Maquinas Termicas Parte I

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T\Z^U[XX]UV\Q]ZV]^WY^Z[^W]^X]P\W\Z^UY]XV[W^U[ZU]PV[W^]WVRSY\S[W^]Z^]XQ[?

27

MQUINAS TRMICAS

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P\XV]N^T\W^X\<[Z]W^P[X^T\W^UR\T]WN^P[X^];]QPT[N^RZ[W^VYP[W^S]^Q[V[X]W^W[Z^QBW
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PX[HRZSYS\S^ >\WV\^ LR]^ Z[^ W]^ >\@\^ \O[XS\S[^ ]T^ ]WVRSY[^ S]T^ HRZS\Q]ZV[^ @
SYW]+[^ S]^ T\W^ QBLRYZ\W^ @^ Q[V[X]W^ VDXQYU[W^ LR]^ W]^ X]\TY<\^ ]Z^ P[WV]XY[X]W
U\PFVRT[WG^ [^[OWV\ZV]N^>\^P\X]UYS[^U[ZI]ZY]ZV]^]QP]<\X^]T^]WVRSY[^U[Z^]WV]
U\PFVRT[^S]^M]Z]X\TYS\S]WN^WY^OY]Z^W]^U[ZWYS]X\^YQPX]WUYZSYOT]^I[TI]X^W[OX]
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TY<\XBN^WYZ^SRS\N^U[Z^[VX\^P]XWP]UVYI\G

19!9I BH;BG/EHI3GIA-D;8IE+?ADB8
19!919I B4F5@@7F7@%>I2<I4F5I,0@>F5I2<I40@2=
&ZV]W^S]^]:P[Z]X^]T^U[ZU]PV[^S]^>:8?FEHJA2D>FBH ]W^U[ZI]ZY]ZV]^\UT\X\X
LR]^ ]WV\W^ QBLRYZ\W^ ]WVBZ^ ]ZMT[O\S\W^ S]ZVX[^ S]^ RZ^ U[Z;RZV[^ S]^ QBLRYZ\W
QBW^\QPTY[N^O\;[^T\^S]Z[QYZ\UYKZ^S]^>:8?FEHCJ@IJ3=?F@GG^']^I\^\^]QP]<\X
P[X^YZSYU\X^LRD^W]^]ZVY]ZS]^P[X^QBLRYZ\^S]^HTRYS[^P\X\^P[Z]X^S]^Q\ZYHY]WV[
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P[ZYOT]^]Z^]T^HTRYS[^LR]^\VX\IY]W\^T\^QBLRYZ\G

28

MQUINAS

Y MOTORES TRMICOS.

GENERALIDADES

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- (I<IE@FIE@GJ@IJCFJI=J3=?F@GJ@FC>FE?+IJGJH?>IEAHJC?JIEID5/HJHJC?J<HCG
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0 4GAGDHCJ

=T^HTRYS[^SYWQYZR@]^WR^]Z]XMF\8 \^WR^P\W[^P[X^T\^QBLRYZ\N^@^]Z
U[ZW]UR]ZUY\^W]^[OVY]Z]^]Z]XMF\^Q]UBZYU\^\PX[I]U>\OT]^]Z^H[XQ\
S]^P\X^Q[V[X^]Z^]T^];]^S]^T\^QBLRYZ\G
=;]QPT[W.^VRXOYZ\^VDXQYU\N^VRXOYZ\^>YSXBRTYU\N^QBLRYZ\^S]^I\P[XG
0 IEIDH@GDHC

=T^HTRYS[^\RQ]ZV\^WR^]Z]XMF\^\^WR^P\W[^P[X^T\^QBLRYZ\^S]OYS[
\^LR]^T\^QBLRYZ\^\OW[XO]^]Z]XMF\^Q]UBZYU\^S]T^]:V]XY[X^Q]SY\ZV]
RZ^P\X^S]^\UUY[Z\QY]ZV[G
=;]QPT[W.^O[QO\^U]ZVXFHRM\N^U[QPX]W[X^\:Y\TN^U[QPX]W[X^\TV]XZ\?
VYI[N^U[QPX]W[X^X[V\VYI[^S]^P\T]V\WN^]VUG
- (I<IE@FIE@GJCFJI=J3=?F@GJ@IJADH;HGJICJFEBG><DICF;=IJGJBG><DICF;=I.
0 4:8?FEHCJF@D:?=FBHCJ8 0
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0 4:8?FEHCJA2D>FBHCJ8 0
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WR^S]ZWYS\S^S]^H[XQ\^WYMZYHYU\VYI\^\T^\VX\I]W\X^T\^QBLRYZ\G
=;]QPT[W.
 4GAGDHCJ8^^0.^VRXOYZ\^VDXQYU\N^QBLRYZ\^S]^I\P[XG
 IEIDH@GDHC 8^ ^0.^VRXO[U[QPX]W[XN^U[QPX]W[X^I[TRQDVXYU[
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29

