Program Plan 2015 Final

Program Plan 2015
REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN

RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN
COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH
QUEENSLAND
REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

QUEENSLAND
Program Plan
Student Name
David Mueller
s2942319
Bachelor of Environmental Health
&
Angus Glover
S2941502
Bachelor of Nutrition and Dietetics
Course Name & Convenor

2218MED Needs Assessment, Program Planning and Evaluation
Bernadette Sebar
Needs Assessment
Program Plan Public Health
Due: 01/11/20145
Weight: 30%
Word limit
none
Word Count
4175
Submitted
Draft: 30/10/2015
ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

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Content
1.0
Formative Research
1.1
Cultural Determinants
1.2
Health Services
1.3
Social Determinants
1.4
Environmental Determinants
1.5
Individual Determinants
Page 3
2.0
Program Goals
Page 5
3.0
Program Objectives
3.1
Cultural Objectives
3.2
Health Services Objectives
3.3
Social Objectives
3.4
Environmental Objectives
3.5
Individual Objectives
Page 5
4.0
Program Focus
Page 7
5.0
Program Strategies
Page 7
6.0
Strategies
Page 8
7.0
Task Development Timeline
Page 10
8.0
Budget
Page 14
9.0
Evaluation Plan
Page 19
10.0
References
Page 22

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1.0 Formative Research

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition affecting the lives of approximately 917 000 Australians (AIHW,
2015). Of those affected, studies show that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experience a
rate three times higher than those of Non-Indigenous Australians (AIHW, 2015). As a population group
the Indigenous people suffer a diabetes prevalence of approximately 6% with those living in remote
areas experiencing a heightened rate of 9% compared to 5% in those living in non-remote areas (ABS,
2009).
A study was undertaken in remote indigenous communities in far north Queensland which showed
distinct increases in new type 2 diabetes prevalence from 1999 through to 2007. The incidence of
diabetes in these populations was almost 4 times that compared to the Non-indigenous population as
well as a higher incidence rate than those experienced by Indigenous people throughout Australia
(McDermott, R. et al, 2010).
1.1 Cultural Determinants

The indigenous populations culture is extremely important to their health needs. The implementation
of a westernised lifestyle within these indigenous communities profoundly interrupts their cultural
identity and has adverse effects on their health. Issues such as racism, historical hardships in terms of
mistreatment and lack of cultural understanding are mentioned throughout the literature whereby
poor mental health is highlighted as a major issue contributing to detrimental behaviours and lifestyles
among Indigenous Australians (Dick, D. 2007).
The other disparity noted in the literature is the differing view of what health is between the
westernised culture and Indigenous culture. The Indigenous culture identifies health as holistic with
emphasis on community, social, cultural and emotional well-being being paramount in the health of
an individual (AHMRC, n.d.). This outlook on health is constantly being challenged and degraded as
western lifestyle health ideals predominate the indigenous culture and lifestyle.
1.2 Health Services
1. Among rural Indigenous populations health care services generally arent; physically
accessible, affordable or culturally competent. As a result of this approximately 26% of
Indigenous people over the age of 15 have trouble accessing health care (AHRC, 2008). The
cost of healthcare is of concern whereby 32% of indigenous Australians were unable to access
health care as a result of costs. One of the major factors affecting access to health services is
the culturally incompetent aspect of health care whereby Indigenous people may feel
uncomfortable in a health service setting. In some cases there are language barriers as well as
mistrust between Indigenous patients and Non-indigenous health care providers due to
historical mistreatment of Indigenous people (AHRC, 2008).
2. Accessible health care services are a vital component of health, particularly in the early
detection, prevention and treatment of health issues such as diabetes. They are also a focal
point for education and promotion of health making them of critical importance in the fight
against type 2 diabetes incidences in rural Indigenous communities.

