Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
XXV of
f*\
1807.
UC-NRLF
KUVALAYANANDA KARIKAS
THE MEMOPtlAL VERSES OF
COMMENTARY AND
usE'f>r
TRANSLA'ji
BY
R.
8UBRARMANYA SARMA
Calcutta:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY
J.
N.
..-8,3
PRJ
19O3.
All rights reserved by the Editor,
r.iv
GIFT
OF
TO
M. I.
M.
I.
ZAM1NDAR OF VADAOARAI,
TalnU,
Madura District,
THIS VOLUME
IS
RESPECTFULLY
DEDICATED
BY THE EDITOR
-L/
PREFATORY NOTE,
In the following, I have attempted to place within the easy
reach of modern students of Sanskrit literature, that elementary and classic, but nevertheless difficult treatise on Alankaras,
the Kuvalayananda Karikas
of
Among
Science of poetry,
the
Illustration of Poetry,"
the
KAVYAPRAKASA the
SAHITYA DARPANA the "Mirror of Composition," and
the
KUVALAYANANDA the "Delight of the moonthe
lotus,"
Of
these,
the first-named
is
second
is less difficult,
and
it
is
a complete treatise
ne plus
on the whole subject of Sanskrit composition, includThe last-named treatise, which is the most
ing Dramaturgy.
elementary as well as the most elegant of all, confines itself
ultra
Alankaras
'
ornaments
'
the
language, the
portion that forms the subject matter of the tenth chapter of
the first two treatises. There already exist excellent English
only
to
translations of the
or
of
students under
mences with.
The Kuvalayananda
in the form of
notes,
an ancient work on
^
CHANDRALOKA
a sort of commentary,
and an expansion of the fifth chapter of
the
Science
is
of
poetry,
449808
is
known
as
the
reputed to have
'Bourished about the T2th century of the Christian era and who
as more generally known to the public in connection with his
-charming lyric, the Gita-Govinda. The author of the Kuvais
-layananda
mate
'*
i-his
Appaya Dlkshita,*
verse of the
work:
this
'of
From which
it
would
also
appear that
-he
flourished at the
that the
treatise
admitted on
all
it was at his
suggestion
This Appaya Dlkshita is
hands to have been a native of Adayappa
was written.
'*
Sucli ^verses
^ts
exemplifying the
(with slight
been composed.'
'atcT and
I"
('
)'
'May
is
moon from
'May
The
of the verse
the contact of
and
Dlkshita in his
treatise, often
these have been separately compiled and edited under the title
by the poet Isadhara,
of
KUVALAYANANDA KlRIKlH
first
in
elegant style,
half of each
in
are,
the
word or two as
to the
of this
necessity
production and'
as
to
the
knowledge of
its
admitted to be essential.
This
is
to
and
posed ^upon fixed principles of Grammar and Rhetoric
accordat
no
in
work
was
not
that
complete
formerly,
any rate,
ance with the immutable rules of Sahitya was ever allowed to be
;
published.
And
social position
or
poetical
authors
fame may
be,
also,
whatever their
with any composition that did not gain the approval of thelearned.
One remarkable instance of this which occurred in
connection with the publication of the
Champu Rdmdyana by
in prose
whom
Kalidasa
known.
He
therefore
Samasya
completed
^ ^rcra T
*
The production
of
same, thus
'
whom
Young dame
There
is
lotus.'
go to the king to get half of his kingdom, did not stop there to
see whether Kalidasa was completely killed or not.
The lady
went
to
the
king
and the
th.c
fulfilment of the
male as
stanza addressed
to be, if filled
it
ought
Kalidasa was living in
poem
his
in
up by
pit
Kalidasa,
weeping king
of Kalidasa.
to
that
the
to
if he had completely
the scene of action with his
only
half
human
life
unstable, that
to
to>
when
Sundarakanda was
up to Sundarakanda only, the remaining two kandas, Yuddhakanda and Uttara-kanda, having been torn away by the king
on the spot as they were not perused by Kalidasa.
Such was the
It
necessary that
Grammar, Figures
etc.
Hence,
know something
a student should
it
of the
to understand
easily master a
poem
if
Grammar
in
its
connection
public
VI
object ha>
'My
been, to
render thie
as
much
Sanskrit
%
'I
first.
