FILM ~

STEREOTYPE
A Ch;s llenge for Cmema and Theory

JORG

S(HW E IN1TZ

COLUMal/!,
UNIV~RSITY

NEW YORK

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CONTENTS

f""ffJ/"",~_,

1_,"",,,,,-

...

PART I. STEREOTY PE T H EORY CONCEPTS. PERSPECTIV ES,

AND CON T ROVERSIES
I,

IHE STEIIEOTVPE IN PSVCNOLOGY A ND I HE NUMANII1U

2 . SOME ASpeCTS ANO LEVELS Of SIEIIEOTYPIZA"ON IN FILM

J . ""E INTELLECTUAL viEWPOINI VERSUS TNE STEIIEOTYPE

IN MASS CULTURE

PARTn A DISCOURS E H.S TORY THE TOPIC OF

TNE STEREOTYP E THROUG H OUT FILM TNEORV
., PREWOE' WALTNEII RAH<ENAUS CULTURAl. CII<IICISI< .
HUGO " VNSIERBERGS EUPNORIC CONCEPT Of FILM AS ARI,
AND TNE NEGL ECT Of T HE STE II EO TVPE

CO .. TE''''
S. UL'" .... LAns NEW VISU... L CULTURE. TNE TR"'O"'ON
OF LINGUISTIC

S~lPTIC'SM

AND RO.EI'IT MuIIL'S NOTION OF

TNE "FORMUL""C

".

t . TNE REAOVH"'Ol PRODUCTS OF ' HE FAN''''SY N"'CHINE

RuDOLF ARNHlI H . RlN E FOLOP_MlllER AND THE DISCOURSf

'"

0 .. THE "STAND ... ROIZATlON" O F FILM

7

THE STEREOTYPE A. INTElLIG IBLE FORH COHE .. .EAT,

MOil IN. AND .E MIO LOGY

s . IRO NY AND TII ... .. SFIGUR ... T ION nlE

POSTMOOE~N

...

VIEW

OF "IE STEIIEOTYPE

'""

P... RT III. FILM AN ... LYSIS CRITIOUE ... ND

TR",NSfIGURATlON-T H REE C ... SE STUDIES
. Hcc"'n ... NO BUFFAlO BILL ON THE CRITIC ... L REFLECTION
OF SlEREOTYPU IN TWO F ILMS.Y RO.ERT AL1M ... N

.0, E NJOYING THE SnHOTYP E ..... 0 I.. UNSE DOu . LE PLA"

AC""G THE PERFOR M... NcE of JENNIFEII J ... SON LE IG H IN

r f< NUDSU CI< fI PROXY

EpILOGUE

Nor" .1,

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Fi'-r..,h,
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ILLUSTRATIO N S

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INTRODUCTION

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.m c'p".01,,,,, <>f , ... <c ...,.J ..1\0"",11 '0"" .... on , ... """,IJ <>f <'<><mo<. Th<
of
fil ... """P""Y .. pI';n. h.. bu,i"" .. "'''<~r' "p,ol.l.,n .... .<h
)""'!!" broL:. C".".,J.<> bdn~d'.Nkn.k ... \1I"'r "'" ,,~ " ,,,kld.,, "'ml""r~
Hc<.u,"" w< proJ...:. "moed",,! I 1><& of )"'u !" A "'n~ IQlk".... ung fmln oil'
.n ... . "'''''..,,'' In ,ho "yl< of ... of""" "
fCkrr;n~ '0 d,. POP"I,.. iiI."
II"nf<' of ,ho r<'ioJ, "Sound film <o",.d ... .nJ -IOUnd li lm "1'<<<" .- (r._ji',."
U"'M"~ ""J T."jiI",.,.",,,~ . h.: G......... ",""[<I I"'" [0 , ... A"",,,,,,,,, fi lm
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<oml"',l ,km, "Pp"" on """" . All ,how on <n\b,..:lng ","pI< fro," t h, .... .. ,

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~tI>o ~ no ......n~ "'. """,hing
rhythm. ",fa.
,he mili, ... ,. ...,m<Ji (MJi.....,'""." ) P"'f"'lM 'n Gonn.ony

