TET SLAY FOR THE IIT JEE atte) ae i» oo ae I Dee]Assistant Editor-Production: Karamjeet Singh Khosa Associate Editor—Acquisitions: Sanjay Sharma The aim of this publication is to supply information taken from sources believed to be valid and reliable. This is not an attempt to render any type of professional advice or analysis, nor is it to be treated as such. While much care has been taken to ensure the veracity and currency of the information presented within, neither the publisher nor its authors bear any responsibility for any damage arising from inadvertent omissions, negligence or inaccuracies (typographical or factual) that may have found their way into this book. Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise. be lent, resold, hired out, or therwise circulated without the publisher's prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the stfosequent purchaser and ‘without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book. ISBN 978 81 317 6356 8 First Impression Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia, Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8(A) Sector 62, Noida 201 309, India, Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India, ‘Compositor: County Caramel, New Delhi Printer: Saurabh Printers Pvt. LtdContents Preface to the Current Edition Preface Ack ents 1._Chemical Bonding 2. Periodic Properties 3. Preparation and Properties of Non-metals 4. Compounds of Lighter Metals ~ 1 5. Compounds of P-block Elements ~ 1 6. Compounds of P-block Elements ~ 2 7. Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry 8. Metallurgy 9. Compounds of Heavy Metals 10. Principles of Qualitative Analysis 11. Appendix Solved Question Papers 2011 Solved Question Papers 2010 7.1-7.50 8.1-8.34 9.1-9.48 10.1-10.40 11-1110 Q-1-Q-18 Q-19-Q-30Copyrighted materialPreface to the Current Edition ‘The response to the first edition of the book and positive feedback from teachers and students has motivated me to work upon this revised and thoroughly pruned edition. Te js now power-packed with new questions of the lacese ITT-JEE format. I hope that students will find this, book useful. All the best! Dr Atul Singhal singhal.atul50@yahoo.comPreface The Pearson Guide to Inorganic Chemistry for the ITT JEE is an invaluable book for all che students preparing for che prestigious engineering entrance examination. It provides class-tested course material and problems thae will supplement any kind of coaching or resource the students might be using. Because of its comprehensive and in- depth appraach, it will be especially helpful for chose seudenes who do not have enough time or money co cake classroom courses. A careful scrutiny of previous years’ IIT papers and various other competitive examinations during the last 10 to 12 years was made before writing chis book. It is strictly based on the latest IIT syllabus (2009-10) recom- mended by the executive board. It covers the subject in a structured way and familiarizes students with the trends in chese examinations. Not many books in the market can stand up £0 this material when it comes to the serice alignment with che prescribed syllabus. © Iris wriecen in a lucid manner to assist students to understand the concepts without the help of any guide. 1 The objective of this book is to provide this vast subject in a structured and useful manner so as to familiarize the candidates taking the current examinations with the current trends and types of multiple-choice questions asked. = The multiple-choice questions have been arranged in following categories: Straight Objective Type Questions (Single Choice), Brainteasers Objective Type Questions (Single Choice), Multiple Correce Answer Type Questions (More than one choice), Linked-Comprehension Type Questions, Assertion and Reasoning Questions, Matrix-Match Type Questions and the ITT JEE Corner. This book is written co pass on to another generation, my fascination with descriptive inorganic chemistry. Thus, the comments of the readers, both students and instructors, will be sincerely appreciated, Any suggestions for added or updated additional readings would also be welcome. Dr Atul Singhal singhal.atulS50@yahoo.comaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CHEMICAL BONDING Chapter Contents Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals only; Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment tive aspects only); VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, crigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral) and various levels of multiple-choice questions. CHEMICAL BOND Attractive Electron cloud Chemical bond is the force of actraction that binds two atoms together, A chemical bond balances the force of attraction and force of repulsion at a particular distance. a A chemical bond is formed to: Repmlsive: ‘Nucleus = actain the octet state Fig. = minimize energy gain stability Types of Bonds = decrease reactivity Following are the six types of chemical bonds. Here, they are listed in che decreasing order of their respec~ tive bond strengths. ‘When two atoms come clese to each other, forces of attraction and repulsion operate between them. The distance ac which the attractive forces overcome repul- | 1. Ionic bond sive forces is called bond distance. Here, the potential | 2. Covalent bond energy for the system is lowest, hence the bond is | 3. Coordinate bond formed. ‘4. Metallic bond 5. Hydrogen bond 6. van der Waals bond4.2 Chemical Bonding ‘Metallic bond, hydrogen bond and yan der Waals bond are interactions Octet Rule Te was introduced by Lewis and Kossel. According to this rule, each arom tries to obtain the octer state, chat is, a state with eighe valence electrons. Exceptions to the octet rule = Transition mecal ions like Cr“, Ma, Fe" = Pseudo inere gas configuration cations like Zni*, Ca, Contraction of octet state ‘Here, the central atom is electron deficient or does not have an octet state. For example, Be, BX, AIX, Ge(CH)), 4 6 6 be Expansion of octet state = Here, the central acom has more than 8 elec- trons duc to empty d-orbitals. For example, PCI, SF, OsF,, ICl, exe PC SF, OsF, LCl, en. 10 12) a16) 10e = Odd electronic species like NO, NO, C10. = Inrerhalogens compounds like IF,, BrP, = Compounds of xenon such as XeP,, XeF, XeF,. IONIC OR KERNEL BOND ‘An lonic bond is formed by che complete eransfer of valence electrons from a metal to a non-metal. This was first studied by Kosse. For example, Na + Cl —» Nat cr (28,1) (2,87) 2,8) (2,8) Mg + O —» Mg? O07 28,2) 2,6) (2,8) (2,8) AL + Nal NO 2,8,3) 2.5) 2,8)2,9) = Number of electrons transferred is equal to electro valency. = Maximum number of electrons transferred by a metal to non-metal is three, as in the case with AIE,, (Al metal transfers three electrons to F). During electron cransfer, che outermost orbie of mecal is destroyed. The remaining portion is called core or kernel, hence this bond is also called kernel bond, a Nacure of ionic bond is electrostatic or coloumbic force of attraction. = Icis anon-directional bond. Conditions for the Formation of an lonic Bond ‘The process of bond formation is exothermic where AH-=-Ve. The essential conditions include = Metal must have low ionization energy. = Non-metals must have high electron affinity. = Tons must have high lattice energy. = Cation should be large with low electronegativity. = Anion must be small with high electronegativity. Born-Haber Cycle ‘The formation of an ionic compound in terms of energy can be shown by Born—Haber cycle. It is also used to find lattice energy, ionization energy and elec tron affinity. For example, ciation Ion Ms) SE egy OE ie) te Decomposition, Addiion fey Gk aan X¢@) OX) Mi +X @) SES MX) 4H, = S+'/,D+I-E-U Here, S = Heat of sublimation D = Heat of dissociation lonization enthalpy E = Electron gain enthalpy or electron affinity U = Lattice energyaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.6 M@ Chemical Bonding ‘Types of Overlapping 1. s-5 Overlapping: Overlapping beeween ss elec- ‘rons of ewo similar or dissimilar atoms is called s-s overlapping and forms a single covalent bond. s s Fig. 1.3 Formation of hydrogen molecule by ss overlapping. 2. s-p Overlapping: Overlapping between s and p electrons is called s-p overlapping. NH,, is formed by the overlapping between chiee electrons of nitrogen (px, py and pz) with chree electrons of three hydrogen atoms. IN = Is*, 2s?, 2px! py! pi Hels! ‘Strong bond can be formed only when hydro igen electrons approach in the direction of X,Y and Zaxis ac right angles to each other. 3—P Fig. 1.4 3. p-p Overlapping: p-p overlapping is formed by che overlapping of the p-orbitals of the atoms. In case of chlorine molecule, it is formed by the over- lapping of the 3pz orbitals of rwo chlorine atoms. Cl =1s*, 2s? 2p%, 38%, 3px’, Spy’, 3pz! Pre Fig. 1.5 Some Important Features of Bond Bond Length = Bond length is the average distance between the centers of the nuclei of the two bonded atoms. Ic is determined by X-ray diffraction and spectro- scopic methods. = In case of ionic compounds, it is the sum of ionic radius of cation and anion, while in case of covalent compounds, it is sum of their covalent radius. Factors affecting bond length = Bond length « Size of arom. For example, HE < HCI < HBr < HI (Atomic size) Since F< Cl < Be C=C>C=C 1s4A 134A 132A J. = Bond length o Bond lengeh « J thatis, sp) > sp? > sp 3% 25% 33% 50% = Bond length o Electronic repulsion For example, H; > Hy = Resonance and hyperconjugation also change bond length. For example, in benzene, C—C bond length is 1.39 A, that is, in between C - Cand: Bond Energy 12 Ic is che energy needed to break one mole of bond of 4 particular type, so as to separate chem into gaseous ‘atoms. It is also called bond dissociation energy. = Bond energy can also be defined as che energy released during the formation of one mole of a par- ticular bond. Factors offecting bond energy = Bond energy o Bond order or multiplicity For example, C#C>C=C>C-Caa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Chemical Bonding @ 1.9 For example, Here, 41 (net) = 0 as C=O bonds are in opposing directions, x x x t = Molecules in which the central atom has lone pair of electrons oF have distorted shapes, like angular, pyr- = 2 midal, sea-saw shapes will have some value of dipole = ‘moment and will be polar in nature. For example, H,O, * HS, OF,, NH,, PH,, PCI,,SCl,, SO,, SaCl, etc. ‘oO ‘m’ oe % ® 60° 120° 180° (net) = 1.82D In case of para forms M pis positive if both the species are different. For example, gle’ OR NH, x x 0 0 0 . H H E x ou (ner) = 1.47D (net) = 1.03D. }, and mol- ot i = Homoacomic molecules like X,,N,, + having normal shapes according to hybrid- N > N ization like linea, trigonal, cetrahedral will be non- u7 IS 4 qs polar, as for them, the dipole moment is zero. For HH fF F example, BX,, CH,, CCI, SiCl,, PCI bed ft ‘Ammonia has more dipole moment thin NF, as in otcito 7x ammonia p (net) isin che direction of lone pair electrons ro ice., it is additive while in NF, ji (net) is opposite 10 Hage= i : : fet lone pair ie., substractive. k FE f ey a Dipole moment of a cis-alkene is more than trans- a © “oy NN alkene. In trans-alkenes, it is zero due to symmetry Hyg = 0 a * in mose of the cases. Her = 0 Dipole Moment of Some Common Molecules Molecule H, N, CH, ©, 63, CH, CHE, 0, 0, GH, 50, CO Gi NCI CHLOH CH0H HO HE Dipole 0 0 0 0 6 © 196 0 052D 0 161D 112 124 83 1.69 1.67 1.84 1.91 moment Molecule HCI NH, N.O HS 1,0, NF, CHCl, PH, HCN Sic, cH.) s, PCI, Dipole 102 146 0.17 092 184 0.55 115 058 293 39 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 moment1.10 @ Chemical Bonding cis-but-2-ene Exception: Unsymmetric alkenes with odd number of carbon atoms have some value of dipole moment. For example, trans-2-pentene cH, H Nee! Je, H °CHCH, Specific cases of dipole moment + CH,Cl> CHCl, > CHCl, > CCl, Highly polar Non-polar ~ CHC» CHF > CH,Br> CHI Uses = Tofind geometry of a complex/molecule etc. f= Tofind ionic characcer or nacure in a covalent species. Ppened Pears (4 * F) Tonic nature % = x 100 = Todistinguish beeween —cis and —ceans alkenes Cis-bur 2-ene > crans bur-2-ene petve p=0 Mustrations 1. The experimentally determined dipole moment of KF is 2.87 x 10° cm. The distance between the centers of charge in a KF dipole is 2.66 x ~ 10°” m, Calculate the percentage ionic charac- + terof KE. Solution p= exdcoulombs meter For KE = 2.66 x 10°" m For complete separation of a unit charge (electronic charge), € = 1.602 x 10 C 1,602 x 10° x 2.66 x 10 26 x 107? cm % ionic character a KCL 2, The dipole moment of KCI is 3.336 x 10 coulomb meter which indicates that ic is a highly polar molecule. The interatomic distance between K° and Clin this molecule is 2.6 x 107! m. Cal- culate the dipole moment of KCI molecule if there were opposite charges of one fundamental unit located at each nucleus. Calculate the per- centage ionic characcer of KCL. Solution p= ex dcoulombs meter For KCL d= 2.6 x 107m For complete separation of unit charge (electronic charge), € = 1,602 x 10°C p= 1.602 x 107” x 2.6 x 10" = 4.1652 x 10” cm P(KCH = 3.336x 10 om Per cent ionic character of KCL _ 35361 4.1652 = 10 = 80.09 % x 100 SIGMAAND PI BONDS Sigma (0) Bond Sigma bond is formed by axial or headtohead or linear overlapping berween owo s-s or s-p of p-p orbitals. Sigma(o) bond bond — o bond CFs PP 3-5 s Fig. 1.1 Sigma bond is stronger and therefore less reac- tive, due to more effective and stronger overlap- ping than (Ibond. 