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Chapter 4
Study Quiz
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following characterize decision-making during crises?
A)
Important options are more likely to be discussed.
B)
Biases become far less likely.
C)
Groupthink occurs more easily.
D)
Decision makers are more likely to play devils advocate.
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
2. Which of the following is a strategy that can prevent groupthink?
A)
Bypassing relevant agencies
B)
Limiting the number of advisers
C)
Bringing in external advisers
D)
Appealing to the majority interest
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
3. Cognitive bias refers to the limitations of the __________ in making choices.
A)
government leaders
B)
diplomats
C)
human brain
D)
military
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
4. Affective bias refers to the emotions felt by decision makers when they consider the consequences of
__________.
A)
existing policy
B)
the actions of others
C)
their own actions
D)
low-level staff
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
B)
will choose a response that is good enough to meet some minimal criteria
C)
use historical analogies in responding to a situation
D)
make choices within the boundaries established by groups within the government
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
11. Politicians have a difficult time running formal bureaucratic agencies because __________.
A)
the agencies can be too large and too routinized to easily control
B)
only lower-level career officials owe loyalty to the politicians
C)
the power of agencies is based on their proximity to the president
D)
they are in their positions longer than high-level bureaucrats
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
12. Cognitive balance, or the maintenance of a logically consistent mental model of the world, can be
achieved through __________.
A)
wishful thinking
B)
mirror imaging
C)
affective bias
D)
projection
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
13. Which of the following must be associated with each possible outcome of an action when there is
uncertainty about costs and benefits of actions?
A)
Probabilities
B)
Standard operating procedures
C)
The pursuit of national interests
D)
Low-level decisions
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
14. Standard operation procedures include the following?
A)
Apply what you know of general principles
B)
Ensuring efficient outcomes
C)
Reconsideration of goals
D)
Challenging policy precedents
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
15. Groupthink is the tendency for groups to reach decisions without accurately __________ since
individual members tend to go along with ideas they think the others support.
A)
utilizing reverse psychology
B)
controlling the agenda
C)
assessing consequences
D)
applying internal dissonance
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
16. When students exhibit a tendency to not want to challenge a professors arguments, because they
assume he or she is an expert and knows better, this could be an example of __________.
A)
affective bias
B)
C)
D)
selective perception
cognitive bias
groupthink
17. Which of the following is an element of prospect theory? Decision makers __________.
A)
work to avoid future catastrophic events
B)
attach their own feelings onto another actor
C)
asses the value of other decision makers
D)
use a reference point for comparison
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
18. Some scholars believe that former secretary of state John Foster Dulles had such great personal
prejudice against communism that he always assumed the worst of Soviet decision makers. This is an
example of __________.
A)
misperception
B)
wishful thinking
C)
cognitive bias
D)
affective bias
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
19. What did Harry Trumans sign The buck stops here illustrate about his role in foreign policy
decision-making?
A)
He was not willing to waste money.
B)
He was the sole decision-maker.
C)
Foreign policy decisions were ultimately his responsibility.
D)
His opinion was more important than anyone elses.
Skill Level: Analyze It
20. What about democracies makes the justification effort especially prevalent as compared to its
prevalence in the context of other forms of government?
A)
The multiplicity of actors to keep track of
B)
The secrecy of the government
C)
Voters face an overabundance of information
D)
Politicians are judged by the electorate
Skill Level: Analyze It
21. Citizens of a given ethnic background are among a number of __________ which might form to
lobby governments on foreign policy.
A)
propagandists
B)
interest groups
C)
pollsters
D)
government leaders
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
22. Bureaucrats in the foreign policy decision-making process pursue which of the following goals?
A)
Groupthink
B)
Liberal Analyze It
C)
National goals
D)
Political domination
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
23. Governments survive by relying on __________.
A)
legitimacy
B)
force
C)
persuasion
D)
bribes
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
24. The part of the population that stays informed about international issues is called the __________
public.