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1.3 Social determinants
1. The social status in the Australian society plays an important role in the overall health of its
people. Within it, First Australians are placed in one of the lowest social classes and
socioeconomic patterns and health outcomes are influenced from it. It is proven that people
living in higher social classes have better health than people on the lower end of the hierarchy
(Shepherd, Li & Zubrick, 2012).
2. The understanding of how to treat an illness, especially of chronic illness is based on two
different models. Whereas the Western concept is based on an individual's responsibility, in
Aboriginals believe it is also the responsibility of the family and even the whole community,
which can be described as collective management. Once the community support breaks
away, there is a major impact on the health outcome of the individual, because primary
support for health and curing illness comes from the community and not from the health
system (Barnett & Kendall, 2015).
1.4 Environmental determinants
1. A study undertaken at communities at the Murray River looked into Aboriginals interaction
with the environment and how the lifestyle changed since the arrival of the Europeans. The
results show a major shift in the Aboriginal life on several levels such as family activities, their
diet and a rise in costs for food. This is because the life of the Indigenous population was
tightly linked to the river, but changes to its flow and natural fauna, shifted the traditional
lifestyle and food sources over only a few generations. With the result that more money needs
to get spend on food and the health is decreasing among this communities (Willis, Pearce &
Jenkin, 2004).
2. Fresh food scarcity plays another major role in the development of bad health outcomes in
rural communities. Here is the excess to fresh vegetables and meat the limiting factor and not
the lack of money. Food stores in rural areas do not stock all the time fresh articles and the
stock gets mostly replenished every two weeks, in accordance with Government payments.
This results in a scarcity of fresh healthy food after a few days and people are forced to by
processed food which last a long time on the shelfs and are influencing the health negatively
(Scelza, 2012).
1.5 Individual determinants
1. The behaviour of an individual in terms of diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, illicit
drug use and smoking heavily influences ones health. Indigenous people in Australia generally
display poorer health behaviours in comparison to the non-indigenous population. Indigenous
people over the age of 15 were shown to be 10% less likely to consume the recommended
fruit intake compared to non-indigenous Australians, while 66% of Indigenous people in 201213 were considered overweight/obese. These figures are similar to Non-indigenous figures
although obesity rates among this were shown to be 1.5 times higher in comparison with Nonindigenous Australians (AIHW, 2014).

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2. The individual's experience with racism is not only based on a personal scale, but also from
experience from family members, friends and community members. Another problem is that
these experience are given to the next generation and they are reinforced by an individual's
experience which at the end will lead to sceptical and negative view on the western health
system (Barnett & Kendall, 2015).
2.0 Program Goal

To decrease the prevalence of new cases of Type 2 Diabetes amongst First Australians living in Rural
Far-North Queensland communities.
3.0 Program Objectives

3.1 Cultural Objectives
1. To improve indigenous cultural health as a means of reducing type 2 diabetes by establishing
one Indigenous Cultural centre within each rural Indigenous community in FNQ by 2030.
If we can successfully establish the target of Indigenous cultural centres, then we expect to
see improvements in cultural health within rural Indigenous communities in FNQ and as a
result see a decrease in type 2 diabetes prevalence.
2. To implement more culturally appropriate and effective type 2 diabetes prevention healthcare
in rural Indigenous communities in FNQ, in doing so decreasing current incidence rates by 25%,
by 2020
If we can implement culturally based and culturally appropriate diabetes health services, then
we should see an increased success rate in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes
in rural indigenous communities in far north Queensland.
3.2 Health Service objectives

1. To improve the accessibility to healthcare as a means of reducing the prevalence of type 2
diabetes within rural indigenous communities in FNQ by subsidising costs of Indigenous
healthcare by 50% before 2017.
If we decrease the cost of healthcare, then we would increase accessibility and opportunity
for treatment and information, resulting in an expected decrease of prevalence of type 2
diabetes within rural Indigenous communities in far north Queensland.
2.
To improve promotion of health services by 30-50% as a means of preventing and treating
type 2 diabetes within rural Indigenous communities in FNQ by 2020.
If we improve promotion of available health services, then we expect to see more individuals
seeking health care and as a result a reduction in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes within
rural indigenous communities within FNQ.