*;
and that along with- the first it has become the means,
howsoever humble, of facilitating and promoting the study of the
favour,
language
As
of"
among
their
modern descendants.'
for the
Alankaras
is
as essential
No poem
Grammar.
as that of
a-
verse
that
is
just a& ornaments adorn and beautify the human fornu That
great learned Dr. R. G. Bhandarakara in the preface to the
first
Book
enough
than Latin.
*"
do not know
if
more
this
com-
Colleges to teach
it,
were available.*
So
far as
am
vn
<(
till
And
the
to
this
to -offer
'
the
public in the
may
The
Alankaras
in
Ornament
of word
Ornament
of sense
SJo^TITT'SlcRR
iii.
loug-felfc
"SRTnsNrrc
ii.
supply to
and
viz.,
Ornaments
now
The other
given under the same together with all the necessary explanations that are sufficient to help the student in understanding
the Figure and its example himself without the assistance of
TUTAPRASAMSA
in
its
their
appropriate examples taken from the standard works. Additional examples of certain Figures that require such are also
giveu.
The
RISHTI
<
three Figures
ANUMAN A
'
Inference/
SAMS-
Conjunction; and SAN KARA 'Commixture/in the body of the book are also defined
To
scientific classification
and an explanatory
peculiarities of
many
it
are
of the
note,
also
appended a more or
less
of the Alankaras.
l$ow
must mention
works
here- the
have consulted in
its
is
The
first
English
by that distinguished
Many
Griffith's
appended to his
Chandrika and the Rasikaranjini, the two famous commentaries on Kuvalayananda, were also my chief guides. The Kavyaprakasa and
Son
me
very
I
of extraneous
little
work of
help.
am
must be several
fully
aware that, in a
and errors, and
defects
most humbly crave the favour of the public, who will have
me the honour of perusing this little book, to be
occasion to do
so
amendments
to give
my
or corrections
me
and I
MADURA,
9Ast February,
1903.}
ebruary, 1903.
SUBRAHMANYA SARMA,
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Simile
do.
<PTT;
^T^Sf:
^q^sftq^T
Similes Elliptical...
Comparison Absolute
...
13
14
...
...
...
...
...
...
15
do.
2nd kind
...
...
...
...
16
do.
...
...
...
17
do.
5th kind
...
...
...
18
...
...
...
18
...
..,
...
22
Reciprocal Comparison
...
^q^TJj
qfTWTTI
Metaphor
Commutation
^sfw:
Representation
...
Reminiscence
wftwr*[
^Tf%*fTT
^%;
10
...
Converse
Jfcftq^
11
3 to 13
...
...
Doubt
Concealment
^rq^fH:
(1)
do.
(2)
do.
(3)
do.
Mistaker
...
...
...
23
....
...
...
25
...
...
25 and 26
.~
...
25 and 26
...
...
...
27
^T
do.
Pure
...
..-.27
fg
do.
with a Reason
...
...
qsh?rr
do.
transferred
...
...
28
..,
2Q
(4)
do. *rr*TT
do.
under
..
29
(5)
do.
%3U
do.
of the skilful
...
...
30
(6)
do.
cfrcnfli
do.
of the deceitful
...
...
30
...
,.
31
...
35
...
35
12
^3?sNT
13
*ff?ro?ff%:
(1)
Poetical fancy
a mistake
...
...
..
...
Hyperbole
a ^q3nfcTO?ftf%! Hyperbole Metaphorical
b
do.
^TTq^T Hyperbole founded upon
Concealment
...
...
37
...
38
(2)
w^fnfcn^jftiiff:
(3i
^^T
do,
do.
a connection
.,
38
(4)
srete*n
do.
do.
a disconnection
...
39
(5)
^smT
do.
do.
a want of order...
40
(6)
<rq?u.
do.
do.
fickleness
...
40
(7)
^<q^T
do.
,,.
41
PAGE.
14
Equal Pairing
2nd and 3rd kinds
f|Wftf*T<?fT
do.
15
The Illuminator
^tw[
16
^TeFPfi^ta^nj
17
ufcre^WT
18
^7^;
19
frF^far
20
42
44
...
...
...
45
...
47
repetition
...
...
...
...
51
...
...
53
...
...
53
..
...
54
...
...
..,
55
...
...
...
56
...
...
...
56
...
...