2. The minimum and maximum number of] bonds beeween two bonded atoms is 1. 3. Stability 3) Number of sigma bonds.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.14 Mi Chemical Bonding although it has double bonds (due co delocalization ‘of m electrons or resonance) = Benzene has 36 kcal/mole of resonance energy. = Resonance energy of CO, is 154.9 kJ. In cauromerism, arrangement of atoms is different for its different arrangements but in resonance, the arrangement of atoms is the same. Stability of Different Canonical Structures 1. A non-polar structure is always more stable than a polar structure. In the following exam- ple, the structures are arranged in a decreasing order of stabilicy. ® @ OOO 6 In the last two struccures the charges are apart so they are less stable. 2. Greater che number of covalenc bonds greater will be the stability. Therefore, e + CH,—C = O> CH,-C=0 3. The canonical structure in which positive charge in an electro positive atom and negative charge on the cleccro—negative atom is more stable, Therefore, Rt = Rot Se-6 > “Sé-0 R Re 4. The canonical structure in which each atom has an ectet state is more stable. Therefore, @ @ CHE = > CH “C=O Bem ber 5. If like chasges are closer then the structure will be unstable. = + ns 8 @ :N—N—-OcoN=N—G? :N-N=O ‘Most stable Unstable ‘Types of Resonance 1. Isovalent resonance The canonical structures havesamenumberofbondsandsametypeofcharges. For example, SO,, NO,, CO, 2. Heterovalent resonance Here, the canonical scruc- tures have different number of bonds and charges. For example, buta- 1, 3- NG. Se cine CN ]2- NC sp'd hybridization: Here, one s, three p and one d-orbital (dz) intermix to form five new sp*d hybrid orbitals. loos. 120° Shape of the species is trigonal bipyramidal and bond angles are 90°, 120°, For example, PX, XeB,, Ly x Z = Z sp’d? hybridization: Here, one s, chree p and two d-orbital (d? and d? ~ 2) incermix to form six new sp'd? hybrid orbials! NL JIN Shape of the species is octahedral and bond angle is 90°. For example, SF,, KeF,. F LZ |r FE sp’? hybridization: Here one s, three p and three d orbital (dd, ,) invermix to form seven new sp°d! hybrid orbicals. N. ZI Shape of the species is pentagonal bipyrami- dal and bond angle is beween 72° to 90°, For example, IF,, XeF,. E E F. Xe F FE Eaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Chemical Bonding M 1.17 ® According to this theory, besides hybridization, the nature of electrons around che central atom also decide the shape of molecule. = There may be two types of electrons around che cen- tral atom, that is, bond pair or lone pair of electrons. = These electrons undergo electron-electron repul- sion and che decreasing order of electronic repulsion follows Ip-lp > Ip-bp > bp-bp. = Due to this electronic repulsion, the shape of the molecule becomes distorted and the bond angle changes. Distortion in shape & &—e" repulsion Distortion in shape or change in bond angle & electronic repulsion, Geometry of Some Molecules and Ions sp? hybridization sp? 3 bond pair a pair 1 one pair 1 lone pair A A /\ BB Angular or bene shape due to lone pair of ‘Trigonal shape due to bond pair of e7 For example, BX,, BH,, SO, x | B g~ of oS Normal trigonal shape Bent shape Here, $ atom has ewo bond pairs and one lone air of election, so Ip-bp type of repulsion dis- torts the shape, that is, it bends and changes the bond angle and the shape becomes angular. Same holds true for SnCl, and PbCL,. sp? hybridization 1. When che cencral atom has four bond pairs of elec- rons, the shape will be normal with normal bond sp'd hybi 1 angle of 109° 28' which The Shape tetrahedral. For example, CH, CCL, SiCl,, NH,*, BX, H Cm fv" H H When the central atom has 3 bond pairs and 1 Jone pair of electron, there will be Ip-bp type of repulsion, which distorts the shape and changes the bond angle, that is, the shape becomes pyramidal and the bond angles are less than 109° 28! For example, NH,, PH,, NX,, PX, x I fT, My H In ammonia, the bond angle is 107°. ‘When che central atom has 2 lone pair and 2 bond pir of electron, there will be Ip-Ip type of eleccronic repulsion, hence the shape will be distoreed and it will be angular ot bent, For example, H,O, H,S, OF, SCI, aN BOB ‘When the central atom has 3 lone pairsand 1 bond pair of electrons, there will be Ip-Ip type of elec- tronic repulsion. hence, shape is highly distorted and ie becomes linear. For example, I-Cl, HCL ization When che central atom has 5 bond pair of electrons, the shape will be normal with normal bond angle, that is, the shape becomes erigonal bipyramidal and bond angle of 90° and 120°. As only bp-bp type of electronic repulsion occurs, hence there is no distor tian in shape and no change in bond angle. For exam- ple, PCl,, ASP, and PI Due to the difference in bond angles here bond, length also varies far axial and equitorial bonds.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Chemical Bonding M119 Hybridization and Shapes of Some Simple Molecules Number Number of Number of Molecular Examples of Bonds Lone Pairs Charge Clouds Geometry and Shape 2 0 2 C-O-O Linear o=c=c — _ = au. 3 0 ‘Trigonal “c=0 planar nt 3 2 1 Bent a oy H 4 0 ° ‘Tetrahedral . dow O90 4 ‘Trigonal 3 1 yramidal H 0, Py $. Bent 2 2 o¢ r 4 a 5 0 Trigonal, Cnt gy bipyramidal] ¢1~| ca « x See-saw 5 rf \ 3 2 ‘T-shaped 9 Gus i F I Linear T 2 3 8°1.20 Ml Chemical Bonding Number ‘Number of ‘Number of of Bonds Lone Pairs Charge Clouds 6 0 5 & 6 4 z 3. Atomic orbicals must have same symmetry along, with the major molecular axis, for example, if Z axis is the main molecular axis, then only p.~p, orbitals will overlap and not p, or p,. = Molecular orbicals are formed due to constructive and destructive interference of atomic orbitals. = Constructive interaction of orbitals between orbital lobes having same wave function y produces bond~ ing molecular orbitals like o, and A. These are HoMOs (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbitals). § 2 B @ Amplitude = 2a Amplitude = a Nod@| Bonding MO Lo Constructive interaction Fig. 1.13 = Destructive interaction between orbitals having different sign of ¢ produces anci-bonding molecular Molecular Geometry and Shape ° ° go © Octahedral ° ° 20-0 0 Square Pyramidal & ° 39 © Square Planar orbitals or LuMOs (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbials). For example, o*, n*, d Super position Amplitude =a Anti-Bonding Destructive interaction Fig. 1.14 Facts Related to HoMOs and LuMOs = Energy: LuMOs > HoMOs = Wavelength: LuMOs < HoMOsaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.22 M Chemical Bonding 1s Atomic Molecular Acomic Onbicals Orbitals Onbitals 2. Molecular orbital energy level diagram for diacomic homonuclear molecules such as O, F, etc. (@ Molecules with N, configuration or 14 € ols.o'ls, 2s 0°25, n2p, = n2p,, 02p, Gi) Molecules with ©, configuration or more than 14 e. Gls G'ls, 62s 6°2s, 2p, n2p, = n2p,. "2p, =n 2p, o'2p, = G Is is the lowest energy molecular orbital while "2p, is the highest energy molecular orbical. = Due to intermixing of 2s and 2p orbitals in cases where the number of elecruons is more than 16, 2p, is taken after o°2s here. = Bond order = #=" Here n, = Number of bonding molecular orbical electrons jumber of anti-bonding molecular orbital electrons Bond order « Bond dissociation energy & Bond angle 1 “ Bond length m= Higher che bond order, higher will be stabi shorter will be the bond lengeh. = If unpaired electrons (a cule it is paramagnetic. m= If n= 0 that is no unpaired electrons, molecule is diamagnetic. y and 1, 2)are presen in a mol- Examples, H, +9 (1s? ro(s! o(1s? 0 (1s)! + KK 9 (2s), 0 (2s), n(2px)’= 1 (2py)’, (2pzY” (ps)! KK 6 (257, 0° Qs), xp)? = Opyy', 62pz? a (2px)'=a* (2py)" KK 6 (2s?, 0° (25),6 (2p2y', m(2px)* = m(2py?? 2 (2px)!'=n" py)! KK, 6 (2s), 0° (2s), 6 (pz), m px)? (py=n (2px)' O, KK 6 02s), 0 (25), 6,2pz).x px? pyr’ Qpotan’ Opy?! O°: KK, 6 (29? 0! 29956 Qp2)’n px) =x Qpy?? pean” py? Fs KK, 6 (257 6" (2s¥, 6 (2pz)', 7 (2px)? =1 (2pyY at (px¥=n" py? KK Starids for 6 Is? o* Is here. ‘Some Orders Related to Molecular Orbital Theory . oF Of O, oF Of Decreasing order of bond order, bond angle, bond dissociation energy. Increasing order of bond length. m= Magnetic Nacure 0, > OF = O,> OF = OF n 2 1 a 0 0° Paramaguetie Weakly Diamageetic Paramagaetic = CO, NO*, CN, N, (14 €) all have bond order 3 and are diamagnetic. = NO, CN, N,,N," all have a bond order equal co 2.5 and are paramagnetic as. n=1. = H,,Li,, B, all have a bond order equal to one and are diamagnetic except B,. =H, Hy, He," all have a bond equal to order Yé and are paramagnetic. = All molecules magnetic. fractional bond order are para- = Molecules with whole number bond order are mostly diamagnetic, except O,, B,, N.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.26 M@ Chemical Bonding 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40, Al 43, ‘The number of lone pairs on Xe in XeF,, XeF, and XeE,, respectively are G@) 3,21 (b) 2,4,6 ©) 1,2,3 (@) 6,4,2 ‘The cwo atoms X and ¥ lie on the top of group 2 and group 16, respectively. On combination, they form compound of the type @ XY, (by XY © XY (@) XY, Pairs of species having identical shapes for mol- ecules is @) BF,, PCI, (b) PF, IP, © CF, SF, (@) XeF,, CO, Shape of CIF, is (a) T-shaped (b) V-shaped (©) Pyramidal (@) Equilaceral criangle A square planar comples is formed by hybrid- ization of the following atomic orbitals @ 5 Py PyP, ©) 5Py Py Pod © a =7'.3, PsP, MS, Py Py Py dz? Which of che following represents che Lewis seructure of N, molecule? b) ON = @ 2 (©) IN=Ni (@) SN—ND Incer-molecular hydrogen bonding exists in {@) o-nitrophenol (b) o-chlorophenol (c) Ammonium chloride (a) Wacer ‘The geometrical shape of sp'd hybridization is (a) Trigonal bipyramidal (b) Linear (c) Tetrahedral (d) Square planar In which of the following species, intramolecu- lar H-bonding occurs? I. Acetate ion IL. Salicylate ion IIL. Propanoic acid IV, O-Nitrophenol (a) 1, WIV (by LTV (©) HIV (@ 1 only Which one of che following compounds has the smallest bond angle in its molecule? (a) SO, (b) OH, © SH, (@ NH, 44, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 33. ‘Which bond angle, 6 would result in the maxi- mum dipole moment for the triatomic molecule XY, shown below: xX \ y (@ 6 = 120° (b) 8 = 90° ( O= 145° (a) 0 = 175° Which of the following has che highest bond order? @ N, (b) O, (© He, @ 4, ‘The energy of hydrogen bond is of the order of (@) 40 kj mot ——(b) 140 kJ mol (©) 400 ky" (d) 4 kj mol" ‘Which one of the following pairs of molecules will have permanent dipole moments for both members? @ SiF,andNO, —(b) NO, and CO, (Q NO,andO, (a) Sif, and CO, In che formation of N,* from N,, the electron is removed from a (a) 6 — orbital © of = orbical (b) 1 - orbical (@) x’ orbical Which of the following is diamagnetic? @ HY (b) 0, @u, (d) He, How many types of F ~ $ ~ F bonds are present in SF? @) 5 4 3 (2 ‘An occahedral complex is formed when hybrid orbitals of the following type are involved (@) sp’ (b) dsp? © sp* (@) sp’ ‘The pair of species having identical shapes for molecules of both speci (@) CE, SF, (b) XeF,, CO, (© BE,, PCL, (d) PE, IF, Among the following compounds, the one that is polar and has the central atom with sp? hybridization isaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.30 Chemical Bonding 98. 100. 101 102. 103 (a) O, < H,0, <0, (b) 0, 0,>0,>0" 104, 105. 106, 107. (b) 0, > 0, > 0, > OF (© O, > 0,> 07 >05 (d@) OF >0,> 0, > 0 The dipole moments of methane and its halogen derivatives are in the order (a) CH, < CH,Cl, < CHCL, < CHC (b) CH,Cl < CHCl, < CHC, < CH, (© CH, < CHCl, < CHC, < CHC (@) CH, < CHCl < CHCl, > CHCl, ‘The correct order of increasing bond angles is (@) OF, PF, > NE, > BE, (b) BF, > PF, > NF, > CIF, (©) BF, > NF,> PF, > CIF, (@) BF, > CIF, > PF, > NE, 143. ‘The correct order of bond energies for the C-H bond is (@) (CH,),CH < (CH),CH-H < HCH < H,C.CH,H (b) HCH < (CH)),C-H < H,C.CH,H < (CH),CH-H (© (CH)),C-H <(CH,),CH-H < H,CCH,-H >1 ( I> M> 1 () I> i> or (@ I> 1-01 Comprehension-3 Pauling introduced the concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals for explaining the characteristic shapes of polyatomic molecules. For example sp, sp? and sp* hybridizations of atomic orbitals of Be, B, C, N, P and O are used to explain the formation and geometrical shapes of molecules like BeCl,, BF,, CCl,, PH, and H,O. They also explain the formation of multiple bonds in molecules like ethyne and ethene. 