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0I61mic ..If. ...."n><ion "'nning 'h""4h ,hI> ""'I",_,.;J"ry
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, .... "' .... ioo ~ ,.....J 01;,. ""'....... ,j; ...... Onry pe''''''''' .oily Joe. i, <011'" ...... Hi
,.01 t.o1< 011 ,he , ........1< gLo,w,.oo.. of miliury "''''''. ""h"h ...... ...., .iiicuitJ
b,. ,he ~ fiJ.... <fi,id.rnof ,he um<. Fin< .anJ ~. d.. "'l",nc. from
Gr_,..,k;, fiJ....,....... ....u.o. d.t --'i""A'- 4ft'.... Th;, il pe' ...... ,I>< Ii",
ti .... in ,n" hkwt,. "ffiJ.... ""'. motion pK!\of' apliel,ly<""J .." hrid ",Ik.til'<
on ,hlo ,1><, .... whiLh ,on;' ..", ,I>< n.. in top;.. of ,hI> book.

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10"Jo",.lI y. in I" ..fir"'l Ji,pL.y of,t<rro<yl'<' .h< fil ," ,,,, ploy> ,h< devic.

of .ynch"'""" in, ..,,,,u.d .. ri..Jiz.doo . "",J.. J ,hn~I " .. "J for ";'10.1",J
.. Ift<f<",n,i.u "'pre><", .. '''''' of th< ph<nom<Mn. lhi, wil l h< JoscribcJ in
mort ,"".,j

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f..

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'v<" . Jc.:.Jo: prior '" Gr""""""". I'<n<A.1I' of ,h< film b"'lII",i, re!'<fi-

"'" ..,J red"",i", """'1"'100"", In .II< Ii", h..1f of the '1 .... in .. Ik<"uJ .&iotu.Jo. of <in ...... "",h ... Ilt'Lo 8.u.. h..J """,..,cd th< ,.,.Jium ";!h W'IJ' J,lkren,
hope.... J ",<>pi", EorMri< ide.......... tI>o Mure of film A' .... ""'.. b..<cl on
,1>0 ....... prion "'-- <UI<1II ..... dnnnoJ '" ""k,~..., ...... I-u -} ..I,,,", .."
1on~""pIorcd con """o"n.ol",. .uod .boll"" KIn (M'Dlng ,1><""""') of th< ""hure
of LonK"'P' .anJ .... ~'nK-.""ncd unJor ,1>0 b....... of Lon~"'K" d'q,urnm"""IJ bt " "''"'" ..... by.he ....... .onJ wnc.--<t< .. cdi"", "t"~lm.

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" f ,h. "",Jium ...... 11 ,IK "'." "".",fol ~/:,h' of m"~"'i,,.~I. Th<y n" ...
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..." on ... "'tom.-ion,,1 oe<>p<. G ............ JoJ
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rrot! ..... i.. Iy .... """",...1 ... .1 ron,<n,,,,,,. Iit<J. ,h. loocoming in!<<>ub;<<ti .. Iy
.".blhh<J. lhi' ,,,nm.,! p"''''-''' of rio. "".,,,u,,, (induJing 'h< """,,,, . ..oJ
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,hr gr'''' m..,.,. i'y of G, ,,n..., """ ,,,Ion,,,, ",''';''riy <r;,;"il<J ,hi. ",oJ, , i,h"
fron, ,he " .... Jpol'" of IJ.oiog;".1 cri'kJ'" ""I""Jo",I" "ly, In ....... of ",,,he, .
loCl....J

