Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Naslovna strana: Aerofoto snimak sela Vranjine iz 1998. godine (Direkcija za nekretnine Crne Gore)
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SADRAJ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Uvod
Introduction
1.0.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.0.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.5.
2.0.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.0.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
3.0.
3.1.
3.2.
3.0.
3.1.
3.2.
3.4.
3.5.
Preporuke za graenje
Revitalizacija naseljskih struktura
Smjernice za rekonstrukciju ostataka objekata (kuita)
na osnovu hronolokog kontinuiteta
Smjernice za rekonstrukciju i adaptaciju postojeih
objekata
Smjernice za izgradnju novih objekata
Ostale preporuke
3.4.
3.5.
4.0.
4.0.
3.3.
Literatura
Izvori ilustracija
Rjenik manje poznatih rijei i izraza
3.3.
Text Credits
Photo Credits
Glossary
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Uvod
Introduction
Thomas Waldraff
Direktor GTZ-a za Crnu Goru
Thomas Waldraff
GTZ Country Director, Montenegro
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1.0.
1.0.
1.1.
Geografski poloaj
1.1.
Geographic Position
Skadar Lake is situated in the Zeta-Skadar Valley. Its position is defined by the following coordinates: 19 03 and 19 30 eastern longitude and 42 03 and 42 21 northern latitude. The Bojana River
links it with the Adriatic Sea. (This is the area of an old gulf which
receded into the deepest part of the basin after the Tarabo Mountain surfaced and the Bojana River formed. It emerged as a lake
from surging river waters). Skadar Lake is bordered by Zeta valley
on the north and the mountains: Loven, Sutorman, Rumija and
Tarabo, to the south. Territorially, the Lake belongs to the municipalities of Podgorica (the capital Podgorica and town municipalities
Tuzi and Golubovci), Bar and Cetinje (of Montenegro) and Malesia,
Madhe, and Skadar (of Albania).
Skadar Lake is the largest lake in the Balkans. The surface of the
lake varies from 354 km2 when the water level is 4.71 meters of altitude, to 505.8 km2 when the waters reach 10 mnm. At the highest
level, lake depth is over 12 meters, while at the lowest, 8 meters.
The shores of Skadar Lake are characterized by unique indentations, with many bays and islands.
Throughout history, the lakes name was changed by those civilizations which inhabited this unique hydrographic area. In the time of
the Illyrians it was called Lacus Labeatis, in the 12th Century it was
called Balta, during the Middle Ages Dioclte Lake or Skutari, and
local peoples called it Blato (Mud), due to its low depth. In the 16th
Century, travel writer Evlija elebija, called it Bojana Lake. Today, it
is named after the city Skadar.
1.2.
1.2.
Naselja jezera
Lake Settlements
Krajina
Krajina se prostire uz junu padinu obale Jezera. Nju sainjavaju 22
ruralna naselja. Naselja su saobraajno relativno izolovana od
optinskog centra Bara. Mjesni centar Krajine je Mali Ostros, sa
drutvenim i privrednim sadrajima. Znatno manji gravitacioni uticaj
ima mjesni centar Donji Murii, u estanima.
Naselja Ckla, Martii, Bobovite, Besi, Donji Murii i Draevica
imaju neposredni kontakt sa Jezerom, koje je znaajan oslonac njihove egzistencije.
Crmnica
Crmnika udolina predstavlja sponu izmeu primorskog i kontinentalnog dijela Crne Gore. Obuhvata 24 mala naselja. Crmnica je uvijek koristila Jezero kao prirodni resurs, od koga su dolazile
blagodeti i nedae (gubitak zemljita u polju) i kao vodeni put, koji
je povezivao sa kontinentalnim dijelom Crne Gore.
Na Jezero se oslanjaju: Krnjice, Seoca, Godinje, Boljevii, Vir, Orahovo, Braeni, Kruevica i Komarno. Virpazar je, kao mjesni centar
gradskog karaktera, vani saobracajni vor, sa drutvenim institucijama i turistikim sadrajima.