189. Which is noc correct regarding hybridization? I Hybeid orbitals are formed when acomic orbitals have comparable energies. IL, For hybridization atomic orbitals must be faicly apare. Lil, Hybrids always have identical energy and identical shapes. IV. The electron waves in hybrid orbieals actract each other. (@) Tand It (b) Wand It (© Mand IV (4) Land Int 190. Which of there is correctly matched? Molecule Hybridization of central atom Ly spd ML. ICly spe HI BeCl, in solid state sp? v) PCL dsp? (a) Land IE (&) Land IT (© Wand Ir (@) I, Wand iv 191, In hepta-3-ene and 1-yne, che hybridization state of carbon atom number 2 and 3 are, respec tively @) sp? and sp, respectively () sp and sp* respectively (© sp only (d) sp and sp* respectively 192, In which of the following change, the hybridiza- tion state of central atom does not change? (@) Conversion of AICI, into Al,Cl, (©) PCI, into PCL (© Toluene into benzaldehyde (@ NH, into NCI,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.46 M1 Chemical Bonding Comprehension-2 185. (d) Comprehension-3 189. (c) Comprehension—4 193. (b) Comprehension-5 197. (d) 186. (b) 190. (a) 194, (b) 198. (b) 187. ©, 191. (b) 195. (© 199. (©) 188. (c) 192. (d) 196. (d) 200. (c) Assertion and Reasoning Questions 201. 205. 209. 213. 217. 221, 225, (b) @ © Co) (b) (@ (@ 202. 206. 210, 214, 218. 222. @) (b) © @ © () 203. 207. aun. 215. 219. 223. tb) 204, tb) 208. (@ 212. (b) 216. (a) 220. (a) 224, Matrix—Match Type Questions 226. (ar(q), (be(p, 0, (Hl, 0, 4S) 227. (ats), (bY(e), (C-(q), ()-{p) © (@ f@ (a) fa) (d) (6, 9, )-(P), (O-G, 0, (d-48) (@)-G, 0, ()-(Q), (0-8), 4p, (a(p), (b){p, q), (-(p, 4, 5 8), (CP, q, 8) {a}-(p), (b(t), (4s), @{) (a}(s), (b}{q, 9), (Op), @-(, 0) GLP, 8), ©)-(q), (HE, 9), (0) + Ca(q), (BYP), (8), (40) fa}-(2), (bs, 0), (4p), (d)-(q) (a(t, 0, (b-4p, 0, (4), (d)-(s) (@)-©), (YS), (4p), @(p) (@4s), (b{p), (-(q), (d)-4r) (@)(p), (b}(0), (Og), (4-48) (@)-(), (bMS). (Op), @-(Q) The IIT-JEE Corner 241, 245, 249. 253. 257. 261. © (b) (a) @) () (b) 242. (b) 246. (d) 250. (b) 254. (by 258. (a) 262. (d) 243. (©) 247. (b) 251. (a) 255. (a) 259. (d) 263. (a) 244. (a) 248. (a) 252. (a) 256. ) 260. (4)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.50 Chemical Bonding ®0—Me H ‘NO, 123. Since in chis seructure, every atom (except H) has a stable octet of electrons, hence it is che most seable one. 124, In XeB,: sp'd? hybridization. Shape is square planar instead of octahedral due to presence of two lone pair of electrons on Xe arom. SF,: SF, molecules shows sp'd 125. A compound is soluble in water when its hydration enthalpy is greater than its lattice enthalpy. 128. CuSO, 5H,O o I Cu" +0=S-O" .5I | o Here, ionic and covalent bonds are present in CuSO, while H,O molecules are attached by ‘coordinate bonds. 132. Here the order of dipole momene will be (A) > B) > (©) =D). 134, Moles of @) = 234 Moles of (Q) = 4 * Hence, the formula is P,Q. 135. As N, has no unpaired electron while NCI (isoelectronic with O, in terms of valence elec- trons) has two unpaired electrons. 138. By Pauling's rule, the ionic radius is inversely pro- portional co the effective nuclear charge. Thus, cosnt() cc 19-1087 ~ B13 17= 1087 613 ft fey = €(UB.13 + 116.13) = 3.140 6.13 613 x 8.15 «3.14 = 135A go Mog? + fey 6. fe = 14.26 141. ‘This molecule has four carbon acoms (i, ~CH = CH- and ~CH = CH, ) sp* hybridized 142, As for them the bond angles are BF, ~ 120°, NF, - 106°, PE,— 90° and 180°. 101°, CIE, - Multiple Correct Answers Type Questions 148. As XeP, has three lone pair of electrons hence it is incorrect. 157. As boiling poine of HF is +19:5°C, boiling point of CHF = -78°C. 159. As che bond order of these species are CN = 25 3.0 3.0 = 30 3.0 163. Asin SF, chere are 12 electrons in the valence shell of sulphur atom hence itis correct. 166. The bond angle of P, is more than PCI, because of pr-dr bonding in PF, As bond order of NO® and NO is same ive., 2.5 so the correct order is NO* > NO* = NO > NO~. 169. SiF, sp tetrahedral non-polar XeF, sp’d? square planar non-polar SE, sp'd square pyramidal polar BF, sp" trigonal planar non-polar 171, NaHCO, —> Na’ + HCO, Tonic bond HO G08 ° Covalent bond 180. SnCl, has sp* hybridization and angular struc- ture. In CS, carbon is sp hybridized and is NCO> and NO," being isoelectronic with CS, have same type of shape.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.54 Ml Chemical Bonding Solution If there were opposite charges of one fundamental unit, i @ 1.602 x 10°” coulombs, chen peaxd = (1.602 % 10: coulombs) x (2.6 x 10°!) = 4.1652 « 10 coulombs mecre ASH ines = 3336 x 10 coulomb metre Hence % ionic characte® Hy = 3.336 x 10 100 4.1652 x10” = 80.09 % 15. Find the dipole moment of HCI molecule if the bond length is 1.2475 (if D = 3.336 x 10 CM). Solution p= q.r = (1.6023 x 10" €X1.2476 x 10°%m) = 1.999 x 10° C-m p= 199991 3.336 x 10 C-m-D™ = 5.99D 16. Explain the difference in che nature of bonding in LiF and Lil. (ur 1996] 17. Using the VSEPR theory, identify the type of hybridization and draw the structure of OF,. ‘What are the oxidation states of O and F? (UT 1996] 18. Interpret che nonlinear shape of H,S molecule and nonplanar shape of PCI, using valence shell «electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. (Atomic number H = 1, P = 15,Cl = 17) Urr 198] 19. Write the MO electron distribution of O,. Spec ify its bond order and magnetic property. (UIT 2000) 20. Using VSEPR theory, draw che shape of PCI, and BrF,, (UT 2003] 21. Which one is more stable in diethyl ether, anhydrous AICI, or hydrous AICL? Explain in terms of bonding. (UIT 2003] 22. Draw the shape of XeF, and OSF, according to ‘VSEPR theory. Show the lone pair of electrons oon che cencral atom. (IT 2003} 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. On the basis of ground state electronic con- figuration arrange the following molecules in increasing O—O bond length order. KO,, O,, O,[ASE,] (aT 2003) Predict whether the following molecules are iso- structural or not. Justify your answer. () NMe, (ii) NGiMe,), [UT 2005] What is the effect of the following ionization processes on the bond orders in C, and O,? How does bond energy vary from N°, co N*,and why? ‘What is the hybrid state of BeCl,? What will bbe the change in the hybrid state of BeCl, in the solid seate? BeF, and BF, both are stable inspite of contrac- tion of octet rule. Why? PX, exists bue not PH,. Explain?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.8 @ Periodic Properties Factors Affecting Electronegativity () Blectronegativity o¢ Zeff x 1/Size Gi) Tonization Energy and Electron Affinity: Electronegativity & Ionization energy & Electron affinity Gi) Charge on Atom: The cation will be more elec- tronegative than parent atom, which in curn will be more electronegative than its anion. Higher the positive charge (oxidation state) greater will be its electronegativiry. For example, Fe"? > Fe’? (iv) Effect of Substitution: The electronegativity of an atom depends upon che nacure of substituent atcached to that atom. For example, carbon atom in CPI acquires greater positive charge than in CHI, therefore Catom in CFLs more electronegative than in CHL. (s) The difference in electronegativity of an atom caused by substituents results in different chemi- cal behaviour of that atom. (vi) Electronegativity oc s percentage So, sp > sp* > sp” For example, C=C >C=C>C-C 4 more electronegative Variation in Electronegativity Value In Period On moving from left to right in a period the electronegativity increases as Zeff increases and size decreases. Order for first electronegativity in any Period IA < IIA > IIIA < IVA < VA > VIA < VIIA Min, Max For example, Li< BeCl>Br>1 O>S>Se>Te N>P>As>Sb Group> 1 2 1 WIS 16 17 JA_IA IIA IVA_VA_VIA_ VIIA IPeriod H 2a Period Li Be B C N O F 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 UPeriod Na Mg Al Si PS CL 09 12 15 18 21 25 3.0 IVPeriod K Ca Ga Ge As Se Be 08 10 16 18 20 24 28 VPeriod Rb Sr In Sa Sh Te 1 08 10 17 18 19 201 25 VIPeriod Cs Ba Tl Po Bi Po At 07 09 18 19 19 1.76 22 Increases Decreases <——— REMEMBER Decreasing order of electronegativity eF>O>N>C>C>B 3 297 25 2 435 Almost all metalloids have nearly 2 value of Applications of Electronegativity (1) Calculation of partial ionic character in a covalent bond: Ie depends upon ewo factors: (@ The electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms. (ii) Dipole moment of the compound. Hannay and Smyth Equation:aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.12 Mi Periodic Properties Ma 16. 17, 18. 19. 20. Four successive members of the first row transi- tion clements are listed with their atomic num- bers. Which one of chem is expected to have the highest third ionization energy? @) iron (Z = 26) (b) vanadium (Z = 23) (©) manganese (Z. = 25) (a) chromium (Z = 24) Identify the correct order in which the covalent radius of the following elements increases DT (iy Ca ID Sc fa) (dD i) ©) () ID ID (by I) aI (d@) (ID GD Which one of che following arrangements repre- senes the correct order of electron gain enthalpy (with negative sign) ofthe given atomic species? @ S Cl, > Br, > I,; electronegativity ©) Fs (© F, > Cl, > Br, > 1, oxidizing power (a) HI > HBr > HCl > HF; acidic property in wacer Br, ~ 1,3 bond dissociation energy A sudden large jamp between the values of sec- ond and third ionization energies of elements would be associated with which of the following electronic configuration? ) 1s? 2s? ape 3s (b) 1s? 2s? 2p! 36? (©) 1s? 2s? 2p® 38? Spt (a) Is? 25? 2p® 38? 3p? Atomic radii of fluorine and neon in Angstorm units are, respectively given by fa) 1.60, 1.60 (b) 0.72, 0.72 () 0.72, 1.60 (d) 1.60, 0.72 21. 22. 23, 24. 25. 26. 27. (It) [Ne] 3s? 3p" Amongstthe following elements (whose electronic configurations are given), the correct increasing. order of ionization energy is () [Ne] 3s? 3p!) [Ne] 3s? 3p? (IV) [Ar] 34” 4s? 4p? @) West cIV () Well< tel © T MgO < Na,O < K,0 — Basic @) Lit < Nat < KY < Cs — ionic dius Amongst the following elements (whose elec- tronic configurations are given), the one having, che highesc ionization energy is (@) [Ne] 3s" 3p! (b) [Ne] 38° 3p? (o) [Ne] 3s? 3p?—G@) [Ar] 3d"? de? Ap? ‘The outermost electronic configuration of che most electronegative element is @) ns? np? (b) ns ap! (© ns? np* (d)_ns' np*aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.16 @ Periodic Properties 67, 68. 69. 70. 7. 73. Multiple Correct Answer Type Questions (One or More Than One Chi Choose the correct statement. (a) Ce, Gd, U are lanthanoid. (b) Cu, Ag, Au are known as coinage metal. (©) Li although che first member of alkali metal but itis strongest reducing agent. (a) Reducing character decreases down the ‘group. Which of the following represent the incorrect order of ionization energies? @) F>N>O>C€ (b) F>O>N>C (©) T>Br>F>Cl (@) F>Cl> Brot Choose the correct starement/s. (@)_ 1s* element belongs to p-block. (b) [Xe] Af" 5d! 6s" element belong to block. (©) [Ar] 3d? 4s! element belong to s-block. (4) [Ar] 3d! 4s! 4d? element is noble gas. Choose the correct order. @) Be < Lit < Ca® < K* (ionic radii). () Sulphur has highest electron affinity among, chalcogens. (© Chas highest negative electron gain enthalpy. (@) F is second most electronegative element. Which of the following is/are correct order regasding radius? (a) AP* < Mg®* < Nat (b) BY e Ga < AD (c) Be < BY < Lit (a) Cr < S*

(6) 0 +> > OF (© Ar > Ae (d) X—+X+e ‘Which of the following sets of ions are isoelec- (@) Lit, Be*,Be* —(b) Na’, Mg”, AD* © PSK @) Ch, Br ‘Which ofthe following sequence containsatomic number of only representative elements? (2) 13, 33, 54,83 (b) 55, 12, 48,53 (©) 22, 33,55,66 (@) 3,33,53,87 Which of the following pairs has elements that belong to the same period? (@) Cand Zn (b) Mg and As (©) Caand Ar (d) Naand Cl Choose the correct order: (a) Reducing strength of the clement depends ‘on the magnitude of the ionization energy. (b) Mo (IV) > Mo (IIT) > Mo (II) leceronegativity order)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.20 & Periodic Properties 111. (A): lonization energy of magnesium is more chan thae of aluminium, (R): In aluminium 3p-orbital is completely filled whereas in magnesium it is not com- plecely filled. 112. (A): Fluorine is more electronegative than chlo- rine, (R): Fluorine is smaller in size than chlorine. 113. (A): Ionization energy for s-electrons is more chan the p-rlectrons for the same shell (R): s-electrons are closer to the nucleus than p-electrons hence more tightly attached 114, (A): Li and Mg show diagonal relationship. (R): Li and Mg have same atomic radius 115. (A): He and Be both have the same ourer elec- tronic configuration like ns" type ): Both are chemically inert. 116. (A): The firse ionization energy of N is more stable than that of . P a r s A “m 0 O08 OG 6 06 (B) o 0 0 0 oO © 0 0 0 9 0 m0 0 0 0 0 121. Match the following: Column I Column IL AF (p) Smallest anion B. CL (q) Most electronegative C. Br (£) Maximum electron affinicy DI (5) Metallic lusture (e) Pungent liquid 122, Match che following: Column I Column I A. Nonmecal (p) Halogens B. High ionization _(q) Inert gases energy C. Low boiling poine D. Maxi (2) Alkali mecals jum electron (s) Transition metals Re 117. (A): 118. (ay: ®: 119. (Ay: ®: 120. (Ay: R: ‘Oxygen after losing one electron gets a stable electronic configuration. For noble gases in the solid state the crystal radii are actually van der Waal’s radii. in crystals of noble gases no chemical forces operate between the atom. Eleceron gain enthalpy of oxygen is less than that of fluorine but greater than chat of nierogen Tonization enthalpy is as follows N>O>F Second ionization enthalpy will be higher than the first ionization enthalpy. Ionization enthalpy is a quencitacive mea sure of the tendency of an element to lose electron, Noble gases have large positive electron gain enthalpy. Electron has to enter the next higher principle quantum level. 