.

2009, .0.95

iv
1
1
4
25

2
2.1 . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . .
2.3 . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31
31
34
51

3
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60
60
63
90

1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,
. , ,

, .
, ,
.

. ,
( .
).
,
.
1. : M (x, y, z)
M (x, y, z). M1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) .

2. R. R3
:

R3 = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z R}

, . M (x, y, z)
x, y, z R.

3. , . ..
p, q ...

4. . . .
, .
,
.
() , p =
(a, b, c). ,
. A (0, 0, 0) B (a, b, c). p
( )
ii

iii

C (1, 4, 2) D (1 + a, 4 + b, 2 + c), E (1, 0, 3) D (1 + a, b, 3 + c)

.
5. 1--1
. :
r = (x, y, z) ,
, . M (x, y, z).

6. .
.. M1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )
M2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ). (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )

M1 M2 .

M1 M2 .
7. p kpk.

8. p, q p q
p q.

9. .

.
( ). , .

.

, 2009

iv

1.1

1.1.1. M1 , M2 , M3 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ), (x3 , y3 , z3 ) r1 , r2 , r3 .

E M1 , M2 , M3
r / (x, y, z)

r (u, v) = r1 + u (r2 r1 ) + v (r3 r1 )

u, v R.

(1.1)

1.1.2. (1.1)




 = 0.




 x x1 y y1 z z1

 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

 x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1

(1.2)

. M (x, y, z) (1.2) E
(x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ), (x3 , y3 , z3 ).

1.1.3. (1.1)

x (u, v) = x1 + u (x2 x1 ) + v (x3 x1 ) ,

y (u, v) = y1 + u (y2 y1 ) + v (y3 y1 ) ,
z (u, v) = z1 + u (z2 z1 ) + v (z3 z1 ) .

(1.3)

1.1.4. , E

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
(1.4)
A, B, C, D . , (1.4) . (1.4) .
1.1.5. (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 )
p = (a, b, c)


 x x1 y y1 z z1

 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1


a
b
c
1




 = 0.



(1.5)

1.

r (u, v) = r1 + u (r2 r1 ) + v p.
1.1.6. (x1 , y1 , z1 )
( ) p = (a, b, c) , q = (d, e, f )


 x x1 y y1 z z1


a
b
c


d
e
f




 = 0.



(1.6)

r (u, v) = r1 + u p + v q.

1.1.7. p = (a, b, c) Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

b
c
a
=
= .
A
B
C

(1.7)

1.1.8. (x1 , y1 , z1 )
p = (a, b, c)

a (x x1 ) + b (y y1 ) + c (z z1 ) = 0.

(1.8)

1.1.9. p = (a, b, c) Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

a A + b B + c C = 0.
(1.9)
1.1.10. A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 , A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0

B1
C1
A1
=
=
.
(1.10)
A2
B2
C2
1.1.11. A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 , A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0

A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1 C2 = 0.

(1.11)

1.1.12.





A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1 C2


p
cos =  p 2
.
2
2
2
2
2
 A1 + B1 + C1 A2 + B2 + C2 

1.1.13.

E1 : A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
E2 : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0,
E3 : A3 x + B3 y + C3 z + D3 = 0.

E1 , E2 , E3

A1 B1 C1
P = A2 B2 C2 ,
A3 B3 C3
.

A1 B1 C1 D1
Q = A2 B2 C2 D2
A3 B3 C3 D3

(1.12)

1.
1. rank (P ) = rank (Q) = 3, .

2. rank (P ) = 2 rank (Q) = 3,

.
3. rank (P ) = rank (Q) = 2, .

4. rank (P ) = 1 rank (Q) = 2, ( ).

1.1.14.

5. rank (P ) = rank (Q) = 1, .

E1 : A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0
E2 : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0,

l.
l .

(A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 ) + (1 ) (A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 ) = 0,

(1.13)

(, ) :
( , = 1 E1 = 0
E2 ).

1.1.15. E : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 M (x1 , y1 , z1 ).

d (M, E) =

|Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D|

.
A2 + B 2 + C 2

(1.14)

1.

1.2

1.2.1. (1, 2, 0), (0, 1, 3)

(1, 0, 1) .
. . 14.1.

.14.1

(1.2)


 x1 y2 z0

 01 12 30

 11 02 10




 = 5x + y + 2z 7 = 0



1.2.2.
.

r1 = (1, 2, 0)
r2 = (0, 1, 3)
r3 = (1, 0, 1)

r2 r1 = (0 1, 1 2, 3 0) = (1, 1, 3)
r3 r1 = (1 1, 0 2, 1 0) = (0, 2, 1)

r (u, v) = (1, 2, 0) + u (1, 1, 3) + v (0, 2, 1)

x (u, v)
1u
r (u, v) = y (u, v) = 2 u 2v .
z (u, v)
3u + v

1.


 x1 y1 z1

 11 21 31

 31 31 31

1.2.3. (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3),

(3, 3, 3).
. (1.2),




 = 0 4y 2x 2z = 0.



1.2.4. 1.1.2, .
M1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), M2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), M3 (x3 , y3 , z3 )


 x x1 y y1 z z1

 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

 x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1




 = 0.



. .14.2. M1 , M2 , M3 , E
M (x, y, z). M, M1 , M2 , M3
r, r1 , r2 , r3 .

.14.2

r r1 = (x x1 , y y1 , z z1 )
r2 r1 = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )
r3 r1 = (x3 x1 , y3 y1 , z3 z1 )

, . {r r1 , r2 r1 , r3 r1 } ,
(1.2).
1.2.5. () Ax + By + Cz +
D = 0 () .

1.


 x x1 y y1 z z1

 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

 x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1




=0







(y y1 ) x2 x1 z2 z1

 x3 x1 z3 z1





+(z z1 ) x2 x1 y2 y1

 x3 x1 y 3 y 1


 y y1 z2 z1
(x x1 ) 2
y3 y1 z3 z1

. (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ), (x3 , y3 , z3 ).



=0


Ax + By + Cz + D = 0





 x2 x1 z2 z1 
 y2 y1 z2 z1 
, B = 

A = 
 x3 x1 z3 z1  ,
y3 y1 z3 z1 




 y2 y1 z2 z1 
 + y1  x2 x1 z2 z1
D = x1 
 x3 x1 z3 z1
y3 y1 z3 z1 



 x2 x1 y2 y1 
,
C = 
x3 x 1 y 3 y 1 



 x2 x1 y2 y1 


 z1 
 x3 x1 y 3 y 1  .


, E (x, y, z)

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.

(1.15)

A, B, C, D .
(1.15) (D/A, 0, 0) , (0, B/A, 0), (0, 0, D/C).



 x + D/A

y

0
z

0


 0 + D/A D/B 0
=0
00


 0 + D/A
00
D/C 0 
D3 + AxD2 + ByD2 + CzD2
=0
ABC
D2
(D + Ax + By + Cz) = 0.
ABC

(1.15), .
(1.15) (D/A, 0, 0) , (0, B/A, 0),
(0, 0, D/C).
A, B, C, D
.
1.2.6. (6, 0, 0),
(0, 3, 0) (0, 0, 1).
.

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

1.

6A + 0B + 0C + D = 0
0A 3B + 0C + D = 0
0A + 0B C + D = 0

A = D/6, B = D/3, C = D .

D
D
x + y + Dz + D = 0
6
3

x + 2y + 6z + 6 = 0
1.2.7.

E1 : x + y + z 1 = 0
E2 : x + 2y + z + 1 = 0
E3 : 3x + y + 4z = 0

x+y+z1=0
x + 2y + z + 1 = 0
3x + y + 4z = 0.

Gauss x = 10, y = 2, z = 7. .
(10, 2, 7).
1.2.8.

E1 : x + y + z 1 = 0
E2 : x + 2y + z + 1 = 0
E3 : 2x + 3y + 2z = 0

x+y+z1=0
x + 2y + z + 1 = 0
2x + 3y + 2z = 0

Gauss :

x = 3 t, y = 2, z = t,

t R.

(1.16)

1.

.
.14.3. , (1.16) , 2.

.14.3

1.2.9.

E1 : x + y + z 1 = 0
E2 : x + 2y + z + 1 = 0
E3 : 2x + 3y + 2z + 3 = 0

x+y+z1=0
x + 2y + z + 1 = 0
2x + 3y + 2z = 0

1.

, .14.4.

.14.4

1.2.10. (1, 2, 0), (0, 1, 3)

p = (1, 1, 1)
. .(1.5)


 x1 y2 z0

 01 12 30

 1
1
1




 = 4y 4x 4 = 0



x (u, v)
1
1
1

r (u, v) = y (u, v) = 2 + u 1 + v 1 .
z (u, v)
0
3
1

1.2.11. (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3)

p = (3, 3, 3).
. .(1.5)


 x1 y1 z1

 11 21 31

 3
3
3




 = 6y 3x 3z = 0



1.2.12. A (1, 1, 1),

B (1, 2, 3) p = (0, 1, 2).
. .(1.5)


 x1 y1 z1

 11 21 31

 0
1
2




=0



10

1.

, ,
. ,

AB p A, B
p.
1.2.13. 1.1.5, .
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) , (x2 , y2 , z2 ) p.




 = 0.




 x x1 y y1 z z1

 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1


a
b
c

. .14.5 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ),

p (x, y, z). r1 =
(x x1 , y y1 , z z1 ), r2 = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )
p.

.14.5

{r1 , r2 , p}


 
 r1   x x1 y y1 z z1

 
 r2  =  x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

 
 p  
a
b
c

0, .
1.2.14. (1, 1, 1)
p = (1, 2, 3) q = (3, 3, 3).
. .(1.6)


 x1 y1 z1

 1
2
3

 3
3
3




 = 6y 3x 3z = 0.



11

1.


 x1 y2 z0

 1
2
3

 1
1
1

1.2.15. (1, 2, 0)
p = (1, 2, 3) q = (1, 1, 1).
. .(1.6)




 = 2y x z 3 = 0.



x (u, v)
1
1
1
r (u, v) = y (u, v) = 2 + u 2 + v 1 .
z (u, v)
0
3
1

1.2.16. 1.1.6, .
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) p, q


 x x1 y y1 z z1


a
b
c


d
e
f




 = 0.



. .14.6 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), p, q (x, y, z).

p, q . r =
(x x1 , y y1 , z z1 ) p, q.

.14.6

{r, p, q} ,

  
 r   x x1 y y1 z z1
  
 p =
a
b
c
  
 q  
d
e
f

0, .

12

1.

2
1
1
= =
1
2
1
(1.7)

1.2.17. p = (1, 2, 1) x + 2y + z + 10 = 0.
. A = 1, B = 2, C = 1 D = 10.

1.2.18. p = (1, 2, 1) 2x+4y+2z +3 =

0.
. A = 2, B = 4, C = 2 D = 3.

1
2
1
= =
2
4
2

(1.7).

1.2.19. (3, 2, 4)
p = (2, 2, 3).
. Ax + By + Cz + D .
(3, 2, 4)

3A 2B + 4C + D = 0

(1.17)

, ,

B
C
A
=
=
.
2
2
3

(1.18)

3
, (1.17) (1.18) A = 15 D , B = 15 D , C = 10
D, .