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mode of prOO""irut. "'h,,h ...... """"" ..... .1 with . h< r<if;r>lng <. ph.li." "",
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per ........1y ...... I:tJ by ,.. ion.J ..... ion ... .1 fulllnJu".w """,h.Moiuion . .uoJ "'"
New' Obt"';'1 bIootomnl in Grnn.ony. ~"" ,hlo ""'kdrop. .... ,~on from
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him:' .. lit... FUlopMolle. ro..dud..! in "to. In ,hb ..... <<r<>on. "<rro<J'P<'
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origin.1 , ... ", ...... "h now m.y '" .. ulkJ
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h_ hom< con ......"",.oI.-l "'" uocJ in, ""'''' Of 1<00 ....,...,.iocJ m.&nnc
Sp,.. on "'I:<"''' film"" TV ....." ... f_,liM wKh ,he .. pc..... ,....J ';mil..rly
roftm ...~~ n!('l'.oI 'Yf'<' ....J <I .-eo<ypic".oI ploc .Ie"""..... ,.. heJ.n ,hem: ,hey
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"'~ns of ch"e ""'nc~ I, kn""'~ hu .....loon i, "'ppoo<J '" IPnk In \1(\: ........ .
hu ... hem 'f'pC",ln. """.ri,~ion WOfU....J ..'n.. kinJ, of ,1",.1. ,,"fold i"
1ox..1on . I, .01>0 kf\OW Iu. il 00., 00< bo.xk w.: ll if J ", lug.n .,,,1,,..,,

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film ,~ "",,,Iunroouly btromc aJ~ "IV'''

"n}'OM .....1:.. , &:tioft film, "' .... do.., in .. Looioro 10 CPr"'" .... _)'pc'-1""'" .. p""'~ '0 <nuncifWc ,h.c"",1Yn from ""'h ......,.rr<' .onJ J..mo" .....
h..1y form"I .... d, ff..... ...UKK fOrgo ... 1<.......kin~ ,he .. p......n. 01,0 ~un[.
St<1'tOl)'p<' ' " I"'"""fu!
,hey m: b.ucJ OIl ,,dlf"nc,iooln~
>O<Jln ... J .."h '''''picn, Ji>f"";dOll~ wl.h I""ri<>o'
.."J
.. pc,.., ion., . nJ ,... '" "''''fUn:> .iI<",,,I,,,, h.ovc ,h'jl<J vlt~"C, d;'f""ifion. on
nlAb ...ole. ToJ...y. f.... """" "'m ,!n ,h..".iI< ....
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bee,,,,,,

",,,,,,It<.
"1'<.10,. ,,....." .....

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.n. h.,....", . I iI< ..... bi.ion ro mc. not mc:n:1y n:pr<>J",. , , ... """Id of ><.tro'rJ'<' .... d ,hu 0 ""hi<ve oomc: mc:"un: of <<><>tiJ.:n, ....... Y """ them , OITc:"
,hi, ..moun" '0 ';muk_1y "'Lng ,he fW,..--n, . , ,y",bolic fO.",. "hil< pLyinK .."h ,h"" cn:.. ivdyon """,Ion- k""L Tho !"1<",1.>1 of ....."'rJ'<..,J d,ff.""" i... much of'" ...... In ,hiH.... ~. ""blcm.o<k 0< .IkJll>ric.ol <ompo>mo...
Th. I...,... _ .... "f'I"'OI"'I- ro.he: ... r>Iyp<. but n:pc"'ioro ....--.:..",..Iy b,h <0
,"",h .""""",.01 ...,,' ,h.... In the om .. "n:...J1 inJic.. ~ . ." .....,"",. PCfC"I'"''''
<If ,he !l'ven IOnn ....ymboIic <Mi.y Dronool...t.....J.
h.c, po",,,ul
h '0 ...,.Y!'<' tit rm~,he:n he .. '1"'l",lie employm<n' Ii<. in .heir filmic ",A<ion. 0< "jI"",~ ..... of .. ,"",lJ'<"-- In
,hiH .... ,he Ii!m ><Kl "' more <>< Ion pronounceJ dl .. o", ... -IOfncI,...... in-

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" f ".n")lYPC' I< "",.. in"' . ... Ongin..tly ""mOe '" <"n i .oIe"!",, ,hi> "I'rro.o;h
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All In.tl ,he ~J'I'< "="' to fl."" p.ani<uL.. .igrufi.. ............ he "Il< of
....JK>oi.....J ....... .....J .... Tht Lt,,,,.~...., tMi.p"'p ...... ;" hl1tOricol1y ..... pm:
.,J"n....J qw,,,i,, ....J ..,;.ti'1. ,h... rn.oin' .. n;"~
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,h..t h highly .o<cd<._d in ro<np4ti..,., w~h P""'" _i<'i<~

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'w.hn",,,,. lh.:y g.<in "" i"",.,Jibly b",.,J inl<""I0" "",,, t,. ... n~"'~ m;;picn".