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3.3 Social Objectives
1. Reducing unemployment rate for First Australians in rural FNQ to 20% by 2020.
If we increasing employment opportunities and chances for employment for rural indigenous
people in FNQ through training and educational programs, then their social status and with it
their overall health will increase.
2. Involving First Australians in FNQ in 100% of community health care programs by 2020.
If we present culturally aware health care concept to the communities in FNQ with their
involvement in planning and organising these events, than the community support for the
individual will be better and health will increase.
3.4 Environmental Objectives

1. Recovery of natural habitats in FNQ so that 80% of First Australians communities have excess
to them for traditional hunting and lifestyle by 2020.
If we recovery natural habitats and allow indigenous people in FNQ to use them for hunting
and collecting traditional food sources, than we improving their diet, increase community
bonds and recognising traditional lifestyle.
2. Improving the delivery of fresh food to 80% of rural FNQ First Australian communities
minimum once a week and store them in sufficient cool rooms by 2020.
If we can manage to deliver fresh healthy food at least one time a week to remote areas in
FNQ with sufficient storage facilities, than people are empowered to buy and use them.
3.5 Individual Objectives

1.) Free sporting activities and equipment for 60% of First Australian communities in FNQ by 2020.
If we provide sporting equipment and free activities, then we should influence individuals lifestyle
choices and therefor increase physically activity levels.
2.) Building of community discussion groups between First Australians and New Australians to
understand each others culture in 80% of FNQ communities.
If we building discussion groups in FNQ about historical events that led to misunderstanding in each
other culture, than awareness and feeling of being equal will develop.

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4.0 Program Focus

To provide 80% of healthcare providers in rural indigenous communities in FNQ with the knowledge
and resources to implement culturally appropriate Type 2 diabetes healthcare by 2020.
Because cultural sensitivity, respect and understanding are key issues to overcome perceived racism
for First Australians, which in turn leads to mistrust in western medicine as mentioned throughout
literature (Dick, D. 2007). Another key point is to understand that health is a community issue among
Indigenous people and not only an individuals responsibility. Understanding this concept and apply it
to new health care policies will increase the success rate of new policies (Barnett & Kendall, 2015).
In training health care providers in cultural awareness, we will reduce the feeling of racism towards
First Australians and this will improve their trust in Western medicine. Through this, we will be able to
work together with the community, involve them I health care plans and influence the overall health
and health awareness positively.
5 Program strategies
To implement more culturally appropriate and effective type 2 diabetes prevention healthcare in
rural Indigenous communities in FNQ, in doing so decreasing current incidence rates by 25%, by 2020
Strategy 1 Building Healthy Public Policy
Introduction of mandatory Indigenous cultural courses for healthcare providers in 60-70% rural
Indigenous communities in FNQ.
If healthcare providers have the knowledge of the Indigenous cultures perception of health, then
those healthcare providers will have the resources and ability to implement culturally appropriate
diabetes healthcare to Indigenous people within rural FNQ.
Strategy 2 Reorienting Health Services
- Introduction of free type 2 diabetes screenings in healthcare services throughout 80% of rural
If diabetes screening is provided free for indigenous Australians in rural FNQ, then we should see an
increased number of people seeking diabetic health services and as a result enable healthcare
providers to impart preventative knowledge and information to those who receive diabetes screening.
Strategy 3 Developing Personal Skills

Implementation of compulsory culturally appropriate type 2 diabetes education programs within
schools in rural Indigenous communities in FNQ.
If we provide education on preventative measures of type 2 diabetes in a school setting, then we
establish a strong platform where information and knowledge of prevention of type 2 diabetes can be
conveyed to students.
Strategy 4 Strengthening Community Action

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Establishment of a health committee in 80% of rural indigenous communities in FNQ, involving various
community members and health professionals with regular meetings to discuss and outline strategies
on improving the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in their community.
If we enable community members the opportunity to provide input into type 2 diabetes prevention,
then the programs implemented should be more specific to the communities cultural and health
needs and as a result an improved success rate in diabetes prevention should be attained.
Strategy 5 Creating Supportive Environments

