Sanskrit by Cassette Lesson 2 Combining of Vowels* Note pathways of simple vowels: fecccaeeaee * follow vertical columns from {op o bottom of page. 8 Wi a= g+8-8 H+ a= at g+8-8 + H= aT +8 a+ a= aT g+= Law2 A simple vowel (#3 38 IF RF aa ir ua rf) combined with a like simple vowel [3% A) (3,$1( 3, B] will combine into the long variation of the vowel| H | [8 } etc. La w 3 Summary 3 j 3+3=5 I+BeS F+I=5 F+Fek a FBR The primary sounds % or 3 when combined with other simple vowels creates the guna (strengthened form) of those simple vowels H+E=T H+g=T HreaT m+ $= La wd H+3=H | aes M+ 3-3 MeSH Hs Rae H+ RH Primary vowel sounds 4 or HT when combined with any of guna forms (TT FZ) creates the vrddhi (of the simple vowel from which the guna was derived). Hs Het H+ A= st B+ asa + HE = AT Note: Also 3 or 3 followed by a vrddhi letter will be absorbed into the vrddhi letter. H+t-T any di Zorg+H = Sorg+ a= Zorg+3 = Sorg+ = Sorg+T = Eorg+t Zorg +H= Zor ds at Law5 Simple vowels (other than or HT) when followed by a a Sy Sf oP svost ost He H- Rt ilar vowels are replaced by their respective semivowels. JorK+H =F JorF+ a= Bor F+s = TorH+¥ = Bor F+T = BorK+7 Bor K+ B= Sor Hs ats 2 9v a4 sp ay ee ba av on at sb apa 4 Aaya aaa ag at Gf Gd Oh aUnce me ounanru mipnuves nus veer teurnet, inere ure WE Mure DUDE steps in building a strong foundation for learning Sanskrit I Combining and Substitution of Sounds (Sandhi) Because Sanskrit follows laws of sound harmonics, two separated sounds go through a natural process of blending: a) combination (both sounds are blended into a third sound). maha TS: mahesa += at b) substitution (one of two incompatible (separated) sounds is replaced by a compatible substitution) example: peng Yeon mS af Fa apiara FO apyatra is substituted for Fy is substituted for i II Addition of Endings to verb and noun bases. In Sanskrit, the precise use of words in any given sentence is determined by the specific endings asiged to that word. x: a Ferre oI yogena bodhamah ‘The ending T7 ena, substituted for the final F in AFT yoga, gives us: TA yogena - by yoga ot, by means of yoga AAT: we know ‘The entire sense Dy means of, in which yoga is the instrument or means of Knowing, is conveyed by adding an ending to the word yoga. The addition of endings will be covered in lesson 3 Lesson 2 - Vowel Sandhi This lesson will make it easy for you to recognize and work withthe first of these principles, as well as strengthen your reading skills, Remember to pronounce every example several times. The rules of harmonics (sandhi) are most easily leamed in the mouth itself, through the natural movements and shaping ofthe tongue, mouth and lips, in order to blend sounds euphonically. I's Fur more important and easier to get the feeling of sounds and their combining with other sounds, than memorizing a ist of rules. As long as you can feel how a law of sound operates, or grasp the principle of an operation, it's safe to move on without the need to memorize before continuing. The laws are simple and natural if approached through the direct experience of the sound. It may be helpful to familiarize yourself at this time with the International transliteration phonetic system, given in the screened areas. Use it ouly to the degree it is helpfil, bur not as a substitution for the original Devanagari characters. It will be used only in lessons two and three, by which time you should be comfortable reading the originalPart I: Laws of Vowel Sound Harmot s (Vowel Sandhi) Lawl A vowel may not follow immediately after another vowel.