57
...
...
58
...
...
60
of Direct Description
...
61
Dissimilitude or Contrast
24
qft*?;:
25
qfrcjrcrif?::
26
*fisf;
Connected description...
...
Speech of Absence
2nd kind...
do.
Modal Metaphor
Insinuator
Sprout of an Insinuator
Paronomasia
...
^Tff^cfTi^jT
Indirect Description
The Sprout
Periphrasis
2nd kind..
do.
9TT^fa:
31
^rsrfa^T
32
'snrgq;
4<9
50
?j*rret%t
qqlqt^
...
...
23
w^crr^T:
48
...
...
fo*ftfw:
29
...
...
jf?rtcfr;
28
...
22
...
...
...
62
...
...
...
63
...
...
63
...
...
...
65
Artful Censure
Hint
...
...
.,
...
66
do.
2nd kind
...
...
...
...
67
do.
3rd kind
...
...
...
...
68
33
ftft^WW. or ftrN:
34
1%vn3*TT
...
...
68
Peculiar Causation
...
...
...
69
...
70
Contradiction
do.
2nd kind
...
...
do.
...
...
...
71
do.
5th kind
...
...
...
72
do.
6th kind
...
...
...
73
...
74
74
35
frihft%:
36
%rW
37
^ra^fcT.
do.
38
...
Illustration
TOt%:
30
%i
...
Typical Comparison
21
27
...
...
The Illuminator by
Exemplification
do.
...
fwra
Peculiar Allegation
Improbability
Disconnection
...
...
...
...
...
,..
...
...
75
...
...
...
76
...
...
...
78
PAGE.
[2nd
39
3^_
do.
40
41
fof^nj
%rfirai*l
do.
42
43
44
^sn??^
46.
...
81
Strange
82
Exceeding
2nd kind
...
...
...
83
...
...
...
88
...
...
...
84
...
...
...
85
...
...
...
...
...
...
$6
87
Frustration
...
...
...
88
2nd kind
...
...
...
89
Garland of Causes...
^TTT^'frraT
The Necklace
48
iTT^T^tq^
49
^c
The
srare^^
The Sequence
qsifa:
do.
2nd kind
52
qfrffTi:
53
qfctf mt
54
1w^q:
The Alternative
55
HTT^I:
The Conjunction
2nd kind
57
3fTwftq3nj
^*TTfa:
srfarr^
67
Jnq*U*[
...
95
96
96
...
...
...
97
...
...
...
98
...
...
...
99
...
...
99
...
...
...
100
...
...
...
101
The Case-Illuminator
The Expansion
fatznwfafa:
...
...
66
94
...
...
3W*7TT
93
...
The Rivalry
64
...
...
95
The Convenience
65
...
...
...
60
frqTOT.
...
...
^TpsTTwtqfa: or ^Rrfqffi:
iftftftr.
93
...
ira^hir^
62
...
...
59
63
...
...
58
61
90
91
...
The Return
The
...
...
Serial Illuminator
The Climax
..*
...
...
51
56
80
...
x3nwt
do.
79
...
...
47
50
...
...
...
do.
...
...
...
The Reciprocal
-spffanj
The Extraordinary
fMfor.
szireTcr:
...
...
Smallness
do.
45
The Equal
2nd and 3rd kinds
...
...
...
102
...
103
...
103
...
...
...
105
...
...
...
105
...
....
...
106
...
...
107
...
...
108
...
...
108
PAGE.
[2nd
f^^T^T^
The Despondency
Abandonment
69
^$TO;
70
^raiJT
71
^inThe
72
jfai;
Suggestion
...
73
* ?T
-The Sealing
...
74
T^T^f^t
Non- Abandonment
Permission
cf^^r:
76
^sq^
77
^cf^ir;
78
^^:
2nd kind
do.
The Non-Borrower
81
The Conformity
The Lost
*?tfcra?(
The
Sameness
*TOT*r^
The
Un-Lost
<3iftf%cT^
82
faws:
7f
80
83
84
85
86
87
The Un-Sameness
The Reply
^fj^
do.
2nd kind
IJ5TR
The Subtle
fqffcf^
oZfTsrtfNT!
j|tfw:
...
110
...
...
...
110
...
...
...
lit
...
...
...
113
...
...
...
114
...
...
...
115
...