123. Match che following: Column I Column IT A. Nitrogen (p) Mera! B. Oxygen (q) Electropositive C. Calcium () Electronegative D. Cesium (6) High ionization energies 124, Match che following: Columa I ALF, B. O, CN, D~ Cl, Column I (p) Gaseous molecules (q) Highest bond energy (®) Paramagnetic nature (s) Diamagnetic 125. Match the following: Column T Column It A. Reductants (p) Calcium B. Strongest oxidant —_(q) Sulphur C. Basic oxides (®) Fluorine D. Acidic oxides (s) Cesiumaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.24 @ Periodic Properties 46. Chlorine being the group 17 element has maxi- mum clectronegativiey. ‘N' has zero electron affinity because extea stabilicy is associated wich exactly half-filled orbicals. Sulphur has more elec tron affinity than ‘O" because the effect of small size of O atom is more than offset by the repul- sion of electrons already present in 2p-orbielas of Oatom 49. As ionization energy decreases with the increase in number of orbits or down the group. 50. As the difference between 1, and I, is maxi- mum so the element (P) has three valence elec- trons as afcer losing dhree eleccrons ic acquires noble gas configuration, 51. Since fluorine arom has a smaller size than iodine, ic has greater electron attracting power and so it isa better oxidizing agent 33. ofa) GEEET & cr: [ar Ut (by first LP) ‘This is stable electronic configuration hence for- mation of Cr by sccond IP requires maximum enthalpy. 59. Here, X is Mg, Y is Al, Z is Si as MgO is ionic, Al,O, is amphoteric and SiO, is a giant molecule. 26.98 cm* 56. Molar volume a 4 pe 602 109 26.98, 104 x3, 2.70 pacer} ~ FR STF § 6.02 = (300 / 12.56 « 6.02)" = 1583A 59. The first ionization energy values of Na, Mg and Alare 5.1, 7.6 and 6.0 eV. The second ionization energy values of Na, Mg and Al are 47.3, 15.03 and 18.82 eV. 60. Clte —» Cr +37 eV 355 37 « 23,06 keal As energy released for conversion of 4 gg gascous chlorine into Cl” ions = 2152306 4 = 9.6 keal 61. ‘The difference in atomic radii is maximum in Na and K, 62, ‘The fifch ionization energy shows sudden increase (mos likely 1s-orbital) The likely eleceron configuration is 1s? 2s? 2p’. 63. Element X can lose its firse two outermost elec- trons easily. Iris most likely bivalent. By similar reasoning element Y is tetravalent. Therefore, the compound may be X,Y. 64, EE, = 0475:1 Using the proportionally constant k, Ek + Ek =2226 kJ/mol. While, Ek / Ek = 0.475/1. On solving, E,k = 2226 x 1/1475 = 1509 kJ/mol 65. Half-filled 2p’ subshell of O° is more stable chan 2p! subshell of F* So IE, of O will be greater than chat of Multiple Correct Answer Type Questions 96. IE, of Na is greater than Mg because second elec- tron is co be removed from stable noble gus con- figuration in case of sodium, Comprehension-3 105. As (a) is boron and (b) is aluminium and both these clements are present in IITA group. 106. As atomic radii is directly proportional ro num- ber of orbics and inner shell electrons while inversely proportional co number of valence elec- trons. Hence, the correct order of size is E>B>C>D>A 07.E< B<«C4H.B0, Onto bore acid > Na,S0, +H,B,0, 2H,B0, 4 > B,0, + 31,0 or Na [B,0,OH),]8H,0 “> HBO, "> BO, Orthoborie acid (b) From Colemanite: The powdered form of cole- manite is fused with sodium carbonate and the fused mass is treated wich hoc water in which cal- cium carbonate is insoluble and hence gets pre- cipitaced. The filtrate solution having borax andaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Preparation end Properties of NonMetals Mi 3.5 11, Formation of Binary Compounds with Metals Both can reace wich many metals forming binary ‘compounds called borides and silicides respectively. For example, 2B +3Mg—"-» MgB, “Magnesium boride Si+2Mg MgSi a absence of ai) Magnesium silicide Some of these borides and silicides on hydro= lysis results boranes and silanes, respectively. SILICON Silicon is the second most abundant element (28 per- cent by weight) in earth crust. It is widely present as silica GiO,). Three crystalline modifications of SiO, are quartz, cristobalice and tridymite of which first two are impor- tant. Quartz is used as a piezoelectric material. Silica occurs as silicates mainly because silica has great affinity for oxygen. For example, aluminium silicate {Rock clay} (most widely distributed). Preparation 1. From Silica Here silica is reduced by coke in an electric furnace to get silicon. SiO, + 26 —+ Si + 2cO Si+C—+ ic 28iC + SIO, —» 38i +2CO Ceystaline form 2. Silica can also be reduced into silicon by magne- sium powder. SiO, + 3Mg —-> Si + 2MgO Aceon Foo 3. From Silicon Tecrachloride Ulera pure silicon is obtained by zone refining and by the reduction of very pure SiCl,. SiCI, + 2H, —» Si+ 4HCI A, From Silicon Hydride Ic is purified by zone refining process. Physiochemical Properties 1, Ie isa very hard solid element which has two allo- tropic forms i.e, (a) Amorphous: It is dark brown powder and a more reactive form. (b) Crystalline: Ie is yellow crystalline solid, iso seructusal to diamond and less ceactive. 2. Reaction wich Metals Ie combines with metals giving si For example, 2Mg + Si» Mg Si 3. Solubility Ie dissolves in aqua regia and alkalies. It gives a silicate on fusion with alkali For example, Si+ 2NaOH + H,O —» Na SiO, + 2H,0 4, Wich Steam Te decomposes steam as follows: Si+2H,0 —»SiO, +2H, 5. Ignicion Amorphous silicon can bum with O, and F, Si+0, —+Si0, Si+ 2F, —> SiF, Uses 1. Silicon chips doped wich P, As, Al or Ga to enhance the semiconductor properties are used for computing devices. 2. Ic is used in che manufacture of many alloys with high strengch, hardness, resistant power against acids like ferrosilicon, manganese silicon, bronze etc, Ferro-silicon is used to prepare acid resistant steel. NITROGEN (N,) Ie was discovered by Daniel Rutherford who called it foul air or mephitic air (killer of life). Lavoisier estab- lished its elemental nature and called it Azote (means without life). The name nitrogen was derived from nitre in which nitrogen element is present,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Preparation and Properties of NonMetals Ml 3.15 CHLORINE It was discovered by Scheele and named by Davy. Occurrence Ie occurs in combined state mainly in nacure in the form of following chloride ores: Sea water: [NaCl] Carnalite: MgCl,.KCI.6H,O Horn Silver: AgCl Sylvine: KCL Chlorapatite: 3Ca,(PO,), CaCl, Preparation 1. By the Oxidation of Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric acid can be oxidized into chlorine by using any of these oxidants MnO,, KMnO,, K,Cr,0,, O,, Pb,O,, PbO,, etc. HCl +09 ing agent —» Cl, + For example K,Cr,0, + 14HCl —» 2KCI+ 2CrC, +7H,0 +3cl, 2KMnO, + 1GHC1—» 2KCl + 2MaCl, +8H,0+5Cl, > 2PbCI, + 4H,0+Cl, NaClO + 2HCl —» NaCt + H,0 +Cl, PbO, + SHC — 2. From Metal Chiorides ‘When any metal chloride is heated with conc. HO, in presence of MnO, chlorine is formed as follows: MCI +Ma0, + conc. HSO,—*-» C1, t For example, 2NaCl + MnO, + 3H,SO, —» 2NaHSO, + MnSO, +2H,0 + CL 3. Laboratory Method In lab, chlorine is formed as follows: (i)_ By the oxidation of HCl using MnO2: When concen trated HICI is heated with MnO, in a round bottom flask, chlorine is formed. MnO, + 4HCl ——» MnCl, + Cl, + 2H,0 (ii) By the oxidation of HCl using KMaO,: When cold and concentrated HCl is created with KMnO,, chlorine is formed. 2KMnO, + 16HCl-—» 2KCl + 2MnCl, +8H,0 +5C1, In both these methods, chlorine is first passed through water and then through concentrated H,SO, to remove HCl gas and water vapours, respectively. Here, chlorine is collected by upward displacemenc of air method. 4, From Platinic Chloride or Gold Chloride When these are heated in a hard glass cube, pure chlorine is obtained 2s follows: peci, “7K , pret, + ci, 55 > pes 21, 2aucl, “8 * > 2aucl + 2c), 8K» 2Au+ 3c, 5. Deacon's Method Here chlorine can be obtained by the oxidation of HCL by air in presence of catalyst cupric chloride at 400-450°C. cc 4HC1+0, "> ¢1, + 21,0 an Here, the catalytic action of cupric chloride can be explained by the mechanism given as under. 2cuct, Hihtemp, CuCl + cl, 2Cu,Cl, + O, (ir) —> 2Cu, 0, Copper oxycorie (CuCl, + 2HC]—> 2CaCl, + HO Here, chlorine is associated with HCl, air (©,, N,) and steam. From it HCl and water can be removed by passing it through washing cower and drying tower, respectively. Now chlorine has impurities of O, and N,,.Cl, is made moisture free by conc. H,SO,. 6. By the Electrolysis of Brine Solution Cl, is also prepared by che electrolysis of brine (aq NaC) at anode by using Nelson, Castner-Kelner or Salvey cell etc. NaCl === Na’ +Cl- 1,0 == H+ OH”aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4. Oxidizing and Bleaching Agent Br, acts as an oxidizing agent and a bleaching agent as it generates nascent oxygen as follows: Br, +H,0 —»HBr + HOBr—4 > HBr + [O] Ie can oxidize KI inco iodine. 2KI + Br, —» 2KBr +1, Ic can oxidize sulphites into sulphates NaSO, + Br, + HO —> Na SO, + 2HBr Ic can xidize chiosulphace inco sulphate. Na§,O, + Br, + HO —» NaSO,+5 + 2HBr Ie Gat oxidize arsenites into arsenates Na, AsO, + Br, + H,O —> Na, AsO, + 2HBr Ic can oxidize hydrogen sulphide into sulphur. H,S + Br, > 2HBr +S It can oxidize SO, into H,SO, SO, + Br, + 2H,0 —> 2HBr+HSO, 5. Wii Bromine reacts with ammonia as follows: Ammonia NH, + 3Br, ——» NBr, + 3HBr Excess SNH, + 3Br, > 6NH,Br+N, Excess 6. With Mercuric Oxide Ie reacts with mercuric oxide to give mercury oxy- bromide. However, if bromine vapours are passed over dry HgO at 333 K, Br,O is formed. 2Hg0 + 2Br, + HO —» HeBr,.Hg0 Mercury oxybromide +2HBrO HgO + 2Br, > Br,O+ HgBr, Bromine monoxide 7. With Organic Compounds: I gives addition and substitution reactions with organic compounds (hydrocarbons) as follows: CH, + Br, > CH,Br, CH, + Br, ~~» CH,Be + HBr Preparation and Properties of NonMerals M 3.19, Uses 1, Ieis used ro prepare cetra ethyl lead (TEL) a famous antiknocking substance. CH, + Br, 4% > CH, Br + HBr 4C,HBr + 4Na Pb —» (C,H,), Pb +4NaBr+ 3Pb 2. AgBr is used in photography. 3. The major use of bromine is in the manufacture of ethylene bromide which is used as an additive to leaded petrol (antiknock gasoline component). 4, Ir is also used co prepare bromine warer, dyes, drugs, AgBr, benzyl bromide (tear gas) etc. 5. Ie is used as a germicide, oxidizing and bleaching agent. 1ODINE (1,) Ie was discovered by Courtios and named by Gay Lus- sac Godi means violet). Ic is the rarest halogen wich metallic lusture. Occurrence Ie is present in combined state in the form of salts like iodides, iodaces etc. Main Source ‘The main sources of iodine are (i) Kelp (ash of sea weeds like Laminaria) 1% mecal iodide ii) Caliche or Crude chile salt petre: Nal, (0.2 9) Preparation 1. From Kelp ‘On commercial scale iodine is prepared from kelp which are the ashes of sea weeds like laminaria. Kelp has many salts of Na and K like chlorides, carbonates, sulphates and iodides. Here, iodides are in solution, When this solution (mother liquor) is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid in pres- ence of MnO, in iron retorts, I, is formed which is sublimated in pure form. 2Nal + 31,80, + Mnd, > 2NaliSO, + MnSO, + 2H,0+1, 4aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Preparation and Properties of NonMetals @ 3.29 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Al. 42, 4s. 44, 45. (© Asolution of KHF, in KF (@) A molten mixture of CaPO),.CaP, and cvolite Boro and silicon resemble in all respects except (@) both form halides which are Lewis acids. (©) their chlorides hydrolyze to thei respective acids. (©) both form acidic oxides. (d) their hydrates are stable, Fluorine shows only one oxidation stave (—1) because ichas (@) a small covalent radius (b) a low bond energy (©) ahigh electronegativity (© no d-orbical available for bonding Which of the following properties is not exibiced by nitrogen? (8) Supporter of life (b) Catenation (©) Low boiling point (d) Hydrogen bonding Which of the following halogens is extracted from sea-weeds? @t, ) a, © F, (e) Br, Na§,0, is reduced by I, to: (@ Naso, (b) NaHS, (Nas @ NaSO, Fluorine reacts with H,S to produce: (a) Sand HF (b) SF, (oO SE, @ SF, Which of the following has least bond energy? @ H, (b) F, © 0, @N, The element evolving two different gases on reac- tion with conc. sulphuric acid is @s (by C (©) Sn (d) P Chlorine acts as an oxidizing agent when it reacts with: (@) FeSO), ®) 0, ( KMn0, (d) FeSO, ‘The most reactive and least reactive forms of phosphorous are respectively: (a) White and black phosphorous (b) White and red phosphorous 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51 52. 53. 