Rijeka nahija
Rijeka nahija oiviava zapadni - Limanski prostor Skadarskog
jezera, sa naseljenim ostrvima. Formirane su zajednice: Ceklin,
Ljubotinj, Graani, Kosijeri i Dobrsko selo.
Rijeka Crnojevia je svojevremeno bila znaajan centar, luka i
vaan pazar. Danas je saobraajno izolovana novom trasom magistralnog puta Cetinje - Podgorica i nalazi se u stagnaciji.
Ima 37 seoskih naselja. Tijesnu vezu sa jezerom imaju: Donja Sela,
Dujeva, Rijeani, Oevici, inon, Druii i Bobija, a posebno Rijeka, Prevlaka, Dodoi, abljak i Vranjina, iji je osnovni izvor egzistencije ribolov i prerada ribe.
Zetska ravnica
Zetska ravnica obuhvata podruje na sjevernoj obali Skadarskog
jezera, sa 28 naselja smjetenih u ravnici. Poloaj podruja, u gravitacionoj zoni Podgorice, dovoljno govori koliko je njegov socioekonomski razvoj bio permanentno izloen uticaju ovog centra,
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Tipovi naselja
U okviru analiziranog prostora mrea naselja se karakterie postojanjem naselja zbijenog i razbijenog tipa, kao i prelaznog - razrijeenog tipa.
1.3.
Types of Settlements
Settlements of Scattered-Type
Scattered-type villages consist of houses distanced 400 to 800 meters. This type of village is influenced by the morphology of the terrain; houses are scattered upon irregular terrain patterns, as seen
in the villages Jankovii, inovii, Bobija etc.
1.4.
Opis tipinih prijezerskih naselja sa svim odlikama
ambijentalnih vrijednosti
Naselje VRANJINA
Naselje Vranjina se nalazi na padini istonog dijela istoimenog ostrva, na sjevernom pojasu Skadarskog jezera. Izgradnjom magistralnog puta Bar Petrovac Podgorica Beograd, Vranjina
postaje poluostrvo.
Samo naselje je zbijenog tipa, to je nametnuto kako terenom, tako
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i obiajnim ivotom mjetana. Kue su uglavnom postavljene upravno na izohipse, ime se maksimalno tedi prostor i ono malo
obradivog zemljita. Postoje i kue koje su locirane paralelno sa
izohipsama to je obino sluaj kod prizemnih kua.
Vrlo zbijenog tipa, kue su grupisane u podnoju brda pri samoj
vodi ili na udaljenosti od 30 m gdje se penju na visinu od 25 m. Selo
se protee u duini od 200 m. Ulice su nepravilne i svaka silazi
prema vodi.
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DODOI Settlement
Dodoi is located on a knoll in the foothills of Bobija,
This settlement (of dense-type housing) is located within easy access to communications. With regards to overall natural beauty, this
part of the lake is outstanding for its vivid landscape and change of
seasons.
Houses are densely built and unplanned; furthermore, houses lean
on each other, sometimes overlapping.
KARU Settlement
Zbog geografske i komunikacijske izolovanosti ovo naselje je vremenom degradirano, to u svakom sluaju, zbog svoga znaaja i
vrijednosti ne zasluuje.
Naselje PREVLAKA
Selo Prevlaka je tipino prijezersko naselje. Nalazi se na istoimenom poluostrvu, na pravcu Druia prema Skadarskom
jezeru.
To je naselje zbijenog tipa, gdje su kue, a posebno dvobojne, najveim dijelom graene u vrstoj konstrukciji i sa terasama i dosta
su lijepog izgleda.
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This fortress, established in 1843 during the time of Petar II Petrovi Njego, is situated on a former island (now a peninsula) nearby
Vranjina (where the main road Podgorica-Virpazar-Bar passes).
This complex covers a surface area of 3000 square meters. It is a
monument unique to this area, representing military architecture of
the 19th Century.
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rekonstrukcije i revitalizacije.
