Basic I/O - CIS 1068

Program Design and Abstraction

Zhen Jiang
CIS Dept.
Temple University
1050 Wachman Hall, Main Campus
Email: zhen.jiang@temple.edu
03/31/16

Table of Contents

Your first Java program

Simple Output/Input
Variable
Data types
Arithmetic (use of variables)
String and its use in I/O statement
Summary of programs
Summary of concepts
Other materials

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Welcome Your first program

http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/Welcome.java
http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/Welcome1.java

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Environment

JDK (Java Development Kit)

IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
Installment guide
http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/Installment1068.pdf
Test run

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Before you run a program, you must compile it.

compiler: Translates a computer program written in one
language (i.e., Java) to another language (i.e., byte code)

Compile (javac)
source code
(Hello.java)

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Execute (java)

byte code
(Hello.class)

output

Details

Names
Main
{ } and ( )
Println and print (p93)
;

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Textbook
Highlighted by content in ppt slides
Indexed by page number in ppt slides

Discussion
Summary

Exercises (in ppt slides and class),

quiz, project, test, final

Take a lesson from the learning in a

previous section

Learning target

http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/CIS1068_07_summary.pdf

www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/ShowButtonDemo.pdf
www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/ButtonDemo.pdf
www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/WindowDestroyer.pdf

Three keys

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Loop, (instance) method, and text/string

processing
8

Simple Output

Hello.java,

syntax error: A problem in the structure of a program.

1 public class Hello {
2
pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
3
System.owt.println("Hello, world!")
4
}
5 }

compiler output:

2 errors found:
File: Hello.java [line: 2]
Error: Hello.java:2: <identifier> expected
File: Hello.java [line: 3]
Error: Hello.java:3: ';' expected
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Error messages do not always help us

understand what is wrong:

File: Hello.java [line: 2]

Error: Hello.java:2: <identifier> expected

pooblic static void main(String[] args) {

Why cant the computer just say You

misspelled public?
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10

First lesson

Computers cant read minds.

Computers dont make mistakes.
If the computer is not doing what you want, its because
YOU made a mistake.

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11

Java is case-sensitive

Public and public are not the same

1 Public class Hello {

2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.out.println("Hello, world!");
4 }
5}
1 error found:

compiler output:

File: Hello.java [line: 1]

Error: Hello.java:1: class, interface, or enum expected
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12

System.out.println: A statement to print a line of output.

pronounced print-linn

The use of System.out.println (P93) :

System.out.println("<message>");
Prints the given message as a line of text.
System.out.println(<number>);
Prints the given number as a line of text.

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13

System.out.println(<output1> + <output2>+ +<output_Last>);

Performs a output string concatenation and prints all as a line of
text.
System.out.println();
Prints a blank line.

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14

String: A sequence of text characters, also

called message.

Start and end with quotation mark characters

Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string"
"This, too, is a string.
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It can be very long!"

15

A string may not span across multiple lines.

"This is not
a legal string."

A string may not contain a character.

The character is okay.

"This is not a "legal" string either."

"This is 'okay' though."

This begs the question

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16

A string can represent certain special characters by

preceding them with a backslash \ (this is called an
escape sequence, p89).

\t
\n
\"
\\

tab character
newline character
quotation mark character
backslash character

Example:
System.out.println("Hello!\nHow are \"you\"?");

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17

What is the output of each of the following println

statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc");
System.out.println("\\\\");
System.out.println("'");
System.out.println("\"\"\"");
System.out.println("C:\nin\the downward spiral");

Write a println statement to produce the following line

of output (space counted):
/ \ // \\ /// \\\
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18

What a println statement will generate the following output (one

statement only)?
This program prints a
quote from the Gettysburg Address.
"Four score and seven years ago,
our 'fore fathers' brought forth on this continent
a new nation."

What a println statement will generate the following output?

A "quoted" String is
'much' better if you learn
the rules of "escape sequences."
Also, "" represents an empty String.
Don't forget to use \" instead of " !
'' is not the same as "
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19

comment: A note written in the source code to make the code

easier to understand (p104).

Comments are not executed when your program runs.

Most Java editors show your comments with a special color.