34. (©) Red and white phosphorous (d) Scarlet and red phosphorous Which of the following noble gases is the mose polarized? (a) Xenon (b) Radon (©) Helium (d) Krypeon The electrolysis of brine produces: (a) NaOH and NaClO, (b) NaCl and NaClO {) Only Cl, (d) Cl, and NaOH Diamond is hard because (a) All che four valence electrons are bonded to each carbon atoms by covalent bonds, (b) Icis a giant molecule. (©) Icis made up of carbon atoms. (4) Te cannot be burnt. Which of the following noble gases is the least polarized? (a) Krypton tb) Radon (©) Helium (a) Xenon The high oxidizing power of fluorine is due to (@) low heat of dissociation and high heat of hydration. (b) high heac of dissociacion and high heat of hydration. (©) high electron affinity. (a) high heat of dissociation and low heat of hydration, Fluorine reacts with aqueous KCIO, to produce (a) KCL (b) KCIO, (@ KIO (d) KIO, Deep-sea divers breathe using a mixture of (a) O, and He (b) O, and H, (© O,and Ar (@) O,and Kt Which one of che following. pairs is obtained on heating ammonium dichromate? @ N, and H,O (b) NO and NO, (© NOandH,O (a) NO, and HO In che manufacture of bromine from sea water, the mother liquor containing bromides is treated with (a) chlorine (©) sulphur dioxide (b) iodine (d) carbon dioxideaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Preparation and Properties of NonMetals Ml 3.33 92. 93. 94, 95. 96. 102. (© 30 pentagons and 20 hexagons. (d) 24 pentagons and 36 hexagons. In which of che following reactions is Cl, (gas) produced? “ (a) KC1+ Br, —> (b) NaCl +K,Cr,0, + conc. HSO, —> (© NaOCl + NH, —> (d) Ca(OCI\Cl + HO —> Helium is suitable for low cemperature gas cher- mometry because of its (a) High boiling point and high polarizability. (b) Low boiling point and near-ideal behaviour. (©) High cransition cemperacure. (d) Real behaviour. Phesphorous is obtained by che reduction of phosphate rock using (2) Al at high temperature. (b) Coke and silica at high temperature. (©) Silica at high temperature. (d) Fe,O, and coke at high temperature. Very pure silicon is prepared by (@) Heating SiO, with KE. (b) The electrolysis of SiO, in SiF,. (©) Reducing pure silicon tetrachloride with magnesium. (d) Decomposing K,{SiF,]. NaHSO, reacts with F, to produce mainly (b) NaS.O, (@) Nas.O, (@) NaS,O, (© Na$.0, ‘Which of the following halogens does not turn starch iodine paper blue? @ 1, (b) F, oa, (@) Br, Todine reacts with hypo to give @ Nas (b) Nal © Naso, (@) Nas,0, 97. Very pure silicon is an insulator, but becomes a p-type or an n-type semiconductor when doped witha @) Group 12 and a group 16 element, respectively (b) Group 4 and group 6 element, respectively (c) Group 1 anda group 12 element, respectively (a) Group 13 and a group 15 element, respectively 98. Chlorine can be manufactured by the oxidation of HC in air in che presence of a CuCl, catalyst at 450°C. The process is known as che (a) Nelson process (b) Deacon process (©) Solvay process (d) Chloride process 99. White phosphorous reacts with calcium to form a certain compound which, on hydrolysis, produces (@ P.O, (© PH, &) P.O, @ PH, 100. Cl, reacts with dilute NaOH and concentrated NaOH to, respectively produce (@) NaCIO, and NaClo (b) NeClO and NeCl0, (© NaCl and NaClO, (2) NeClO and NeClO, 103. Electrolysis of aqueous solution of Brine (NaC) gives @) 0, (b) N1OH © 4, @) a, 104. Cl, reacts with hot aqueous NaOH to give (@ Naclo (b) NaClO, (© NaCl (@) NaClo,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Preparation and Properties of NonMetals Ml 3,37 149. 150. (R): There is a repulsion operating beeween the nonbonding 2p electrons on the bonded F-atoms. |. (Ad: In presence of moisture, Cl, can act as an oxidane and bleaching agent. (R): Chlorine reacts with moisture to give HCl and HCIO. HCIO being less stable decomposes to give nascent oxygen. (Ay. Deep sea divers use heliumoxygen mixture for respiration. (R): Helium is inere in nacure. (A): Iodineis liberaced when Klis added to asolu- tion of Cu’? ions but Cl, is not liberated when KCl isadded to a solucion of Cu ions. (R): VF ions are strong reducing agent whereas as Cl" ions does not act as reducing agent. (A): Bond strengths in che nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine molecules follow the order N,>0,>F, B®: 152. (Ay (Ry: (Ay: ®: 153. 154. (A): (R) 155. (A): (R): ‘The eleceronegativiey increases in the order N 6NaOH + 3[0] 2CKOH), + 4N2OH 3[0] — > 2Na,Cr0, + HO 2CXOH), + 3Na,0, » 2Na,CrO, + 2NaOH + 2H,O 2C,H,COCI + Na, Benwoytchoride 7” > (C,H,CO), O, + 2NiCI Beto}! peroxide 6, Action of CO and CO, Te reacts to form sodium carbonate as follows: Na,O, + CO» Na,CO. 2Na,O, + 2CO, > 2Na,CO, + 0, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide Uses 1. As it readily combines with CO and CO,, it is used for the purification of air in submarines, div- ing bells and other confined spaces. 2. Ie is used as an oxidizing agent. 3. eis also used for bleaching straw, silk etc. in che form of soda bleach (Na,, + dil. HCD ie., oxone. 4, Ie is used in the preparation of dyes and some other chemicals like benzoyl peroxide, sodium: per borate etc. Caustic Soda or Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Methods of Preparation Ic is prepared by the following methods: Gossage or Causticization Method In this method a suspension of lime [CaO + Ca(OH),] is treated with sodium carbonate to obtain NaQH as follows: Na,CO, + Ca(OH), ——» 2NiOH + CaCO, (aa) aa) (aa) From here, calcium carbonace can be easily sepa- rated and caustic soda solution can be easily drained out and evaporated co deyness co obtain in crystalline form. This NaOH is not pure and has impurities like CaCO, Na,CO,, CXOH), etc. Lowig's Method Here a mixture of sodium carbonate and ferric oxide is heated in a revolving furnace upco redness to get sodium ferrite which is first of all cooled and hydro- lyzed by hot water into NaOH solution and in soluble ferric oxide. The solution is filtered and evaporated upto dryness to get che flacks of NaOH, Na,CO, + FeO, eee 2NaFeO, HO 2NaFeO, —"° > 2 NaOH + Fe,O, a In both Gossage and Lowig’s method, the initial material is sodium carbonate. Modern Method or By Electrolysis of Brine Solution (aq. NaCl) For the electrolysis of aqueous NaC! electrolytic cells like Nelson, Castner—Kelner, Salvay cells are used. Here NaOH, Cl, , H, are formed. Reactions NaCl <«—» Na* + Ch H,O <—> H+ OH™ At Anode 2Cl <—> Cl, + de At Cathode 2Na* +2e ——» 2Na 2Na + 2H.OH ——» 2N«OH + Hf As here chlorine can react with NaOH solution even in cold hence ic is necessary that ic must be kepe away from NaOH by using a porous diaphragm or by using a mercury cathode so that this reaction can be checked. 2NaOH + Cl, ——» NaClO + NaCl +HO-aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.8 Compounds of Lighter Metals-! 3. Heating Effect On heating it changes into anhydrous sodium car- bonate as follows: Na,CO, 10H,0 —ay5 > Ni,CO, 4 Strung, x 4. With Acids It is easily decomposed by acids as follows: Na,CO, + HCl —» NaHCO, + NaCl NaHCO, + HC! > NaCl +H,0 +O, T 5. With CO, When CO, is passed through the concentraced solution of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate ges precipitated. Na,CO, + H,0 + CO, >» 2NaHCO, 6. With Silica ‘When i is treated with silica it gives sodium sili- cate 25 follows: Na,CO, + SiO, > Na SiO, + €O, T Sodium silicate is known as water glass or soluble glass as it dissolves in water. 7. With Sulphur and Sulphur dioxide When aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is created with sulphur dioxide and sulphur, sodium thiosulphate is formed. Na,CO, (aq) + SO, > Na,SO, + CO, Na SO, +S —> Na$,0, 8. With Salts of NonAlkali Metals Ir reacts with salts of nonalkali metals co form insoluble normal or basic carbonates as follows: (a) With Lead Acetate: When itis treated with lead acetate it gives basic lead carbonate as fellows: 3(CH,COO),Pb + 3Na,CO, + HO —> 2PbCO,PL(OH), + CO, + 6CH,COONa Basic lad carbonate (b) Reaction with Copper Sulphate: When ic is treated with copper sulphate it gives basic copper carbonate as follows: 2CuSO, + 2Na,CO, + H,O —> Cu(OH), CuCo, + CO, + NaSO, Basic copper carbonuce (©) With Zinc Sulphate: When it is treated with inc sulphate it gives basic zinc carbonate as follows: SZnSO, + 5Na,CO, + 4H,O —> [3Z(0H), 2ZnCO,].H,0 + 3CO, + 5Nz,0, Basic rine carbonate (d) Carbonates of some metals like Fe, Al, Sn undergo hydrolysis at once into hydroxides as follows: FeSO), + 3Na,CO, —> Fe(CO,), + 3Na,SO, Fe(CO,), + 3H,0 —> 2Fe(OH), + 3CO, Uses 1. Ieisused forsoftening hard water, refining of pet- rol and in the manufacture of glass, borax etc. 2, Na,CO, + K,CO, is a fusion mixture hence it is used in quantitative and qualitative analysis. 3. Ir is used for washing purpose in laundry. 4, Ie is used in paper, textile and paine industries. 5. Na,CO, gives pink colour with HPH, yellow colour with MeOH or methyl red and blue colour with red litmus. Sodium Bicarbonate or Baking Soda (NaHCO) Preparation Ic is prepared by passing carbon dioxide through a saturated solution of sodium carbonate as follows: Na,CO, + CO, + HO —+ 2NalHiCO,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.12 @ Compounds of Lighter Metals! 2. es mixture with Na,CO, can be used a5 a fusion mixture in laboratory. Potassium Bicarbonates (KHCO,) Preparation Ic is prepared by passing CO, through cold saturated solution of (0, +H,0 +CO, » 2KHCO, Physiochemical Properties L. Icisin the form of white powder. 2. Chemically, it resembles NaHCO, except that it is more soluble in water. Uses Ic is used in making powder and medicines Potassium Chloride (KCI) Occurrence: It occurs as sylvine (KC!) and as carnalite (KCILMgCI,.GH,O), Preparation From Sylvine (KCl) Ic is a mixture of KCI and NaCl. When the boiling hot saturated solution of che mixed salts in water is cooled, KCI separates out and NaCl is left behind in the solution. From Carnalite (KCI.MgC! Ic is always found mixed with NaCl and MgSO,. ‘To remove NaCl and MgSO, the ore is grounded and extracted with a hot 20% solution of MgCl, Camalite dissolves while NaCl and MgSO, remain undissolved. These are filtered off and the solution which contains only carnalice is crystallized se chat cubic crystals of KCL separate out leaving behind MgCl, in the solution. Physiochemical Properties 1. Ie is a colourless crystalline solid having cubic crystals 2. Ies melting point and boiling point are 768°C and 1411°C, respectively. 3. It is extremely soluble in water and closely resem- bles NaCl in mose of ies properties, excepe thae its solubility increases rapidly with the temperature and is more readily fusible. Uses 1. Ici used in the manufaccure of potassium and ies compounds. 2. It is used as a potassium fertilizer (K-type fercil- iser), since it supplies potassium (as K,O) co the soil Potassium lo le KI Preparation 1. When ferroso-enfertic iodide and potassium car- bonare are created as follows, pocassium iodide is formed. 4K,CO, + Fe,I, + 4H,O —> 8KI+ 4CO, + FAOH),,2Fe(OH), poe From here the precipitate can be easily fil- tered off and the solution on crystallization gives the crystals of KI. 2, When KOH or K,CO, are treated with HI, KT is formed as follows: KOH + HI —> KI+H,0 K,CO, + 2H —» 2K1+C0,+H,0 3. When iodine is heated with hor and conc. solu- tion of KOH, KI and KIO, solution is formed which is evaporated to dryness and the obtained solid residue is ignited with powdered charcoal to obtained KIas follows: 31, + 6KOH ——> 5KI + KIO, + 3H,0 KIO, +3C —» KI+3€O Physiochemical Properties 1. Ivisa white crystalline solid which is highly sol- uble in water and alcohol. 2. It dissolves free iodine and forms KI, . KI+1,—> Kl, Unsableaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.16 Mt Compounds of Lighter Metals-1 4, Iris used for filing rubber. 5. When it is mixed with asbestos it can be used as ‘an insulator for steam pipes and boilers. Magnesium Hydroxide Mg(OH), Mg(OH), occurs in nature as brucite. Preparation 1, From MgO Ic is prepared by dissolving MgO inco wacer as follows: ‘MgO + HO ——-> Mg(OH), 2. By Treating Magnesium Sale with Alkali MgCl, + Ca(OH), ‘MgCl, + NaOH > Mg(OH), + CaCl > Mg(OH), + 2NaCl Physiochemical Properties 1. Ieis a white powder and partially soluble in water. 2. Icis abasic oxide and forms salts wich acids. 3. On heating, Mg(OH), decomposes to form MgO. 4, Ie dissolves in ammonium chloride solution form- ing a complex ion. It partly explains why magne- sium does not precipicace with the hydroxides of Al, Crand Fe in Ilird group of qualitative analysis. Mg(OH), + 2NH,Cl —> MgCl, + 2NH,OH Uses 1. _Mg(OH), is an aqueous suspension used in medi- ccines as an antacid, called “Milk of Magnesia’, Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO,) ‘MgCO, occurs in nature as dolomite, MgCO, CaCO, and ‘as magnesite MgCO,. Preparation 1. By Treating an aqueous solution of magnesium salt with NaHCO, MgSO, + 2NaHCO, —» MgCO, + Na,SO, +H,0+CO, 2. By passing CO, through suspension of MgO in water MgO + H,0 + 2CO, —» Mg(HCO,), Mg(HCO,), + MgO —> 2MgCO, + HO 3. From Magnesium Sulphate and Sodium Carbonate Ie cannot be directly obtained by che reaction of these ewo as a white precipitate of basic magne- sium carbonate or magnesium alba is obeained first which is suspended in water and CO, is passed into it to obtain magnesium bicarbonate (fluid magne- sium) whose solution on boiling gives magnesium carbonate 2MgSO, + 2Na,CO, + HO» MgCO, Mg(OH), + 2NaSO, + CO. MgCO, Mg(OH), + 3CO, + H,O-—» 2Mg(HCO,), Mg(HCO,), > MgCO, + CO, + 1,0 Physiochemical Properties 1. Iisa white solid powder which is insoluble in water. 