D
3D
D
x+ y
z+D =0
5
5
10
D . D = 10,
2x + 2y 3z + 10 = 0.

1.2.20. 1.1.9, . p = (a, b, c)

E : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

a
b
c
=
= .
A
B
C
. .14.7 M1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) , M2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) , M3 (x3 , y3 , z3 )

13

1.

E r1 , r2 , r3 .

.14.7

r2 r1 = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )
r3 r1 = (x3 x1 , y3 y1 , z3 z1 )

E . q E r2 r1 , r3 r1 . (A, B, C). , (x1 , y1 , z1 ) , (x2 , y2 , z2 )

E ,

Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D = 0

Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + D = 0

A (x2 x1 ) + B (y2 y1 ) + C (z2 z1 ) = 0

. (A, B, C) (r2 r1 ). (A, B, C) (r3 r1 ).

(A, B, C) E p E pk (A, B, C) .

b
c
a
=
= .
A
B
C

1.2.21. (1, 2, 0)
p = (1, 2, 3)
. (1.8),

1 (x 1) + 2 (y 2) + 3 (z 3) = x + 2y + 3z 14 = 0.

14

1.

1.2.22. 1.1.8, .
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) p = (a, b, c)

a (x x1 ) + b (y y1 ) + c (z z1 ) = 0

. .14.8 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), p,
(x, y, z). r = (x x1 , y y1 , z z1 )
p.

.14.8

p r = 0, .

a (x x1 ) + b (y y1 ) + c (z z1 ) = 0

1.2.23. p = (1, 2, 1) x + 2y

5z + 3 = 0.

. (1.10), 1 1 + 2 2 + 1 (5) = 0.

1.2.24. 1.1.9, . E : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
p = (a, b, c)

a A + b B + c C = 0.

. E q = (A, B, C).
p E

q p = Aa + Bb + Cc = 0

15

1.

2
1
5
= = .
10
4
2

1.2.25. E1 : 5x + 2y + z + 6 = 0 E2 : 10x + 4y + 2z = 0
.
. , (1.10),

1.2.26. x + 2y + z + 1 = 0 2x + 4y + 2z 5 = 0

. .(1.10),

1
2
1
= = .
2
4
2

1.2.27. 1.1.10, . E1 : A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 ,
E2 : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0

B1
C1
A1
=
=
.
A2
B2
C2

. E1 p1 = (A1 , B1 , C1 ) E2 p2 =
(A2 , B2 , C2 ).
A1
A2

B1
B2

C1
.
C2

.14.9.

p1 kp2

E1 kE2 p1 kp2

.14.9

1.2.28. x + y + z + 1 = 0 2x + y 3z 5 = 0 .
. (1.11), 1 2 + 1 1 + 1 (3) = 0.
1.2.29. 5x + 2y + z + 6 = 0 x y 3z = 0
.
. (1.11), 5 1 + 2 (1) + 1 (3) = 0.

16

1.

A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1 C2 = 0.

1.2.30. 1.1.11, . E1 : A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
E2 : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0

. E1 p1 = (A1 , B1 , C1 ) E2 p2 =
(A2 , B2 , C2 ).

E1 E2 p1 p2

p1 p2 A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1 C2 = 0. .14.1.10.

.14.10

1.2.31. x + y 4 = 0 x y = 0.
.





 1 1 + 1 (1) + 0 0 
=0

q
cos = 

2
 12 + 12 12 + (1) 

. = /2 .

1.2.32. x + y + z = 0 x y + z 5 = 0.
.






 1
1

1
+
1

(1)
+
1

1
=
q
cos = 

 12 + 12 + 12 12 + (1)2 + 12  3

arccos

1
3

= 1. 231 0 (

1. 231 0
3.14159

180 700 ).

17

1.
1.2.33. 5x 2y + z + 1 = 0 10x 4y + 2z = 0.
.

. = 0 .







5 10 + (2) (4) + 1 2

=1
q
cos = 

2
 52 + 22 + 12 102 + (4) + 22 

1.2.34. 1.1.12, . E1 , E2






A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1 C2


p
cos =  p 2
.
 A1 + B12 + C12 A22 + B22 + C22 

. .14.11.
p1 = (A1 , B1 , C1 ), p2 = (A2 , B2 , C2 ).

.14.11





p1 p2
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1 C2


p
cos =
= p 2

2
2
2
2
2
||p1 || ||p2 ||  A1 + B1 + C1 A2 + B2 + C2 

1.2.35. (2, 3, 6)
2x 5y + 7 = 0.
. , ,

2x 5y + D = 0.

(2, 3, 6)

2 2 5 (3) + D = 0 D = 19.
. 2x 5y 19 = 0.

18

1.

1.2.36. (1, 2, 3)
2x 3y + 2z = 0.
. 2x 3y + 2z + D = 0

2 1 3 (2) + 2 3 + D = 0 D = 14
2x 3y + 2z 14 = 0.

1.2.37. (1, 2, 3), (3, 2, 1)

4x y + 2z 7 = 0.
. p = (4, 1, 2) .




 x1 y2 z3

 13 22 31

 4
1
2

. 2x + 12y + 2z 32 = 0.



=0



1.2.38. (1, 2, 3)

3x 2y + z 5 = 0.

x + 3y z = 0

Ax + By + Cz + 1 = 0.

(, , D = 1).

A + 3B C = 0
3A 2B + C = 0.

(1, 2, 3)

A + 2B 3C + 1 = 0.

A + 3B C = 0
3A 2B + C = 0
A + 2B 3C + 1 = 0

1
,B =
A = 26

2
,C
13

11
,
26

1
2
11
x+ y+ z+1=0
26
13
26

x + 2y + 11z + 26 = 0.

19

1.

E1 : 5x + 3y 11z + 72 = 0
E2 : 4x 5y + 7z + 26 = 0
E3 : 6x + 11y 3z + 66 = 0

1.2.39.

.
(10, 0, 2).

5 3 11
5 3 11 72
rank 4 5 7 = rank 4 5 7 26 = 3.
6 11 11
6 11 11 66
1.2.40.

E1 : 5x + 3y 11z + 72 = 0
E2 : 4x 5y + 7z + 26 = 0
E3 : 6x + 11y 3z + 66 = 0

.
(10, 0, 2).

5 3 11
5 3 11 72
rank 4 5 7 = rank 4 5 7 26 = 3.
6 11 11
6 11 11 66

1.2.41.

E1
E2
E3
E4

: 5x + 3y 11z + 72 = 0
: 4x 5y + 7z + 26 = 0
: 6x + 11y 3z + 66 = 0
: x + 2y + z + 8 = 0

.
(x, y, z) = (10, 0, 2).
. (10, 0, 2).
1.2.42. E1 : 5x + 2y + z + 1 = 0 E2 : x y 3z = 0.
.
.

(5x + 2y + z + 1) + (1 ) (x y 3z) =
(4 + 1) x + (3 1) y + (4 3) z + = 0.

.., = 1/2






1
1
1
1
4 + 1 x + 3 1 y + 4 3 z + = 3x + y z + = 0
2
2
2
2

20

1.

E1 E2 . = 1 E1
= 0 E2 ( .14.12).

.14.12

1.2.43.

E1 : 2x 7y + 4z 3 = 0,
E2 : 3x 5y + 4z + 11 = 0

(2, 1, 3).
.

(2x 7y + 4z 3) + (1 ) (3x 5y + 4z + 11) = 0

(3 ) x + (5 2) y + 4 z + (11 14) = 0.

(2, 1, 3)

(3 ) (2) + (5 2) 1 + 4 3 + (11 14) = 0

(1.19)

= 76 . (1.19)

6
3
7





6
6
x + 5 2
y + 4z + 11 14
=0
7
7

15x 47y + 28z 7 = 0.

1.2.44.

E1 : 3x 4y + z 12 = 0
E2 : 4x 7y + 3z + 4 = 0

21

1.

5x + 2y z + 30 = 0.

(3x 4y + z 12) + (1 ) (4x 7y + 3z + 4) = 0

(4 ) x + (7 + 3) y + (3 2) z + (4 16) = 0.
,

(1.20)

(4 ) 5 + (7 + 3) 2 + (3 2) (1) = 0

= 1. (1.20)

5x 10y + 5z + 20 = 0.

1.2.45. E : 5x + 2y + z + 1 = 0

M (1, 0, 0)

. .14.13.

.14.13

.(1.14)

6
|5 1 + 2 0 + 1 0 + 1|

= =
d (M, E) =
52 + 22 + 12
30

6
.
5

1.2.46. M (2, 2, 3) E : 8x4yz8 =

0.
. .(1.14)

d (M, E) =

|8 (2) 4 2 1 3 8|
35

= .
2
2
2
9
8 +4 +1

22

1.

1.2.47. E1 : 2x 3y 6z 14 = 0 E2 : 2x 3y
6z + 7 = 0.
. . d (E1 , E2 ) = d (M, E2 )
M E1 .
x = 0, y = 0

14
2 0 3 0 14
= .
6
6



2 0 3 0 6 14 + 7
6

d (E1 , E2 ) = d (M, E2 ) =
=3
22 + 32 + 62
1.2.48. E1 : 2x3y6z14 =
0 5 .
. ( ) E2 : 2x
3y 6z + D = 0.
|2 0 3 0 6 0 + D|

= 5 D = 35
d (0, E2 ) =
22 + 32 + 62

z=

E21 : 2x 3y 6z 35 = 0

E21 : 2x 3y 6z + 35 = 0

1.2.49. xy
3 .
. xy E1 : z = 0. ,
E2 z + D = 0 (0, 0, D).

|0 0 0 0 0 0 + D|

= 3 D = 3
02 + 02 + 12
, E21 : z + 3 = 0 E22 : z 3 = 0 (

d (E1 , E2 ) =

.14.14).

.14.14

23

1.

d (M, E) =

1.2.50. E1 : 4x4y+7z3 = 0
4 M (4, 1, 2).
. E1 ( ) E2 :
4x 4y + 7z + D = 0.

|4 4 4 1 + 7 (2) + D|

=4
42 + 42 + 72

|D 2|
= 4 (D 2 = 36 D + 2 = 36)
9
D = 38 D = 34
,

E21 : 4x 4y + 7z + 38 = 0

E22 : 4x 4y + 7z 34 = 0

1.2.51. M y
E1 : 2x + 3y + 6z 6 = 0 E2 : 8x + 9y 72z + 73 = 0.
. M (0, y, 0)

d (M, E1 ) = d (M, E2 )
|8 0 + 9 y + 72 0 + 73|
|2 0 + 3 y + 6 0 6|

2
2
2
2 +3 +6
82 + 92 + 722
|3 y 6|
|9 y + 73|
=
7
73

y =

73
12

3y6
9 y + 73
=
7
73

9 y + 73
3y6
=
7
73

73
y = 282
. : M1 (0, 73/12, 0)
M2 (0, 73/282, 0).

1.2.52. A x, B y C
z . A, B, C ,

1
1
1
+
+
= 1.
OA OB OC

(1.21)

A, B, C .
. A, B, C

x
y
z
+
+
= 1.
OA OB OC

(1.22)

24

1.