Comment, general syntax:

/* <comment text; may span multiple lines> */
or,
// <comment text, on one line>

Examples:
/* A comment goes here. */
/* It can even span
multiple lines. */
// This is a one-line comment.
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20

at the top of each file (also called a "comment header"),

naming the author and explaining what the program does.

at the start of every method, describing its behavior or

function.

inside methods, to explain the complex pieces of code.

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21

Comments provide important documentation.

Comments provide a simple description of what each class,

method, etc. is doing.

Later programs will span hundreds or thousands of lines,

split into many classes and methods.

When multiple programmers work together, comments help

one programmer understand the other's code.

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22

Simple Input

Sample Program, P15

http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/1068FirstProgram.pdf

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23

Variable

A piece of your computer's memory that is given

a name and type and can store a value.
Usage

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compute an expression's result

store that result into a variable
use that variable later in the program

24

To use a variable, it must be declared.

Variable declaration syntax (P51):

<type> <name>;

Convention: Variable identifiers follow the same rules as

method names.

Examples:
int x;
double myGPA;
int varName;
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25

Declaring a variable sets aside a piece of

memory in which you can store a value.
int x;
int y;
Inside the computer:

x: ? y: ?
(The memory still has no value yet.)
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26

identifier: A name given to an entity in a program such as a class or

method.
Identifiers allow us to refer to the entities.

Examples (in bold):

public class Hello
public static void main
double salary

Conventions for naming in Java (which we will follow):

classes: capitalize each word (ClassName)
everything else: capitalize each word after the first (myLastName)
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27

Name, p103

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Begin with [a]-[Z], _, or $

Contain only [a]-[Z], [0]-[9], _, and $
No keyword
Case distinct
punctuate, page 104

28

Examples:

legal:susan
TheCure
myMethod

second_place _myName
ANSWER_IS_42 $variable
name2

illegal: me+u
side-swipe
jim's

49er
question?
hi there ph.d
2%milk suzy@yahoo.com

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method1

29

keyword: An identifier that you cannot use, because it already

has a reserved meaning in the Java language.

Complete list of Java keywords:

abstract
boolean
break
byte
case
catch
char
class
const
continue

default
do
double
else
extends
final
finally
float
for
goto

if
implements
import
instanceof
int
interface
long
native
new
package

private
protected
public
return
short
static
strictfp
super
switch
synchronized

this
throw
throws
transient
try
void
volatile
while

NB: Because Java is case-sensitive, you could technically use Class or

cLaSs as identifiers, but this is very confusing and thus strongly
discouraged.
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30

Data types

data type: A category of data values.

Example: integer, real number, string

Data types are divided into two classes:

primitive types: Java's built-in simple data types

for numbers, text characters, and logic.
class types: type of objects, coming soon!

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31

Java has eight primitive types. Here are two

examples:
Name Description
Examples
int
integers
42, -3, 0, 926394
double
real numbers 3.4, -2.53, 91.4e3

Numbers with a decimal point are treated as real

numbers.

Question: Isnt every integer a real number? Why

bother?
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32

Temperature
Sum of a group of integers
Average of a group of integers
Number of seconds left in a game

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33

Lesson two:

Are you able to handle the data that

is out of the original plan?

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What a kind (type) of data is in use?

Should it be changed to new type?
What is the new type?

34

Discrete Types
byte
short
int
long

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Continuous Types
float
double
Non-numeric Types
boolean
char

35

Type

Representati
on

Bits

Bytes

#Values

boolean

True or False

N/A

char

a or 7 or \n

16

216 = 65,536

byte

,-2,-1,0,1,2,

28 = 256

short

,-2,-1,0,1,2,

16

216 = 65,536

int

,-2,-1,0,1,2,

> 4.29
million

long

,-2,-1,0,1,2,

> 18
quintillion

float

0.0, 10.5,
-100.7

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32
36

Arithmetic (Use of
variables)

17/3=?
http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/Variable.p
df

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37

Assignment statement: A Java statement that stores a value into a

variable.

Variables must be declared before they can be assigned a value.

Assignment statement syntax:

<variable> = <expression>;

Examples:
x = 2 * 4;
x: 8
myGPA = 3.25;

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myGPA: 3.25

38

A variable can be assigned a value more than

once.