2. On suspension in water and by passing CO, ic forms Mg(HCO,), MgCO, +H,0 + CO,» MgiHCo,), Magnesium bicarbonate 3. With Acids Ie dissolves in acids giving salts as follows: MgCO, +H,SO, > MgSO, + H,0 +O, ‘MgCO, + 2HCl ——> MgCl, + H,0+€O, 4, Heating Effect Mgco, —*-» MgO + CO, Uses 1. (MgCO,), [Mg(OH),].3H,O (magnesium alba) is used in tooch power as an antacid and laxative. 2. Ic is also used in che manufacturing of glass, ceramics etc.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.20 MH Compounds of Lighter Metals-i (On heating with chtotine, slaked lime gives bleaching powder. ‘When ic is heated with chlorine upto redness or with NH,Cl, calcium chloride is formed. cao), eae, NHC Ca(OH), ———» CaCl, + NH, Uses 1. Ic is used in softening of water, purification of coal gas, sugar ete. 2. Ics used in the manufacturing of bleaching pow- der, sodium carbonate etc. 3. Ic is also used in making of mortar and plaster used as building materials Calcium Oxide or Marble or Lime Stone (CaCO,) In nacure i occurs as lime stone, ice land spar, marble and shells of sea animals. Preparation Laboratory Method In laboratory ic is prepared by passing CO, through Sime water or by adding sodium carbonate solution into calcium chloride as follows: Ca(OH), + CO, —> CaCO, + HO CaCl, + Na,CO, ——> C:CO, + 2NaCI Physiochemical Properties 1. Ie is a white solid and which is almost insoluble in water. 2. Heating effect: caco, 18°C _» C20 + CO, 3. With dilute acids: CaCO, + H,SO, —> CaSO, + H,O+ CO, 7 CaCO, + 2HCl —> CaCl, + H,0 +C0, TF Uses 1. Ir is used in che preparation of cement, washing soda (NaHCO, by Solvay method). 2. In the extraction of many metals like iron. 3. Marble in used as a buileling material. A, Precipitaced chalk is used in che manufaceure of paints, medicines and tooth paste etc. Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate or Gypsum (CaSO,.2H,0) Calcium sulphate occurs as anhydride (CaSO,) and gypsum (CaS0,,2H,O). Naturally occurring calcium sulphate is called alabaster, Preparation In laboratory it is prepared by the reaction of calcium, carbonate and calcium chloride wich dilute acids as follows: CaCO, + H.SO, ——» CaSO, + HO + CO, T CaCl, + $0, —> CaSO, + 2HCI CaCl, + NaSO, —> CaSO, + 2NaCh Physiochemical Properties L. Ir is a white crystalline solid which is partially soluble in water and its dissolution in water is exothermic. 2. It also dissolves in dilure acids, ammonium sul- phate etc. 3. Heating Effect: On heating, gypsum gives plaster of paris (Calcium sulphate hemihydrate). Plaster of Paris when mixed with water, gives a hard mass with light expansion, Gypsum on hearing ac 200C gives anhydrous calcium sulphate known as dead burne plaster: 2380, 24,0 —V°E —— Setting (AH = —Ve) (CaSO), HO + 3H,0 Plaster of Paris 4 200 2CaSO, + 0 Dead burne plastaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.24 Ml Compounds of Lighter Metals-I 3. In alum crystals, 6 water molecules are held by monovalent ion, 6 water molecules are held by trivalent ion, 12 water molecules are held in the crystal structure, 4, Aqueous solutions of alum are acidic due to cat- ionic hydrolysis of trivalent cation. 5. Feature alum or Hairsale ALSO,.18H,O is a native form of aluminium sulphate. 6. On heating an alum at high temperature the alum swells up into a porous mass which is called burnt alum 7. Alums act as coagulants as they are effective in precipitating colloids. 8. Alums have germicide properties. Potash Alum K,SO,.Al, (SO,),.24 H,O Preparation 1. From Bauxite or Aluminium Sulphare When bauxite is boiled with sulphuric acid solution of aluminium sulphate is obtained. In it KSO, is added in a calculated amount fol- lowed by concentration and cooling to get the crystals of alum. Al,O, +3H,SO, > AL(SO), + 3H,0 AL(SO,), + K,SO, + 24H,0 —> K,80,.Al, 6O),. 24H,0 Poca alum 2. From Alunite or Alum Stone It is boiled with dilute sulphuric acid and a cal- culated amount of K,SO, is added in the boiled solution, the resultant solution on cooling gives the crystals of alum. KS0,. Al(SO,),4Al(0H), + GH,SO, —> ‘Alum stone K,SO, + 3A1(SO,), + 1240 KSO, + Al, (SO), + 24H,O —> K,$0, ALGO), .24H,0 Physiochemical Properties 1, Ie isa white crystalline solid compound. 2. Ie is soluble in water and the aqueous solution is acidic due to cationic hydrolysis of AL(SO,),. The aqueous solution has K*, Al and SO, 3. Heating Effect: On heating ic swells up due to climination of water molecules as follows: KS0,Al, (60), .14H,0 “3% > K so, AL(SO,), + 24,0 het K 80, .A1(S0), 8" > k.s0, + Al,0, +380, Uses of Alums 1. As mordent in dyeing. 2. As asyptic to stop bleeding. 3. In tanning of leather. 4, In purification of water (negative impurities in water). 5. It isused in sizing of cheap quality paper.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.28 W Compounds of Lighter Metals-I 42, 44, 45. 46. 47. 48, 49. The hydration energy of Mg” ions is higher than that of (a) aly (b) Be** (©) Nat (a) None of these Plaster of Paris hardens by (a) changing into CaO (b) giving out water (©) utilizing wacer (€) giving off CO, An FeCl, solution reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce (a) FeO, (b) Fe,O,.nH,0 (©) Fe,O, and FeO (d) FeO and FeCl, Which of che following set of raw marerials are used in the manufacturing of Na,CO, by Solvay process? (a) CaCl,, NH, CO, (b) NaOH, NH,, CO, (© NaCl, NH,,CO, (4) Ca(OH), NH,, CO, In which of chese pairs boch species are soluble in NaOH solution? (a) Pb(OH),, SOH), () AKOH),, Fe(OH), (©) ZmOH),, CuO), (d) Cr(OH),, SOK), A burning strip of magnesium is introduced into jar containing a gas. After sometime, the walls of the container is coated with carbon. The {gas in the container is (@) HO ®) Co, 0, @N, In which of the following pairs, both species on heating do not undergo any chemical change? (a) MgCO,, KHCO, (b) Cs,CO,, KNO, (©) Na,CO,, NaNO, (@) Li,CO,, KNO, 1,0, on reaction with Ba(OH), gives (a) BaClO, (b) BaClO,), + BaClo,), (©) Ba(Cl,0,), + BaClO,), (4) Ba(ClO,), + Ba(ClO,), 50, 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. Halides of alkaline earth metals form hydrates suchas MgC, .GH,O, CaCl, 6H O, BaCl,.2H,O and SrCl,.2H,0. This shows that halides of group 2 elements: {a) can absorb moisture form air, (b) act as dehydrating agents. (© are hydroscopic in nature. (€) all of the above, Which of the following is correct? (@) Sodium reduces CO, to carbon. (b) In the Casener's process of sodium excrac tion, NeCl is used as an electrolyte. (c) Magnalium is an alloy of Mg and Zo. (d) Mg reacts cold water and liberates hydrogen gas. Which hydroxide is insoluble in sodium hydroxide? (a) FAOH), (b) AKOH), (c) Cr(OH), (d) Both (a) and (c) The metal (M) is prepared by che electrolysis of fused chloride. It reacts with hydrogen to form a colourless solid from which hydrogen is released on treatment with water. The metal (M) is (a) Ca (b) Al © Za © Co ‘The magnetic moment of KO, at room temper- ature is (@) 1.43BM (@) 264BM (© 241BM (@) 1.73BM When washing soda is heared (a) CO, is released (b) Water vapour is released (©) CO, is released (d) CO+ CO, is released Sodium peroxo borate, Na,[B,(O,),(OH),] 6H,0 is a constiruent of (a) Bleaching powder (b) Rocket propellants (©) Washing powder (d) Baking powder Solvay process converts which of the following into soda ash?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.34 Ml Compounds of Lighter Metals 111, Nitrogen dioxide can be obtained from (a) NaNO, () CAUNO,), (©) AgNO, (@) Hg(NO), Aluminium becomes passive in (@) HAO, () Cone, HCL (©) Cone. HNO, @) H,C:0, Selece the correct srarement(s) 112. 113. (a) Be dissolves in alkali forming [Be(OH),)” (b) BeF, forms complex ion with NaF in which Be goes wich cation (©) BeCO, is kepe in che armosphere of CO, since, itis least thermally stable. (@) BeF, forms complex ion with NaF in which Be goes with anion, 11 sich of the following oxides islare amphoteric? NaO (6) CO 1) ALO, (@) S10, 115. Alkali metals are characterized as (a) Good conductors of heat and electricity. (b) High reducing nature (© High melting point. (A) Solubilicy ‘Which is true abour beryllium? iquid ammonia. 116. (@) Be(OH), is basic in nature only. (b) Beryllium halides are electron deficient. (©) Aqueous solucion of BeCl, is acidie. (@) Te forms unusual carbide Be, The pair of compounds which cannot exist cogether in aqueous solution is (@) NaHH,PO, and NaHCO, (b) Na,CO, and NaHCO, (©) NaOH and NaH,PO, (@) NaHCO, and NaOH 117. 118. Chemical change can take place in (@ K,co,—*> (b) Li,cO, +> (© NaHCO, > (d) Mg(NO,), —S > 119. Selece the correct statements about alkali metals. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. (a) All form ionic hydrides (MH). (b) AU form (MNH,) amide. (c) All form nitrides. (d) All form superoxides (MO. ). Which among the following compounds are not paramagnetic? @ KO, (© KO, Which of the following statement is/are correct whea a mixture of NaCl and K,Cr,0, is gently warmed with conc. H,S0,? (b) NO, @ KO (a) The vapour when passed into NaOH solu- tion gives a yellow solution of Na,CrO, (b) A deep red vapour is evolved. (© Chlorine gas is evolved. (4) Chromyl chloride is formed. Nitrate of which of the following elements can be converted into their oxides on heating? (a) Na (b) Li (© Mg @ Rb Which of the following carbonates can evolve CO, on heating? (@) Na,CO, (b) Rb,Co, (©) 1,00, (@ Mgco, Sodium sulphate is soluble in water whcreas barium sulphate is sparingly soluble because (@) the hydration energy of sodium sulphace is more than its lattice energy. (b) the lattice energy of barium sulphate is more than its hydration energy. (c) the lartice energy has no role co play in solubility. (2) the hydration energy of sodium sulphate is less than its lattice energy. Which of the following oxides have rock salt structure with coordination number 6:6? (a) MgO (b) GO © SO () BO, Incorrect match is/are (a) Soda ash: Na,CO, (b) Pearl ash: CuO, (©) Bone ash: K,CO, (a) Baking soda: NaHCO,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.38. Compounds of Lighter Metals-I 163. 164. 165. 166. Ry: ww ®: A: ®: (A): RR): (ay: Ry The alkali metals have low electronegativ- ity, cheie hydrides conduct electricity when fused and liberate hydrogen at the anode. Sodium reacts with oxygen to formNaO, whereas porassium reacts with oxygen to form KO,.. Potassium is more reactive than sodium. Crystals of NaHCO, and KHCO, show hydrogen bonds of different kinds. In NaHCO, the bicarbonate ions are linked in an infinite chain while in KHCO,, a dimeric chain is formed. ‘MgO is used for lining of steel making furnace, Ic is a acidic flux and helps in removing basic impurities. ‘When hot and concentrated NaOH reacts with chlorine, NaCl and NaClO are formed. It is a case of disproportion or auroredox reaction 167. 168. 169, 170. (A: ®): A): (R): Ms @: (Ay BeCl, fumes in moise ais. BeCl, reacts with moisture co form HCl gas. ‘Magnesium metal butns in sir co give a white ash and this ash gives smell of ammonia in concact with water. The ash contains magnesium nitride also which is hydrolyzed by water end ammo- nia is evolved. Magnesium is extracted by the electroly- sis of fused mixture of MgCl, NaCl and CaCl, Calcium chloride aces as a reducing agenc. Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give blue solutions. }: Alkali metals in liquid ammonia give sol- vated species of the type [M(NH)),} (M = alkali metals) {UIT 2007) P @ . . “w ° ° ° ° ®) ° ° ° ° © ° ° ° ° o o ° ° o 171. March the following: Column I Column it A. Sorel’s cement (p) MgCl, B. Albite (q) MgO C. Asale of carnalite (2) NaAlsi,O, D. Glauber’ sale (5) NaSO,.10H,0 172. Match the following: 173. Column | Column Il A. Efflorescent (p) NSOH B, Deliquescent (q) KOH C. Fusion mixture D. Washing soda (®) Na,CO, and (8) Na,CO,.10H,0 Match the following; Column t ‘Column It A. Beryl (p) KCL. MgCl, 6H,O B. Carnalite (q) MgCO, C. Asbestos (©) 3BcO.A1,0, .65i0, D. Magnesite (5) Ca,Mg ,Si, O,, (OH),aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.42 M1 Compounds of Lighter Metals-! Matrix-Match Type Questions 171. (aig), (10), OP), 8) 172. (aq), (BHP), (0-9, (8) 173. (a)-(r), (b)-(p), (©)-(8), @)-(q) 177. (a)-(q), (6-40), (O45), (d)-(p) 178. (a)-G), (b)-(q), (O-(@), (d)-(p) 179. (aq), (b)-(P), (C-) (8), (d)-(0) 180. (a)-(s), (b)-(q), (2), (O-(®), (d)-(p) 174, (a-{q), (b}-8), (4p), (A) The IIT-JEE Corner 175. (a-(s), (b)-(0), (4g), (@)-(P) 181. (c) 182. (@) 183. (b) 184. (c) 176. (aq). (1), (b)-(q), (8). (-(q), (9). @-(P). () 185. (2) 186. (b) 187. (ab) HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS Straight Objective Type Questions 1. Glauber’ sale is Na,SO,.10H,0. 2. MgCO, and CaCO, are water insoluble. CaSO, dissolves in water adding Ca” ions which are responsible for producing hardness in water. 3. Due toefflorescence (to give out H,O) nature of Na,CO,.10H,0. 4. Fluorspar is CaF, It does not contain alumin- ium. Feldspar is KAISi,O,. 5. Calcium is obtained by electrolysis of a used mass consisting 6 parts CaCl, and 1 part CaF, at about 700°C in an electrolytic cell made of graphite which acts as anode and a water cooled cathode of iron. CaCl, S— Ca + 2Ch Acanode: 2! —> Cl, + 2° Ac cathode: Ca* + 2e —> Ca 6. AICI, exists as a dimmer (AI,C1.). It is a strong Lewis acid as Al has an incomplete octet and has a tendency to gain electrons, AICI, undergoes | hydrolysis easily and forms an acidic solution, AICI, + 3H,O —» AIOH), + 3HCL Example, AICI, sublimes at 100°C under vaccum. 