Fluid Flow

for Chemical Engineers

Second edition

Professor F. A. Holland
Overseas EducationalDevelopment Office
Universityof Salford

Dr R. Bragg
Department of Chemical Engineering
Universityof Manchester Institute of Science and Technology

A member of the Hodder Headline Group

LONDON

First published in Great Britain 1973

Published in Great Britain 1995 by
Edward Arnold, a division of Hodder Headline PLC,
338 Euston Road, London N W 1 3BH
0 1995 F. A. Holland and R. Bragg

All rights reserved. N o part of this publication may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically,
including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval
system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a
licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences
are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1P 9HE.

Whilst the advice and information in this book is believed to be true and
accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the publisher
can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions
that may be made.
British Libraty Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 340 61058 I

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Typeset in 10/13pt Plantin by Wearset, Boldon, Tyne and Wear

Printed and bound in Replika Press Pvt Ltd. 100% EOU,
Delhi-110 040. India

Preface to the second edition

In preparing the second edition of this book, the authors have been
concerned to maintain or expand those aspects of the subject that are
specific to chemical and process engineering. Thus, the chapter on
gas-liquid two-phase flow has been greatly extended to cover flow in the
bubble regime as well as to provide an introduction to the homogeneous
model and separated flow model for the other flow regimes. The chapter
on non-Newtonian flow has also been extended to provide a greater
emphasis on the Rabinowitsch-Mooney equation and its modification to
deal with cases of apparent wall slip often encountered in the flow of
suspensions. An elementary discussion of viscoelasticity has also been
given.
A second aim has been to make the book more nearly self-contained and
to this end a substantial introductory chapter has been written. In addition
to the material provided in the first edition, the principles of continuity,
momentum of a flowing fluid, and stresses in fluids are discussed. There is
also an elementary treatment of turbulence.
Throughout the book there is more explanation than in the first edition.
One result of this is a lengthening of the text and it has been necessary to
omit the examples of applications of the Navier-Stokes equations that
were given in the first edition. However, derivation of the Navier-Stokes
equations and related material has been provided in an appendix.
The authors wish to acknowledge the help given by Miss S. A.
Petherick in undertaking much of the word processing of the manuscript
for this edition.
It is hoped that this book will continue to serve as a useful undergraduate text for students of chemical engineering and related disciplines.

F. A. Holland
R. Bragg
May 1994
xi

Nomenclature

a
a

A
b
L

C
C
C
C
Cd

CP
c
7
J

d
de
D
De
e

blade width, m
propagation speed of pressure wave in equation 10.39, m/s
area, m'
width, m
speed of sound, m/s
couple, N m
Chezy coefficient (2g/j-)1'2,m1'2/s
constant, usually dimensionless
solute concentration, kg/m3 or kmol/m3
drag coefficient or discharge coefficient, dimensionless
specific heat capacity at constant pressure, J/(kg K)
specific heat capacity at constant volume, J/(kg K)
diameter, m
equivalent diameter of annulus, D,- do, m
diameter, m
Deborah number, dimensionless
roughness of pipe wall, m
1
efficiency function
,m3/J

(- /v) (+)
PA
~~

EO

f
F
F
Fr
g

G
h
H
H
He
xii

total energy per unit mass, J/kg or m2/s2

Eotvos number, dimensionless
Fanning friction factor, dimensionless
energy per unit mass required to overcome friction, J/kg
force, N
Froude number, dimensionless
gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s2
mass flux, kg/(s m2)
head, m
height, m
specific enthalpy, J/kg
Hedstrom number, dimensionless