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In ,"nt . .II [h.:o<

h.", i"'p'",d ,II< iJ .. of unJ",,,.td"g' """",<d. 'mp'"
II<n,iv<. ""d Jc,.oJkJ "uJyof ,I>. "''''''YP< f",,,, ,ho pom' o f ,ltw of~I," "..J;.,._
B", why f..".., ,h. p<np<cri"" of d .... nut A. [be Ii... ..,.,J",v!.wl "' ..... n.. Jiu,"
I" hl"",y. film ... ,be p.o "f ,hIS J.wlopmrn. . ..hi<h ....
by 111m
,hroo-II". p.""u;"., .... .-l crit""_ .t,,,.,Jy t:..fo ,II< .. iJc'1""..J "'" of ..It,-;
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,he I\'n ....t oJ... of ,hi< ......,. ",.,J,1y 1""""n[N it..I(, ' 0 in",,,ljt.OI< ,II< <0''',,,,
"on, .....,.,~ ,ho: Jc",lopm<n[ of"'" mNlum. ",mot)'f"tl-, ""d ,t:.. """"h ... ;,rn.
ni ,ho:;, (",,,, .. ion wi,h fOeu. 00 film. lhi' 'I'!'f'O",h ....kn i, p"";Lk toolllhnc
p...,Jlgm of .uJk>,i,u.! n"do. cuk ..., in [be ' ..~n' I<'h n,",y.
'l hl, " uJy will , ..",in, diN""n [ "1""" of","",)" dnd fil< .. "Ad in
.h, o'!l"nl .,iO<l of ,h.: book. The inidJ fox", of pm I (In <h"l'''' ,) i< '0 'p,dfy
.1>< Iy con1" of ,he -"'''''''J'P<"in tho:"",I<.1
H,,,,. " n< ,onfron" ,ho:
f>"'I>km ,h.. ,he f<fm i. u"d in .-..-""" ",.oJemi< di,.;ou ... ,..",j ,hu, ,dm to
q<>l. dl"""
of .01>,<" m ... , ... ",oc ... h ;"I<",,,~ .n-J ,lI<om;'.t ,on<cp<~ In l"')'<itoIos." ,he OOfI<cpt ni the ..aro<J'I'< I, (>t<domi ..... ,1y .woc;,N
..... h con ..... ,iotuI 1.....1l" ni prorlc who t:..looog.o ",,,. itt """"'" '" c....... Si[1>.,nK'ho:C<IfI<cl" wi,h,n ,be mod, ni "'" iJ"'rn. on, ...... <h nillnK""''''' rq;>tJ
... ...,,)'f"tI- .. """""n, un ........" do .. h.ove bcwme <on",,,,iotul. In ""'",od,ni
1,,.""" wll<n .be ,erm IS no< prvn.niy .....J in .-.r.:mnKto ,ho: 1".."1' prnrn,.;"., of '''''11''' of tho: o.hco- (;" ,ho: oo<",,,,),<ho"'I';,,..1""",). It <>Iicn den<><e>
"""",.,,,,,,,,1 p"t<m . ~. in""""" ni .. y\<. And in .... h;"",y 0 ... Iiondo
Iyp<- .Ir~nN ... h,p,iy ml"'cd.ron ..... 'IOO.Ii .. d .. ho:",. (." ... ,nN on I"" by
.ho: im'f,~n .. y) o( ",u.! f<p><ttt.. ion.
W i, hin ,h.:OI'Y of tho: '''r><ype nO' ",,,tiy .,JI><'i.~ 10 ..,y.,( ,h." ~';ven
li'I<"'( ~u<"lOOing it h ""<'''''y tv <>p~'" ",,,,,,u. J , imil .. i.i<, "",,'"g ..II of