116
...
...
117
...
...
...
118
...
...
...
119
...
...
...
119
...
...
...
120
...
...
...
121
...
...
...
122
...
...
...
122
...
...
...
123
...
...
...
125
...
...
...
125
...
...
...
126
...
...
127
...
The Covering
The Dissembler
The Secrecy
109
...
The Borrower
The Original
75
...
...
3rd kind
do.
68
kind
...
...
...
127
...
...
...
128
...
...
...
129
130
88
fas<frfir.
...
...
...
89
3%:
...
...
...
130
90
<fN?rfw:
...
...
...
131
91
t^tfk:
...
...
...
132
Open Speech
Covert Speech
Popular Saying
92
wrfa:
93
^FTftfan
94
wrfa^ The
Vision
95
^ifm The
96
*Rzrtw:
Description of
...
Nature
...
...
...
132
...
...
133
...
...
134
Exalted
...
...
...
134
The Exaggeration
...
...
...
...
...
136
...
...
136
97
f?ref7fr,
Exposition
...
98
irfcT^:
Prohibition
...
99
frfr;_Fitness
35
137
PAGE,
100
The Cause
f?j:
...
...
...
2nd kind
do.
138
138
APPENDIX.
t
Poetical Conventions
...
140
...
141
...
,..
Words
...
comparison
Terminations expressive of comparison
32 varieties of <gq*u (1)
...
...
...
143 to 149
Garland of Similes
...
...
Girdle of Similes
...
...
...
150
Additional Example...
...
...
150
expressive of
(17)
do.
(27)
(45)
And
its
...
...
5 varieties...
...
Additional Example
...
149
151
151 to 154
...
do.
...
...
...
155
(58)
do.
...
...
...
156
do.
...
...
,..
156
...
...
...
158
...
...
...
158
...
Inference
Additional Example
do.
5)
Conjunction
Commixture
Classification of
Mutual
...
...
(53)
(60)
...
do.
(18)
...
Alankaras
distinctions of certain
...
...
158
...
...
...
159
...
...
...
...
161 to 164
Alankaras
164 to 17S
BENEDICTOEY VEESES OF
We
husband and
whom became
t?E
wife,
the parents of
^ftrf
'
May
foees in the
l'
concise
elegant treatise on Alankaras with their
definitions and apt examples has been composed (by me) for
c
This
ornaments easily/
'
like a
/<
she-swan enters
trie
and
this earth).
This
is
an example of TJ^mFTT
G\
simile) 'simile
complete'
essentials of comparison,
1.
^THW, ^Wf
i. e.j
2.
or
for,
it
(*
^J^TT
C\
full,
^trei =
all
the four
contains
which are
The
f%^zr:
object
compared,
XX
^TOTTiT, ^srawr or
The
fcfisr^t
fadfe
&c.
object compared
tf
JL
or
common
or
*JT*U*PW:
attribute,
i.
simply ^T!
The
e.,
comparison, such as
In
*m
the present
'as'
example
e>,
or
is
^ra:
'fame,'
is
of white colour.
the object
of
fflfaf
by the omistwo
mon
or three
attribute
and
eightfold
or the
word
implying comparison
By
fastt
divided
W}q*[T
Elliptical Simile
(becomes.)
requisites of simile
complete,
i.
the
e.,
object
com-
and
is
^T^i^JHT
eightfold,
SIMILE
which are
in
implying comparison.
2.
Do.
WT<JHT
Do.
of the
common
attribute.
of the common
Do.
attribute and of the word implying comparison.
Do.
3.
W3T^<pT
4.
cfT^sfnwgf HT
Do.
Do.
of
the
word
Do.
^WT^rer^^JTTT Do.
to
and
the
word
compared
of the
implying
object
com-
parison.
6.
Do,
^mrTT^JHT
compared
to.
Do.
of the
object
4
Do.
7.
Do.
of the
Do.
WT^W^HT
8.
Do.
Examples of
the first
of the
common
attribute.
their order.
