eealsoWarningsection.

Nausea/vomiting,diarrhea,gas,headache,dizziness,orstomachupsetmayoccur.Ifanyofthese
effectspersistorworsen,notifyyourdoctororpharmacistpromptly.
Rememberthatyourdoctorhasprescribedthismedicationbecauseheorshehasjudgedthatthebenefit
toyouisgreaterthantheriskofsideeffects.Manypeopleusingthismedicationdonothaveserious
sideeffects.
Tellyourdoctorrightawayifanyoftheseunlikelybutserioussideeffectsoccur:signsofinfection
(e.g.,fever,persistentsorethroat),troublebreathing,unusualtiredness,swellingankles/feet,
burning/painful/frequenturination,decreasedsexualinterest/ability,hairloss,musclecramps/pain,
weakness,fast/irregularheartbeat,mental/moodchanges(e.g.,depression),enlargedbreastsinmen,
ringingintheears,temporaryorpermanenthearingloss.

Tunikavaskularis(lapisuvea)merupakanlapisantengahbolamataterdiri
ataskhoroid,badansiliarisdaniris.

Tunikaneuralis(lapisretina)merupakanlapisandalambolamataterdiriatasretina.

Howtouseitraconazole
ReadthePatientInformationLeafletprovidedbyyourpharmacistbeforeyoustart
takingitraconazoleandeachtimeyougetarefill.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,consult
yourdoctororpharmacist.
Takethismedicationbymouthwithafullmeal,usuallyonceortwicedailyoras
directedbyyourdoctor.Thecapsulesmustbeswallowedwhole.
Thedosageisbasedonyourmedicalcondition,responsetotreatment,andother
medicationsyoumaybetaking.Besuretotellyourdoctorandpharmacistaboutall

Nooneeversaidthatacareerinmedicinewasgoingtobeeasy.Althoughclinicians
canandshouldshareinthejoysandthesorrowsoftheirpatientsandpracticeina
mannerthatplacesapremiumonpatientcenteredcare,itcanbedifficulttomaintain
equanimityandempathy.Everyonewhohasworkedinhealthcareforanymeaningful
lengthoftimehasexperiencedanabusivepatient.

Verbalabusefrompatientscertainlyoccursmorefrequentlyinspecifichealthcare
settings,includingthepsychiatricinpatientunit.StewartandBowersevaluatedthe
phenomenonofverbalabuseinpsychiatricunitsinastudypublishedintheApril
2013issueoftheJournalofPsychiatricandMentalHealthNursing.[1]Theresearch
focusedon522inpatientsfrom84centers.Amongthesepatients,1398incidentsof
aggressivebehaviorwerereportedduringthefirst2weeksofadmission.Halfofthe
studysamplewasverballyaggressiveatsomepointduringthisperiod.
Themostcommontypesofverballyaggressivebehavior,indescendingorderof
frequency,wereabusivelanguage,shouting,threats,expressionsofanger,andracist
comments.However,alargenumberofchartentriesdidnotspecifythetypeofverbal
aggression.Mostofthecommentsweredirectedathospitalstaffasopposedto
clinicians.Ahistoryofviolentbehaviorandsubstanceabusewerepatientvariables
mostassociatedwithverbalaggression.
Althoughnotthemostcommoncategoryofverbalaggressioninthisstudy,thedata
stillshowthatracistcommentsfrompatientsoccurwithsomeregularity.Therearea
numberofethicalandlegalissuesintreatingracistpatients,andthisisalsoacritical
areaforjobsatisfactionandburnoutamonghealthcareproviders.
SynopsisandPerspective
Itisarareminorityphysicianwhohasnotatleastonceencounteredapatientwho
refusesthephysician'scareoutofbigotry.Infact,itisoneof"medicine'sopen
secrets,"KimaniPaulEmile,JD,PhD,anassociateprofessoroflawandfaculty
codirectoroftheSteinCenterforLaw&Ethics,FordhamLawSchool,NewYork
City,toldMedscapeMedicalNews.
"Somanyphysiciansofcolorcanrecallatleastonetimeintheircareerwhenthis
cameup,"shesaid,"andtherearen'tmeaningfulguidelinesforhowtobalancethe
interestsatstakewhentheseissuesarrive."
DrPaulEmilewroteanarticlefortheUCLALawReviewaboutthisissuefromthe
legalperspectiveseveralyearsago.[2]Severalphysicianssincethenhaveaskedherto
addressitinamedicaljournal,sosheand3othersnowpresentaframeworkforhow
toconsiderthesesituationsinaperspectivepiecepublishedintheFebruary25issue
oftheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.[3]
"Apatient'srefusalofcarebasedonthetreatingphysician'sraceorethnicbackground
canraisethornyethical,legal,andclinicalissuesandcanbepainful,confusing,and
scarringforthephysiciansinvolved,"DrPaulEmileandcolleagueswrite.
Evenifsuchasituationdoesnotoccuroften,"itcausesalotofheartachewhenit
does,"coauthorAliciaFernndez,MD,fromtheDivisionofGeneralInternal
MedicineattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,toldMedscapeMedical
News.DrFernndezherselfexperiencedsuchasituationasaresident.