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<.pt.in wh yin <.. h ...... t.. ">< 01.1>< .... ",
i. ~..JiJ '" n.. n <>n'.
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5f<"OI)'l'< fOrm..t.,.. .. ""Jo.... ooJ .. .,..UJ 'MfY.r_"'i:djon. 01..:1><.
"' ... i .... ion. A fun.wnm .d ob;c..;v< 01 ,hi, i"'l"i.y .. '0 >m('f<hrnJ '"""'fP'
i.... ion in Ion< ,,i.k pAl"''''"''"..... '.... H>"....'ni, .. " ',,",0' ",tI,,,,.,.,u, to rog.
ni,ion.commun.,""io ... .."J [,.,h,,;o, .... J .,,0. .. ,h ... in""",,,,,.ln "'-"'yJilf.... n'
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<", .. i",. ",1f.",,,.,,1. ...,J ",R"J 'pl'""",,h. 0"". r< P'""olr<' of ' imil,ri'",'
.... >Cl"g Ji..:"u,'" "" ,h.., """"'rr< h..... I><.n oud in<J . t..n on ,hi' b.... It will
I>< l""'il,1< ""hln ,I>< ><op< of Ji.,; ...""" eon ,t.. ""''''''YP'" ~~" (iI< ..... ~ ,0 ,,;Jon
,t.. ..""", ... ion to Ji..."OU/"ICO op><ing ..-i,h ot/w. ot ..." Ind".J;"B tun.Lnl:
'p''''''''; ",I><m. ; fO.muJ..,: ',1>< fO.mul..i.:; ',1>< ......lr......k ~lm.' 'di<h<;
.... J "" ""...... ilt oenuin"'B <1o.<1y ,0rJ ro ,t.. <Wti....J i......
<""''1'" 01 ....
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..J d!rotou .... "" 61m ....l ... thni<1 , ........1 out 1ft FncllCh
'0' ........ u,m,
.1", '" u.j;I..h... Gt .......... tt.. tu... ...rroo:YI".. long r<m .. n<J ......i.d ,,;th
.t.. """" f<It.k~ ~yct...logic..J~. ~h ,I>< .........""n,io .... J ",m.
Oftl" <mr'oycJ in .....J.. .>pWIy f<~'"~
<1< ...... ....J ,d...J "p<C'"
In .... m. ,I>< oim of In. "'f!'rooch pun.....! t..r< i. '" ffC< ,I>< ,n><1 01,1>< ..... to
' ypc (<om d,,,,lplln.u"Y ""moinu ";,,,"'" It..Jing'o ... bl" .. I", ...
Chop"'" ",J, of 1''''' ,<1<.01 ,..i,h ,I>< .pI[;o .I~.ifi< .... of 1M 10pi< fot
fil ," .... J illu",I ....1 ,I>< lO,m. IDd fu"",iom of H,fCo<ypl ..';on wil hln dn.nu.
lh ... "", ion. ,01lCn nu m"'" of qUI";"o, _h .. ' How .ill nJcno<!
,ow...J ...
ion ...... if.".J in Iilm . .... J I. "OIn... .... y i, ,hi, ",1\r:"'IJ on
,t.. J,If".n, .. rur:ru,.oII< ... b of the moJ,"m! How CID "". <>1'1';" ,I>< 'f"CiIic
orijtin .ond fu""rioM of II>< oIfini<y of popuLor film. to''''''P''''''''' ,"tro<yp<>!
How .... film w"re induoJ",~ h,tmJ 111'0"'" to I>< unJn.. ood on do" b..ir.!
AnJ '0 wlut .. nt don It.. conccp< of flo. Klr><",. prondt. t..lp(ul r>P'
" " "" .i.......... '" W"" theory! AI"" .-I.y ..... ,he: fu...J ....... ,oI "''P'''''' ro.1><
" .... 0<Yr< _ g """" '" ...he:mrndy ~. <>ro..lIy in th< .MIy C.n"...
J,...,....,..on Il><ropi<!
Wh.,h htlnl;> '" to ....,.1><, ~. " ...... 1,. fh.., inldltwI 0' ~Im,hromi<>l
d,,,,,u ... "" II>< ,,<f<Otyp<> of popuLor film. The pmrn' ,u''''y ~""' p.meuLor
ro",~It,... ion to ,nil Iori<. u rgdy by "'""in~ it, ,hro ... ".1... d h,,,oric.J J.",I
~pm<n' . 1'.. , 1 p<.,..;.k, 00.. "..,.."in .. ..,., <>f J,If,,,,n, hi".".,..J ph.",. of film
,h"""., Ji,<,,,,,,,, on . hl ,.. ot)pc ."J i" r,,,.il,"~ P" ...l i~m'. lb , ,,, no. ,,,,Iy

...,....,.yp<.