MQUINAS TRMICAS

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AHEAIJI,G=?BFGEHJ?EHJBHEAF@H@J;FIEJ@I3FEF@HJ@IJ3=?F@G'
0 (FE:>FBHCJGJA?D;G>:8?FEHC
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0 G=?>2ADFBHCJGJ@IJ@IC<=HH>FIEAGJ<GCFAF,G
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X[V\VYI[^S]^P\T]V\WN^U[QPX]W[X^X[V\VYI[^S]^V[XZYTT[N^]VUG

YMRX\^8G0G^ =;]QPT[^S]^QBLRYZ\^VDXQYU\^SYZBQYU\G

1.2.2. Distincin entre mquina hidrulica y mquina trmica


3[Q[^ PR]S]^ I]XW]N^ V\ZV[^ T\W^ QBLRYZ\W^ >YSXBRTYU\W^ U[Q[^ T\W^ QBLRYZ\W
VDXQYU\W^PR]S]Z^W]X^Q[V[X\W^[^M]Z]X\S[X\WN^I[TRQDVXYU\W^[^VRXO[QBLRYZ\W
T[^LR]^SYH]X]ZUY\^\^\QO[W^VYP[W^S]^QBLRYZ\W^]W^U[ZUX]V\Q]ZV]^LRD^VYP[^S]
HTRYS[N^U[QPX]WYOT]^[^YZU[QPX]WYOT]N^]I[TRUY[Z\^P[X^WR^YZV]XY[XG^=Z^]W]^W]Z?
VYS[^>\@^LR]^S]WV\U\X^LR]^T\^U[QPX]WYOYTYS\S^S]T^HTRYS[^;R]M\^RZ^P\P]T^HRZ?
S\Q]ZV\T^]Z^]T^YZV]XU\QOY[^]Z]XMDVYU[^LR]^VY]Z]^TRM\X^]ZVX]^]T^HTRYS[^U[Q?
PX]WYOT]^@^]T^]:V]XY[XN^V\T^U[Q[^W]^]:P[Z]^]Z^]T^U\PFVRT[^0N^O\WBZS[W]^]Z^T\
]UR\UYKZ^S]T^5XYQ]X^5XYZUYPY[^S]^T\^]XQ[SYZBQYU\G^=Z^T[W^HTRYS[W^U[QPX]?
WYOT]W^ ]W^ P[WYOT]^ VX\ZWH[XQ\X^ ]Z]XMF\^ VDXQYU\^ ]Z^ ]Z]XMF\^ Q]UBZYU\^ ]:P\Z?
SY]ZS[^]T^HTRYS[N^\WF^U[Q[^\RQ]ZV\X^T\^]Z]XMF\^VDXQYU\^S]^RZ^HTRYS[N^@^P[X
V\ZV[^WR^ZYI]T^S]^PX]WYKZN^U[QPXYQY]ZS[^]T^HTRYS[G^3[Q[^U[ZW]UR]ZUY\^S]
]TT[N^ \T^ SYWVYZMRYX^ ]ZVX]^ QBLRYZ\W^ VDXQYU\W^ @^ QBLRYZ\W^ >YSXBRTYU\W^ W]^ ]WVB
SYH]X]ZUY\ZS[^LRD^VYP[W^S]^]Z]XMF\W^]WV\XBZ^PX]W]ZV]W^]Z^]T^VDXQYZ[^LR]^W]
>\^S]Z[QYZ\S[^M]ZDXYU\Q]ZV]^ = N^]Z^T\^UT\WYHYU\UYKZ^S]^T\W^QBLRYZ\W^S]
HTRYS[G^ 1\W^ QBLRYZ\W^ VDXQYU\W^ RVYTY<\Z^ 3=?F@GCJ BG><DICF;=IC @^ ]Z^ ]TT\W^ ]W
30

MQUINAS

Y MOTORES TRMICOS.