Nooneeversaidthatacareerinmedicinewasgoingtobeeasy.Althoughclinicians
canandshouldshareinthejoysandthesorrowsoftheirpatientsandpracticeina

mannerthatplacesapremiumonpatientcenteredcare,itcanbedifficulttomaintain
equanimityandempathy.Everyonewhohasworkedinhealthcareforanymeaningful
lengthoftimehasexperiencedanabusivepatient.
Verbalabusefrompatientscertainlyoccursmorefrequentlyinspecifichealthcare
settings,includingthepsychiatricinpatientunit.StewartandBowersevaluatedthe
phenomenonofverbalabuseinpsychiatricunitsinastudypublishedintheApril
2013issueoftheJournalofPsychiatricandMentalHealthNursing.[1]Theresearch
focusedon522inpatientsfrom84centers.Amongthesepatients,1398incidentsof
aggressivebehaviorwerereportedduringthefirst2weeksofadmission.Halfofthe
studysamplewasverballyaggressiveatsomepointduringthisperiod.
\
SomewomenwithrecurrentBVmaybenefitfromevaluationortreatmentofG
vaginaliscolonizationintheirsexualpartner(controversial)
Patientsshouldbeadvisedtostopdouchingorusingbubblebathoranyother
overthecountervaginalhygieneproducts
Patientsshouldwashonlywithhypoallergenicbarsoapsornosoapatalland
shouldavoidliquidsoapsandbodywashes
Surgeryisnotindicated
Testingforotherinfections(eg,Ngonorrhoeae,Ctrachomatis,orherpessimplex
virus[HSV]1)maybeappropriate
Therapywithmetronidazoleorclindamycinmayalterthevaginalfloraand
predisposethepatienttodevelopmentofvaginalcandidiasis

GeneralprinciplesoftreatmentofBVincludethefollowing:
Antibioticsarethemainstayoftherapy
DataontheefficacyofdietarysupplementationwithLactobacillus(acidophilus)are
conflicting
AsymptomaticwomenwithGvaginaliscolonizationdonotneedtreatment
BVoccurringinpregnantwomenshouldbetreated
Treatmentbeforecesareandelivery,totalabdominalhysterectomy,orinsertionofan
IUDisalsorecommended
Uncomplicatedcasestypicallyresolveafterstandardantibiotictreatment

BVthatdoesnotresolveafteronecourseoftreatmentmaybecuredbygivinga
secondcourseofthesameagentorbyswitchingtoanotheragent(eg,from
metronidazoletoclindamycinorfromclindamycintometronidazole)