9. Be and Mg atoms are smaller. The electrons in these aromas, are more strongly bound and hence these are noe excited by the energy of flame to higher energy states. The chlorides of these ele- ments therefore, do not give any colour in flame. 10. 4KO, +2CO, —» 2K,CO, + 30, 11. 2NaOH + CO, —» Na ,C¢ Golid) 12, Na,O, + HSO,—» Naso, + 1,0, (20% ice cold) 13. KHC,H,O, is potassium hydrogen tartarate and is used to transform baking soda inco baking powder. 17, The free ammoniated electrons make the solu- tion of Na in liquid NH, avery powerful reduc ing agent. The ammonical solution of an alkali metal is rather favoured as a reducing agent than its aqueous solution because in aqueous solution, che alkali metal being highly electro- positive evolves hydrogen from water (thus H,O acts as an oxidizing agent) while its solution in ammonia is quite stable, provided no catalyst (transition metal) is present.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.4.46 M Compounds of Lighter Metals! Comprehension-5 145. 3G +N, —> GN, “ @) Calcium nitrite (An tone compound) Ca,N,+ 6H,O —» 3CaOH), + 2NH. © o | Calcium hydroxide 146. Ascalcium can form complexes only with strong complexing agents like EDTA. Comprehension-6 147. (X) is NaHCO, (molecular we. = 84) 148, 2NaHCO, 2» Na,CO,(6) + CO(g) + HO) ~ ~» wo « 2x84 = 168g 106g 44g Be = 1688 106g 44g CO, +CaOH), —» Caco, | +H,0 Lime water 18g White ppe H,0 (g) is condensed to liquid warer. 149. Na,CO, + BaCl, + —> BaCO, + NaCl ~ @ BaCO, + 2HCl > BaCl, + HO +CO, @ Assertion and Reasoning Questions 150. Sodium metal can be obtained by electrolysis of || fused sale 153. As the size of the ion increases, the tendency to rupture the O-H bond decreases and hence acidic nature decreases i.e., basic nature increases. 154. Hydration energy decreases down the group i.e., Liis most hydrated the least conducted in aque- ous solution. 155. Al metal is rendered passive when created with conc. HNO, 163. K° being larger in size chan Na* has a weaker positive field around ic which the conversion of peroxide ion (O,2>) co superox- ide ion (0) not prevent 165, As ic isa basic flux hence removes acidic impurities. | 167. BeCl, + 2H,O —» Be(OH), + 2HCI 169. NaCl and CaCl, are added to provide conductiv- ity to the electrolyte and also to lower the fusion temperature of anhydrous MgCl, 170. Blue colour is due to solvated electrons. The IIT-JEE Corner 181. CsBr, concains Cs* and Br, (Br~ + Br,) ions. 182. Highly pure dilute solution of sodium in liq- uid ammonia is blue in colour due to ammoni- ated electron, This solution is conducting due to both ammoniated cation and ammoniated electron, Na+ (x+y) NH, —» [Na(NH)x}° +[e (NH))y 183. 2NaNO, —4-» 2NaNO, + O. 184, Polyphosphates are used as water softener because these form soluble complexes wich cationic spe- cies (Ca"? and Mg”) present in hard water, The complex calcium and magnesium ions do not form any precipitate wich soap and hence water readily produce lather with soap solution 2Cx"" + Na,[Na(PO,),] ——» Na[Ca,PO,),] +4Na Na,[Na(PO,).] —> Na[Mg,P0,,] Na{Mg,PO,)] + 4Na Soluble complex 2Mg! 185. Test of Mg* ion Mg’ + NHOH + Na, HPO, ——> Mg(NH,)PO, 186. Ic is a case of disproportion reaction in which whice phosphorus on reaction with NaQH gives PH, and sodium hydrogen phosphite as follows: P, +3NaOH + 3H,O ——> 3NaH,PO,+ PH 187. Here Both Na,O and Na,O, are formed. 2Na Alt» NaO 22» NaO,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.25. 26. Write balanced equation for the reactions between (a) Na,O, and water (b) KO, and water (©) Na,O and CO, An unknown solid mixture contains one or two of the following: CaCO,, BaCl,, AgNO, Na SO, ZnSO, and NaOH. The mixcure is completely soluble in water and the solution Compounds of Lighter Metals-|_ 4.51 ives pink colour with phenolphthalein. When dilute hydrochloric acid is gradually added to this solution, a precipitate is produced which dissolves with further addition of the acid, What is present in solid mixcure? Give equations to explain the appearance of the precipirate and its dissolution.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.5.4 Ml Compounds of p-block Elements-I Fig.5.4 St. of Boric acid Uses 1. Ie is used as a antiseptic and a eye lotion (boric lotion). 2. It is also used as a food preservative. 3. HBO, decreases thermal expansion of glass. 4, Ie is used in the manufacture of enamels and glazes for pottery. Borax or Tincal (Na,B,0,.10H,O) Ie is called sodium etraborate decabydrate. I is also called cincal or suhaga as tincal has nearly 45% borax. Preparation 1. From Colemanite: It is prepared from pow- dered ore of colemanite [Ca, B, O,,] by boiling it with sodium carbonate followed by filtration as follows: Ca,B,0,, + 2Na,CO, ——> Na,B,0, + 2NaBO, + 2CaCO, Sodium metaborate can be further converted into borax by passing CO, through it 4NaBO, + CO, —> Na,B,0, + Na,CO, 2. From Boric Acid: Boric acid on treatment with sodium carbonate gives borax as follows: 4H,BO, + Na,CO, > Na,B,0, + 6H,0 +€0, Physiochemical Properties 1. Ie exists in three forms: ( Prismatic Borax ie, decahydrate form (NaB,0,.10H,0): Ie can be obtained by the crystallization of borax solution at coordinate temperature. It is less soluble in cold water but highly soluble in hot water. (ii) Octabedral Borax ive, pencahydrate form (Na,B,0,.5H,O): Te can be obtained by crystal- lizing borax solution at 333K. (ii) Anbydrous Borax or Borax Glass (Na,B,O,: Ie can be obtained heating borax above its melt- ing point (1013K). This cype of borax is colourless sralassy mass which absorbs moisture and readily changes into decahydrate form. 2. Hydrolysis: On hydrolysis ic gives basic raque- ‘ous solution as follows: Na,B,O, + 7H,O —4—» 2Na’ + 20H- +4H,BO, 3. Heating Effect of Borax: Borax on heating swells up as water molecules are eliminated. ‘When it is further heated ata high temperature a glassy transparent solid mass is obrained. Na,B,O,.10H. +0 2NaBO, + B,O, 140 odin retaborate (Gilasy muss) 4. BO, (acidic, glass like) is used in borax bead test for detecting the presence of basic radicals like {CO™, Ca"? Cr? , Ni? “1, fo toms Green BQ, + Prewire +Metal peroxide —> Metaborates Coloured Bead CuSO, + B,O, >» Cu0.B,0, + SO, Copper metborure 5. With Ethyl Alcohol and conc. H,SO,; When it is heated with ethyl alcohol and conc. H,SO, volatile vapours of triethyl borate are pro- duced which burn with a green edged flame (eest of borate ions).aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.5.8 Ml Compounds of p-block Elements-I 3. Acidic Nature: {c is an acidic oxide as it forms carbonic acid on dissolving in water and can form salts with bases as follows: CO, + HO —> H,co, 2NaOH + CO, —> Na,CO, + H,0 Na,CO, + CO, + H,O —» 2NaHCO, 4. Action on Lime Water: CO, turns limewacer into milky in soluble calcium carbonate. Ca(OH), «CO, -—> CaCO, + H,0 Milky This milkiness disappears when more CO, is passed as soluble calcium bicarbonate is formed. CaCO, + H,0 + CO, —» Ca(Hico,), Soluble ), + HO CAHCO,), —> CaCO, + CF 5. Formation of Carbonates: It reacts with some basic oxides like NaO, K,O w form their carbonates. KO + CO, + Ko, Na,O + CO, ——» Na,CO, 6. Photosynthesis: Here, CO, is changed into car- bohydrates (glucose) etc. by plants in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll 6CO, + 6H,O-SESTM» CHO, + 60, 6xCO, + 5xH,O —> (C,H,,O,x + 6x0, Uses 1, Ieis used in cold drinks and aerated water. 2. CO, (15%) is used as fire extinguisher (except Mg-fire). 3. O, + 5-10% CO, is carbogen which is used for artificial respiracion in case of CO poisoning and pneumonia patients, A, Ivis used in the manufacture of sodium carbonate by solvay method. 5. Dry fire extinguisher is SiO, +NaHCO,. 6. Foamite fire extinguisher is NaHCO,+A1,SO,), Structure Ic isa linear molecule with zero dipole moment. Here C-O bond length is 1.15 A (less than C=O bond) as it is resonance hybrid of following structures. O=C=0 <—> O=C-0 <—+ 0-C=0 = Carbon can also form some ocher oxides like C,0,. CO, etc, which are less seable, Some graphite oxides like C,O and C,O, are also formed which are very unstable, Carbon Suboxide (C,0,) (Q=c=C=C=0) Ic is obtained by the dehydration of malonic aci COOH, ond 4.PO10 ‘COOH 0+2H,0 Some of the chemical reactions of C,O, are as follows: (00H 6,0, +2H,0 ——+ CH, ‘COOH, Malonic acid COCL C,0,+ 2HC1 ——+ CH,C ‘cOCcI Malonyl chloride /KONH; C,0, + 2NH,; —+ CH, ‘CONH, Malonyl amideaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.5.16 Compounds of p-block Elements-! 2NH,OH "#2 Hg (NHC + H,O + NH,CL Mercurie aminochiorce (white pre) anton HG, Hg + Hg(NH,)Cl + NH,Cl + H,O Mercury mercuric amino ctloride (Black pp.) 22+» Cu (NH,), SO, + 4H,O “Tersamine copper sulphate Deep blue colour) ANH OH CL, 25 (NH, Cl, + 4H,0 4NH,OH 5° Zn (NH,), SO, + 4HO “Tecraamine zinc sulphate (water soluble compound) 11. With. Nesseler’s Reagent: Here a red brown precipitate of millon’s base of iodide is formed when ammonia is treated with alkaline solution of K Hel, (Nesseer's reagent) as follows: 2K,Hgl, + NH, + 3KOH > HN.HgO.Hgl | + 7K + 2H,0 Brown poe Uses 1. Ics used in the preparation of nitric acid and other nitrogen compounds. 2. Ie is widely used in the preparation of nitrog- enous fertilizers e.g., urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate etc. 3. Ic is used for making artificial silk and as a cleans- ing agent for removing grease in dry cleaning. 4. Ic is used in che preparation of sodium bicarbon- ate by Solvay’s process. 5. Liquid ammonia is used as a reftigerant in ice plants. Nitrous Acid (HNO,) Preparation 1. From Barium Nitrate: By adding calculated amount of ice, cold sulphuric acid to a well cooled solution of barium nitrace solution, nitrous acid is formed as follows: BalNO,), - HO, —» BaSO, + 2HNO, 2. By the action of mineral acids on nitrites: NaNO, + HCI —» NaCl + HNO, 2KNO, + H,SO0, —> K.S0, + 2HNO, 3. By the oxidation of ammonia with H,O, NH, + 2H,0,—> HNO, + 4H,0 Physiochemical Properties 1, Ic has aslightly bluish colour in solution which is believed co be due co the anhydride N.O,, 2. Iv is a weak acid (Ka = 4.5 « 10) and teacts with alkalies to form salts. NaOH + HNO, —> NaNO, + H,0 3. Decomposition: Ie is very unstable and under- ‘goes autooxidacion even on standing. On boiling it decomposes rapidly giving acid 3HNO, il» HNO, + H,0 + 2NO Browe Fasnes 4, Oxidizing Property: It aces as an oxidizing agent, HS + 2HNO,—»$ + 2NO « 2H.0 SO, + 2HNO, ——» H,SO, + 2NO KI + 2HNO, ——» 2KOH + 2NO +I, 2FeSO, + H,SO, + 2HNO, -—> Fe(SO,), +2NO + 2H.0 SnCl, + 2HCI + 2HNO, ——» SaCl, + 2NO + 2H, 5. Reducing Property: It acts a5 a reducing agent cowards strong oxidizing agent. 2KMa0, + 3H,SO, + SHNO, —> K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 3H,0 + SHNO, K,Cr,0, + 4H.SO, + 3HNO, ——> K,S0, + Cr(SO)), + 4H,0 + 3HNO, Br, + H,O + HNO, —> HNO, + 2HBr 6. With Ammonia: Ic reaces wit ammonia gives nitrogen and water NIL, + HINO, —>[NH.NO,] —»N, + 21,0aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.5.20 M Compounds of p-block Elements-I (ii) In Case of Tin Dilute nitric acid and tin give cin aierate and ammonium nitrate 4$n + 1OHINO, > 4S0(NO,), » NH,NO, cil) +3HO Hoe and concentrated nitric acid and tin give meta stannic acid and nitrogen dioxide. Sn + 4HINO, (bot and cone.) (iv) In Case of Lead Dilute nitric acid and lead give lead nitrate and nitric oxide. » HSn0, + 4NO, + HO Metasaic acid) 3Pb + SHINO, —» 3PH(NO)), + 2NO + 4H,0 «ait Concentrated nitric acid and lead give lead nitrate and nitrogen dioxide Pb + 4HINO, —» PL(NO,), + 2NO, + 2H,0 tone) = Oxidation of Metals below Hydrogen in Electrochemical Series: As these metals are not only less electropositive bur also less reac tive than hydrogen hence cannot displace nascent thydrogen from nitric acid. Such metals can be oxi- dlize into their oxides by nitric acid. These oxides dissolve in nitric acid to form nitrates as follo HNO, —> Reduction product + H,0 + [0] Metal + [0] —» Metal oxide Metal oxide + HNO, —» Metal nitrate + H,O (i) In Case of Copper Cold and very dilute nitric acid and copper give copper nitrate and nitrous oxide. 4Cu + 10HNO, —> 4GxX(NO)), + 5H,0 + NO (cold andi) Cold and dilute nitric acid and copper give copper nitrate and nitric oxide 3Cu + SHINO, —> 3Cu(NO,), + 4H,0 + 2NO (cold and moderately conc.) Hor and concentrated nitric acid and copper give copper nitrate and nitrogen dioxide. Cu + 4HINO, > Cu(NO)), + 2H,0 + 2NO, (hot and conc.) 5Cu + 12HNO, —» 5CuNO)), + GEO +N, (cold and dl) Gi) In Case of Silver Diluce nitric acid and silver give silver niteace and nitric oxide. 