Settlement VIRPAZAR
Naselje LESENDRO
Na nekadanjem ostrvu, sada poluostrvu pored koga prolazi magistralni put Podgorica Virpazar Bar, u blizini Vranjine se nalazi
utvrenje podignuto 1843. godine u vrijeme Petra II Petrovia Njegoa. Kompleks zahvata povrinu od oko 3000 m2 i predstavlja
jedinstven spomenik vojne arhitekture XIX vijeka, nastao na ovim
prostorima.
Naselje VIRPAZAR
VIR istorijski toponim (prvo pominjanje 1242. godine u povelji
Kralja Vladislava). Nalazi se na uu dvije rijeke, Crmnice koja sa
jugoistoka dolazi iz Limljana i Oraovtice iz pravca sjeverozapada.
Iza njihovog ua tee u Skadarsko jezero rijeka Virtica.
Godine 1888. Vir postaje mjesto intenzivne robne i novane razmjene. U Viru na pazar roba pristie iz udaljenih krajeva Vranjine,
Zete, Skadra, Krajine, Bara, Patrovia itd.
Kue u Virpazaru su od kamena od kojih svaka u podrumu ima trgovinu, sprat se koristi za stanovanje. Pored ovih kua nailazimo na
objekte namijenjene samo trgovini, to su objekti od drveta - bondruare i doganje (mletaki-trgovine) graene po uzoru na turske
epenke (otvorene i zatvorene fasade - izlog).
1.5.
In the year 1888, Vir was a center where intensive goods and cash
exchanged. Goods entered Vir from distant places like: Vranjina,
Zeta, Skadar, Krajina, Bar, Patrovii, etc.
Houses in Virpazar are made of stone. Each house has a shop in
the basement, and a first-floor living space. Additionally are structures built solely for trade. For example, the bondrucare and doganje (Venetian trades), are modeled after the Turkish cepenak
or store window (they are made of wood). These front-facing windows are diplayed open and closed.
1.5.
Settlements located around Skadar Lake should be viewed in accordance with altitude populations.
By viewing this data, safety measurements are provided for those
villages subject to Skadars high waters.
While studying the range of settlements, within the low and high altitude populations, few groups are excluded:
I
zone on terrains up to 15 m of absolute height;
II
zone on terrains from 15 to 50 m of absolute height;
III
zone on terrains from 50 to 100 m of absolute height;
IV
zone on terrains from 100 to 200 m of absolute height;
V
zone on terrains from 200 to 300 m of absolute height;
VI
zone on terrains from 300 to 400 m of absolute height;
VII
zone on terrains from 400 to 500 m of absolute height;
VIII
zone on terrains above 500 m of absolute height.
2.0.
2.1.
Location
Housing (Kuite)
2.1.
Lokacija
Besides ruins, houses with foundations and intact outer walls exist.
It is possible to determine that a structure once existed from these
foundations. As for those with outer walls, it is possible to determine
the structures purpose as well
(for example, a residence).
2.3.
House Typology
2.3.1.
Houses in Villages
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Kuite
U veini naselja na Skadarskom jezeru mogue je pronai naputena kuita, odnosno parcele na kojima se nalaze samo ostaci
nekadanjih domova. Sela su se praznila i jedan dio starog graditeljskog naslea je postepeno propadao.
Pored ovih naputenih kuita moemo naii na kuita samo sa
temeljima i kuita sa temeljima i ouvanim zidovima. Kod kuita
sa temeljima moe se izvriti samo identifikacija temelja, dok kod
kua sa temeljima i ouvanim zidovima su potpuno ouvani konstruktivni zidovi, tako da bi se spolja moglo rei da je rije o
kuama. U veini sluajeva ova kuita nemaju ni krovnu ni meuspratnu konstrukciju.
2.3.
Tipologija kua
2.3.1.
Seoske kue
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Varoke kue
Stores existed on the ground floor and were kept closed with
wooden shutters. Deep within the house was storage space accessed from the store.
Svaka kua ima sobu za spavanje a neke imaju i vie soba. Malo je
kua koje imaju slobodan prostor okolo dvorite, te su mnogi prinueni da unutar kue dre drva.