Kankermerupakanendemikyangmasihmenjadisorotanutamadibidangkedokteran.
Padatahun2008,didapatkandata12,7jutakasusbaru.Angkainsidensdantingkat
mortalitasbervariasidiberbagaibagiannegara.Kankerserviksmendudukiperingkat
ketigasebagaipenyebabkankerpadawanitadiseluruhduniadenganjumlahkasus
baru527.624dan265.672kematianpadatahun2012.Kankerserviksjugamenjadi
penyebabkankerpadawanitaberusia1544tahundiseluruhduniadenganprevalensi
14,0%.(1,2)
Rendahnyapengetahuanmasyarakatterhadapkankerserviksmenjadialasan
utamatingginyaangkakematianyangdiakibatkanolehkankerserviks.Gejalagejala
yangterdapatpadakankerserviksakanmunculbilasudahstadiumlanjut.
DosisRanitidin
Dosisdanjangkawaktupenggunaanranitidintergantungkepadakondisiyangdiobati
dantingkatkeparahannya.Padaumumnyaranitidindikonsumsisebanyak300mgper
hari.Dosisinibisadiminumsekaligusataudibagimenjadidua.Ranitidinbisa
diberikanselama212minggu,tergantungpadakondisidanresponspasienterhadap
pengobatan

Bersumberdari:PenyebabMualMuntahdanCaraMengatasinya|Mediskus.com

ApasajaPenyebabMualdanMuntah?KondisimedisataupenyakitpenyebabMual
danmuntah,antaralain:Mabukkendaraan(motionsickness)Hamilmuda(mual
terjadipadasekitar50%90%dariseluruhkehamilan,muntahpada25%55%)Obat
pencetusmuntahRasasakityangsangatStresemosional(sepertirasatakut)Makan
berlebihan(kekenyangan)Penyakitkandungempedu,misalnyaBatuEmpedu
KeracunanmakananInfeksivirussalurancerna(diare)Reaksiterhadapbautaksedap
ataubautertentuRadangtenggorokan(anakanak)SeranganjantungGegarotakatau
cederaotak
Bersumberdari:PenyebabMualMuntahdanCaraMengatasinya|Mediskus.com

Mualdanmuntahmerupakangejala,bukanpenyakityangberdirisendiri.Olehkarena
itumualdanmuntahdisebabkanolehberbagaimacamkondisimedis(penyakit)yang
mendasarinya.Mengetahuipenyebabmualdanmuntahsangatpentinguntuk
penatalaksanaanataumengatasimualmuntahdengantepat.ApasajaPenyebabMual

danMuntah?KondisimedisataupenyakitpenyebabMualdanmuntah,antaralain:
Mabukkendaraan(motionsickness)Hamilmuda(mualterjadipadasekitar50%
90%dariseluruhkehamilan,muntahpada25%55%)ObatpencetusmuntahRasa
sakityangsangatStresemosional(sepertirasatakut)Makanberlebihan
(kekenyangan)Penyakitkandungempedu,misalnyaBatuEmpeduKeracunan
makanan
Bersumberdari:PenyebabMualMuntahdanCaraMengatasinya|Mediskus.com

Mualdanmuntahmerupakangejala,bukanpenyakityangberdirisendiri.Olehkarena
itumualdanmuntahdisebabkanolehberbagaimacamkondisimedis(penyakit)yang
mendasarinya.Mengetahuipenyebabmualdanmuntahsangatpentinguntuk
penatalaksanaanataumengatasimualmuntahdengantepat.Apa
Bersumberdari:PenyebabMualMuntahdanCaraMengatasinya|Mediskus.com

DosisRanitidin
Dosisdanjangkawaktupenggunaanranitidintergantungkepadakondisiyangdiobati
dantingkatkeparahannya.Padaumumnyaranitidindikonsumsisebanyak300mgper
hari.Dosisinibisadiminumsekaligusataudibagimenjadidua.Ranitidinbisa
diberikanselama212minggu,tergantungpadakondisidanresponspasienterhadap
pengobatan.

Ranitidindalambentuktablettersediadalamukurandosis75mg,150mg,dan30mg.
Ranitidindalambentuksiruptersediadalamukurandosis15mg/ml.Sedangkan