1
1
1
+
+
= 1.
OA OB OC

(1.21) (1.22) ( )

x1 y1 z1
+
+
=0
OA
OB
OC

(x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1). ,

A, B, C (1, 1, 1).

1.2.53. 1.1.15, . E : Ax+By+Cz +D =

0 (x1 , y1 , z1 )

d=

|Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D|

.
A2 + B 2 + C 2

. ( , 2.)
E1 : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 M1 : (x1 , y1 , z1 ).
E1 p = (A, B, C). l1 M1
p

y y1
z z1
x x1
=
=
A
B
C
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) -

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
y y1
x x1
=
A
B
z z1
y y1
=
B
C

1
AD B 2 x1 C 2 x1 + ABy1 + ACz1
2
2
+B +C


1
2
2
y2 = 2
BD

A
y

C
y
+
ABx
+
BCz
1
1
1
1
A + B2 + C 2


1
2
2
z2 = 2
CD

A
z

B
z
+
ACx
+
BCy
1
1
1
1
A + B2 + C 2

x2 =

A2

d (M1 , M2 )

q
d (M1 , M2 ) = (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 + (z1 z2 )2 .

d (M1 , E1 ) = d (M1 , M2 ) =

|Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D|

.
A2 + B 2 + C 2

25

1.

1.3

1.3.1. (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0),

(0, 0, 1). .
. x + y + z 1 = 0.
1.3.2. (1, 2, 3), (3, 1, 1),
(1, 1, 1). .
. 4y 2x 2z = 0.

1.3.3. (1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2),

(1, 1, 2). .
. 9y 3x + 6z = 0.
1.3.4. (2, 4, 8), (3, 1, 5),
(6, 2, 7). .
. 42z 17y 15x 238 = 0.
1.3.5. .

x + 2y + z 1 = 0
4x + 2y + z + 1 = 0
x + y + 4z 2 = 0

. x = 23 , y = 74 , z =

11
.
21

1.3.6. .

x + 2y + 2z 2 = 0
3x + 2y + 4z 1 = 0
x + 2y + 4z + 1 = 0

. x = 1, y = 2, z = 23 .

1.3.7. .

x + 2y + 2z 2 = 0
3x + 2y + 4z 1 = 0
4x + 4y + 6z 5 = 0

. .

1.3.8. (1, 2, 3), (3, 1, 1)

p = (1, 2, 1). .
. 7x 6y + 5z 10 = 0.
1.3.9. (2, 2, 3), (1, 1, 2)
p = (1, 1, 1). .
. z y 1 = 0.

26

1.

1.3.10. (2, 2, 3), (2, 1, 2)

y . .
. x + z 5 = 0.
1.3.11. (2, 2, 3)
(2, 1, 2) (1, 1, 0). .
. 2y 2x + z 3 = 0.

1.3.12. (1, 1, 3)
(2, 1, 2) (1, 1, 0). .
. 2y 2x + z 3 = 0.

1.3.13. (1, 0, 1)
(2, 1, 2) (1, 1, 0). .
. 2y 2x + z + 1 = 0.
1.3.14. (1, 5, 4)
4x 7z + 6 = 0. .
. 2y 2x + z + 1 = 0.

1.3.15. 2x 2y + z + 1 = 0 (2, 2, 1) .
1.3.16. x+y+3z+10 = 0 (1, 1, 3) .
;
1.3.17. x + y + z 3 = 0 (1, 1, 2).
.

1.3.18. x + y + z 3 = 0 (2, 1, 3).

.

1.3.19. 2xy+z+1 = 0 (2, 1, 5) .

.

1.3.20. x + y + z 3 = 0 x + y 2z = 0.
.
1.3.21. x+y+z3 = 0 2x+y3z+12 = 0.
.

1.3.22. (2, 3, 6)
2x 5y + 7 = 0. .
. 2x 5y 19 = 0.
1.3.23. (3, 4, 11)
z = 0. .
. z + 11 = 0.

1.3.24. (1, 2, 4)
2x 3y 5z + 6 = 0. .
. 2x 3y 5z + 28 = 0.

27

1.

1.3.25. (4, 2, 1)
p = (7, 2, 3). .
. 7x + 2y 3z 21 = 0.
1.3.26. (3, 2, 4)
p = (2, 2, 3). .
. 2x + 2y 3z + 10 = 0.

1.3.27. (2, 3, 5)
(4, 6, 0). .
. 2x + 4y 13 = 0.
1.3.28. (3, 5, 2)
(4, 6, 1). .
. 4x 6y + z 40 = 0.

1.3.29. (1, 2, 2), (3, 1, 2)

2x + y z + 6 = 0. .
. x 12y 10z 5 = 0.

1.3.30. (2, 2, 2) (0, 2, 0)

x 2y + 3z 7 = 0. .
. 7x 6y z 7 = 0.

1.3.31. (2, 2, 2) (0, 2, 0)

x 2y + 3z 7 = 0. .
. 4x y 2z 2 = 0.
1.3.32. (2, 1, 1) (3, 2, 2)
x + 2y 5z 3 = 0. .
. 7x 6y z 7 = 0.

1.3.33. (2, 1, 6)
(1, 2, 4) x 2y 2z + 9 = 0. .
. 2x + 4y 3z + 18 = 0.
1.3.34. (3, 2, 4)
7x 3y + z 5 = 0 4x y z + 9 = 0. .
. 4x + 11y + 5z 10 = 0.
1.3.35. (1, 4, 2)
2x + 5y z 5 = 0 4x 7y + 3z + 9 = 0. .
. 4x 5y 17z + 10 = 0.
1.3.36. (3, 2, 1)
3y 5z + 1 = 0 x = 0. .
. 5y + 3z + 7 = 0.

28

1.

1.3.37. (1, 1, 2)
2x 2y 4z 6 = 0 3x + y + 6z 4 = 0. .
. x + 3y z 2 = 0.
1.3.38. 6x + 3y 2z = 0 x + 2y + 6z 12 = 0.
. 90o .

1.3.39. 2x + 5y + 7z 1 = 0 3x 4y + 2z = 0.
. 90o .

. arccos =

1.3.40. q
3x + 2y + 5z + 6 = 0 x + 4y + 3z 8 = 0.
13
.
19

1.3.41. 3x + 4y z + 1 = 0 x 2y 5z + 3 = 0.
. 90o
1.3.42. 3x + 4y + z 26 = 0 4x 3y + 4z + 1 =
0 ;
. = 0.

1.3.43.

5x + 3y 11z + 72 = 0
4x 5y + 7z + 26 = 0
6x + 11y 3z = 66

. (10, 0, 2) .

1.3.44.

5x + 3y 11z + 72 = 0
4x 5y + 7z + 26 = 0
6x + 11y 3z = 66
x + 2y + z + 8 = 0

. (10, 0, 2) .

1.3.45.

x + y 3z + 5 = 0
4x 5y + z + 2 = 0
3x 6y + 4z 3 = 0

. x (t) =

14
t
9

3, y (t) =

13
t
9

2, z (t) = t.

1.3.46. 4x 4y + 7z 3 = 0
4 (4, 1, 2). .
. 4x 4y + 7z + 38 = 0, 4x 4y + 7z 34 = 0.

29

1.

1.3.47. 2x
7y + 4z 3 = 0, 3x 5y + 4z + 11 = 0 (2, 1, 3). .
. 15x 47y + 28z 7 = 0.
1.3.48. 3x
4y + 2z 6 = 0, 2x + 4y 2z + 7 = 0 (1, 2, 3). .
. 43x 24y + 12z 31 = 0.

1.3.49. 2x
y + 2z 6 = 0, 3x 6y + 2z 12 = 0 x (6, 0, 0).
.
. x 5y z = 0.
1.3.50. (1, 2, 3)

2x 3y + z 3 = 0
x + 3y + 2z + 1 = 0.

.
. 2x + 15y + 7z + 7 = 0.

1.3.51. (2, 2, 3) 8x 4y z 8 = 0.
. 35/9.

1.3.52. 2x + y 2z 12 = 0
(2, 2, 3).
. 20/3.
1.3.53. 2x + 2y z 11 = 0
(1, 2, 4).
. 6/ 29.
1.3.54. 6x 3y + 2z 13 = 0
(7, 3, 4).
. 4.
1.3.55. (0, 1, 3)

(3, 1, 5), (8, 3, 3), (2, 1, 4)
. 6/ 29.

1.3.56. 2x 3y 6z 14 = 0 2x 3y 6z + 7 = 0.
.
. 3.
1.3.57. 3x + 2y 6z 35 3x + 2y 6z + 14 = 0.
. d = 7.

30

1.

1.3.58. x + y + z = 0 x y + z = 1.
.
. 0.
1.3.59. 2x 3y 6z 14 = 0
5 . .
. 2x 3y 6z 35 = 0 .

1.3.60. xy
3 .
. z + 3 = 0.

1.3.61. y
2x + 3y + 6z 6 = 0 8x + 9y 72z + 73 = 0.
. : (0, 73/12, 0) (0, 73/282, 0).

1.3.62. 3
3x 6y 2z 4 = 0.
. 3x 6y 2z + 21 = 0.

2.1

2.1.1. (x1 , y1 , z1 )
p = (a, b, c) (. p)
(x, y, z)

x x1
x x1
x x1
=
=
,
a
b
c

(2.1)

(2.1) .
(2.1)
:

x (t) = x1 + t a, y (t) = y1 + t b, z (t) = z1 + t c,

r (t) = r1 + t p.

(2.2)
(2.3)

( r = (x, y, z), r1 = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) p = (a, b, c)).

2.1.2. (2.1) (2.3) :
p
t .
t = 0, (x1 , y1 , z1 ).
2.1.3. (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 )

:

x x1
x x1
x x1
=
=
,
(2.4)
x2 x1
x2 x1
x2 x1
x = x1 + t (x2 x1 ) , y = y1 + t (y2 y1 ) , z = z1 + t (z2 z1 ) ,
(2.5)

r (t) = r1 + t (r2 r1 )

( r = (x, y, z) r1 = (x1 , y1 , z1 ), r2 = (x2 , y2 , z2 ) ).

31

(2.6)

32

2.

A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0.

2.1.4. :

2.1.5. x = x1 + t a1 , y = y1 + t b1 , z = z1 + t c1
x = x1 +ta2 , y = y1 +tb2 , z = z1 +tc2 .

a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2
p
.
cos = p 2
a1 + b21 + c21 a22 + b22 + c22

(2.7)

2.1.6. .
2.1.7.

x = x 1 + t a1 ,
x = x 2 + t a2 ,

y = y1 + t b1 ,
y = y2 + t b2 ,

z = z1 + t c1 ,
z = z2 + t c2

(a1 , b1 , c1 ) (a2 , b2 , c2 ). (. )


 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1


a1
b1
c1


a2
b2
c2




 6= 0.



(2.8)

2.1.8.

x = x1 + t a1 ,
x = x 2 + t a2 ,

y = y 1 + t b1 ,
y = y 2 + t b2 ,

z = z1 + t c1 ,
z = z2 + t c2





 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 










a
b
c








d
e
f

.
d = q

2
2
2
 (bf ec) + (af dc) + (ae bd) 







(2.9)

1
1
1
2.1.9. Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 xx
= yy
= zz
.
a
b
c

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
x x1
y y1
=
a
b
y y1
z z1
=
.
b
c

, .
.