Example:
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x);

// 3

x = 4 + 7;
System.out.println(x);

// 11

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39

Once a variable is assigned a value, it can be used in any expression.

int x;
x = 2 * 4;
y = x +3;
System.out.println(x * 5 - 1);

The above has output equivalent to:

System.out.println(8 * 5 - 1);

What happens when a variable is used on both sides of an assignment

statement ?
int x;
x = 3;
x = x + 2; // what happens?
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40

ERROR: Declaring two variables with the same name

Example:
int x;
int x;

// ERROR: x already exists

ERROR: Reading a variables value before it has been

assigned

Example:
int x;
System.out.println(x); // ERROR: x has no value

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41

The assignment statement is not an algebraic

equation!

<variable> = <expression>; means:

Some people read x = 3 * 4; as

"store the value of <expression> into <variable>"

"x gets the value of 3 * 4"

ERROR: 3 = 1 + 2; is an illegal statement,

because
3 is not a variable.
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42

A variable can only store a value of its own type.

Example:
int x;
x = 2.5;
// ERROR: x can only store int

An int value can be stored in a double variable. Why?

Type compatibility: The value is converted into the
equivalent real number (p64).
Example:
double myGPA;
myGPA: 2.0
myGPA = 2;
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43

double
float

long

int

char

boolean

short

byte

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44

Manipulating data via expressions

Expression: A data value or a set of operations that

produces a value.

Examples:
1+4*3
3
"CSE142"
(1 + 2) % 3 * 4

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45

Arithmetic operators we will use:

+
*
/
%

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addition
subtraction or negation
multiplication
division
modulus, a.k.a. remainder

46

When Java executes a program and encounters an

expression, the expression is evaluated (i.e., computed).

Example:

3 * 4 evaluates to 12

System.out.println(3 * 4) prints 12 (after evaluating 3 *

4)

How could we print the text 3 * 4?

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47

When dividing integers, the result is also an integer: the quotient.

Example: 14 / 4 evaluates to 3, not 3.5 (truncate the decimal part)

Examples:

1425 / 27 is 52
35 / 5 is 7
84 / 10 is 8
156 / 100 is 1
24 / 0 is illegal (what do you think happens?)

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48

The modulus computes the remainder from a division of

integers.

Example:
14 % 4 is 2
1425 % 27 is 21

3
4 ) 14
12
2

52
27 ) 1425
135
75
54
21

What are the results of the following expressions?

45 % 6
4 % 2
8 % 20
11 % 0

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49

What expression obtains (ChangeMaker.java, P27)

the last digit (units place) of a number?

Example: From 230857, obtain the 7.

the last 4 digits of a Social Security Number?

Example: From 658236489, obtain 6489.

the second-to-last digit (tens place) of a number?

Example: From 7342, obtain the 4.

the part of a number rounded of to the nearest hundredth?

Example: From 73.424, obtain the 73.42.

From 73.425, obtain the 73.42.
the part of a number rounded up to the nearest hundredth?

Example: From 73.424, obtain the 73.42.

From 73.425, obtain the 73.43.

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50

Precedence: Order in which operations are computed in

an expression.
Operators on the same level are evaluated from left
to right.
Example:
1 - 2 + 3 is 2 (not -4)
Spacing does not affect order of evaluation.
Example:
1+3 * 4-2 is 11

Parentheses
Multiplication, Division, Mod
Addition, Subtraction
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()
* / %
+ 51

1 * 2 + 3 * 5 / 4
\_/
|
2
+ 3 * 5 / 4
\_/
|
2
+ 15
/ 4
\___/
|
2
+
3
\________/
|
5
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1 + 2 / 3 * 5 - 4
\_/
|
1 +
0
* 5 - 4
\___/
|
1 +
0
- 4
\______/
|
1
- 4
\_________/
|
-3

52

When an operator is used

on an integer and a real
number, the result is a real
number (Type compatibility,
p64).

Examples:
4.2 * 3 is 12.6
1 / 2.0 is 0.5

Type cast (p65)

Examples:
(int)4.2 is 4
(double)17 is 17.0

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7 / 3 * 1.2 + 3 / 2
\_/
|
2
* 1.2 + 3 / 2
\___/
|
2.4
+ 3 / 2
\_/
|
2.4
+
1
\________/
|
3.4

Notice how 3 / 2 is
still 1 above, not 1.5.
53

String concatenation: Using the + operator between a

string and another value to make a longer string.