* Notice as you pronounce one vowel, after another, the space between the two creates a choppiness. Sandhi makes the flow of sound smooth, *(Unless a letter which originally separated them was dropped forthe sake of pronunciation). Law2 A simple vowel (4131 3 IH ®H ag if ua rF) combined witha like simple vowel [HM] [$F] [F,F] will combine into the long variation of the vowell A] ($1 [Fi] NOTE: Each new letter derived by combination or substitution is given in large bold letters, The examples below show the multiple ways the letter may be derived. Pronounce each example. aT H+ Hea UT + TEM = APTA H+ = aT Fel + AE = A H+ H= aT net + af = wert A + A= AT HRT + STAT = FETT yoga + anusasanam = yoganusasanam satya + Gnanda = satyananda maha + agni = mahagni maha + atma = mahatma devi + iccha = deviccha nadr + Ia = nadisa3+I=5 fay + aga = Fraga B+BF oy + fF = aah ag + Ta = ay H+ Fes Ty + Sa = utusd Sisu + udbhava= sisddbhava uta=a ambu + drmi = ambanmi a+usa vadha + udyanam = vadhadysinam ata=a cama + arjas = canarias ce Since words neither end or begin with long 7, the example below is the only one which occurs. H+ Hak faq + ant = faqut rersr pitt + nam = pitrnam Law3 The primary sounds 27 o¢ AT when combined with other simple vowels creates the guna (strengthened form) of those simple vowels. a+ sf = aft FEL + BG = HET uaa + Say = AGT Wel + Sav = Hee na + iti = neti Guna of maha + indra = mahendra parama + iSvara = paramesvara maha + Isvara = mahesvaracm + s= a 3s H+ FR =a M+ I=a M+ R= a atuso ata =o atuso at+a=o H+ + R= ae atpsar dtpsar fran - sft = feratrefia FT + TH = FST Ia + upanisad = ISopanisad samudra + Ormi = samudrormi vidyodadhi vidya + udadhi iccha + arjas iorjas fag + afe = fastt Ter + fe = Teh siddha + rsi = siddharsi maha + ryi = maharsi Law4 . Primary vowel sounds ST or SAT when combined with any of guna forms AT SAY) creates the vrddhi (of the simple vowel from which the guna was derived). t im ° T=T wa Wa = 3a 38 Ts are Wa = Tea t atra eva = atraiva maya eva = mayaivaat en H+ We Ht Wa + = cake : y H+ B= Ht Tal + SR = Fe =a atozau arama + ojas = paramauyjas i+o=au maha + ojas = mahauyjas ST += ay NOTE: this combination is equivalent to a+ FT = A the addition of 3% or ST + Ht = 3A (see p. 2) atar=ar a+ar=ar Note: Also W or HT followed by a vrddhi letier will be absorbed into the vrddhi letter since there is no further expanded sound beyond vrddhi, artet ai + typi. = atari ataizai ‘yoga + aisvaryam lisvaryam H+ t= Ht TAA + HM = FATT atau=au uttama + ausadham = uttamausadhamLaw 5 | Other simple vowels (other than ST or AT) when followed by any dissimilar vowels are replaced by their respective semivowels BS/TR/HH recom A/A/T it/ua/rt become y /v/r B+ F Ma =hMw ate +o - wii S43, Mc =F Ay Ca + Were = cS hari + amptam= haryamrtam T+, d etc.= ya, yd ete. devi + ananda = devyananda For any dissimilar vowel following & or 8, the same wil be true 3+U=0 Ufa + We = Ta ite=ye prati + ekam= pratyekam StH AM TA B+ WIT - aa F+H HLS = 4, a1 fF, ay + sea = afar uta, d=va, vd etc kuru avadhdnam = kurvavadhanam ata, adhviecha i= va, va, vi ete, vadhd + icché RtAAM a= T Tf + ES = fee N r+a,d=ra, 1d etc pitr + anukala = pitranukala The combinations of T TW AT BAT anda following vowel will be covered in Lesson 4.ter Wey + FW = Ta aad Fel + FTA = Te cis parama + ojas ramaujas maha + ojas = mahaujas Moe H+ Hl =a NOTE: this combination is equivalent to a . ~ 7 + HT = aT the addition of H or ST + H = ST (see p. 2) ache