GENERALIDADES

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Q]UBZYU\^ @^ IYU]I]XW\^ P[X^ V\ZV[N^ = ^ YZUTRYXB^ ]Z]XMF\^ VDXQYU\^ @^ ]Z]XMF\
UYZDVYU\N^@\^LR]^T\^I\XY\UYKZ^S]^T\^]Z]XMF\^P[V]ZUY\T^]ZVX]^T\^]ZVX\S\^@^T\^W\TY?
S\^ S]^ T\^ QBLRYZ\^ PR]S]^ S]WPX]UY\XW]G^ =Z^ T[W^ 3=?F@GCJ FEBG><DICF;=ICJ ]WV\
VX\ZWH[XQ\UYKZ^ Z[^ ]W^ P[WYOT]N^ S]^ H[XQ\^ LR]^ WKT[^ W]^ P[SXB^ \PX[I]U>\X^ WR
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S]^RZ\^QBLRYZ\^>YSXBRTYU\^]T^HTRYS[^VY]Z]^RZ\^]Z]XMF\^VDXQYU\^\W[UY\S\N^LR]
W]^PR]S]^YZUX]Q]ZV\X^P[X^T\^HXYUUYKZ^\^WR^P\W[^P[X^T\^QBLRYZ\N^DWV\^Z[^YZV]X?
I]ZSXB^]Z^]T^YZV]XU\QOY[^]Z]XMDVYU[^@^Z[^W]XB^\PX[I]U>\S\G

1.2.3. Clasificacin de las mquinas trmicas


- %?D;G>:8?FEHCJGJ>:8?FEHCJ@FE:>FBHCJ*CFCAI>HCJH;FIDAGC)'
0 4:8?FEHCJ >GAGDHCJ *A?D;FEHC).^ "]OYS[^ \^ T\^ U[QPX]WYOYTYS\S^ S]T
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5[WV]XY[XQ]ZV]N^ ]Z^ ]T^ U\PFVRT[^ 8,N^ W]^ \Z\TY<\XB^ UKQ[^ W[Z^ T\W
VRXOYZ\W^ VDXQYU\W^ YZV]XZ\Q]ZV]N^ ]W^ S]UYXN^ URBT^ ]W^ WR^ SYW]+[^ U[ZW?
VXRUVYI[^P\X\^LR]^W]^PR]S\^X]\TY<\X^]W\^VX\ZWH[XQ\UYKZ^S]^]Z]XMF\
VDXQYU\^ ]Z^ ]Z]XMF\^ Q]UBZYU\^ @^ LR]^ \^ WR^ I]<N^ P[WV]XY[XQ]ZV]N^ T\
]Z]XMF\^Q]UBZYU\^W]^Q\ZYHY]WV]^]Z^H[XQ\^S]^P\X^Q[V[X^]Z^]T^];]^S]
T\^ QBLRYZ\G^ ']^ PR]S]N^ Z[^ [OWV\ZV]N^ \ZVYUYP\X^ LR]^ ]Z^ ]WV]^ VYP[^ S]
QBLRYZ\N^]T^HTRYS[^\VX\IY]W\^]Z^T\^Q\@[XF\^S]^T[W^U\W[W^U[ZSRUV[W
U[ZI]XM]ZV]WG
0 4:8?FEHCJ 5IEIDH@GDHCJ *A?D;GBG><DICGDIC).^ "]^ H[XQ\^ \ZBT[M\N
RZ^P\X^S]^\UUY[Z\QY]ZV[^U[ZW]MRYXB^YZUX]Q]ZV\X^T\^I]T[UYS\S^S]T
HTRYS[^@N^S]OYS[^\^T\^U[QPX]WYOYTYS\S^S]^DWV]^@^\T^SYW]+[^]WP]UYHYU[
S]^T\^QBLRYZ\N^]WV\^]Z]XMF\^UYZDVYU\^W]^VX\ZWH[XQ\XB^Q]SY\ZV]^RZ
PX[U]W[^ S]^ SYHRWYKZ^ 6S]U]T]X\UYKZ7^ ]Z^ ]Z]XMF\^ S]^ PX]WYKZN^ YZUX]?
Q]ZVBZS[W]N^P[X^V\ZV[N^WR^ZYI]T^VDXQYU[G
\QOYDZ^V]ZSXB^]T^\TRQZ[^[U\WYKZ^S]^]WVRSY\X^URBT^]W^]T^SYW]+[
YZV]XZ[^ S]^ ]WV\W^ QBLRYZ\W^ 6U\PFVRT[8(7N^ P]X[^ W]^ PR]S]^ \ZVYUYP\X
LR]^ ]Z^ ]T^ U\W[^ S]^ T[W^ VRXO[U[QPX]W[X]WN^ ]T^ HTRYS[^ \VX\IY]W\^ \^ WR
P\W[^P[X^T\^QBLRYZ\^U[ZSRUV[W^]Z^WR^Q\@[XF\^SYI]XM]ZV]WG