33

2.

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
x x1
y y1
=
a
b
z z1
y y1
=
.
b
c

2.1.10. Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 x = x1 + t a, y = y1 + t b, z =
z1 + t c.

(2.10)

t0 =

(x1 + at0 , y1 + bt0 , z1 + ct0 ) ,

Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D1

.
aA + bB + cC

(2.11)

2.1.11. Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 x = x1 + t a, y = y1 + t b, z =
z1 + t c.

aA + bB + cC

sin =
.
a2 + b2 + c2 A2 + B 2 + C 2

(2.12)

aA + bB + cC = 0

(2.13)

a
b
c
=
= .
A
B
C

(2.14)

34

2.

2.2

x1
y2
z0
=
=

2
1
3
x1
z
=y2=
2
3

2.2.1. (1, 2, 0)
p = (2, 1, 3)
. (2.1)

x (t)
1
2

r (t) = y (t) = 2 + t 1
z (t)
0
3
(. x (t) = 1 + 2t, y (t) = 2 + t, z (t) = 3t

2.2.2. (1, 2, 0)
p = (2, 1, 3)
. (2.1)

y2
z0
x1
=
=
.
2
1
3
x1
z
=y2=
2
3

2.2.3. (0, 2, 1) p = (1, 0, 4).

. .(2.3),

x = t,

y = 2 0 t = 2,

z = 1 + 4t.

(2.15)

, (2.1)

y2
z+1
x
=
=
.
1
0
4

(2.16)

y2
;
0
(2.16) t

x
y2
z+1
=
=
= t.
1
0
4

(2.17)

y2
= t, t ,
0
y 2 = 0, . y = 2.

35

2.

(2.15). , xy
( .15.1).

.15.1

2.2.4. 2.1.1, . (x1 , y1 , z1 )

p = (a, b, c)

x x1
x x1
x x1
=
=
,
a
b
c
x (t) = x1 + t a, y (t) = y1 + t b, z (t) = z1 + t c,
r (t) = r1 + t p.

(2.18)
(2.19)
(2.20)

. .15.2 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), p,
(x, y, z) . r = (x x1 , y y1 , z z1 )
p.

.15.2

36

2.

x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
=t
a
b
c
(2.18).

x x1
= t x = x1 + at
a
y y1
= t y = y1 + bt
b
z z1
= t z = z1 + ct
c

r = tp, .

(2.19). r = (x, y, z), r1 =

(x1 , y1 , z1 ) (2.20).
2.2.5. (1, 2, 0), (0, 1, 3).
.

y2
z0
x1
=
=
.
01
12
30
z
1x=2y =
3

x (t)
1
01
1
1
r (t) = y (t) = 2 + t 1 2 = 2 + t 1
z (t)
0
30
0
3

(. x (t) = 1 t, y (t) = 2 t, z (t) = 3t ).

2.2.6. (2, 1, 3) (4, 2, 2).

. .(2.4)

y1
z3
x+2
=
=
4+2
21
2 3
x+2
y1
z3
=
=
6
1
5

x (t) = 2 + 6t,

y (t) = 1 + t,

z (t) = 3 5t.

2.2.7. 2.1.2, . (x1 , y1 , z1 ),

(x2 , y2 , z2 )

x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
,
(2.21)
x2 x1
y2 y1
z2 z1
x (t) = x1 + t (x2 x1 ) , y (t) = y1 + t (y2 y1 ) , z (t) = z1 + t (z2 z1 ) , (2.22)
r (t) = r1 + t (r2 r1 ) .
(2.23)

37

2.

. .15.3 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ).

p = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )
.

.15.3

(x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 ) ,

y y1
z z1
x x1
=
=
(2.24)
x2 x1
y2 y1
z2 z1
(2.24) t, (2.22), 2.23).

2.2.8.

x1
y2
z3
=
=
.
1
2
3

.
.

x1
y2
z3
=
=
=t
1
2
3

, t

x = 1 + t,

y = 2 + 2t,

z = 3 + 3t.

2.2.9.

x (t) = 1 + t,

y (t) = 2 t,

z (t) = 1 + 2t.

.
.

x 1 = t,

y 2 = t,

z 1 = 2t

x1
y2
z1
=
=
= t.
1
1
2

38

2.

x2
y+3
z1
=
=
52
4+3
4 1
(8, 11, 9):
82
11 + 3
9 1
=
=
= 2.
52
4+3
4 1

2.2.11.

2.2.10. (2, 3, 1), (5, 4, 4), (8, 11, 9) .

. (2, 3, 1), (5, 4, 4).

x1
y2
z3
=
=
.
1
2
3
z = 1.
. (2.25) z = 1

(2.25)

x1
y2
13
2
=
=
= .
1
2
3
3

 
2
2
1
x1=1
x=1 =
3
3
3
 
4
10
2
y =2+ = .
y2=2
3
3
3


31 , 10
,1 .
3
2.2.12.

x (t) = 1 + t,

y (t) = 2 t,

z (t) = 1 + 2t.

z = 2.
. z = 2 (2.26)

2 = 1 + 2t t =

1
2

1
3
=
2
2
1
3
y =2t=2 = .
2
2


32 , 32 , 2 .
x=1+t=1+

(2.26)

39

2.

2.2.13.

2x 3y + 3z 4 = 0
x + 2y z + 3 = 0

(2.27)

(2.28)

. (2.27) (2.28) x = 73 z 71 , y =
t = z

5
10
y = t ,
7
7

z=t

10
.
7

1
3
x= t ,
7
7

5
z
7

. t

x + 1/7
y + 10/7
z
=
= = t.
3/7
5/7
1

.15.4.

.15.4

2.2.14.

x + 2y + z + 1 = 0
2x + y + 3z + 2 = 0

. .
,

5
x (t) = t 1,
3

1
y (t) = t,
3

z (t) = t.

40

2.

2.2.15.

y5
z5
x+5
=
=
2
1
4
y4
z3
x+2
=
=
.
l2 :
3
1
2

l1 :

x (t)
1
5/3
r (t) = y (t) = 0 + t 1/3 .
z (t)
0
1

.
. (5, 5, 5),

x+5
=y5
2
z5
y5=
4
x+2
=y4
3
z3
y4=
2

2.2.16.

l1 :

x+1
y5
z7
=
=
2
3
1

l2 :

x+4
y1z 3
=
4
6
2

.
. l1 p1 = (2, 3, 1) l2
p2 = (4, 6, 2). p1 kp2 l1 kl2 .
2.2.17.

l1 :

7x 15
7y + 34
z
=
=
2
4
1

l2 :

x+3
y2
z
=
=
1
1
2

.
. l1 p = (2, 4, 1) l2
q = (1, 1, 2). p q =0 p, q
l1 , l2 .
2.2.18. l1 (2, 4, 3)
l2 (1, 3, 4) (2, 2, 3).
. l2

x1
y3
z4
=
=
.
2 1
23
34
. l2 p = (3, 1, 1). l1
x+2
y4
z3
=
=
.
3
1
1

41

2.
2.2.19.

x+2
y3
z+4
=
=
.
3
6
2

x1
y+2
z4
=
=
6
3
6

. p = (6, 3, 6), q =
(3, 6, 2).

633 6+6 (2)

pq
4

=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
||p|| ||q||
21
6 +3 +6 3 +6 +2

cos =

1. 762 4
. = arccos (4/21) = 1. 762 4 180o 3.14159
= 101o .

2.2.20.

l1 : 2x y + 3z 4 = 0, 3x + 2y z + 7 = 0
l2 : x + y 2z + 3 = 0, 4x y + 3z + 7 = 0.

. . l1 ,

2x y + 3z 4 = 0
3x + 2y z + 7 = 0

1
7

75 z , y =

11
z
7

x =

26
7

x 1/7
y + 26/7
z
=
=
5/7
11/7
1

l1 p = (5, 11, 7). l2 ,

x = 15 z 2, y =

11
z
5

x + y 2z + 3 = 0
4x y + 3z + 7 = 0
1
x+2
y+1
z
=
=
1/5
11/5
1

l2 q = (1, 11, 5). p, q

cos =

pq
5 (1) +11 11+7 5
23

=
=
65 ' 0.950 93
||p|| ||q||
195
52 + 112 + 72 12 + 112 + 52

' arccos 0.950 93 = 0.314 57 ' 18o .

42

2.
2.2.21. 2.1.5, .

a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2
p
.
cos = p 2
a1 + b21 + c21 a22 + b22 + c22

l1 : x = x1 + t a1 , y = y1 + t b1 , z = z1 + t c1
l2 : x = x1 + t a2 , y = y1 + t b2 , z = z1 + t c2

(2.29)

. l1 p1 = (a1 , b1 , c1 ) l2 p2 = (a2 , b2 , c2 ).
l1 l2 p1 p2
(2.29).
2.2.22. l1 (3, 1, 4)

l2 :

x
y
z1
= =
3
2
4

l3 :

x1
y
z2
=
=
.
2
3
2

. l1

x3
y+1
z4
=
=
.
a
b
c

a, b, c ( )

3a + 2b 4c = 0
2a 3b + 2c = 0

a =

8
c,
13

b=

14
c
13

l1

y+1
z4
x3
=
=
8c/13
14c/13
c

c = 13 :

x3
y+1
z4
=
=
.
8
14
13

2.2.23. (2, 2, 1)
x = y = z .
.

x2
y2
z+1
=
=
.
a
b
c

a1+b1+c1=0

(2.30)

43

2.

, (x0 , y0 , z0 ) .
x = y = z , (x0 , x0 , x0 ) (2.30). .

x0 2
x0 2
=
a
b
x0 2
x0 + 1
=
b
c
a + b + c = 0.

a = b, c = 2b.
(a, b, c) = (a, a, 2a) (
x0 ).

x2
y2
z+1
=
=
a
a
2a

y2
z+1
x2
=
=
.
1
1
2

2.2.24. 2.1.7, .

l1 : x = x1 + t a1 , y = y1 + t b1 , z = z1 + t c1 ,
l2 : x = x2 + t a2 , y = y2 + t b2 , z = z2 + t c2 .


 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1


a1
b1
c1


a2
b2
c2




 6= 0.



(2.31)

. , . . .15.5.

.15.5

44

2.


 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

a1
b1
c1
l1 , l2 

a2
b2
c2

. .




 = 0.






 6= 0 l1 , l2



2.2.25.

x = 1 + t,
y = 1 + t,
z = 2 + t,
x = 2t,
y = 1 + t,
z = 0.



 01 11



 1

1


 0

1
d =  s


  1 2 2  1 2
 
 +
  1 0 
 0 0


(2.32)


 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1


a1
b1
c1


a2
b2
c2

l1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) p1 = (a1 , b1 , c1 ). l2
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) p2 = (a2 , b2 , c2 ). p1 , p2
r2 r1 = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 ) ,
.




0 1 



2 


0 
5

2 
2  = 5


 
 + 1 1  

 0 1  


( .15.6)

.15.6

45

2.

x = 2 + 2t,
y = 1 + t,
z = 1 t,
x = 3t,
y = 1 + 2t,
z = 1.
.