atarzar ~ atarsar Note: Also 3 or ST followed by a vrddhi letter will be absorbed into the vrddhi letter since ther sno further expanded sound beyond vrddhi H+T=t art + Tyee = athe ataizai Youa + aisvaryam = yogaisvaryam H+ Ht = at atau tama + ausadham = uttamausadham auPattern drills for vowel Sandhi rules Examples - Law 2Sieacieesl ay - Fam = aT 3 - SAA = STAT AY. Sot: = ae: Examples - Law 3Examples - Law 3 (cont.) 6 - TAA = TIA, aT - 30a = aT fea - sor = fear, ata - He = Aas FE - FO = FAT ‘Tal - Se = TAS aExamples - Law 4 FT - ANS = HTS aft aim: - afirite: SA - oie = TS amar ait: = aes: fare. 3s = feats NI - AT: = Hera: Tah. aS TAS uae - aftefiy = cite reat - sites = aaatteiy aint - staf = arith net - aftufty = wétafiyExamples - Law 5 UST ean Oe ea © SCRUM TUT mR Bea Tifa - oR = IT aah. aR = oA UPR - ae = ait rere = afta ah. sae = Fa IMT. Fay = TT Rafe va = eta seri wg = ae aafa airy = aoe Sr - a = TT g faq - are = fare genes faq a= fa CCST MACOS Bee 8 RUSSO Rea | Oy - om = Bean BY «SR = aa faq - gear = farfgest ay . Fao = afar ay. ga = aa Fy. HT = Ta,Exercises I. Combine the following words by Law 2 of vowel sandhi. (page 2) aa + SR Cat ARE) G+ SEAT wate Sa: H+ SMa: | afe + TH FI + HTS! H+ SE! M+ Tar! if + fae) a+ | + IAL TH+ FH! AR ST | IL. Combine the following words by Law 3 of vowel sandhi. (page 3) Ws El a+ TT) ars ae art + safe: | fe + So aa Sart Ta Sa! e+ SOT! ae+ at) «eas aT II. Combine the following words by Law 4 of vowel sandhi, (page 4) FUT! H+ BS! AUG! T+ Bes vat +a) awa wate) was sie | IV. Combine the following words by Law 5 of vowel sandhi. (page 6) wrefa aa | Wy + SFT | ale + Hd faq + afafa cafe SAH veteq gaz: Atal edt ame) Wa ae cea wae | faq + SOI * roe meanings see page 14Meanings Page 2 instruction in yoga iy bliss of truth wr ‘great fire ear great soul adta Page 3 birth of a child fire wave of water aft ‘garden of the bride wage vigour of the army Tee Hege Page 4 isa upanisad faatt wave of the ocean neff ocean of knowledge a energy of desire waa Page 5 supreme energy arapiny great energy Ta Page 6 necter of Hati aa bliss of the goddess afer each one fra best of sages lord of sages desire of the goddess lord of rivers debt of the father not thus, supreme God the great Indra the great God ¢ Fara ) perfected sage great sage just here only illusion the power of yoga best medicine take care! desire of the bride pleasing to the father * In cenain types of compound words, second word i red firs in translationw+ ee Be + SAH: | Bey + fa | are + Sepa: 1 afte + AR Way Ta | SIT + ATS | awl OT + Hes I* erate | + PTT! ale + far + orferfer wale Sf: + valle S47: | Meanings from Page 12 best of poets bliss of god here now God is oon both sides of the water debt of the daughter cosmic egg full moon effort of the boy true sage ocean of illusion vigour of the wind today only lower lip not so cooked rice in a pot he eats food seeking extreme guest of the father the wave breaks May God be gracious aft + oy I+ y+ sat afag + hae | OPT + SAA I w+ aA e+ ae] ST | are ata | TTT ga q+ 3a | al + aR aT + at + sit ara! ae + Tape Ta + STE | 7a! eat + ore wy aT aeafh wat | faq + Sa the arrow of the enemy the stomach of the cow singing priest a posture of yoga supreme self best of teachers the thing is burned the self sees like the river Gaga auspicious means sage of supreme wisdom debt of the mother flood in the east she alone sovereignty of brahman the ultimate medicine most certainly offense to the goddess between the 2 ropes I see oneness vigour of the father