?ET
ct^ft
(as)
II
lightning
Kama's
dess of love)
the
moon
(such
(like)
by me
was seen.
cam-
the
phor
(her) loveliness
by
A
place
woman
in a lonely place
of eyes
acts
(God-
a)
slender
my
bride
slender
she acts
(like)
1.
fff%ft^t
If this
is
compound
common
attribute
uncompounded, we
We
the word
3 requisites, but
these
expressive of
and, in the expans^r,
^nJfJW^TT,
^TT^t sren:
g^f
moon/ where
'she
^T
whose
face
like the
is
the
common
and the
such as
attribute
common
attribute
W^HT
With
to
Similes
Elliptical
regard
attribute
in the omission of the common
only, the
word omission '^far:' is used strictly in the sense in
which
it is
used
in
the
Panini's Sutra
(I. 1.
is
'^sM
three,
i.
^R'/
With
called '^far:'.
e.,
the
word
all.
3.
3T!T?;?r?t ^STfaRTT
3fTcnc'rft is
feminine gender,
'oRTrcf??' having the fgnr affix expressive of comIf it is uncompounded, it beparison omitted.
noun,
comes
camphor', where
in
rf*^
(1)
^fT^ftft
3RTjTfiT3r
acts
'she
the
like
is
the
common
to.
requisites
omitted.
Hence,
Simile, No. 3,
Elliptical
mon
attribute
4.
Thus,
and the
are
is
^n^<r*f
this
is
word implying
and the
comparison
*\
by
Kama's
^TCT3ST?r?t
cRfcSTT
fr\
(herself) like
is
^HZfrft
(her)
bride.
she acts
The compound
^rc-
fr\
If
loveliness,
it
'kyach'
( "Sftrf
expressive
uncompounded, it becomes
^3 W^^*rft ; where we have
is
^TConCTT
(1)
^ff?;3n*
(2)
^ri<3n
3(T3TT<T7[
common
attribute
the word
c^
herself
and
are
'as'
expressive of comparison
Hence, we have the example of
indirectly omitted.
the Elliptical Simile, No. 4, in the omission of the
Examples of
there,
in that
i. e.,
Nos. 5 and
6.
gam
that
lonely place
this
w ith
accidental or un-
that (lady)
which
expected occurrence
like the maxim of
meeting
which
of the
sexual inter-
the
crow
palm
fruit,
and
the
My meeting
fruit.
the
is
stands thus
The
affix
Chha
t*T
8
a
after
'like this',
'like this
the force of
in itself
(hidden).
of
sense
WTO
frft*3ra
w>
the
By
referred to.
The
Chha
affix
sense of
fer
'like
W-
Examples.
1.
3fT3irIT<ft3IT[
3.
fruit (rH^r).
^^TlTm^t^H
^^oR^fTHftgrr
quail
^frNfl'
into the
falling of a
and
Unintentional
strange coincidences are referred to here.
How
<TcT 3f3T<R
is
that.
The coming
is
of the
crow
accidental.
TJfft
^ As
also the
(sudden)
fruit (on the head of the crow).
TTfffiT
thus
3TT3R^T
falling,
^^:
^frf!
By
fall
of the
palm
the
In
very
(a
same
person)
there.
HqfiTOTrr.
By them
death occurred.
*ft
There, the coincidence of the person Devadatta and the robbers is like that of the crow
This
tnTTsh
(in
the
fruit.
is
compound
^TTST ^:,
^r:
this'
^TTcffffra^).
^TSffrrra^nTOSSi:
This
f^fa: 'STOTsr:
'like
is
'like
this'.
GTRTO*.
of
,
In the
in the
JTc5T2T:
compound
affix
TcT
*ff% ^HST
(<^ra?TT^r?T hidden).
(in
WIT
is
indicated
^ra*!T
^f^r
by
the compound
The
hidden,
sense
expressed in the
we have the
first case,
this
There
implication of such
sense of 'like this*
Sutra only.
is
no other rule
for
force of
is
a careful study of this Sutra with its commentary, we come to know that the compound ^T^ff-
By
rfT^ffa*[
sense
'^ = like
is
second sense
is
this'
first
and the
3?rarfTf<F[
the
chha
affix
in the
compound 3TT3firfT^tenF[.
The compound 3TTRrH*T*(,
comes
gffT3fT.
uncompounded, bewhich
f ST, rfraftre
again become
the coming of the crow' and
if
'like
Prom
example
fruit'.
omission of the
object
to
compared
^f^rri^rf^frrpf
cirrarfT^H
where
is
essentials
of
to
is
compared to the
(rrra^^rtTrr^R).
falling
of the
palm
fruit
i.e.,
the
The word
compared
to,
?ET?rmJT:,
the object
Simile,
to
both omitted.
are
No.