 02 11 11 




 2


1
1 


 3

 2
2
0

2 
2 
2  = 5 .
 2 1 

 
1 1 
 + 2 1  
+ 



1
3 0
3 2  







d =  s
  11
 
  1


2.2.26.

2.2.27.

y2
z+3
x+1
=
=
1
2
3
l2 : x = y = z

l1 :

l1 : x = 1 + t
y = 2 + 2t
l2 : x = t
y=t
z = t.

z = 3 + 3t



 0+1 02



 1

2


 1

1
d =  s
2 
  2 3 

 
 + 1 3
  1 1 
 1 1





0 + 3 



3 


 4
1

2 
2  = 3 6.

 1 2  
 +
 
 1 1  



2.2.28. A (1, 1, 2)

l1 :

x1
y+5
z
=
= .
2
2
1

. l1

x = 1 + 2t

y = 5 + 2t

z = t.

M (1 + 2t, 5 + 2t, t)
M A

f (t) = (1 1 2t)2 + (1 + 5 2t)2 + (2 t)2 = 9t2 20t + 40

f (t) f 0 (t) = 0, . t = 10/9

. M
10 10
A 1 + 2 10
,
5
+
2

,
= (29/9, 25/9, 10/9)
9
9 9

d (A, M ) =
f (10/9) =
.

260
9

' 5.3748 -

46

2.
2.2.29. A (1, 1, 1)

. l1

x=t

y =1+t

z = t.

l1 : x = y 1 = z.

M (t, 1 + t, t) M
A

f (t) = (1 t)2 + (1 1 t)2 + (1 t)2 = 3t2 4t + 2

f (t) f 0 (t) = 0, . t = 3/2.

M

A (3/2, 5/2, 3/2)

p
11
d (A, M ) = f (3/2) = 2 = 1. 658 3
.
2.2.30. A (1, 1, 1)

z = 0.

l1 : x = y,

. l1

x=t

y=t

z = 0.

M (t, t, 0) M A

f (t) = (1 t)2 + (1 t)2 + (1 0)2 = 2t2 4t + 3

f (t) f 0 (t) = 0, . t = 1.
M
p A (1, 1, 0)
d (A, M ) = f (1) = 1 .

2.2.31.

x+1
y5
z7
=
=
2
3
1

x + y + z = 0.
.

x+1
y5
=
2
3
y5
z7
=
3
1
x+y+z =0


(x, y, z) = 13
, 13
, 39 .
2
4 4

47

2.
2.2.32.

y+3
z6
x1
=
=
2
1
1

xy .
. xy z = 0.

(x, y, z) = (13, 3, 0) .
2.2.33.

x1
y+3
06
=
=
2
1
1

x2
2y 2
z5
=
=
10
11
7
3x 8y + 2z 8 = 0.
. .(2.33) x
1
11
x
20
10

z=

y=

7
18
x+ .
10
5

11
. x, 20
x

3x 8

11
1
x
20
10

+2

(2.33)

18
7
x+
10
5

1 7
, x
10 10

18
5

. -


8

0. .
, .
= z z = 0
2.2.34. x1
= y1
1
1
2
. (2.12)

1
10+ 20+11
=
sin = q
2

2
12 + 2 + 12 02 + 02 + 12

48

2.

. = /6 ( .15.7).

.15.7

2.2.35. x1
= y1
= z x + y 5z = 0
2
3
.

aA + bB + cC = 2 1 + 3 1 + 1 (5) = 0.

2.2.36.

l1 :

y+2
z3
x1
=
=
6
10
4

E : 3x 5y + 2z + 4 = 0.
.

6
a
= = 2,
A
3

b
10
=
= 2,
B
5

c
4
= = 2.
C
2

2.2.37. 2.1.11, .

E : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

l : x = x1 + t a, y = y1 + t b, z = z1 + t c.

aA + bB + cC

sin =
.
2
2
a + b + c2 A2 + B 2 + C 2

(2.34)

(2.13) (2.14)
(2.34).

49

2.

. .15.8.

.15.8

p = (A, B, C) E .
l + = /2. cos = sin (2.34)
(2.7) . lkE = 0

aA + bB + cC = 0.

(2.35)

lE = 0

b
c
a
=
= .
A
B
C

(2.36)

2.2.38. l1 (1, 2, 3)
E1 : 2x 4y + z 3 = 0 E2 : x + 2y 6z + 4 = 0.
.

x1
y+2
z3
=
=
a
b
c

. p = (a, b, c).
E1 E2 , .

p1 = (2, 4, 1)

p2 = (1, 2, 6) .

2a 4b + c = 0
a + 2b 6c = 0

50

2.
11
c,
4

b=

13
c.
8

l1

x1
y+2
z3
=
=
11c/4
13c/8
c
c = 8

x1
y+2
z3
=
=
.
22
13
8

a =

2.2.39. (1, 2, 1)
x + 2y z = 0.
. p = (1, 2, 1)
.

y2
z1
x1
=
=
.
1
2
1

2.2.40. (6, 4, 1)
3x 2y + 5z + 8 = 0.
.

y4
z1
x+6
=
=
a
b
c

p = (a, b, c)
. p = (3, 2, 5).

l1 :

x+6
y4
z1
=
=
3
2
5

2.2.41.

y+1
z2
x1
=
=
4
2
3

x1
y+1
z2
=
=
.
5
4
3

x1
y+1
=
4
2
y+1
z2
=
2
3
x1
y+1
=
5
4
y+1
z2
=
4
3
x = 1, y = 1, z = 2.
(1, 1, 2) .
p = (4, 2, 3) q = (5, 4, 3)


 x1 y+1 z2 


 4
 = 3y 6x + 6z 3 = 0.
2
3


 5
4
3 

51

2.

2.3

2.3.1. (0, 2, 1) p = (1, 3, 4). .

. x = y2
= z+1
.
3
4

2.3.2. (0, 0, 0)
p = (1, 1, 1). .
. x = y = z.

2.3.3. (2, 4, 3) (1, 3, 4) (2, 2, 3). .

. x 3y + 14 = 0, y z 1 = 0.

2.3.4.
(2, 1, 3) (4, 2, 2). .
= y1
= z3
.
. x+2
6
1
5

2.3.5.
(4, 1, 3) (4, 2, 2). .
= y1
= z3
x = 4, y = 1 t, z = 3 + 5t.
. x4
0
1
5
2.3.6.
.
. x = 1 + t, y = 2 + 3t, z = 4 + 8t.

x1
1

y2
3

z4
.
8

2.3.7. x = 2 + 3t, y = 1 3t, z = 4 +

8t. .
= y1
= z+4
.
. x2
3
3
8

2.3.8.

2x y + t 6 = 0
x + 4y 2t 8 = 0.

,
z = 1. .
x32/9
y10/9
. x = 32
29 t, y = 95 t + 10
, z = t 2 =
= z9 . x = 10
,
9
9
5
3
5
y = 3 , z = 1.
2.3.9.

2x 3y + 3z 4 = 0
x + 2y z + 3 = 0.

.
. x = 73 t 71 , y = 57 t 10
, z = t
7

x+1/7
3

y+10/7
5

= z7 .

52

2.

2.3.10. ; , ;
. x = 53 t 1, y = t, z = 75 t + 2

2.3.11. (2, 3, 1), (5, 4, 4), (8, 11, 9) . .

2.3.12. y, z

x = 3. .
. (3, 14/3, 5/3) .
2.3.13.

x2
y+4
z1
=
=
3
2
2

y2
z3
x1
=
=
.
1
2
3
z = 6. .
. x = 1, y = 4, z = 6.

2.3.14.

x (t) = 2 + t,

y (t) = 2 t,

z (t) = 1 + t.

z = 2. .
. x = 3, y = 1, z = 2.

2.3.15. y, z

x = 4 3t,

y = 1 + 4t,

z = 2t 3

z = 5. .
. x = 7, y = 5, z = 5.
2.3.16.

y5
z7
x+1
=
=
2
3
1

x+4
y1z 3
=
5
3
1

. .
2.3.17.

7x 15
7y + 34
z
=
=
2
5
1

. .

x+3
y2
z
=
=
1
1
1

53

2.

2x 3y + 3z 4 = 0
x + 2y z + 3 = 0

2.3.18.

x = t, y = 2t, z = t. .

2.3.20.

2.3.19.
(2, 4, 3) (3, 1, 1)
.
. x 3y + 14 = 0, y z 1 = 0.

y7
z3
x1
=
=
2
1
4
x6
y+1
z+2
=
=
3
2
1

. .
. .
2.3.21.

y
z+1
x2
=
=
2
3
4
x7
y2
z
=
=
6
9
12

. .
. .
2.3.22.

x = t, y = 2t + 3, z = t + 2 x = 2t + 1, y = 4t, z = 2t + 766

. .
. .
2.3.23.

x+y+z+1=0
x + 2y + 3z = 0

2x + 3y 4z 1 = 0
4x + 6y = 0
. .
. .

54

2.

y2
z
x1
=
=
2
2
1
x
y+5
z4
=
=
2
3
1
. .
. .

2.3.25.

2.3.24.

x + 2y 5z 1 = 0
x 2y + 3z 9 = 0

x + y 3z + 1 = 0
xy+z+3=0

. .
. .

2.3.26. (3, 1, 4)

x
y
z1
= =
3
2
4

x1
y
z2
=
=
.
2
3
2

.
= y+1
= z4
.
. x3
8
14
13

2.3.27.

x2
y+1
z1
x7
y1
z3
=
=

=
=
4
3
2
5
6
1

. .
. .
2.3.28.

y
z1
x3
y1
z7
x+2
=
=

=
=
2
3
4
a
4
2

; .
. = 2.
2.3.29.

x1
y+2
z4
=
=
6
3
6
.
. 79o

x+2
y3
z+4
=
=
.
3
6
2

55

2.
2.3.30.

2x + 2y + z 4 = 0
x 3y + 2z = 0
x2
y+2
z4
=
=
.
7
6
6

.
. 49o

2.3.31.

l1 : 2x y + 3z 4 = 0, 3x + 2y z + 7 = 0
l2 : x + y 2z + 3 = 0, 4x y + 3z + 7 = 0.
.
. 18o
2.3.32.

5
34
y = t ,
7
7

15
2
x= t+ ,
7
7

z=t

xyz7=0
3x 4y 11 = 0

;
.

2.3.33. (3, 1, 4)
p = (3, 2, 4) q = (2, 3, 2). .
. x = 8t + 3, y = 14t 1, z = 13t + 4.
2.3.34. (2, 2, 3)
p = (2, 1, 3) q = (1, 2, 0). .
. x = 2t 4, y = t 1, z = t
2.3.35.

xyz+8=0
5x + y + z + 10 = 0

x+y+z2=0
2x + y 3z + 9 = 0
. .
. x = 3, y = 3, z = 2.

56

2.
2.3.36.

x1
z2
=y1=
x 3 = y 2 = z 3
2
1
. .
. x = 3, y = 2, z = 3.
2.3.37.

y
z+1
=
2
3

x = 2y = z x 1 =
.

2.3.38.

x1
y5
z6
y1
z6
=
=
x 1 =
=
3
4
7
2
3

.
. 4/ 3.