Establishment of at least one major sporting/leisure ground within 50-60% of rural indigenous
communities in FNQ
If we provide the community with an environment that promotes physical activity, then healthcare
providers have a vital community resource available to recommend when in consultation with a
patient.
6 Activities
Strategy 1 - Introduction of mandatory Indigenous cultural courses for healthcare providers in 60-70%
of rural Indigenous communities in FNQ.
Seek government funding for the resources needed to implement the program
Create a curriculum for the mandatory Indigenous cultural course to be based on
Hire a program co-ordinator to oversee the teachings and implementation of the program
Seek approval for official accreditation of the program as a recognised qualification
Strategy 2 - Introduction of free type 2 diabetes screenings in healthcare services throughout 80% of
rural Indigenous communities in FNQ.
Seek government funding so diabetes screening can be implemented as a free service

equip health services with the needed resources and training
Implement increased media promotion (radio, TV, newspapers) about the free type 2 diabetes
screening
Develop a prevention information package on type 2 diabetes to be distributed upon
consultation
Strategy 3 - Implementation of compulsory culturally appropriate type 2 diabetes education programs

within 80% of schools in rural Indigenous communities in FNQ.
Seek any necessary government funding

Develop curriculum for diabetes program
Equip participating schools with necessary resources
Provide excess training to education providers

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Strategy 4 - Establishment of a health committee in 80% of rural indigenous communities in FNQ,
involving various community members and health professionals with regular meetings to discuss and
outline strategies on improving the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in their community.
Seek approval and possible funding from local council

Appoint diverse variety of community members with local health professionals to a
committee
Establish goal and objectives for group meetings
Establish regular meeting places and times for the foreseeable future
Strategy 5 - Establishment of at least one major sporting/leisure ground within 50-60% of rural
indigenous communities in FNQ
Secure land of which can be utilised

Seek council approval for development of a sporting/leisure ground
Seek funding for development of a sporting/leisure ground
Appoint a construction/development company in charge of the project (aim for construction
time of approximately 1 year)

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7 Task Development Timeline

Strategy 1 - Introduction of mandatory Indigenous cultural courses for healthcare providers in 60-70%
Seek
Government
Funding For
necessary
resources
Create
Curriculum
For
Indigenous
cultural
course
Seek
approval for
official
accreditatio
n of the
program
Hire
program coordinator &
staff
to
implement
the program
Jan
201
6
Feb
201
6
Mar
201
6
Apr
201
6
May
201
6
Jun
201
6
Jul
201
6
Aug
201
6
Sep
201
6
Oct
201
6
Nov
201
6
10

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Strategy 2 - - Introduction of free type 2 diabetes screenings in healthcare services throughout 80%
Dec
2016
Jan
2017
Feb
2017
Mar
2017
Apr
2017
May
2017
Jun
2017
Jul
2017
Seek government funding

Equip
health
services
with
necessary resources and training
Develop information Brochure for
post-consultation
Implement marketing/promotion
campaign
Strategy 3 - - Implementation of compulsory culturally appropriate type 2 diabetes education

programs within 80% of schools in rural Indigenous communities in FNQ.
Aug
2017
Sep
2017
Oct
2017
Nov
2017
Dec
2017
Jan
2018
Seek necessary funding

Develop curriculum
Equip schools with necessary resources
X
Employ qualified personnel to deliver program to
students
X
11

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Strategy 4 - Establishment of a health committee in 80% of rural indigenous communities in FNQ,
involving various community members and health professionals with regular meetings to discuss and
outline strategies on improving the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in their community.
Seek approval
and
any
funding from
local council
Appoint
community
based
committee
Establish
goals
and
objectives
Establish
regular
meeting place
and times
Unforeseeabl
e
timing
issues
allowance
Feb
201
8
Mar
201
8
Apr
201
8
May
201
8
Jun
201
8
Jul
201
8
Aug
201
8
Sep
201
8
Oct
201
8
Nov
201
8
Dec
201
8
12