Elliptical
5,
compared
Where
^fTVf: is
common
eating/ hidden
comparison expressed by the
compared
to,
'^mrfaT:
affix 3? (f^f)
becomes ^T^TrTRH
if
uncompounded,
= ^TWHm^TWfrTO3l:
'like
omitted.
to.
Now,
we
if
for
substitute
in
away the
common
attribute
^rfa<Tra?<TOVT3*{
examples
take
the
its
Elliptical Similes
place
^r*T3R
f^
^='It
so
the palm
fruit'.
this
and the
other two similar compounds are used to denote the accidental occurrence
whether welcome or unwelcome as the case may be.
12
chanced
thus
what
si
oka
era
We
have
here
the
omission of
the
common
attribute in the
the
irefnT
In
is
the second
example
attribute
mon
attribute
(^TOffiW^fTTT).
ornament ^mf\
is
such
ornaments
Absolute/
No.
^tTcffJT
III.
No.
'Comparison
V.
Metaphor,
and
Comparison,
resemblance
Rupaka, the
it
is
expressed
Absolute, only one object
two
II.
Dissimilitude.
In the
whereas
No.
*n?n?3r.
Reciprocal
XX.
No.
as
13
here.
is
is
suggested
In the Comparison
compared to
itself.
Here,
employed
In
the
whereas
For
it is
Dissimilitude,
also
is
stated,
other
peculiarities
according to
varieties
contrast
of
this
figure
and
its
^TT^gr:
'COMPARISON ABSOLUTE/
DEFINITION.
EXAMPLE.
moon
which
like
the
relation
of
glorious
in
the
the
like this
that
absolute
When
moon
itself
illustrations
the object compared to and the object compared are one and the same, or in other words, when
one and the same object is compared to itself, it is
14
Comparison Absolute
'the
ft^f^ ^HT^T
moon
is
like
the inoon
itself &c.
^^SP^^lf^T
other object in
the world in
respect of comparison.
The word
examples as
^Sfift
*et cetera!
is
the sky
similar to
itself.
Rama
between
like
In
in
this figure, a
synonym
III.
EXAMPLE.
of the former.
^wzrtiWT
$Q
'RECIPROCAL COMPARISON/
f 5f
of the
two,
i.e.,
the
object compared to
and that compared
in turn,
if
^q^sfcTRT
reciprocal comparison
is
i.e.,
nation
that,
(thy) virtue
i.e.,
the posi-
upamana and
upameya (taken from
tion of
fall
(thy) riches
like (thy) virtue
Def.
termed
in thee
in alter-
That,
i.e.,
Upameya, when
the
position
alternated
Comparison.
Ex. In you,
King
riches and thy riches as
;
of
Upamana and
is
thy virtue
full as
is
as full as (thy)
thy vertue.
Observe
This
is
figure
first
sentence
second
in
compared
the
to.
total
But
the
object
compared to and
IV.
DEFINITION.
EXAMPLE.
5T<k*r
'CONVERSE/
absence of
i6
the
of
oom-
object
pared to
q<?r?r
lotus
ftg:
moon
equal to thy eye
assumption as the
object compared
The assumption
Def.
to
compared
when the
i.e.,
Upameya
&c.)
or
in
other
words,
(face &c.),
form of comparison
usual
is
inverted,
it is
the Converse.
Ex.
moon
the
Lady
is like
The
lotus
is
like
thy eyes
and
thy face.
EXAMPLE.
by reason
of
another,
of
i.e.,
gain
the
mi
face
thy
on hand
the figure
converse
object compared to as
of the object
i.e.
that,
by the pride
(face &c.)
enough
disregard
in splendour
the
also
moon
like thee
When
the subject on hand (face &c.) is disregarded by reason -of the gain of another object (i.e.,
moon &c.) which is not the subject under discourse it is
Def.
also
termed Converse.
Ex.
moon
face
equal to thee
in
splendour.
D.
EX.