2.3.39. x 1 = y + 1 = z 2 x.

.
. 3/ 2.
2.3.40. (3, 5, 9)

y5
z+3
x
=
=
1
3
2

x
y+7
z 10
=
=
.
1
4
5

.
. x1 = y71
= z+3
.
22
2

2.3.41. (2, 3, 1), /3 z /4 x.

.
. 2 (x 2) = 2 (x + 3) = 2 (z + 1) ( ).
2.3.42.

y1
z2
x2
=
=
.
3
4
5

.
. 3.

2.3.43. (1, 1, 2) .

x1
y+5
z
=
= .
2
2
1

. d = 2.

57

2.

y5
z7
x+1
=
=
2
3
1

2.3.44.

x + y + z = 0. .
. x = 13
, y = 13
, z = 39
.
2
4
4
2.3.45.

x1
y+3
z6
=
=
2
1
1

xy . .
. (13, 3, 0).
2.3.46.

2y 3
2z 1
x
=
=
1
1
5

4x 2y + z 3 = 0. .
. (1, 2, 3)
2.3.47.

y1
z3
x+1
=
=
3
6
6

2x 2y + z 3. .
. 26o .
2.3.48.

y1
z5
x2
=
=
10
11/2
7
3x 8y + 2z 8 = 0. .
2.3.49.

y+2
z3
x1
=
=
1
2
4
2x + 3y 2z + 10 = 0. .
2.3.50.

x1
y+2
z3
=
=
1
2
4
6x + 7y 5z 8 = 0. .
2.3.51.

y+2
z+3
=
3
2
x 3y + 2z + 4 = 0. .
x1=

58

2.

2.3.52. (1, 2, 3) 2x 4y + z 3 = 0 x + 2y 6z + 4 = 0.
.
= y+2
= z3
.
. x1
22
13
8
2.3.53. (1, 4, 2) 6x + 2y + 2z + 3 = 0 3x 5y 2z 1 = 0.
.
= z+2
. x 1 = y4
3
6

2.3.54. (6, 4, 1)
3x 2y + 5z + 8 = 0.
. x = 53 t 33
, y = 22
52 t, z = t.
5
5
2.3.55. (2, 0, 3)
2x 3y + 6 = 0. .
. x = 2 32 t, y = t, z = 3.

2.3.56. (1, 3, 4)
x 3y + 2z = 4.
= z4
.
. x 1 = y+3
3
2
2.3.57.

x1
y+1
z2
=
=
4
2
3

x1
y+1
z2
=
=
.
5
4
3

.
. 2x y 2z + 1 = 0.

2.3.58.

x1
y+2
z3
=
=
1
2
4

6x + 7y 5z 8 = 0. .
. 5.
2.3.59.

x+1
y5
z7
=
=
2
3
1

x + y + z = 0. .
. 0.

2.3.60.
(3, 1, 2), (4, 6, 5), (0, 0, 3). .
x
. 16
= y+175/32
= z+19/32
.
13
7

59

2.

2.3.61. (2, 3, 4)

x2
3

y+3
5

x8
y+4
=
= z 2.
3
2

= z 4.

2.3.62.

x = y = z + 5

. .

x = 3 + 2t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 4t x = 3 + t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 4.

2.3.63. (3, 2, 4) ,
(5, 3, 2) (0, 4, 2). .
x18/11
y
.
= 22
= z+9/44
.
26
27

3.1

3.1.1. 1,
(x, y, z)

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.

3.1.2. ,
(x, y, z)

F (x, y, z) = c

(3.1)

( c ). (3.1) .

3.1.3. ..
R (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) R,

(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 = R2
2

(. F (x, y, z) = (x x0 ) + (y y0 ) + (z z0 ) , c = R2 ).
3.1.4. , .
F (x, y, z)

A0 x2 + B 0 y 2 + C 0 z 2 + D0 xy + E 0 yz + F 0 zx + G0 x + H 0 y + J 0 z + K 0 = 0

. x, y, z.
3.1.5. ,
x, y, z

Ax2 + By 2 + Cz 2 = D,
Ax2 + By 2 + Cz = 0.
60

(3.2)
(3.3)

61

3.

x2
a2
x2
a2
z2
a2
x2
a2
x2
a2
x2
a2

3.1.6. (3.2)

+ yb2 + zc2 = 1
2
2

+ yb2 zc2 = 1
2
2

yb2 xc2 = 1
2
2
+ zb2 = yc2

2

+ yb2 = 1
2

yb2 = 1
a, b, c ( A, B, C, D ).

3.1.7. (3.3)

2
2
z = xa2 + yb2

z = xa2 yb2
2
x2
+ yb2 = 1
a2

a, b ( A, B, C ).

3.1.8. .
yz C z = f (y). C
x, S

x2 + z 2 = (f (y))2 .

(3.4)

3.1.9.
zx y .
3.1.10. .

y2
b2
y2
b2
y2
b2

y2
b2
x2
b2
y2
b2
x2
a2
2

+ zc2 = 1 Oy
2

zc2 = 1 Oz
2
zc2 = 1 Oy

z = ay
Oy

z=a
Oy
y = z 2
Oy

+ zc2 + xc2 = 1
2
2
+ yb2 zc2 = 1
2
2
zc2 xc2 = 1
2
+ az 2 = y 2
x + z 2 = a2
y = x2 + z 2

3.1.11. ,
,

x (u, v) = f (u, v) ,

y (u, v) = g (u, v) ,

z (u, v) = h (u, v)

r (u, v) = (f (u, v) , g (u, v) , h (u, v)) .

u, v , .

 3.

62

3.1.12.

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 =1
a2
b
c

r (u, v) = (x0 + a cos u cos v, y0 + b sin u cos v, z0 + c sin v)

u [0, 2] v [0, ].

3.1.13.

r (u, v) = r0 + v (r1 (u) r0 )

(3.5)

r0 r1 (u).
r1 (u) , (3.5) .
3.1.14.

r (u, v) = r1 (u) + v r2

r2 r1 (u).
r1 (u) r2 Ox, Oy , Oz
(3.5) .

 3.

3.2

63

3.2.1. (1, 1, 1) 4.
2
2
2
. (x 1) + (y 1) + (z 1) = 42 . .16.1.

.16.1

3.2.2. A (1, 2, 3)
B (2, 3, 4).
.

d (A, B) =

(2 1)2 + (3 2)2 + (4 3)2 =

3.

(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z 3)2 = 3.

3.2.3.

x2 2x + y 2 4y + z 2 6z + 13 = 0

.
. .

x2 2x + y 2 4y + z 2 6z + 13 = 0
x2 + 2 1 x + 12 + y 2 2 2 y + 22 + z 2 2 3 z + 33 + 13 12 22 32 = 0
(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z 3)2 = 1.

(1, 2, 3) 1.

 3.

64

3.2.4.

x2 4x + y 2 2y + z 2 4 = 0
.
. ,
:

0 = x2 4x + y 2 2y + z 2 4
= x 2 2 x + 22 22 + y 2 2 y 1 + 12 12 + z 2 4

= (x 2)2 + (y 1)2 + z 2 32

(x 2)2 + (y 1)2 + z 2 = 32
(2, 1, 0) 3.

3.2.5. (1, 2, 3)
x.
p . (x0 , y0 , z0 ) x d =
y02 + z02 . .16.2.

.16.2

R=

22 + 32 =

13

(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z 3)2 = 13.

 3.

65

d=

|3 2 6 2 + 4 1 10|

=4
22 + 22 + 12
2

3.2.6. (3, 6, 4)
E : 2x 2y z 10 = 0.
. E

(x 3) + (y 6) + (z + 4) = 42 .

3.2.7. (1, 1, 1), (2, 0, 2), (1, 0, 1)

(0, 1, 1).
.

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

12 + 12 + 12 + A 1 + B 1 + C 1 + D
22 + 02 + 22 + A 2 + B 0 + C 2 + D
12 + 02 + 12 + A 1 + B 0 + C 1 + D
02 + 12 + 12 + A 0 + B 1 + C 1 + D

A+B+C +D
2A + 2C + D
A+C +D
B+C +D

=0
=0
=0
= 0.

= 3
= 8
= 2
= 2

A = 1, B = 1, C = 5, D = 4.

x2 + y 2 + z 2 x y 5z + 4 = 0
1
5
1 1 25
1
1
52
1
=0
x2 2 x + 2 + y 2 2 y + 2 + z 2 2 z + 2 + 4
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 4
4

2 
2 
2  2
1
1
5
3
x
+ y
+ z
=
.
2
2
2
2

. (1/2, 1/2, 5/2) 3/2.

3.2.8. xy (5, 4, 0) 6.
E : 3x+2y+6z1 =

0.
.

S : (x 5)2 + (y 4)2 + z 2 = 62

 3.

66

z = 0. .16.3.

.16.3

S 0 () : x2 + y 2 + z 2 10x 8y + 5 z = 0

S 0 () E . .
S 0 () d E R () S 0 ().
S 0 ()


 r
2
 3 5 + 2 4 + 6 2 1 

 = 100 + 64 + 5



4
32 + 22 + 62

22 + 3
7

: =
:

320
13

2

164 + 2
=
5
4

= 16.

320
z=0
13
S2 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 10x 8y + 5 + 16z = 0
S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 10x 8y + 5 +


2 
2
160
178
=
S1 : (x 5) + (y 4) + z
3
13
2

S2 : (x 5)2 + (y 4)2 + (z 8)2 = 102 .

 3.

67

3.2.9. E1 : x 2z 8 = 0,
E2 : 2x z + 5 = 0 l1 : x = 2, y = 0.
. E3 E1 E2
( .16.4)

.16.4

E3

1
1
(x 2z 8) + (2x z + 5) = 0
2
2

E3 :

E3 : x z 1 = 0

l1

x = 2,

y = 0,

z = (2 1) = 3.

(2, 0, 3) E1 :

d=

|1 (2) + 0 0 + (2) (3) 8|

4

=
12 + 02 + 22
5

(x + 2)2 + y 2 + (z + 3)2 =
3.2.10.

x2
a2

16
5
y2
b2

z2
c2

=1

 3.

68

. .16.5.

.16.5

z = c1 [c, c] ( xy )
.

c21
x2 y 2
+ 2 =1 2
a2
b
c

.
. yz zx.

3.2.11. ( (0, 0, 0) R)
, a = b = c = R.
. , a = b = c = R

x2
y2
z2
+
+
= 1 x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .
2
2
2
R
R
R

3.2.12.

x2 y 2 z 2
+
+
=1
16
9
4

. a = 4, b = 3, c = 2.

3.2.13.

2x2 + 3y 2 + z 2 8x + 6y 4z 3 = 0
.

69

3.
. .

+ 3 y2 + 2 y 1 + 1

2

2x2 + 3y 2 + z 2 8x + 6y 4z 3 = 0


+ z 2 2 2 z + 22 4 1 4 3 = 0

2 x2 2 2 x + 2

2

2 (x 2)2 + 3 (y + 1)2 + (z 2)2 = 12

(x 2)2 (y + 1)2 (z 2)2
+
2 = 1
2 +
22
6
2 3

(2, 1, 2) a = 6, b =

2, c = 2 3. 16.6,
.