Houses were built of stone and thick, massive walls. Stairs, also,
were made of stone. Porches were arched and floors covered with
boards (apparent on all levels).
The roof is constructed of wood. In older houses the roof is built entirely of beams lying directly upon the interior wall perimeter. These
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rafters meet and join at the ridge. The spacing between rafters depends on the roof cover. In general, the spacing is 50 cm. All combinations of sill plate, ridge beam, diagonal bracing, and cap appear
later.
Small supports are riveted over the rafters with various roofing materials, i.e. straw, stone slabs, tile tigla, and gravanje. Roofing is
constructed from the base to the ridge. One layer of tile is angled
upwards to protect against heavy rains. When tiles are used the
ridge is covered by eramida. Usually when the roof is covered,
joints are sealed (at the exterior) with lime mortar.
When made of straw, the roof is reinforced to prevent wind damage;
the roof is secured, either with stone placed on the edge or
arranged in rectangles over the entire surface.
The roof is pitched at 20 to 30 degrees.
The sole building material is stone. However it was necessary to excavate and haul stone to the site, as stone was used heavily by
neighboring villages.
Walls are built by randomly placing stones; this results in compositions that vary in appearance.
Zid u suvo (dry wall) is made of stone pieces of varying size and
shape (sharp-edged, roughly-fitted, rounded). Space between individual stones is filled with tiny pieces of washed stone.
Kamen je jedino i osnovno sredstvo graenja. Meutim, zbog intenzivnog korienja kamena u naseljima i njegovoj blizini, kamen je
morao da se vadi i prebacuje do mjesta graenja.
Zidovi od kamena, naizgled svi isti, uglavnom se razlikuju po
veznom materijalu, usljed ega dolazi i do razliitih naina slaganja.
Zid u suvo se zida sa komadima kamena razliitim po veliini i obliku (otrih ivica, ploast, zaobljen), koji se slau jedan na drugi sa
manjim ili veim upljinama. Izmeu pojedinih komada prostor se
popunjava sa manjim, prethodno opranim komadima i to sve bez
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2.5.
Usually living space is customized according to lifestyle needs (resulting in simple and functional living areas). Rooms are consolidated, while allowing for normal operations of daily living. This type
of dense building is usually the by-product of the surrounding environs (i.e. a terrain of varying levels; and arable land).
Common to older houses are unique spaces in which all daily
chores are performed. Generally, as rooms (with separate entrances) were added to the original house, the widespread house
appeared. This new type of house had two additional spaces. The
first space, a kitchen (kuzina) had a fireplace (crepina or sac) in
the very center. The second space was a bedroom (kamara or
odaja).
Newer houses are characterized by complex designs. For example,
newer houses have an increased number of rooms. In some instances a hallway separates the kitchen from the bedroom (here
everyday items such as clothes and shoes are stored). Additions,
which alter the capacity of the house, are seen also.
Sl. 47 Kameni slog II
On each level of the two-story house identical characteristics appear. The ground floor (a small area) is used to house cattle and
store equipment, such as fishing tools and dried goods.
Entry here is narrow. In most cases access is possible from a stair
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Prostor ispod terase gdje se obino nalazi spremite za amce i ribolovni pribor premoava se svodastom konstrukcijom od kamena,
koji je oformljen iz vie komada grubo obraenog ili potpuno
obraenog kamena sa krenim malterom kao vezivom.
U unutranjosti, zid se, naroito kod novijih objekata, omalterie,
dok spolja pokazuje svu svoju prirodnost.
Neke posebne horizontalne izolacije nema zbog toga to se objekti
uglavnom podiu na kamenitom tlu, na stijeni koja ne vlai, mada u
priobalnom pojasu dosta objekata ima vlane podrumske prostorije
(ujedno i to bi bio razlog spratne gradnje objekata).
Otvori su malih dimenzija i to zbog maksimalnog zadravanja
toplote zimi i hlada ljeti.
Dovratnici i nadprozornici se obino rade iz jednog ili vie veih komada kamena.
Princip premoavanja otvora vrata je identian kao i kod prozora.