3Ag + 4HINO, —-» 3AgNO, + NO + 2H,0 ait Concentrated nitric acid and silver give silver nitrate and nitrogen dioxide. ‘Ag + 2HINO, —-» AgNO, + NO, + HO conc) In Case of Mercury Dilute nitric acid and mercury give mercurous nitrate and nitric oxide. Gilg + 8HNO, ——> 3Hg(NO,), + 2NO + 41,0 il) Mercurus Concentrated nitric acid and mercury give mercu- ric nitrate and nitrogen dioxide. Hg + 4HNO, —» Hg(NO,), + 2NO, + 2H,0 (cone.) Mercurie niteate = Incase of Noble Metals: Nobles metals like Au, Pr, Rh, Ir ecc., are not effected by nitric acid but in aqua regia these metals dissolve as follows: Gold dissolves in aqua regia © give chloro auric acid and nitrosyl chloride as follows: 2Au + 3HINO, + LHC] —» 2H1AuCl, + 3NOCI + 6H,O Coro auricacid (iiydeogen recracloro aurate) Platinum dissolves in aqua regia to give chloro pla- tinic acid and nitrosyl chloride as follows: Pr + 2HNO, + 8HCI—> H, PrCl,, + 2NOCI +4 HO Chlorplatinie acid = In Case of Mg and Mn: Both these metalson reaction with dilute nitric acid form their nitrates and liberate hydrogen as follows: Mg + 2HNO, ——> Mg (NO)), + H, f it) Mn « 2HNO,———» Mn (NO,), + Hi, t il)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.5.24 Ml Compounds of p-block Elements! ° 1 HOP H — oH Phosphorous Acid (H,PO,) Preparation 1. eis prepared by the action of water upon phos- phorous oxide, or by the action of water on phosphorous trichloride, P.O, + 6H.O-——» 4H,PO, PCI, + 3H,O-—> HPO, + 3H1CL 2. Ic can be prepared by che hydrolysis of PCI, by omallic acid, PCI, + 3H,C,0, —> HPO, + 3CO + 3CO. + 3HCL Physiochemical Properties 1. Ie is a white deliquescene crystal with a melcing point of 73.6°C and highly soluble in water. 2. It isa dibasic acid which ionizes as follows: HPO, —> HPO, + H H,PO, ——» HPO, + H” As it is a weak dibasic acid hence it forms two series of salts, e.g, sodium dihydrogen phosphite NaH,PO, and disodium hydrogen phosphite, Na HPO,. 3. Decomposition: Ir decomposes on heating at 200°C into phosphoric acid and phosphine. 4H,PO, —» 3H,PO, + PH, Onthophosphoric acid 4. Reducing Nature: It can ace as a strong reduc ing agent For example: Ic reduces silver nitrate co metallic silver. 2AgNO, + H,PO, + HO —> 2Ag | + 2HNO, + H,PO, = Ic reacts with HgCl, to form a white precipitate of Hg,Cl, which subsequently turns black due co separation of metallic mercury. 2HgCl, + H,PO, + HO —> Hg,Cl, | + 2H + HPO, +H,PO, + HO —» 2Hg | + 2HCL + HPO, Hg, = Ie reduces copper sulphate into copper. HPO, + CuSO, + H,O > H,PO, + H.SO, +Cul = Ie reduces auric chloride into gold 3H,PO, + 2AuCl, + 3H,O —> 3H,P0, + GHC! + 2Au | = Ie ceduces sulphur dioxide into sulphur, SO, + 2H,PO, > 2H,PO, + $ | a Ir reduces PC ro PCI. HPO, + 3PCI, ——» PCI, + 3POCI, + 3HCI = Ic decolourizes che solucion of iodine and poras- sisum permanganate by reducing them as follows: 1, + H,O + HPO, —> HPO, + 2HI 2KMnO, + 3H,SO, + 5H,PO, ——-»K $0, + 2MnSO, + 3H, + 5H,PO, Structure Here, phosphorous atom is sp? hy! Orthophosphoric Acid (H,PO,) Preparation L. Ie can be convenienely prepared by dissolving P.O, in water and the solution is boiled co form thick syrup. P.O, + 3H,O—> 2H,P0,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Compounds of p-block Elements-| M@ 5.29 7. 18. 19. 20. 21, 22. 23, 24. 25. (a) 2,2 (b) 1,8 ©) 1,2 (d) 1,4 ‘The equivalent mass of phosphoric acid (H,PO,) in the reaction, NcOH + H,PO, > NaH PO, + HOis fa) 98. (b) 89 (©) 49 (58 Correct order of boiling points of hydrides of nitrogen family is (a) NH, < PH, < AsH, < SbH, (b) PH, < AsH, < NH, < SbH, (c) NH, < SbH, < PH, < AsH, (d) PH, < NH, < SbH, < ASH, Ammonium compound which on heating does not give NH, is fa) (NHY),SO, «) NHNO, (b) (NH)),CO, (d) NHCL Which of the following oxides of nitrogen is a coloured gas? (a) NO (6) NO NO, td) NO, ‘The number of P-O-P bridges in the structure of phosphorous pentoxide and phosphorous eri- oxide are, respectively @) 5,5 (b) 5,6 © 65 @ 6,6 Addition of concentrated HINO, to concentrated H,SO, gives a) 80, (b) SO, (©) NO, «d) NOS H,PO, is the molecular formula of an acid of phos- phorous. les name and basicity are, exspectively @) Hypophosphoric acid and ewo (b) Hypophosphorous acid and one (©) Hypophosphorous acid and cwo (a) Phosphorous acid and ewo ‘The strongest base is (@) NH, (©) ASH, (b) PH, (a) SbH, Ionization of boric aci aqueous medium gives, which one of the following? 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 3h. 32. 33. @) [BOJ- (b) [BOH),} (c) {B(OH),OF (d) [BOH)O.}" Which of the following halide of carbon is used as refrigerant? @) CCl, () CF, © CHCl, (@) CECI, Tn [B,0(0),}* anion, what is the number of B-O-B bridges? @ 2 (b) 3 o4 d) 5 Which of these is most explosive? @ NCI, (b) PCI, (© AsCl, (d) All of these Two oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO, reace cogether at 253K and form a compound of nitrogen X. X reacts with water to yield another compound of nitrogen Y. The shape of the anion of ¥ molecule is @) triangular planar (b) pyramidal (©) eecrahedral (4) square planar Concentrated HNO, reacts wich iodine to give: @) HI (b) HOI (© HOIO, (d) HOIO, ‘The reaction between NH, and N,O gives @) NO ) NO, © Ny (d) NH.NH, “The lightening bole: in the atmosphere cause the formation of @ NO © NHOH (b) NH, (d) NH,OH Which of the following statement is correct? (4) NO is acidic colourless and gaseous oxide, (b) NOs angular in shape. (© NO, is angular in shape wich a sweet smell. (@) NO, reacts with NaOH to give a mixture of ewo sales.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Compounds of p-block Elements-| ™ 5.33 75. 76. 77, 78, 83, (a) Both are triatomic and colourless. (b) Both are triatomic and diamagnetic. (©) Both are odourless. (d) None of chese. For P, + Cl, (excess) —» (A) #2» (B) +) ‘Any alkene can react with (C)¢o give a compound whic can perform Wurtz reaction. Here (B) is f@) HCI &) HPO, (©) H,PO, (@) H,PO, Consider the following statements for diborane. I Boron is approximately sp’ hybridized. I B-H-B angle is 180”. U1 There are two terminal B—H bonds for each boron atom. IV There are only 12 bonding electrons available. (a) 1, 2and 3 are correct (b) 2, 3and 4 ace correct (©) 1, 3and 4 are correct (d) 1, 2and 4 are correct The lightening boles in the atmosphere cause the formation of (a) NH, (©) NH,OH (&) NO (@ NHOH The yellow colour of conc. HNO, can be removed by 79. 80. 81. 82. (@) Passing NH, (b) Passing air through warm acid. (©) Adding Mg powder. (A) Boiling the acid. PO, is heated with water co give (4) Orthophosphoric acid (b) Orthophosphoroas acid (©) Hypophosphorous acid (a) Hypophorphoric acid A certain salt (X) gives the following tests: On strongly heating it swells to give glassy material. When concentrated H.SO, is added to a hot concentrated solution of (X), white crys- tals of a weak acid separate out. Identify (X)? @) NaBO, (b) NaBO, (© Na$,O, () GB, Among the following substituted silanes the ‘one which will give rise co cross-linked silicone polymer on hydrolysis is @ RSi (b) RSiCL, © RSiCl, (@) RSiC) Phosphorous on reaction with conc. HNO, gives an acid (A) which can also be formed by the action of dil. H,SO, on powdered phospho- rite rock. The acid (A) is @) H,PO, (b) HPO, (© HPO, (@) HPO, Multiple Correct Answer Type Questions (More Than One Choice) Nicrogen (I) oxide is produced by {a) Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate. (b) Disproportionation of N,O,. (©) Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrite. (@) Interaction of hydroxyl amine and nitrous acid. Which one of the following is/are the incorrect stacement(s)? {a) Boric acid is a proconic acid (b) Beryllium exhibits coordination number of six. 85. (©) Chlorides of both beryllium and aluminium have bridged chloride structures in solid phase. (@) B,H,.2NH, is known as Inorganic Benzene. Select the correct statements about diborane (@) H, ....B....H, bond angle is 122. (b) All hydrogens in B,H, (©) B,H, has three centered bond. (a) Each boron atom lies in sp* hybrid stace. [lie in che same plane.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Compounds of p-block Elements-1_@ 5.37 (b) Becween NH, and PH,, PH, is a beccer elec- tron donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies sp orbital and is more directional. (©) Between NH, and PH,, NH, is a better elec tron donor because the lone pair of electrons ‘occupies sp’ orbital and is less directional. (d) Between NH, and PH,, PH, is a better electron donor because the lone pair of In che following question two statements (Assertion) A and Reason (R) are given. Mark (@) IF A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) IF A and R both are correct bur R is noe the cor- rect explanation of A. (©) Ais true bue R is false. (a) Ais false but R is crue. 120. (A): CF, and NF, cannot be hydrolyzed. (®): Carbon and nitrogen both do not have vacane d-orbital 121. (A): AIF, is an ionic compound whereas BF, is covalent compound. (R): BF, involves back 1 bonding. 122. (A): BF, is a weaker Lewis acid than BCL, (R): The planar BF, molecule is stabilized to a greater extenet than BC, by B-X r-bonding. 123. (A): Liquid ammonia is used for reftigeration ): It vapourizes quickly. 124, (A): In N,O, as solvene, substance as NOCI which yields NO° ions are regarded as acids. @®): In N,O, as solvent substances as NaNO, which yield NO,” ions are regarded as bases. 125. (A): An orthophosphoric acid is added to the Zim- ‘mermann Rein hard reagent during dichromee- ric titration of ferrous sales. (®: Orthophosphoric acid reduces the poten tial of the ion couple, chus aiding the oxi- dacion of a ferrous sale. electrons occupies spherical 's' orbieal and is less directional. 119, White phosphorus on reaction with NaOH gives PH, as one of the products. This is a (a) Dimerization reaction (b) Disproportienal reaction (©) Condensation reaction (@) Precipication reaction 126. (A): HINO, is stronger acid than HNO, (R): In HNO, there are two nitrogen and oxy- gen bonds whereas in HINO, there is only one such bond. 127. (A): A small piece of Zn metal dissolves in dilure HNO, bur no is hydrogen evolved. @®: HINO, is oxidizing acid and this oxidizes the evolved H, into water. 128. (A): Silicones are hydrophobic in nature. (B): Si-O-Si linkages are moisture sensitive. 129. (A): On cooling, the brown colour of nitrogen dioxide disappears. (B): On cooling, NO, undergoes dimerization resulting in the pairing of the odd electron in NO,. 130. (@): Both H,PO, and H,PO, possess the same number of hydrogen atoms, yet H,PO, behaves as a tribasic acid while H,PO, behave as a dibasic acid : In H,PO, there are three hydrogen atoms linked to phosphorous through oxygen atoms whereas in HPO, chere are only two such hydrogen ecoms. 131. (A): PE, and IF, have similar shapes. (R): PE, has ewo types of P-F bond lengths. 132. (A): Boric acid behaves as a weak monobasic acid. (R): Boric acid contains hydrogen bonds in its structure.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Compounds of p-block Elements-| Ml 5.43 Lightening spatk —Vighrening spark 32. N, +0, 2NO 36. Mg,N,(s)+6H,O() —»3Mg(OH), + 2NH(@) 1 rol 2 mol 38, Nitrogen has no d-orbitals in its valence shell. 39. SO, is highly soluble in water and therefore can- not be collected over water. 40, NO is the most thermally stable oxide of nitrogen. 2No-°E 5 N, +0, 2N,0 SWC, ON +O, N,0, AMEE NO +0, 2N,0, “*S> 4NO, + 0, 41. All alkali mecal nitrates (except LINO,) on hear- ing does not give NO, gas. 2KNO, —* > 2KNO, + 0, 43. Graphite show moderate conductivity due to the presence of unpaired or free fourth valence elec- ‘yon on each carbon atom. 49, PCI, + 3H,0 —> HPO, + 3HCI 50. PHI + NaOH ——» Nal + PH, + H,O. Brainteasers Objective Type Questions 55. HNO, + 2HSO, + HO——» 2H.SO, + NHOH 59. CO + NaOH 48 PST , HCOONa a) @) HCOONa —4—> (COONa), + H, ®) © (COONa), + CaCl, —-> CaCO, + 2NACI @) 5CaC,O, + 2KMnO, + 5H_SO,-—> 5CaSO, + K,SO, + MnSO, + 8H,O + 10CO, 63. NHNO, —4-+N, + 2,0 2NaN, 4, 2Na + 3, Sodium azide (NH),C,0, —4—» N, + Cr,0, + 4H,0 69. Due to greater electronegativity (4.0), F pulls the lone pair of electrons on N towards itself resule- ing in the decrease in basic character. ‘The basic characeer in the increasing ordet is NF, < NCI, < NBr, « NI, 73. Hi and HBr (in that order) are the strongest reduc- ing hydracids and hence they reduce H,SO,. HCI is quite stable and hence is oxidized by strong oxi- dizing agene like KMaO,, HE is not a reducing agent. In che smallest F ion, the electron which is to be removed during oxidation is closest co the nucleus and cherefore most difficult to be removed. ‘Therefore, HF is a poor reducing agent. 75. 2B + SCI,» 2PCl, ™ > 2H,PO, + 10HCI @) © 80. On strong heating it swells up to give a glassy mass so it may be borax. Ici further confirmed as with HSO, ic gives white crystals of boric acid (weak aci). Na,B,O, .10H,O 4» Na,B,O, + 101.0 Na,B,O, 4» 2NaBO, + BO, 2PCl, + 8H,0 Gausy mass Ni,B,O. + HSO, + 5H.O—> Na SO, + 4H,BO, Weakeacid al. a on i, mo, 4 R-si-c) = R-Si—OH | | a OH | | —si— Si | | ° ° Condensation ! ' eee si —O—Si—R Polymerization 1 1 6 0 | -si- l Il > 4H1,PO, + 20NO, + 44,0 w 82. P, + 20HNO, P, + 10H SO, > 411,PO, + 1080, + 41,0 Phosphoric acid aaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is 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unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.THE PEARSON GUIDE TO HH SU a PNM Le ETT n CT TRI AiR Le Re ra acre NEE a eee ee ee een eee ec a ee eg ofeach conceptis recapitulated as needed fora thorough coverage of thesubject as per the design and format of the IIT JEE. The wide variety of exercises, based on both concepts and applications, Pee ret ene te Mars oh ess ue So a a ttc) Pen cease en oe Pee cde uence kes coins uke ko dea m= 2000 Carefully selected and graded MCQs to build confidence and develop Deyose Tale) accuracy. th | Nh