Examples:
"hello" + 42 is
1 + "abc" + 2is
"abc" + 1 + 2is
1 + 2 + "abc"is
"abc" + 9 * 3is
"1" + 1is "11"
4 - 1 + "abc"is

"hello42"
"1abc2"
"abc12"
"3abc"
"abc27" (what happened here?)
"3abc"

"abc" + 4 - 1causes a compiler error. Why?

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54

Write a program to print out the following output.

Use math expressions to calculate the last two
numbers.
Your grade on test 1 was 95.1
Your grade on test 2 was 71.9
Your grade on test 3 was 82.6
Your total points:
Your average:

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249.6

83.2

55

The computer internally represents real

numbers in an imprecise way.

Example:
System.out.println(0.1 + 0.2);
The output is 0.30000000000000004!

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56

ints are stored in 4 bytes (32 bits)

In 32 bits, we can store at most 232
different numbers
What happens if we take the largest of
these, and add 1 to it?

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57

ERROR!
This is known as overflow: trying to store
something that does not fit into the bits reserved
for a data type.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_overflow
Overflow errors are NOT automatically detected!

Its the programmers responsibility to prevent these.

The actual result in this case is a negative number.

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58

int n = 2000000000;
System.out.println(n * n);
// output: -1651507200

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59

the result of n*n is 4,000,000,000,000,000,000 which needs 64-bits:

---------- high-order bytes ------00110111 10000010 11011010 11001110

---------- low order bytes -------10011101 10010000 00000000 00000000

In the case of overflow, Java discards the high-order bytes, retaining

only the low-order ones
In this case, the low order bytes represent 1651507200, and since the
right most bit is a 1 the sign value is negative.

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60

What happens if we create a double value of 1, and then keep

dividing it by 10?
Answer: eventually, it becomes 0.
This is known as underflow: a condition where a calculated
value is smaller than what can be represented using the number
of bytes assigned to its type
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_underflow
Again, Java does not detect this error; its up to the programmer
to handle it.

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61

Legal assignment

Left is a single variable

Right is a legal expression

Prefix and postfix

increment/decrement, p79
Combined assignment, p73
Initialization & Declaration, p57
Constants (i.e., final), P60

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62

Shorthand
<variable>++;
<variable>--;

Examples:
int x = 2;
x++;

Equivalent longer version

<variable> = <variable> + 1;
<variable> = <variable> - 1;

// x = x + 1;
// x now stores 3

double gpa = 2.5;

gpa++;
// gpa = gpa + 1;
// gpa now stores 3.5

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63

after executing
int m = 4;
int result = 3 * (++m)
result has a value of 15 and m has a value of 5
after executing
int m = 4;
int result = 3 * (m++)
result has a value of 12 and m has a value of

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64

Java has several combined operators that allow you to

quickly modify a variable's value.
Shorthand
<variable>
<variable>
<variable>
<variable>
<variable>

+=
-=
*=
/=
%=

Equivalent longer version

<exp>;
<variable> = <variable>
<exp>;
<variable> = <variable>
<exp>;
<variable> = <variable>
<exp>;
<variable> = <variable>
<exp>;
<variable> = <variable>

+
*
/
%

(<exp>);
(<exp>);
(<exp>);
(<exp>);
(<exp>);

Examples:

x += 3 - 4;
gpa -= 0.5;
number *= 2;
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// x = x + (3 - 4);
// gpa = gpa (0.5);
// number = number * (2);65

A variable can be declared and assigned

an initial value in the same statement.

Declaration/initialization statement
syntax:
<type> <name> = <expression>;

Examples:
double myGPA = 3.95;
int x = (11 % 3) + 12;

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66

It is legal to declare multiple variables on one line:

<type> <name>, <name>, ..., <name>;

Examples:
int a, b, c;
double x, y;

It is also legal to declare/initialize several at once:

<type> <name> = <expression> , ..., <name> =
<expression>;

Examples:
int a = 2, b = 3, c = -4;
double grade = 3.5, delta = 0.1;

NB: The variables must be of the same type.

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67

To avoid confusion, always name constants

(and variables).
area = PI * radius * radius;
is clearer than

area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;

Place constants near the beginning of the
program, CircleCalculation2.java, p108.