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incLo.dr ,he f""""""'n .. U, critd po<i<io:>I> of, t-i.:.J G...... MI ~ 1m ,hco.y... h "h
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'" , I<~y of boo-h <I.. """""Ke.o<>thnic ",.J.n- ....J L.n~... ,ke"'''''m
(s,.-b,.l.-,N>~ The:y ,1.0 .~, ,h,o L.... .."....,i.. _
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"",JI.
of ,h,i, p<rioJ>. II if 00[ oc',....ry 10 ," I"",U" ,0 .11 of""w
Fil m Hi'l",y'.ioftyJe ,".onJi "''''''" .""nn"s,h... ,ho hht",ie.J .. ..Jy"flilm ,iotmy
. ..y " ... ",.r><i , 1'"",ly ,i>to,,,,.J f,..,.,wotk. c;ro.,.f,,,,",.. , ""_" ,lot lilm

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'''' ........ ,h,oJ<Ol. ...,J ,he <>pIorJ<ion oiin,<r...~ion, bc1_n d,om. ... f""S'"".

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lilm. ,"" """d.." Jioo:""",,, Oft ,he 'fro<yp<I of lil<.. - .. ...""m..,J up '" dw
poin' from ,h,o I"'"pt<,i .... "r film ,hrooy. Tho Ii......
compti><> rwo film.
from the ,,'0' by Rnbe", AI""", m.. "';lK.J1:! .odJ", ,t.. ........11"'. "f ,t..
IXb,,,,,
The: ...,.,..J <1<.1. wi,h ,he .... in~ ,h,,"l'" ofJtfinlf(, J>ooo l<igk
in ,he Cotn """t..r' IiIm llH !/",w,oo Pr.XJ (," .). ",""leh ",fltli ...1y I""",nl>
.nJ 1.1" ...., ..."""yr<> UI "..,..moJcm" .. no. by ,.J"""K '" .. "'>f'gy "f

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Illu"r-.. I"~ ''''''' b.o>ic ,-.Ii.,ion. of ,he ",Aui .. ' PP"' ... h ,,, """"'Yl"'" , he ..

''''''' film ".,1)"><1 <".dude ,he fUrvcy ""d, by ""y of ,~" ' " , .... "I", "1'1<"'"'
If> ~ulJi"K p"""ipk. AI,hou~ ,he hi""ric.J .rnJ
1" 1)"" of ,h i, lin..!
,.."io..... Jo,.do",d by followin~ mul'irk"
p....oJill"" of ,he ,bco,,<.I -"I'P""""'h - ,,, ,he '"""11"', i, 11)0, bke d", book .... .,hoIt. io 00[ ~

,bro,.. ",..

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..."h <ompl"" ... Of ,he ....bit;"" to ''''...... <t-J ,)'It"",_.on ,..Jc.YOf dw

_ulJ I>< 'l"<"'ion.obk from ,he ....._ Mort im""" .... ,fun .... y prct"""O'" '"
.. h............... Of Jc~n .. i""'< """ ,he in"","'ion .nJ ,b",,oJ, ,n... ,h .. book m.oy
prooiJc fo< r....h<r ",Ikction md <>tid""""" .on.1ym.

EDITORIAL NOTE
"\hi. book .....

prcr.or<J in d", ",,0.,,1 h.olf of ,t.: '''0 .oJ ,,',;n,. iu"

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."J .~" ,o. yur '0"" .khoogh i.. inc.ption.1I<I ..fiy .... ""h J .." fufth"
b ... k. ih< ""Jr "'" pKnr<J in >00 .., ' he o",ho", ><>n,1 ,he. i, (h.ob, li, .. ion)

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MO ,L)nOO~ .I.N '

PART ~
STEREOTYPE THEORY
Concepts. Perspe ctlves. and Con trovers ies

ONE
THE STEREOTY PE I N PSYCHOLOGY
A N D THE HU M A N ITI E S

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CO NCEPf S OF THE STEREOn"PE

IN SOC IOPSVCHOLOG ICAL DISCOURSE
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