Euclidean
uv=vu
(u + v) w = u w + v w
(k u) v = k(u v)
v v 0; Further, v v = 0 jika dan hanya jika v = 0
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4-1 Contoh 2
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u1 u 2 ... u n
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4-1 Contoh 3
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10
Teorema 4.1.3
(Ketidaksamaan Cauchy-Schwarz
pada Rn)
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11
Teorema 4.1.4
( Sifat-sifat Panjang pada Rn )
|| u || 0
|| u || = 0 jika dan hanya jika u = 0
|| ku || = | k ||| u ||
|| u + v || || u || + || v ||
( Ketidaksamaan Segitiga )
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Teorema 4.1.5
( Sifat-sifat Jarak pada Rn )
d(u, v) 0
d(u, v) = 0 if and only if u = v
d(u, v) = d(v, u)
d(u, v) d(u, w ) + d(w, v)
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(Triangle inequality)
13
Teorema 4.1.6
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14
4-1 Orthogonalitas
( ketegaklurusan )
Contoh 4
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15
Teorema 4.1.7
( Teorema Pythagoras pada
n
RJika
) u dan v adalah vektor-vektor orthogonal pada R
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16
atau
maka
u1
u
un
v1
and v
vn
u v = v Tu
Au v = u ATv
u Av = ATu v
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17
4-1 Example 5
1 0 1 4
5
Au =
1 2 1
ATv = 2 4 0
3 1 1
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2
7
0 ,v 4
5
1
Elementary Linear Algebra
18
Dan diperoleh :
Au . v = 7 (-2) + 10 (0) + 5 (5) = 11
u . AT v = (-1)(-7) + 2(4) + 4(-1) = 11
Jadi terbukti Au . v = u . AT v
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ij
ij
yang merupakan hasil kali titik dari vektor baris ke i dari A dan
vektor kolom ke j dari B
Jadi Jika vektor-vektor baris A adalah r1, r2, , rm dan vektorvektor kolom B adalah c1, c2, , cn , maka
r1 c1 r1 c 2 r1 c n
r c r c r c
2
n
AB 2 1 2 2
rm c1 rm c 2 rm c n
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20
4-1 Contoh 6
3x1 4 x2 x3 1
2 x1 7 x2 4 x3 5
x1 5 x2 8 x3 0
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(3,-4,1) ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 1
(2,-7,-4) ( x , x , x ) 5
1
2
3
(1,5,-8) ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 0
21
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22
4-2 Contoh
Rumus
f (x)
f ( x, y )
f ( x, y , z )
f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
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contoh
f ( x) x 2
f ( x, y ) x 2 y 2
f ( x, y , z ) x 2
Classifikasi
Fungsi dari R
ke R
Fungsi dari R2
ke R
Fungsi dari R3
ke R
Fungsi dari Rn
ke R
y2 z2
f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
Keterangan
23
wm = fm(x1,x2,,xn)
Sejumlah m persamaan ini mendefinisikan transformasi dari Rn ke
Rm. Jika kita menotasikan transormasi ini dengan T , maka T : Rn
Rm maka :
T (x1,x2,,xn) = (w1,w2,,wm)
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24
4-2 Contoh 1
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25
wm am1 x1 am 2 x2 ... amn xn
wm amn amn
a13
a23
x1
x
2
amn xm
atau
w = Ax
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Catatan:
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28
4-2 Contoh
Jika 0 adalah matriks nol mn dan 0 adalah vektor nol di Rn, maka
untuk setiap vektor x pada Rn
T0(x) = 0x = 0
Sehingga perkalian dengan nol memetakan setiap vektor pada Rn ke
vektor nol pada Rm. Kita menyebut T0 transformasi nol dari Rn ke Rm.
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30
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31
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32
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4-2 OperatorProjeksi
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34
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35
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4-2 Example 6
adalah
cos
sin
3
x
6
2
y
cos
1 2
6
sin
3 x 1 y
x
2
2
2
y
3
3
1
y
2 x
2
2
1
x
adalah w
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3 1
1
3
37
38
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39
Kontraksi
Jika k adalah suatu skalar tak negatif, maka operator
T(x) = kx pada R2 atau R3 disebut sebagai kontraksi
dengan faktor k jika 0 k 1 dan suatu dilatasi dengan
faktor k jika k 1.
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40
each x in Rn one can first compute TA(x), which is a vector in Rk, and
then one can compute TB(TA(x)), which is a vector in Rm.
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41
4-2 Example 6
(Composition of Two Rotations)
Let T1 : R2 R2 and T2 : R2 R2
be linear operators that rotate
vectors through the angle 1 and
2, respectively.
The operation
(T2 T1)(x) = (T2(T1(x)))
first rotates x through the angle 1,
then rotates T1(x) through the
angle 2.