Nadvratnik je iz jednog komada kamena sa ve postojeom ravnom
ivicom. U zadnje vrijeme se upotrebljavaju tesanici potpuno
pravilnog oblika. Bone strane su iz vie komada kamena.
2.5.
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The space beneath the main part of the house, as mentioned earlier, was used primarily as a basement or storage area (or storage
for boats). As wide as the house, but with less capacity, this area
functioned according to a familys occupation.
As stated earlier, the terrace or balatura (a term taken from the
coast) functioned as a living area, a reception area for guests, and
a sleeping area (during the summer). Whats more, economic-related activities took place here (for example, the drying of nets and
food; and storage of food and tools).
At houses with yards are outdoor bathrooms (an outhouse).
2.6.
Interior Layout
As for the interior of the house, the design is modest and simple.
Roof construction is exposed, providing useful storage in kitchens
(tools and dried food are hung on wooden beams). The attic space
above the bedroom uses exposed beams this way also. Wealthier
houses make full use of exposed ceilings. Throughout, floor boards
are unfinished. In bedrooms, floors are covered partially by carpets
and rugs.
Within almost every house is a tronozac (a three-legged chair with
back) and a stolovak (a three-legged table), a unique device for
hanging food, a boiler, and weaponry. A semi-circular stone hearth
(sac), and a traditional boiler hanging on a joist, are also evident.
Displayed are icons: a small icon usually in the corner and another
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Unutranje ureenje
Preporuke za graenje
3.1.
Urbanizacija i osnovne karakteristike modernog razvoja nisu zaobile ni basen Skadraskog jezera, te se u njemu odvijaju brojni negativni procesi koji dovode do ugroavanja i devastacije prirodne
sredine.
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3.1.
The Skadar Lake basin has avoided the effects of urbanization and
modern development. Nonetheless, many negative factors leading
to the destruction of the environment continue to occur.
The aim for preservation of historic buildings should be to respect
the original design, and aesthetic qualities, as well as the environment.
Design of new developments should compliment those proportions
of traditional communities (combining new and old materials appropriately). Historic reproductions, and local or regional building
styles, should be avoided.
Designs which diminish and devalue the community should be
avoided. Desirable designs (to be encouraged) are those which
compliment a contemporary lifestyle.
Certain rural agglomerations can be protected if treated as ethnological entities (for example, Dodoi and Karu.).
New construction should be built for long-term use; it should reflect
good construction practices and contemporary design.
All new construction around Skadar Lake should respect the original architectural features of historic buildings, by proportion and design, and pay careful attention to proper use of new material.
3.2.
Guidelines for Reconstruction of Ruins (Kuita)
According to Historic Continuity
Significant numbers of environmentally valuable structures (ruins
with foundations only or foundations with exterior walls) exist in the
area of Skadar Lake. These ruins are reconstructed by using existing materials or remnants (most structures were one time residences).
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3.5.
Other Recommendations
Novi stambeni objekti svojim dimenzijama prate naslijeenu morfoloku strukturu. Spratnost objekata kree se od prizemlja,
prizemlja i jednog sprata do prizemlja i dva sprata sa kosim krovnim
3.4.
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povrinama.
3.5.
Ostale preporuke
tochthonous character of the area). Here exist new physical structures: commercial buildings (with many customers), i.e., cafes,
restaurants, motels, and residences. This intrusion upon open
space, by new buildings, disturbs the perfect balance between
urban, rural, and natural environments. Noticeable buildings (and
practices) which arise on the scene forever change the image of
surrounding villages.
Urban forms of rural settlements are deteriorating on a daily basis.
Neglect towards historic villages is more obvious by the day. Traditional architectural designs are forgotten, while new, mass-produced materials are introduced. Ultimately, extraordinary qualities
and customs of local peoples are forsaken and destroyed.