.16.6

3.2.14.

x2
a2

y2
b2

z2
c2

= 1.

 3.

70

. .16.7.

.16.7

z = c1 R ( xy )
.

c21
x2 y 2
+
=
1
+
a2
b2
c2

. x = a1 R ( yz
) .

y2 z2
a21
2 =1 2
b2
c
a

.
zx.
3.2.15.

x2 y 2 z 2
+

=1
4
4
9

. a = 2, b = 2, c = 3.

3.2.16.

x2 y 2 z 2

+
=1
4
4
9

(3.6)

 3.

71

. (3.6) . .16.8.

.16.8

, Oy
Oz ( .. . 16.7). y, z
( Oy Oz ).
, .

3.2.17.

1
33
1 2 1
x x + y 2 6y z 2 +
= 0.
4
2
9
4

(3.7)

. (3.7)

(x 1)2
z2
2
+ (y 3)
=1
4
9

, (1, 3, 0) a = 2,
b = 1, c = 3.
3.2.18.

x2 y 2 z 2
2 2 =1
a2
b
c

. .16.8.
xy zx ,
yz .

 3.

72

(x 1)2 (y + 1)2 (z 2)2

+
=1
22
32
22

3.2.19.

. 0x 0z
(1, 1, 2). . 16.9

.16.9

3.2.20.

1 2 2
8
x x y 2 z 2 = 0.
9
9
9

(x 1)2
y2 z2 = 1
2
3

. .
3.2.21.

1
1
2
1
x2 + y 2 z 2 + z 1 = 0
4
9
9
9

x2 (z 1)2
y

=1
4
9
2

. .

 3.

73

3.2.22.
(3.8)

x2 y 2
z2
+ 2 = 2.
a2
b
c

. .16.10.
xy , z = c1
(3.8)

x2
a2

y2
b2

c21
.
c2

yz ,
x2
a2

z2
c2

b21
b2

y = b1 (3.8)
zx).

.16.10

3.2.23.

y 2 + 4z 2 x2 = 0

(3.9)

. (3.9)

y2 z2
x2
+
=
22 12
22

Ox
Oz .
3.2.24.

x2 2x + y 2 4y z 2 2z + 4 = 0

(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 (z + 1)2 = 0

a = b = c = 1
(1, 2, 1).

74

3.
3.2.25.

. .16.11.

(3.10)

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1.
a2
b

.16.11

(3.10)
( ).
, (x, y, z) ( )
(3.10). (x1 , y1 , 0)
(x1 , y1 , z) . z
(3.10). xy
.
3.2.26. 4x2 + 9z 2 = 36.
.

x2 z 2
+
=1
32 22

Oy Oz

 3.

75

. .16.12.

.16.12

3.2.27.

x2 y 2
2 =1
a2
b

. .16.13.
xy .

.16.13

 3.

76

1 2 1
1
2
7
x x z2 + z = 0
4
2
9
3
4

3.2.28.

. ,

(x 1)2 (z 3)2

=1
22
32

.
3.2.29.

z=

x2 y 2
+ 2
a2
b

. .16.14.

.16.14

z = c1 . x = a1 y = b1
.
3.2.30.

4x2 + 9y 2 = 36z

z=

x2 y 2
+
32 22

 3.

77

1 2 1
1
2
25
y + y z2 z
=0
16
8
9
9
144

3.2.31.

(y 1)2 (z + 1)2
x=
+
42
32
3.2.32.

. (0, 1, 1)

37
1 2 1
x + x + y 2 6y z +
4
2
4

z=

1
(x + 1)2 + (y 3)2
4

3.2.33.

z=

x2 y 2
2
a2
b

. .16.15.

.16.15
z = c1 . x = a1 y = b1
.

 3.

78

3.2.34.

x2 y 2
z= 2 2
2
3
.

9x2 4y 2 = 36z

3.2.35. (0, 0, 0), Oy ,

(1, 1, 1) (1, 2, 3).
. (0, 0, 0) Oy ,

y = Ax2 + Cz 2 .

(1, 1, 1) (1, 2, 3)

1 = A 12 + C 12
1 = A 22 + C 32

A = 58 , C = 35 . .

8
3
y = x2 z 2
5
5

3.2.36.

y=

x2
a2

. .16.16.

.16.16

 3.

79

z = c1 .

AM
= 23 ,
3.2.37. M BM
A (2, 2, 2) B (3, 3, 3).
. M (x, y, z).

q
(x + 2)2 + (y 2)2 + (z + 2)2
2
q
=
3
(x 3)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 3)2




9 (x + 2)2 + (y 2)2 + (z + 2)2 = 4 (x 3)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 3)2
5x2 + 60x + 5y 2 60y + 5z 2 + 60z = 0


5 (x + 6)2 + (y 6)2 + (z + 6)2 108 = 0.

( ).

(6, 6, 6) 6 3.

3.2.38.
y z .

.
(x, y, z) y x2 + z 2
p
z x2 + y 2

p
x2 + z 2 = 3 x2 + y 2
8x2 + 9y 2 z 2 = 0

3.2.39.
y xz .
. (x, y, z) y x2 + z 2 ,
xz , , y .
4y = x2 + z 2 .

x2 z 2
y= 2+ 2
2
2

.
3.2.40. M AM + BM = 8,
A (2, 3, 4) B (2, 3, 4).
. M (x, y, z).

q
(x 2) + (y 3) + (z 4) + (x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 4)2 = 8
2

 3.

80

q
(x 2) + (y 3) + (z 4) = 8 (x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 4)2
q
3y + 16 = 4 (x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 4)2


9y 2 + 96y + 256 = 16 (x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 4)2
16x2 + 7y 2 + 16z 2 64x 128z + 208 = 0
2

(x 2)2 y 2 (z 4)2
+
+
=1
7
16
7

(2, 0, 4).

3.2.41. M
(2, 1, 3) x.
.

q
p
(x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z 3)2 = 2 y 2 + z 2

x2 4x 3y 2 + 2y 3z 2 6z + 14 = 0
40
(x 2)2 3 (y 1/3)2 3 (z + 1)2 =
3

(y 1/3)2

(z + 1)2
40
9

(x 2)2
40
3

=1

40
9

(1/3, 1, 2).
3.2.42. M AM BM = 6,
A (4, 3, 1) B (4, 3, 1).
.

q
2 
2
q
2
2
2
2
2
2
(x + 4) + (y 3) + (z 1)
= 6 + (x 4) + (y 3) + (z 1)

q
4x 9 = 3 (x 4)2 + (y 3)2 + (z 1)2


16x2 72x + 81 = 9 (x 4)2 + (y 3)2 + (z 1)2
7x2 9y 2 9z 2 + 54y + 18z = 153
x2 (y 3)2 (z 1)2

=1
9
7
7

.
3.2.43.
x2 + 4z 2 = 16 ( xz ) Ox.

81

3.

. .16.17.

.16.17

M M B xy .
ABM AB = y , BM = z , AP 2 = y 2 + z 2 . ,
, x2 = 16 4AP 2 = 16 4 (y 2 + z 2 ) .

x2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2 = 16

(3.11)

. . (3.11)
(3.4).
3.2.44.
x2 2z 2 = 16 ( xz ) Oz .

 3.

82

. .18.

.16.18

M1 (x1 , 0, z) M 0 (0, 0, z) M1
Oz . M1 Oz ,
.
p
M (x, y, z) . x1 = x2 + y 2

x21 2z 2 = 16 x2 + y 2 2z 2 = 16.
(3.12)
. . (3.12)
(3.4).
3.2.45.
2x + 3y = 6 ( xy ) Oy .

83

3.

. .16.19.

.16.19

x2 + z 2

p


2 x2 + y 2 = 3 (2 y) 4 x2 + z 2 = 9 (2 y)2
(0, 2, 0) .

3.2.46.

r (u, v) = (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v))

= (R cos u cos v, R sin u cos v, R sin v) ,

(3.13)

0 u 2, 0 v .

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .

(3.14)

.
. u, v (3.13).

x = R cos u cos v
y = R sin u cos v

x2 + y 2 = R2 cos2 u cos2 v + sin2 u cos2 v = R2 cos2 v

z 2 = sin2 v

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 cos2 v + R2 sin2 v = R2 .

r (u, v) = (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v))

= (R sin u sin v, R cos v, R sin u cos v) ,

(3.15)

0 u 2, 0 v

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 ( u, v ).

84

3.
3.2.47.

(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 = R2 .
.

r (u, v) = (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v))

= (x0 + R cos u cos v, y0 + R sin u cos v, z0 + R sin v) ,

(3.16)

0 u 2, 0 v .

, (3.16)

x x0 = R cos u cos v
y y0 = R sin u cos v
z z0 = R sin v

, , (x x0 ) +
(y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 = R2 .
3.2.48.

z 0.

(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 = R2 ,
.

r (u, v) = (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v))

= (x0 + R cos u cos v, y0 + R sin u cos v, z0 + R sin v) ,

(3.17)

0 u 2, 0 v /2.

(3.16) v [0, /2] [0, ].

3.2.49.

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
+
+
= R2 .
a2
b2
c2

r (u, v) = (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v))

= (x0 + a cos u cos v, y0 + b sin u cos v, z0 + c sin v) ,

(3.18)

0 u 2, 0 v .

u, v (3.18).
3.2.50.




r (u, v) = (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v)) = a 1 + u2 sin v, a 1 + u2 cos v, cu ,

u R, v [0, 2] .

x2 y 2
a2 (1 + u2 )
z2
2
2
2
+
=

sin
v
+
cos
v
=
1
+
u
=
1
+
a2 a2
a2
c2
(3.19) .

(3.19)

85

3.
3.2.51.

(3.20)

r (u, v) = (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v))

= (sinh u cos v, a sinh u sin v, c cosh u) ,

u R, v [0, 2] .

a2 cos2 v + sin2 v
x2 y 2 z 2
c2 cosh2 u
2
+
2 =
sinh u
a2 a2
c
a2
c2
2
2
= sinh u cosh u = 1
.

z 2 x2 y 2
2 2 =1
c2
a
a
.

3.2.52. z = xa2 + yb2 .

. x, y, z x (u, v) , y (u, v)

x2 (u, v) y 2 (u, v)
+
.
a2
b2

z=

x (u, v) = a u cos v,

y (u, v) = b u sin v,

z (u, v) = u.

3.2.53.

r (u, v) = (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v)) = (av cos u, bv sin u, v) ,

u [0, 2] .

(3.21)

x2 y 2
2
2
2
+
=
v

cos
u
+
sin
u
= z2
a2
b2

(3.21) .
3.2.54.

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1.
a2
b

. x, y, z x (u, v) , y (u, v)

x2 (u, v) y 2 (u, v)
+
=1
a2
b2

z (u, v) R.

x (u, v) = a cos u,

y (u, v) = b sin u,

z (u, v) = v.

86

3.
3.2.55.

r (u, v) = (v + 2v cos u, 2v sin u, 5 v)

(3.22)

(0, 0, 5)
(3 + 4 cos u, 4 sin u, 0), . xy ,
(1, 0) 2.
. (3.22) :

r0 = (0, 0, 5) ,

r1 (u) = (1 + 2 cos u, 2 sin u, 0) .