It follows that the net effect of
T2 T1
is to rotate each vector in R2
through the angle 1+ 2
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4-2 Example 7
Composition Is Not Commutative
0 1
T1 T2 [T1 ][T2 ]
1 0
0 1
T2 T1 [T2 ][T1 ]
0 0
so T1 T2 T2 T1
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0 1
0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1
0 0
1 0 1 0
43
4-2 Example 8
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T1 : Rn Rk ,
T2 : Rk Rl ,
T3 : Rl Rm
If the standard matrices for T1, T2, and T3 are denoted by A, B, and C,
respectively, then we also have
TCTBTA = TCBA
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4-2 Example 9
Find the standard matrix for the linear operator T : R3 R3 that first
rotates a vector counterclockwise about the z-axis through an angle
, then reflects the resulting vector about the yz-plane, and then
projects that vector orthogonally onto the xy-plane.
cos
[T1 ] sin
0
1 0
[T ] 0 1
0 0
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sin
cos
1 0 0
1 0 0
[T2 ] 0 1 0 , [T3 ] 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0
0 ,
1
0
0
0
1 0
0 1
0 0
0
0
1
cos
sin
sin
cos
0
0
cos
0 sin
1
0
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
46
Chapter Content
Euclidean n-Space
Linear Transformations from Rn to Rm
Properties of Linear Transformations Rn to Rm
Linear Transformations and Polynomials
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47
Remark:
Example 1
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48
A is invertible
The range of TA is Rn
TA is one-to-one
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49
cos
[T ]
sin
sin
cos
sin
cos 2 sin 2 1 0
cos
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1 0 0
[T ] 0 1 0
0 0 0
50
Operator
and
and
TA-1 TA = TA-1A = TI
If w is the image of x under TA, then TA-1 maps w back into x, since
TA-1(w) = TA-1(TA (x)) = x
51
4-3 Example 4
sin
cos
This is exactly what the operator T-1 does: the standard matrix T-1 is
sin cos( ) sin( )
cos
1
1
[T ] [T ]
sin
cos
sin(
)
cos(
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52
4-3 Example 5
Solution:
w1 2 1 x1
w 3 4 x
2
2
1
1
4
w
w2
1
5
5
5
1
2 w2 3
2
w1 w2
5
5
5
w1
[T ]
w2
4
5
3
T 1 ( w1 , w2 ) (
4
1
3
2
w1 w2 , w1 w2 )
5
5
5
5
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2 1
[T ]
3 4
[T ] [T ]
4
5
3
1
5
2
5
53
Theorem 4.3.2
(Properties of Linear
A transformation T : R R is linear if and only if the following
Transformations)
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Theorem 4.3.3
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4-3 Example 6
(Standard Matrix for a Projection
Operator)
Let l be the line in the xy-plane that passes through the
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||T(e1)|| = cos
T (e1 ) cos
T (e1 ) sin
sin cos
T (e1 )
||T(e2)|| = sin
sin cos
T (e 2 ) sin
cos 2
sin cos
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T (e 2 ) cos
T (e 2 )
cos 2
sin 2
sin cos
sin 2
57
sin cos
sin cos
sin
2
[T ]
3 4
3 4 1 4
Thus,
1
T
5
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3 4
3 4 1
3 4 1 4 5
35 3
3 5
58
Remarks:
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4-3 Example 7
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If is not a multiple of
sin2 > 0
no real solution for
A has no real eigenvectors.
If is a multiple of
sin = 0 and cos = 1
In the case that sin = 0 and
cos = 1
= 1 is the only eigenvalue
1 0
A
0
1
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4-3 Example 8
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1 0 0
4-3 Example 8 (continue)
A 0 1 0
0 0 0
1 0
0
det(I A) 0 1 0 0 or ( 1) 2 0
0
0
If = 0, this system is
1 0
0 1
x1
x
2
0 x3
0
0
0
0
1 0 x2
0
x3
0
0
0
0
0
x1
x
2
x3
0
0
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If = 1, the system is
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
x1
0
x 0
2
x3
0
x1
x
2
x3
s
t
0
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A is invertible
Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution
The reduced row-echelon form of A is In
A is expressible as a product of elementary matrices
Ax = b is consistent for every n1 matrix b
Ax = b has exactly one solution for every n1 matrix b
det(A) 0
The range of TA is Rn
TA is one-to-one
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65
Chapter Content
Euclidean n-Space
Linear Transformations from Rn to Rm
Properties of Linear Transformations Rn to Rm
Linear Transformations and Polynomials
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66
4-4 Example 1
z b
c
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4-4 Example 2
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4-4 Example 3
Differentiation of polynomials
p(x) =ax2+bx+c
d
p ( x) 2ax b
dx
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Remark
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70
The mapping
0 1
1
u
1
1 0
S (u)
1 0 b 1 a 1
S (u)
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The matrix
x0
x02
x1
x12
1 xn 1
1 x
n
xn21
xn2
x0n a0 y0
y
n
a
x0 1 1
n
a
y
xn 1 n 1 n 1
xnn an yn
72
1
1 1 1 1 a2
1
2
4
8
a3
11
2
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