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Strategy 5 - Establishment of at least one major sporting/leisure ground within 50-60% of rural
indigenous communities in FNQ
Jan
201
9
Secure land
of which can
be utilised
Seek council
approval for
development
of
a
sporting/leis
ure ground
Seek funding
for
development
of
sporting/leis
ure ground
Appoint
construction
company
(aim
for
finished
development
in 6 months)
Construction
of
sporting/leis
ure ground
Feb
201
9
Mar
201
9
Apr
201
9
Ma
y
201
9
Jun
201
9
Jul
201
9
Aug
201
9
Sep
201
9
Oct
201
9
Nov
201
9
Dec
201
9
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8.0 Budget
8.1 Strategy 1 - Introduction of mandatory Indigenous cultural courses for
healthcare providers in rural Indigenous communities in FNQ.
Total budget = $500 000
Labour requirement
Costs
Recurrent?
annual $
non Labour
requirements
costs
Recurrent?
annually $
1x Curriculum Developer
50 000
Yes
work clothing
1000
yes
1x Program coordinator
40 000
Yes
transport with
government car,
petrol
3000
yes
Total annual
90 000
4000
total annually plus:

leave loading 17.5%,
Tax 5%, Superannuation
9.5%
= +32%
118 800
5280
total per Month
9 900
440
Total over 4 years

program (2016 - 2020)
$475
200
21 120
Total Strategy costs:

$496 320
14

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8.2 Strategy - Introduction of free type 2 diabetes screenings in 60-80% of

healthcare services throughout rural Indigenous communities in FNQ.
Total budget = $2 000 000
Labour requirement
20 x Health care
provider payments
(doctor)
Costs
annual $
Recurrent?
non Labour
requirements
costs
annually
$
Recurrent?
work cloth
1000
yes
40 000
Yes
transport with
government car,
petrol
3000
yes
20 x 15
000 = 300
000
yes
Materials for
training
5000
yes
Media promotion
20 000
yes
10
no
Medical resources
000
Total annual
340 000
39 000

Tax 5%,
Superannuation 9.5%
= +32%
448 800
51 480
total per Month
37 400
4 290
Total over 4 years

program (2016 - 2020)
1 795
200
205 920

$2 001 120
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8.3 Strategy - Implementation of compulsory culturally appropriate type 2 diabetes

education programs within 60 -80 % schools in rural Indigenous communities in FNQ
Labour requirement
Costs
annual $
Recurrent?
non Labour
requirements
costs
annually
$
Recurrent?
1x Curriculum
Developer
50 000
Yes
work clothing
1000
yes
40 000
Yes
transport with
government car,
petrol
3000
yes
30 x Education provider
30 x 5000
= 150 000
yes
Materials for
training
5 000
yes
Educational
resources
10 000
yes
Total annual
240 000
19 000
total annualy plus:

Tax 5%,
Superannuation 9.5%
= +32%
316 800
25 080
total per Month
50,710
2 090
Total over 4 years

program (2016 - 2020)
1 267 200
100 320

$ 1 367 520
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8.4 Strategy 4 - Establishment of a health committee involving various community

members and health professionals with regular meetings to discuss and outline strategies
on improving the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in their community
Labour requirement
Costs
annual $
Recurrent?
non Labour
requirements
costs
annually
$
30 x Health committee
payments (30 different
communities)
30 x 10
000 = 300
000
Yes
Materials for
meetings
5000
1x Program co-ordinator
40 000
Yes
resources
5000
yes
yes
reservation
costs
1000
yes
Total annual
340 000
11 000
total annualy plus:

leave loading 17.5%, Tax
5%, Superannuation 9.5%
= +32%
448 800
14 520
total per Month
37 400
1 210
Total over 4 years

program (2016 - 2020)
1 795 200
58 080
Recurrent?