.16.19 (3.23).

r (u, v) = (0, 0, 5) + v ((1 + 2 cos u, 2 sin u, 0) (0, 0, 1)) = r0 + v (r1 (u) r0 ) (3.23)

.16.19

r1 (u) = (4 + 4 cos u, 4 sin u, 0)

xy 2 (3, 0, 0). r1 (u) r0 r0 = (0, 0, 1), . z = 1. ,
(3.23) r0 = (0, 0, 1) r1 (u) r0 . ,
(0, 0, 1) () ().
, .
3.2.56. (3.21) r0 + v (r1 (u) r0 )
.

(av cos u, bv sin u, v) = (0, 0, 0) + v (a cos u, b sin u, 1) .

87

3.

. r0 = (0, 0, 0), r1 (u) = (a cos u, b sin u, 1), z = 1. ,

.16.20

.16.20

(0, 0, 0)
.

3.2.57.

x2
a2

r (u, v) = r1 (u) + v r2

y2
b2

= 1
(3.24)

r1 (u) = (a cos u, b sin u, 0) ,

r2 = (0, 0, 1)

(3.24)

r (u, v) = (a cos u, b sin u, 0) + v (0, 0, 1) = (a cos u, b sin u, v)

x (u, v) = a cos u,

y (u, v) = b sin u,

z (u, v) = v

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1 z R.
a2
b

 3.
x2
a2

y2
b2


= 1, z = 0 (0, 0, 1) .16.21

88

.16.21

3.2.58.
(0, 1, 1) x2 +z 2 = 1 xz .
.
.

r (u, v) = (cos u, 0, sin u) + v (0, 1, 1) = (cos u, v, v + sin u) .

r1 (u) = (cos u, 0, sin u) r2 = (0, 1, 1) .

 3.

89

(z = x2 , y = 0) (0, 1, 1) . .16.22.

.16.22

 3.

3.3

90

3.3.1. (2, 3, 1) 4.
2
2
2
. (x + 2) + (y 3) + (z 1) = 16.
3.3.2. (1, 0, 4) 1.
2
2
. (x 1) + y 2 + (z 4) = 1.

3.3.3. (1, 1, 1)
(1, 1, 2).
2
2
2
. (x 1) + (y 1) + (z 1) = 1.

3.3.4. x2 + 6x + y 2 4y + z 2 10z 11 = 0.
. (3, 2, 5) 7.
3.3.5. x2 + 2x + y 2 + 8y + z 2 6z + 22 = 0.
. (1, 4, 3) 2.

3.3.6. (3, 6, 4)
2x 2y z 10 = 0.
2
2
2
. (x 3) + (y 6) + (z + 4) = 16.
3.3.7.
(3, 5, 6) (5, 7, 1).
2
2
2
. (x 3) + (y 6) + (z + 4) = 16.

3.3.8. (7, 9, 1), (2, 3, 2),

(1, 5, 5) (6, 2, 5).
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8x 14y + 18z 79 = 0.
3.3.9. (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1),
(1, 1, 2), (2, 1, 1)
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 3x 3y 3z + 6 = 0.
3.3.10. (2, 1, 3), (3, 2, 1),

(4, 1, 1), (1, 1, 3).

. 51x2 + 51y 2 + 51z 2 + 45x + 37y 33z 742 = 0.
3.3.11. (2, 5, 8), (8, 2, 5),
(5, 8, 2) (2, 8, 5).
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 93.
3.3.12. (4, 2, 3)
2x y 2z + 7 = 0.
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8x 4y 6z + 20.
3.3.13. (2, 3, 4) 2
2
2
(x 2) + (y 3) + (z 5) = 6.

2
2
2
. (x 2) + (y 3) + (z + 4) = 9 6.

 3.

91

3.3.14. S

S2 : (x 5)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z + 4)2 = 9,

S1 : (x 5)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z 6)2 = 16,

S
S1 S2 .
2
2
2
. : (x 5) + (y + 2) + (z 4.5) = R2 R2
{2.25, 72.25, 30.25, 20.25}.

3.3.15. (6, 3, 4)
x.
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 12x 6y + 8z + 36 = 0.
3.3.16. (4, 2, 3)
yz .
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8x + 4y 6z + 13 = 0.

3.3.17. (2, 3, 2)
6x 3 + 2z 8 = 0.
. 49x2 + 49y 2 + 49z 2 196x + 294y 196z + 544 = 0.
3.3.18. (1, 2, 4)
3x 2y + 4z 7 = 0.
. 29x2 + 29y 2 + 29z 2 58x 118y 232z + 545 = 0.

3.3.19. (0, 0, 0)
9x 2y + 6z + 11 = 0.
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
3.3.20. (7, 2, 4) (9, 8, 6) S
S . S .
2
2
2
. (x 8) + (y + 5) + (z 5) = 11.
3.3.21. x 2z 8 = 0,
2x z + 5 = 0 x = 2, y = 0.
. : x2 +y 2 +z 2 +4x+6z+49/5 = 0 x2 +y 2 +z 2 +4x+22z+481/5 = 0.
3.3.22. (1, 3, 4), (1, 5, 2),
(1, 3, 0) x + y + z = 0.
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 6y 4z + 10 = 0.
3.3.23. (11, 6, 5) (16, 3, 8) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 49;
. , (2, 3, 6)
3.3.24. (8, 15, 10)
xy 0 7.
2
. x2 + y 2 + (z 17) = 338.

 3.

92

x2 y 2 z 2
+
+
=1
16
9
4
. .
3.3.26.

2x2 + 3y 2 + z 2 8x + 6y 4z 3 = 0

3.3.25.

3.3.27.

2x2 + 3y 2 + z 2 8x + 6y 4z 3 = 0
.

3.3.28. 2x 3y + 5z = 0

x2 +

. : 2x 3y + 5z

y2 z2
+
= 1.
4
9

265.

3.3.29. x2 y 2 + 2y + z 2 6z + 7 = 0
.
3.3.30. x2 2x y 2 + 2y + z 2 1 = 0
.
3.3.31. x2 + y 2 8y z 2 + 6z + 6 = 0
.
3.3.32. x2 y 2 + 2y z 2 + 6z 11 = 0
.
3.3.33. x2 y 2 + 2y + z 2 6z + 7 = 0
.
3.3.34. x2 y 2 + 2y z 2 + 6z 10 = 0
.
3.3.35. x2 + y 2 2y z 2 + 6z 8 = 0
.
3.3.36. y 2 2y + z 2 6z + 6 = 0
.

 3.

93

3.3.37. y 2 + 2y + z 2 6z + 12 = 0
.

3.3.38. y 2 2y + z 2 6z x + 10 = 0
.

3.3.39. y 2 + 2y + z 2 6z + x + 8 = 0
.

3.3.40. x2 + 8x z 2 2z + y 17 = 0
.
3.3.41. (0, 0, 0), z ,
(3, 0, 1) (3, 2, 2).
2
2
. z = x9 + y4 .
3.3.42. (0, 0, 0),
Oz (2, 0, 3) (1, 2, 3).
. 12x2 + 9y 2 16z = 0.

3.3.43. (0, 0, 0),

Oz (1, 0, 1) (0, 2, 1).
. 4x2 + y 2 = 4z .
3.3.44. (0, 0, 0),

Ox (1, 2, 2) (2, 6, 8).

. z 2 2y 2 + 4x = 0.

3.3.45. x2 +2x+y2 = 0

3.3.46. z 2 +6z+x7 = 0
.
3.3.47.
2
2
x25 + y14 = 1 Oy .
.
2
2
z2
. x25 + 25
+ y14 = 1.
3.3.48.
2
z2
x36 + 16
= 1 Oz .
.
2
2
z2
. x36 + y36 + 16
=1

3.3.49.
2
2
x64 y36 = 1 Ox.
.
2
2
z2
. x64 y36 36
=1

 3.

94

3.3.50.
x = y 2 /2 Ox.
.
2
2
. x = y2 + z2 .
3.3.51.
2x = 3z Ox. .
. x2 = 49 (y 2 + z 2 ).

3.3.52.
2
2
x9 z4 = 1 Oz .
.
2
2
2
. x9 + y4 z4 = 1.
3.3.53.
x = 3 Oz . .
. x2 + y 2 = 9.

3.3.54. (0, 3, 0) (0, 3, 0) 8.

. 16x2 + 7y 2 + 16z 2 = 112, .
3.3.55. (1, 1, 2) (2, 3, 2) 3/4.
. 7x2 + 7y 2 + 7z 2 68x + 22y + 100z 57 = 0.

3.3.56.
(3, 2, 4) (3, 2, 4) 10.
.
.

(x3)2
9

(y2)2
9

z2
25

= 1, .

3.3.57. yz
(1, 2, 2).
.
. 3x2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2 8x + 16y 16z + 36 = 0, .
3.3.58.
x (2, 3, 3).
. 9x2 + 8y 2 + 8z 2 36x 54y + 54z + 198 = 0.

3.3.59.
(0, 0, 3) (0, 0, 3) 4.
. 5z 2 4x2 4y 2 = 20, .
3.3.60.

x + 4y + 2z = 0
2x y + z = 0
2x + y 3z = 0

95

3.
10. .
. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 10, .

(x3)2
9

(y2)2
9

z2
25

3.3.61.
(3, 2, 4) (3, 2, 4) 10.
.

= 1, .

x2
36

y2
11

(z2)2
11

3.3.62.
(5, 0, 2) (5, 0, 2) 12.
.

= 1, .

3.3.63.
Oz
xy .
. 2z = x2 + y 2 , .

3.3.64. y = 4
1/4 (2, 3, 1).
.
. 16x2 + 15y 2 + 16z 2 64x + 88y 33z + 208 = 0, .
2

3.3.65. (x 1) +(y 2) +(z 1) = 4.

. r (u, v) = (1 + 2 cos u cos v, 2 + sin u cos v, 1 + sin v).
x2
4

y2
9

z2
25

=1

3.3.66.
. r (u, v) = (2 cos u cos v, 3 sin u cos v, 5 sin v).

3.3.67. z = x2 + y 2 .

. r (u, v) = ( u cos v, u sin v, u).

3.3.68. x2 = z 2 + y 2 .
. r (u, v) = (u, u cos v, u sin v).

3.3.69.
(0, 0, 1) x2 + y 2 = 1 xy .
.
. r (u, v) = (0, 0, 1) + v ((cos u, sin u, 0) (0, 0, 1)) = (v cos u, v sin u, 1 v) .

3.3.70.
(0, 1, 0) x2 = z xz .
.
. r (u, v) = (0, 1, 0) + v ((u, 0, u2 ) (0, 1, 0)) = (vu, 1 v, vu2 ) .
3.3.71.
(0, 1, 0) x2 + z 2 = 1 xz .
.
. r (u, v) = (cos u, 0, sin u) + v (0, 1, 0) = (cos u, v, sin u) .

 3.

96

3.3.72.
2
(1, 1, 1) x2 + z4 = 1 xz .
.
. r (u, v) = (cos u, 0, 2 sin u) + v (1, 1, 1) = (v + cos u, v, v + 2 sin u) .