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http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/CircleCalculation2.pdf

68

Once the value of a constant is set (or

changed by an editor), it can be used (or
reflected) throughout the program.
public static final double INTEREST_RATE = 6.65;

If a literal (such as 6.65) is used instead,

every occurrence must be changed, with
the risk than another literal with the
same value might be changed
unintentionally.

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69

Syntax
public static final
Variable_Type <name> = <Constant>;
Examples
public static final double
PI = 3.14159;
public static final String MOTTO =
"The customer is always right.";
By convention, uppercase letters are used
for constants.
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70

Swap.java

http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/Swap.
pdf

Payroll.java

http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/Payroll
.pdf

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71

Math.PI, Math.pow, Math.sqrt, etc. (p402)

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72

String

text processing: Two data types involved

char

String

Represents individual
characters

Represents sequences of
characters

Primitive type

Object type (i.e., not primitive)

Written with single quotes

Written with double quotes

e.g.:
T
t
3
%
\n

e.g.:
We the people
1. Twas brillig, and the slithy
toves\n
T
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73

char: A primitive type representing single characters.

P52.

Individual characters inside a String are stored as char

values.

Literal char values are surrounded with apostrophe

(single-quote) marks, such as 'a' or '4' or '\n' or '\''

Example, p67.
char letter = 'S';
System.out.println(letter);
// prints S
System.out.println((int)letter);
// prints 83,
// explained on p932
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74

Most programming languages use the

ASCII character set.
Java uses the Unicode character set
which includes the ASCII character set.
The Unicode character set includes
characters from many different
alphabets (but you probably won't use
them).

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75

String: an object type for representing sequences

of characters

Sequence can be of length 0, 1, or longer

Each element of the sequence is a char
We write strings surrounded in double-quotes
We can declare, initialize, assign, and use String
variables in expressions just like other data types

String s = Hello, world\n;

// declare, init
System.out.println(s);
// use value
s = s + I am your master\n;
// concatenate
// and assign

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76

Unlike primitive types, String can have methods,

P86.
Here is a list of methods for strings:
Method name
Description
charAt(index)

returns the character at the given index

indexOf(str)

returns the index where the start of the given string appears in this
string (-1 if not found)

length()

returns the number of characters in this string

substring(index1,index2)

returns the characters in this string from index1 up to, but not
including, index2

toLowerCase()

returns a new string with all lowercase letters

toUpperCase()

returns a new string with all uppercase letters

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77

Let s be a variable of type String

General syntax for calling a String method:
s.<method>(<args>)

Some examples:

String s = Cola;
int len = s.length();
// len == 4
char firstLetter = s.charAt(0); // C
int index = s.indexOf(ol); // index == 1
String sub = s.substring(1,3); // ol
String up = s.toUpperCase(); // COLA
String down = s.toLowerCase(); // cola
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78

Displaying message
Input P116-118
converting a string to number, p123
Output P121-122
converting a number to string

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http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/Payroll2.pdf

79

Summary of programs in
discussion
Welcome.java
Welcome.java
Hello.java
Exercises (slide 17-18, 49, 54)
FirstProgram.java
Variable.java
ChangeMaker.java
CircleCalculation2.java
Swap.java
Payroll.java
Payroll2.java (a similar program ChangeMakerWindow.java)

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80

Summary of Concepts

Running environment and execution of program (see lab work)

Template of java program, i.e., file, class, and main (see in lab work)
Program debug (memory tracking)
println and print (P93), escape sequence (P89)
Input via keyboard and plain text output (P96-97)
I/O via JOptionPane (showInputDialog P116-8, showMessageDialog P121-2)
Variable (P50-1), name (P55, P103), assignment (P55), declaration (P51), type
(P52), initialization (P57)
Constants (P60), type compatibility (P63-4) and type cast (P65-66)
String, its conversion to number P123 and vice versa (concatenation P82)
Arithmetic operators (e.g., %, P68), precedence order (P72)
Imprecision (round-off error), and overflow (online materials)
Prefix and postfix increment/decrement (P78,79), combined assignment (P73)
Math class, P400-403

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81

Other materials (FYI, not

required for test)

Printf (p101)
Delimiters for input (p99)
DecimalFormat for output(p921)
http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/PayrollDialog.pdf
or the similar program on page 125
http://www.cis.temple.edu/~jiang/ChangeMakerWind
ow.pdf

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