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Sl. 63 Vranjina
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Sl. 68 Plavnica
Sl. 67 Dodoi
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Sl. 69 Karu
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GLOSSARY
Balatura = terasa
Blato = leea voda
Boj = sprat
Crepina, sa = kameno ognjite
Gravanje = velike tigle
Izba = konoba
Kaca = posuda za vodu
Kamara = spavaa soba
Kopanja = kada za soljenje ribe
Kuina =kuhinja
Oko = izvor
Odaja = spavaa soba
Panjega = slijepi prozor
Pozemljua = prizemna kua
Rebro = zid uz duinu kue
Radu = ribolov
Skale = stepenice
Stolovak = sto
Suhomea = kua od kamena bez krea
Suhota = ognjite, kamara, trijem konoba i magacin
Tronoac = stolica
Upretnjak, pepeljak = pe za hleb
Vodnik = panjega za vodu
Balatura = terrace
Blato = mud
Boj = story
Crepina, sa = stone fireplace
Gravanje = large tiles
Izba = cottage
Kaca = water bin
Kamara = bedroom
Kopanja = table for salting fish
Kuina =kitchen
Oko = spring
Odaja = bedroom
Panjega = window blind
Pozemljua = ground-level house
Rebro = wall along the length of the house
Radu = fishing
Skale = stairs
Stolovak = three-legged table
Suhomea =stone house built without lime
Suhota = firelace, bedroom, lobby, tavern and storage
Tronoac = three-legged chair with back
Upretnjak, pepeljak = stove for bread
Vodnik = window recess for water
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1. S.G. Popovi, Maintenance of architectural origins of settlement Vranjina on Skadar Lake, IACIA Beograd, 2002. god.
2. Studentski radovi iz Arhitekture prolosti u Jugoslaviji,
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1978 i 1975.god.
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knjiga, Cetinje, 1950. god.
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zavod, Titograd, 1964. god.
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Titograd 1987. god.
6. V. Vukoti, PPPPN Skadarsko jezero, RZUP, Podgorica
1999. god.
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8. A. Freudenreich, Narod gradi na ogoljenom krasu, Zagreb, Beograd, 1962. god.
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11. Tradicionalna narodna kultura u Crnoj Gori, CANU, br.
24, Podgorica 2000. god.
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IAUS, Beograd 1985. god.
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architectural heritage of the skadar lake basin | recommendations for preservation and building
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CIP -
,
72.017:556.55(497.16 )
, .
Arhitektonsko nasljee basena Skadarskog jezera
Architectural Heritage of the Skadar Lake Basin /
Svetislav G. Popovi. - Podgorica : Ministarstvo
turizma i zatite ivotne sredine : Ministarstvo za
ekonomski razvoj : GTZ - Njemaka tehnika saradnja
= German Technical Cooperation, 2008 (Podgorica :
Atel). - 87 str. : ilustr. ; 21 x 21 cm
Tekst uporedo na crnogorskom i engl. jeziku. Tira 1000. - Rjenik manje poznatih rijei i
izraza: str. 81. - Bibliografija: str. 83.
ISBN 978-9940-520-04-5 (Ministarstvo turizma i
zatite ivotne sredine)
a) -
COBISS.CG-ID 12561936
strana | 86 | page
architectural heritage of the skadar lake basin | recommendations for preservation and building
Kontakt:
Belvederska 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
Telefon: +382 (0)81 208 295; +382 (0)81 208 296
commissioned by:
izvod iz recenzije:
................ Publikacija mr arh. Svetislava Popovia svjedoi o autoru koji se problemom basena Skadarskog jezera bavi vie godina. Sa
druge strane ona ima svoj fokusirani smjer najelementarnijeg pedagokog oblika.
................ U cjelini publikacija predstavlja VADE MECUM za uvoenje discipline u podruje graenja i eksploatacije ovog podruja. Ona
otvara vrata za nove aktivnosti na tom planu i produbljavljanja sloenih procesa na relaciji svijeta prirode i svijeta arhitekture na izuzetno
znaajnom djelu prostora Crne Gore.
prof. arh. Aleksandar Kekovi, Redovni profesor Univerziteta u Beogradu
arhitektonsko nasljee basena skadarskog jezera architectural heritage of the skadar lake basin
Mart | 2008 | March