A)
international
B)
expert
C)
savvy
D)
attentive
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
25. Politicians have a difficult time running formal bureaucratic agencies because __________.
A)
the agencies can be too large and too routinized to easily control
B)
only lower-level career officials owe loyalty to the politicians
C)
the power of agencies is based on their proximity to the president
D)
they are in their positions longer than high-level bureaucrats
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
26. Which of the following aspects regarding interest groups is correct?
A)
They have a nearly endless supply of funding.
B)
They are organized in order to influence the outcome in political issues.
C)
They are coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcome of a neighborhood I
issue.
D)
They have a great deal of influence on foreign policy.
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
27. Which of the following is a way in which the components of the military-industrial complex
influence foreign policy decision-making?
A)
The spreading out of weapons projects into many constituencies
B)
Promotion of hawkish officers within the military
C)
Military-themed blockbuster movies
D)
The appointment of executives in military industries as church officials
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
28. Public opinion __________.
A)
has greater force in authoritarian governments than in democracies
B)
has greater force in democracies than in authoritarian governments
C)
influences foreign policy decisions but is not influenced by them
D)
has more effect on foreign policy than domestic policy in democracies
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
29. Public support for involvement in a war __________.
A)
typically starts low and increases over the long run
B)
typically starts high and decreases over the long run
C)
typically starts high and continues to remain high
D)
will typically not affect the popularity ratings of a countrys leader
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
30. Diversionary foreign policy is __________.
A)
trying to confuse an adversary by sending mixed policy signals
B)
adopting a foreign policy to distract public attention from domestic issues
C)
trying to influence elite opinions, which will, in turn, influence mass opinion
D)
lobbying foreign governments to change their foreign policy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
31. With respect to legislatures playing a role in deciding whether to use military force, __________.
A)
most legislators know little about foreign affairs
B)
having a legislative debate over the potential use of military force can complicate the
issue
C)
legislatures can reach decisions quickly on the use of military force
D)
debate over the use of military force demonstrates a states resolve to its adversaries
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
32. Which of the following characteristics of a state do comparative foreign policy analysts consider?
A)
Bureaucratic rivalries
B)
Location
C)
Wealth
D)
Technical abilities
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
33. The study of foreign policy in various states in order to discover whether similar types of
governments have similar types of policies is known as __________.
A)
foreign policy studies
B)
the foreign policy process
C)
comparative foreign policy
D)
governmental policy studies
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
34. The military-industrial complex consists of __________.
A)
the military, defense contractors, and research institutes
B)
the military, Congress, and the executive branch
C)
defense contractors, lobbyists, and Congress
D)
the executive branch, Congress, and the judiciary
B)
C)
D)
promoters
filters
audiences
TRUE-FALSE
41. Uncertainty rarely plays a role in the rational model decision-making process.
Answer: FALSE
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
42. The struggle between the Japanese Agriculture Ministry and the Japanese Foreign Ministry over
whether or not to allow the importation of sushi from California was an example of the government
bargaining model.
Answer: TRUE
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
43. Former U.S. Defense Secretary William Cohens statement: The unrelenting flow of information,
the need to digest it on a minute-by-minute basis, is quite different from anything Ive experienced
before. . . . Theres little time for contemplation; most of it is action, is representative of prospect
theory.
Answer: FALSE
44. Information is often screened out as it passes from one person to another in the decision-making
process.
Answer: TRUE
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
45. A great deal of the information that contributes to the making of foreign policy is provided by
diplomats.
Answer: TRUE
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
46. A number of agreements regarding its nuclear program have been made and adhered to by North
Korea.
Answer: FALSE
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
47. The planning and pursuit of the Cold War played in integral role in the conception and growth of
American military-industrial complex.
Answer: TRUE
Skill Level: Level: Remember the Facts
48. The ability to access busy officials, pitch cogent rationales for ones case, and trade infusions of cash
in return for positive action on an issue are all key elements of successful lobbying.
Answer: FALSE
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