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Telecommunication includes :
i) Main telephones
ii) Internal communication telephones
iii) Paging and alarm system
iv) Radio
v) Other specialist equipment
The telephone is :
Function
ii) Exchanger
iii) Distribution frames and telephone cabinets
iv) Distribution points
i)
Telephone lines
A telephone line or
telephone circuit is a
single-user circuit on
a telephone
communications system.
iii)
Distribution frames
and telephone
cabinets
- domestic users,
cable are brought into
cabinets
- same concept with
MDF but cater certain
area e.g. Section 11
- cabinet - metal
container built above
ground, normally at
the roadside shaped
like a rocket
iv)
Distribution
points/overhead
pole
- From cabinets,
cables are brought
up to telephone
poles;35m
maximum
distance apart
v)
Manhole
- local network start and
underground cable to be
connected to user
- distance from one manhole and
another is 180m
- normally pre-cast manhole
- as a passage for cables to be
connected to
cabinets
vi)
Types of cables
- cables connected to cabinets are
called prime/main cable
cabinet
Overhea
d cable
Overhea
d pole
MDF
E-side
cable
D-side
cable
Internal
wiring
Internal
Distribution
Frame
E-side
cable
Subscriber
Distribution Frame
Meaning of a
telephone number
06 [03] 7766
8884
National
code
(Main
Exchange)
State code
(Main
Exchange)
District code
(Branch
Exchange)
Terminal
code
(telephone
cabinet and
telephone
set)
Type of
building
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
> 5 storey
5 storey &
below
Residential,
Bungalow &
Terrace
house
Size of
incoming
cable
Cable with
more than
50 lines
Cable with
less than 50
lines
Few lines
Floor area
Less than
7000 sq ft
Less than
7000 sq ft
No limit
Category 1 Buildings
(> 5 storey)
Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)
Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)
(contd)
Underground cables
The
necessary
cross-connection
between
underground cables are provided at cabinets
above ground.
Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)
(contd)
Underground cables
Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)
(contd)
Overhead cables
External distribution for dwellings by overhead cable
has the following advantages over underground
distribution:
1. An overhead cable is smaller and cheaper than an
underground cable.
2. Overhead distribution involves a cable along one side
of the road only to both side of the road.
3. It is more convenient to provide additional lines to
existing premises.
4. However, underground cables are out of sight and do
not spoil the outlook.
In Malaysia it is mostly used for domestic houses and
shophouses
Category 2
Buildings are not required to have the telephone
equipment room because sometimes they do not
have MDF (Main Distribution Frame).
Distribution cables
Distribution cables are taken from
MDF or PABX at the lowest floor to
other parts or levels of building.
They are placed into a riser duct.
i.e. fibre optics for long distance
communications
Backup battery
Key Telephone
Riser System
Riser System
Duct layout
The duct layout depends on the use
of building. 3 types of layout are:
Grid layout
Branching layout
Perimeter layout
Grid layout
Suitable for open plan office floors.
Junction boxes are located in the floor where telephone
outlets
can be found.
Typical grid spacing is 3.6m x 3.6m.
Branching layout
Suitable for open plan offices with permanent rooms.
Central feeder duct with junction boxes laid on the
floor at
the corridor (e.g. hotels or apartments)
Perimeter layout
Internal telephone/switching
system
MDF
Main Cable
TELEPHONE
RISER
SYSTEM
PABX
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
What
is Mobile Communication?
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Channels use a pair of frequencies for communicationone frequency (the forward link) for transmitting from
the cell site and one frequency (the reverse link) for
the cell site to receive calls from the users.
ANTIQUES MARINE
RADIO TELEPHONE 1941
MOTOROLA CAR
TELEPHONE - 1964
MINIATURIZATION-2006
CELLULAR
TELEPHON
E
PROTOTYP
E - 1973
CAMERA&TELEPHONE1997
Cells
Cells
Transmitter facility called the cell site
Several coordinated cell site are called cell system
Cells are base stations transmitting over small
geographic areas that are represented as
hexagons.
Each cell size varies depending on the landscape.
Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain
and man-made structures, the true shape of cells
is not a perfect hexagon.
Figure : cells
A cluster is a group of
cells
Frequency
reuse
was
implemented
by
restructuring the mobile telephone system
architecture into the cellular concept
CELLULAR SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
iv) Handoff/handover
CELLULAR SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
iv) Handoff/handover (contd)
set
number
of
THE
END