$1 853 280
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8.5 Strategy 5 - Establishment of at least one major sporting/leisure ground within

30 -50% of rural indigenous communities in far north Queensland
Total budget = 10 000 000
Labour requirement
Costs
annual $
Recurrent?
non Labour
requirements
10 x purchase of
council land
costs
Recurrent?
annually $
10 x 80
000 =
800 000
ground planner
30 000
no
10 x construction costs
(including materials)
10 x 500
000
= 5 000
000
no
10 x Maintenance costs
10 x 30
000 =
300 000
yes
Total annual
5 330
000
800 000

leave loading 17.5%, Tax
5%, Superannuation
9.5%
= +32%
7 035
600
1 056 000
total per Month
586 300
88 000
Total over 4 years

program (2016 - 2020)
7 035
600
1 056 000
no

$8 091 600
Overall Program budget = $15 900 000
Overall Program expected expenditure = $13 809 840
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9.0 Evaluation plan

This projects evaluation plan will comprise of 5 components, evaluating each strategy of which are
based on the 5 action areas of the Ottawa charter. The overall aim of this evaluation is to determine
whether the strategies put in place are successful in decreasing new type 2 diabetes incidence rates
in rural indigenous communities in far north Queensland. The evaluation plan used was based on the
outcome evaluation model which we believe is most appropriate in determining the outcome of the
processes.
Strategy 1 Evaluation Plan

Introduction of mandatory Indigenous cultural courses for healthcare providers practising in rural
What will be evaluated?
Whether healthcare providers are implementing culturally appropriate healthcare/utilising

information from the Indigenous cultural course within their practises and whether they have
seen improvement in Indigenous community care as a result
How will we evaluate this?
request a report from the healthcare provider on what changes they have made to their
practice to make it more culturally appropriate and how they feel the changes have impacted
their practice (negatively or positively) with focus on the effect it has had on the Indigenous
communitys health behaviours.
When will we evaluate this?
12 months after implementation of the prog

Introduction of free type 2 diabetes screenings in healthcare services throughout rural Indigenous
communities in FNQ.
What the impact free diabetes health screening has had on the amount of people seeking type
2 diabetes related health treatment
Keep a medical record of number of people seeking the free screening and compare with data
from the number of people who sought diabetes screening before implementation of the free
service
Provide patients with a brief survey asking how the free service has impacted their knowledge
and behaviour in relation to type 2 diabetes.
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12 months after implementation

Implementation of compulsory culturally appropriate type 2 diabetes education programs within
schools in rural Indigenous communities in FNQ.
Whether the program has been successful in educating the youth about preventing type 2
diabetes from affecting them in the future and the dangers associated with having diabetes.
Provide a test at the beginning and completion of the program to gauge how successful the
program has been in improving the knowledge of type 2 diabetes.
At the start of the program implementation and at the completion of the program

Establishment of a health committee involving various community members and health professionals
with regular meetings to discuss and outline strategies on improving the prevalence of type 2 diabetes
in their community.
Whether the goals and objectives set out are being reached
Request a monthly report from each meeting outlining the main points of discussion and the
subsequent community programs that are being implemented as a result of these meetings.
On a regular monthly basis

Establishment of at least one major sporting/leisure ground within the community centre
Whether the development of the sporting ground has improved physical activity levels of the
community and in turn improved health in relation to type 2 diabetes
20

