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How did the Nazis see disabled people?
The Nazis took Darwin's ideas of natural selection, in particular the idea of survival of the fittest in the animal
kingdom, and applied them to the human world and society (Darwin's Origin of the Species had been published in
1859). It was argued that allowing disabled people to live and have children, led to the "unfit" reproducing more
quickly than "the fit". It was said that this weakened society's ability to function efficiently, placing an unnecessary toll
on non-disabled people.

The Nazis claimed that the social and economic problems that Germany experienced in the 1920s and early 1930s
were due in part to the weakening of the population created by an unfair burden.

Nazi propaganda in the form of posters, news-reels and cinema films portrayed disabled people as "useless eaters"
and people who had "lives unworthy of living". The propaganda stressed the high cost of supporting disabled people,
and suggested that there was something unhealthy or even unnatural about society paying for this. One famous Nazi
propaganda film, Ich Klage An (I Accuse), told the story of a doctor who killed his disabled wife. The film put forward
an argument for "mercy killings". Other propaganda, including poster campaigns, portrayed disabled people as
freaks.

What was the fate of disabled people in Nazi Germany?

After the propaganda came action. On the grounds that disabled people were less worthwhile and an unfair burden
on society, a widespread and compulsory sterilization program took place. This began in 1933, as soon as the Nazis
came to power.

It should be noted, however, that Nazi Germany wasn't the only regime to practice the forced sterilization of disabled
people, and it wasn't even the first. As disabled writer Jenny Morris explains in her book Pride Against Prejudice, as
early as 1907 American states passed compulsory sterilization laws covering people thought to have genetic illnesses
or conditions. European states that followed suit in the 1920s and 1930s included Denmark, Norway, Sweden,
Finland, Estonia, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary and Turkey. In Nazi Germany sterilization
was followed by an active killing program, which started in 1939.

How did the Nazis kill disabled people?

Under a secret plan called the 'T4 Program' (T4 was a reference to the address of the program's Berlin HQ Tiergartenstrasse 4), disabled people in Germany were killed by lethal injection or poison gas. The T4 Program saw a
string of six death camps - called "euthanasia centres" - set up across Germany and Austria. These centres
contained gassing installations designed to look like shower stalls.

Two of the most notorious centres were at Hartheim Castle in Austria and Hadamar, which is near Wiesbaden in
Germany. The latter supported a staff of approximately 100 people. To conceal its real purpose, it also operated as a
normal crematorium.

Hitler ordered the suspension of the program in 1941 after opposition from groups within Germany, including Catholic
churchmen. However, killings were restarted the following year in a more secretive way, and continued until the end
of World War Two. (Hadamar only ceased operation shortly before liberation by American troops in March 1945).
During this latter phase of the T4 Program, death was via an overdose of lethal medication or by starvation.

In total, an estimated 275,000 disabled people are believed to have been killed by the Nazis.

Was there any opposition to this?

There was some opposition from the Catholic church in Germany, although the church's overall attitude to the Nazi
regime was described by author Richard Grunberger in A Social History of the Third Reich as "a policy of resistance
that alternated with remarkable acquiescence". One prominent churchman, Cardinal Clemens Von Galen, publicly
denounced the T4 killing program in a sermon he delivered in Munster in 1941. Von Galen is quoted in Grunberger's
book as saying: "Woe unto the German people when not only can innocents be killed but their slayers remain
unpublished". It is said that Von Galen's sermon led Hitler to halt the program temporarily, although the killings
restarted in 1942.

Other opposition to the Nazis was inevitably of a more secretive nature. One person who resisted the Nazi
persecution both of disabled people and Jews was Otto Weidt, who employed and protected blind and deaf people in
his workshop in Berlin's Rosenthaler Strasse. The workers were safe because the brushes and brooms manufactured
in the workshop were declared "vital for military purposes". An exhibition telling the story of Otto Weidt was held at
the Jewish Museum in Berlin in 2004.

Interestingly, one of the most famous oppositions to Hitler's general aims came from a disabled person - an
assassination attempt on Hitler in July 1944 by Claus Von Stauffenberg. He had lost his right hand, three fingers of
his left hand and his right eye in combat.

Von Stauffenberg had access to Hitler on a daily basis at the War Office in Berlin but, as a disabled war hero, he was
above suspicion. He left a bomb under a table in the map room that Hitler was due to visit - but at the last minute an
officer moved the briefcase in which the device was hidden. Although the bomb exploded, Hitler survived. His only
injuries were cuts to his hands and damaged eardrums. Von Stauffenberg was court-martialed and shot, along with
other conspirators.

Were there any exceptions to the Nazi policies towards disabled people?
There is some evidence that the Nazis, showing a strange irrationality towards disability, killed thousands while at the
same time venerating a small group of disabled war heroes to whom they offered sheltered employment. According to
Richard Grunberger's A Social History of the Third Reich, the idea of helping disabled war heroes appealed to a
popular Nazi idea: "the triumph of will over adversity". Clearly, to the Nazis not all disabled people were the same.

Did the extermination of disabled people pave the way for the larger extermination programs?
Almost certainly. Extermination centres and poison gas installations built to look like shower stalls were an eerie
precursor to concentration camps, as several authors have noted. As well as transferring the basic killing procedures
and technology, there is also evidence that personnel from the T4 killing program moved to other killing duties after
the 1942 Wansee Conference, where 'The Final Solution' is reputed to have been planned.What have disabled

people done to highlight this forgotten story of the Holocaust?

A virtual holocaust memorial called The Chair has been launched by disabled activist Paul Darke. At the present
time, the memorial - a stylized wheelchair - has no place or location and is dependent on funding from the public and
other interested parties. Nevertheless, it is hoped that a series of these will commemorate disabled people and
acknowledge the atrocities committed in the Holocaust.

There have also been plans for a theatrical project entitled The First To Go, about the plight of disabled people in
Nazi Germany, written by writer and actor Nabil Shaban. It was all set to go ahead until Nabil - perhaps best known
as a star of Doctor Who - handed back funds of nearly 25,000 given to his company Sirius Pictures by the

Department of Work and Pensions.

Nabil chose to return the money last year as a protest against the Iraq war. This effectively terminated the project. In
a press release he said that he felt the government money given to him was "blood money", and that it would be
hypocritical to accept it. Since this move, no interest has been expressed in reviving the project. Nabil has also
written a movie script, The Inheritance, based on the play. Again, it has proven impossible to get funding.

In March 2003, Nabil Shaban gave Ouch the full story behind the project, and explained in more detail why he
decided to hand back the cash.

'Resistance: which way the future?' is a film-based touring installation by artist-activist Liz Crow of Roaring Girl
Productions. Taking the Nazi programme of mass-murder targeting disabled people as its starting point, it explores
what this history means for us today and asks 'If you could do just one thing...' Currently on its UK tour, the work has
also recently toured to Washington DC's Kennedy Center.