31

MQUINAS TRMICAS

- 4:8?FEHCJA2D>FBHCJ,G=?>2ADFBHCJ*FCAI>HCJBIDDH@GC)'
0 4:8?FEHCJ >GAGDHCJ *>:8?FEHJ @IJ ,H<GD).^ Z^ HTRYS[^ U[Z^ ]T]I\S\
]Z]XMF\^ VDXQYU\N^ ]Z^ U[ZUX]V[N^ I\P[X^ S]^ \MR\N^ W]^ YZVX[SRU]^ ]Z^ T\
QBLRYZ\^ @^ WR^ ]T]I\S\^ PX]WYKZ^ PX[I[U\^ ]T^ S]WPT\<\QY]ZV[^ S]^ RZ
DQO[T[N^M]Z]X\ZS[^RZ^P\X^Q[V[X^S]OYS[^\T^Q]U\ZYWQ[^OY]T\?Q\ZY?
I]T\G^&T^Q[SYHYU\XW]^]T^I[TRQ]Z^[URP\S[^P[X^]T^HTRYS[^]Z^]T^PX[?
U]W[^S]^]:P\ZWYKZ^]T^HTRYS[^]WVB^SYWQYZR@]ZS[^WR^]Z]XMF\^VDXQYU\N
S]OYS[^\^WR^U[QPX]WYOYTYS\SG
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V[^ S]^ ]Z]XMF\^ VDXQYU\^ 6\RQ]ZV[^ S]^ V]QP]X\VRX\7^ @[^ S]^ I#ID5/H
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32

MQUINAS

Y MOTORES TRMICOS.

GENERALIDADES

199I AHEH?GCIE+?ADBHCI3GIBHA#-CED);ID;EG?;8II3G
BHA#-CED);IGEG?;89I3DCED;BD);IG;E?GIA-D;8
E+?ADB8IIAHEH?IE+?ADBH
1\^MX\Z^Q\@[XF\^S]^T\W^HR]ZV]W^S]^]Z]XMF\^PXYQ\XY\^6U[QORWVYOT]W^HKWY?
T]WN^U[QORWVYOT]W^ZRUT]\X]WN^OY[Q\W\N^]Z]XMF\^W[T\X^VDXQYU\^@^]Z]XMF\^M][?
VDXQYU\7^P\X\^W]X^\PX[I]U>\S\W^VX\ZWH[XQ\Z^PX]IY\Q]ZV]^WR^]Z]XMF\^P[V]Z?
UY\T^ ]Z^ ]Z]XMF\^ VDXQYU\^ \W[UY\S\^ \^ RZ^ HTRYS[^ S]^ VX\O\;[G^ 5[X^ ];]QPT[N^ T\
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MQUINAS TRMICAS

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34

MQUINAS

Y MOTORES TRMICOS.

GENERALIDADES

4GAGDICJAFD=FE5'J'[Z^Q[V[X]W^S]^T[W^S]Z[QYZ\S[W^S]^U[QORWVYKZ
]:V]XZ\^S]^VYP[^\TV]XZ\VYI[G^=T^M\W^LR]^]I[TRUY[Z\^6P[X^];]QPT[N^>]TY[N
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P\X\OKTYU[WG^ 1\^ TR<^ W[T\X^ X]U[MYS\^ P[X^ ]T^ SYWU[^ W]^ U[ZU]ZVX\S\^ ]Z^ WR
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35

MQUINAS TRMICAS

]WV]^U\W[^Z[^]W^P[WYOT]^SYWVYZMRYX^T\^QBLRYZ\^VDXQYU\^Q[V[X\^S]T^Q[V[X
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4[V[X]W^S]^]ZU]ZSYS[^P[X^U[QPX]WYKZN^SY]W]T^64=37
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VRXOYZ\^6U\PFVRT[W^!^@^7G
0 4GAGDJHEI=.^W]^VX\V\^S]^RZ^Q[V[X^X[V\VYI[^I[TRQDVXYU[G
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Q[V[X]W^43&N^P]X[^]Z^]WV]^U\W[^RZ^X[V[X^VXY\ZMRT\X^S]^U\X\W^U[ZI]?
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LR]^T[W^VX]W^I[T%Q]Z]W^TYOX]W^]:YWV]ZV]W^]ZVX]^T\W^U\X\W^S]T^X[V[X^@^T\W
P\X]S]W^YZV]XY[X]W^S]^SYU>\^UBQ\X\^I\XF\Z^U[Z^]T^MYX[N^P]XQYVY]ZS[^T[W
PX[U]W[W^S]^\SQYWYKZN^U[QPX]WYKZN^]:P\ZWYKZ^@^]WU\P]G^'[Z^Q[V[X]W
QR@^U[QP\UV[W^LR]N^WYZ^]QO\XM[N^VY]Z]Z^PX[OT]Q\W^\^T\^>[X\^S]^U[Z?
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36

MQUINAS

Y MOTORES TRMICOS.

GENERALIDADES

0 IDGDDIHBAGDIC
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