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Healthcare providers ask patients how often they use the facility upon consultation and report
findings
Culturally appropriate analysis of all patients health by healthcare providers including heart
rate, blood pressure and BMI levels (provides an indication of the overall health of the
community)
12 months after construction of sporting ground has been completed
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10.0 References
Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council (AHMRC). (n.d.). Definition of Aboriginal Health.
Retrieved from:
http://www.ahmrc.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35&Itemid=37
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2009). Diabetes in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people, 2004-05. Retrieved from:
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4724.0.55.001Main%20Features42004
-05
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Topics @ a Glance Aboriginal and Torre Straight Islander
Peoples Education, Learning and Skills. Retrieved from:
http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/c311215.nsf/web/Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islande
r+Peoples+-+Education,+Learning+and+Skills
Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC). (2008) A statistical overview of Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander peoples in Australia: Social Justice Report 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2015
from:
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/statistical-overview-aboriginal-and-torresstrait-islander-peoples-australia-social#Heading331
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2014). Health Behaviours of Indigenous
Australians. Retrieved from:
http://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2014/indigenous-health/#t4
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2015). Diabetes. Retrieved from:
http://www.aihw.gov.au/diabetes/
Barnett, L. & Kendall, E. (2015). Principles for the development of Aboriginal health interventions:
culturally appropriate methods through systemic empathy. Ethnicity & Health. 20(5), 437452. doi:
10.1080/13557858.2014.921897
Browne, J., Hayes, R. and Gleeson, D. (2012). Appropriate health promotion for Australian Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander communities: crucial for closing the gap. Global Health Promotion.
19(2), 58-62. doi:
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10.1177/1757975912441230
Davis TM, McAullay D, Davis WA, Bruce DG. (2007). Characteristics and outcome of type 2 diabetes
in urban Aboriginal people: The Fremantle Diabetes Study. Intern Med J. 37(1): 59-63
Dick, D. (2007). Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia a human
rights based approach. Retrieved from:
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/social-determinants-and-healthindigenous-peoples-australia-human-rights-based
Durey, A. and Thompson, S., C. (2012). Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians:
time to change focus. BMC Health Services Research. 12(1), 151-162. doi:
10.1186/1472-6963-12-151
Euteneuer, F. (2014). Subjective social status and health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 27(5), 337343. doi:
10.1097/YCO.0000000000000083
GarciaRamirez, M., Martinez, M., F., Balcazar, F., E., SuarezBalcazar, Y., Albar, M., J., Domnguez, E.
and Santolaya, F., J. (2005). Psychosocial empowerment and social support factors
associated with the employment status of immigrant welfare recipients. Journal of
Community Psychology. 33(6), 673-690. doi:
10.1002/jcop.20072
McDermott, R. Li, M. Campbell, S. (2010). The Medical Journal of Australia. Incidence of type
2 diabetes in two Indigenous Australian populations: a 6-year follow-up study. 192 (10): 562565. Retrieved from: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2010/192/10/incidence-type-2diabetes-two-indigenous-australian-populations-6-year-follow
Otim, M., E., Asante, A., D., Kelaher, M., Doran, C. and Anderson, I., P. (2015). What constitutes
benefit from health care interventions for Indigenous Australians? Australian Aboriginal
Studies. 2015(1), 30-42.
Scelza, B. A. (2012). Food scarcity, not economic constraint limits consumption in a rural Aboriginal
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24

Program Plan 2015 Final

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Program Plan 2015

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

Course Name & Convenor

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

Task Development Timeline

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

1.0 Formative Research

1.1 Cultural Determinants

1.2 Health Services

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

1.4 Environmental determinants

1.5 Individual determinants

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

2.0 Program Goal

3.0 Program Objectives

3.2 Health Service objectives

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

3.4 Environmental Objectives

3.5 Individual Objectives

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

4.0 Program Focus

Strategy 3 Developing Personal Skills

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

Strategy 5 Creating Supportive Environments

Seek government funding so diabetes screening can be implemented as a free service

Strategy 3 - Implementation of compulsory culturally appropriate type 2 diabetes education programs

Seek any necessary government funding

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

Seek approval and possible funding from local council

Secure land of which can be utilised

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

7 Task Development Timeline

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

Seek government funding

Strategy 3 - - Implementation of compulsory culturally appropriate type 2 diabetes education

Seek necessary funding

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

total annually plus:

total per Month

Total over 4 years

Total Strategy costs:

ANGUS GLOVER & DAVID MUELLER

REDUCING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RURAL FIRST AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES IN FAR NORTH

8.2 Strategy - Introduction of free type 2 diabetes screenings in 60-80% of

total annually plus:

total per Month