N 0 M E N CLATU R E xiii

IT

i
J/

J
k
k
K
K
K
Kc
K'
KE

e
In
log
m
M
Ma

n
n'
N
NPSH

P
P
PA
PB
PE

Po
4
4

Q
r
r
r/

R
R
R'
Re
RMM

tank turnovers per unit time in equation 5.8, s - l

volumetric flux, m/s
basic friction factorjf = j72, dimensionless
molar diffusional flux in equation 1.70, kmoY(mzs)
index of polytropic change, dimensionless
proportionality constant in equation 5 . 1 ,dimensionless
consistency coefficient, Pa S"
number of velocity heads in equation 2.23
proportionality constant in equation 2.64, dimensionless
parameter in Carman-Kozeny equation, dimensionless
consistency coefficient for pipe flow, Pa s"
kinetic energy flow rate, W
length of pipe or tube, m
mixing length, m
log,, dimensionless
log ,dimensionless
mass of fluid, kg
mass flow rate of fluid, kg/s
Mach number, dimensionless
power law index, dimensionless
flow behaviour index in equation 3.26, dimensionless
rotational speed, reds or rev/min
net positive suction head, m
pitch, m
pressure, Pa
agitator power, W
brake power, W
power, W
power number, dimensionless
heat energy per unit mass, J/kg
heat flux in equation 1.69, W/m2
volumetric flow rate, m3/s
blade length, m
radius, m
recovery factor in equation 6.85
universal gas constant, 8314.3 J/(kmol K)
radius of viscometer element
specific gas constant, J/(kg K)
Reynolds number, dimensionless
relative molecular mass conversion factor, kg/kmol

xiv N 0 MEN C LATU R E

S
S
S

SO
t

T
TO
U
UG,L

ut
UT

U
V

V
V
W

W
We
X

X
Y

Y
z

Z
a
CY

P
Y
Y
&
E

77
A
P

v
P
(T

distance, m
scale reading in equation 8.39, dimensionless
slope, sine, dimensionless
cross-sectional flow area, m2
surface area per unit volume, m-'
time, s
temperature, K
stagnation temperature in equation 6.85, K
volumetric average velocity, m/s
characteristic velocity in equation 7.29, d s
terminal velocity, m/s
tip speed, m/s
internal energy per unit mass, J/kg or m2/s2
point velocity, m/s
volume, m3
specific volume, m3/kg
weight fraction, dimensionless
work per unit mass, J/kg or m2/s2
Weber number, dimensionless
distance, m
Martinelli parameter in equation 7.84, dimensionless
distance, m
yield number for Bingham plastic, dimensionless
distance, m
compressibility factor, dimensionless
velocity distribution factor in equation 1.14, dimensionless
void fraction, dimensionless
coefficient of rigidity of Bingham plastic in equation 1.73, Pa s
ratio of heat capacities C,/C,,dimensionless
shear rate, s-'
eddy kinematic viscosity, m2/s
void fraction of continuous phase, dimensionless
efficiency, dimensionless
relaxation time, s
dynamic viscosity, Pa s
kinematic viscosity, m2/s
density, kg/m3
surface tension, N/m
shear stress, Pa
power function in equation 5.18, dimensionless

NOMENCLATURE

**

w
w

Subscripts
a
a
A
b
C

d
e

f
G
1

L
m
mf

M
N
0

P
Y

sh
t
t

T
2,

V
W

W
Y

square root of two-phase multiplier ,dimensionless

pressure function in equation 6.108, dimensionless
correction factor in equation 9.12, dimensionless
angular velocity, rads
vorticity in equation A26, s-'

referring to apparent
referring to accelerative component
referring to agitator
referring to bed or bubble
referring to coarse suspension, coil, contraction or critical
referring to discharge side
referring to eddy, equivalent or expansion
referring to friction
referring to gas
referring to inside of pipe or tube
referring to liquid
referring to manometer liquid, or mean
referring to minimum fluidization
referring to mixing
referring to Newtonian fluid
referring to outside of pipe or tube
referring to pipe or solid particle
referring to reduced
referring to sonic, suction or system
referring to static head component
referring to terminal
referring to throat
referring to tank, total or tip
referring to vapour
referring to volume
referring to pipe or tube wall
referring to water
referring to yield point

xv