<srr^rr:
?f
by reason
gain
pride on account of
is
cruelty
what
because
hand
fWT
women
also
tSTfT'^rr.
equal to you
^f%
there are
sj
disregard
so,
cfsjT
is
i.e.,
the Converse
When
which
Def.
hand
thy
object
which
compared
death
the
of
the
of
is
death
Ex.
it is
wherefore
pride on
there are
f%
EX.
by the object on
hand (i.e. face &c.)
of the object
not on
hand
of the
also
that, i.e., the
Converse
beautiful-eyed lady
lotus
resemblance
untrue assertion
accomplishment
truly
i8
The
Def.
on hand
is
also
and so
it
is
the
Converse.
5th Idnd of Converse.
EX.
of
the
object
com-
is
pared to
the sense of
the use of
what
the face
is
'
if
seen
also
The
assertion
lotus
the Converse
Def.
considered
'
what
is
the
use of
the
'
upamana
Pratipas.
Ex.
what
is
When
V.
Metaphor.
of
tical
which
the
object
compared to
com-
that
pared
the metaphor
re '
presentation as nonthe
different from
object compared
to
the gratifying
that (metaphor)
cm
*ufw-
1 in
point of
superi-
and
fority, inferiority
^g^RtlllfffalJ the absence of both
^csfre-
presentation as iden-
f^y
is
three-fold
The
Def.
And
again three-fold
in point of (1) superiority, (2) inferiority and (3) the
absence of both.
The Metaphor
and
(2)
is first
is
held two-fold
ffTz^^T. Each
of these
is
in
is six- fold
i.
4.
2.
5.
3.
6.
Examples of
No.
object
compared
which are
ifar ^reri:
by whom
this (king)
in bodily
form
God Siva
indeed
three-fold
3.
c\
the
(1)
aain
EX.
in person,
in a
moment
were burnt
20
This (king) is indeed the very God Siva in
bodily form because by him the cities (of hi& foes)
Ex.
were burnt.
Here, the king, the upameya, who is said to have
burnt the cities of his foes is represented as non-different from the
of
God
demon
and
tripura,
in the absence of
No.
?mw
EX.
two
any superiority
objects, we have
2.
fa ^TT
(TT5TT)
this (king)
without
fa
third
God &va
eye
is
or stands
Here stands
Ex.
Sambhu
God
this
Rupaka No.
the example of
No.
Hence,
2.
1.
EX.
having assumed
this (king)
the
God Sambhu
equality,
even
impartiality
the universe
eyes,
protects
eye r
21
king ), the God Sambhu
protects the world assuming impartiality
This
Ex.
himself,
(lit.
even
eyes).
God Sambhu
Here, the
two eyes
eye
in protecting the
clever
moved
much
said to
have assumed
firey
now
re-
consuming the
in
in as
is
world was
as his present
work
is
the
protec-
No.
6.
Ex.
Ex.
of this (lady)
when
face-moon
by the
the
what
delight of (our)
attained
moon
When
Here, the face of the lady in question is represented as identical with the moon and in the absence
of any superiority or of inferiority between them,
have here Rupaka No. 6.
No.
5.
we
EX.
this virtuous
woman
not born of
Milky Sea
the
a second
Goddess of fortune
22
trft<?rm:
Ex.
This virtuous
woman
is
a second Lakslim!
No.
4.
EX.
this
^T?(
^fafr^
face-moon
superior to
spotted
Ex.
This face-moon
(of
this
lonely
woman)
is
Commutation.
VI.
DBF.
to
tion
bright
on hand
sees
eye-lotus
if
Def.
When
the upamana
object superimposed)
is
(i.e.,
the
upameya
23
the Commutation.
Ex.
bright eye-lotus.
and
made
is
to serve
the expression.
to
In
this
the act of
figure,
seeing belonging
the eye, is transferred to the
object superimposed,
the lotus, as in the present example.
VII.
DEF.
^ww:
Representation.
^^Tf^T^WW^I
EX.
^T^mfa:
mw.
as
different persons
under
different
sr^forcfw
*r:
God
of love
was seen
cha-
racters
by the mendicants
by delineating
as the
Representation
dise
is
Def.
by
regarded
that
God Krishna
When
an object
as
is
it is
tree of para-
(his) foes
God
delineated
II
by the women
of one (object)
by
&ffi
of death
by
different
termed Repre-
He
EX.
u
of one object)
this (king)
(TTOT)
by one person
in speech
through difference of
(is)
grave or Brihas-
peculiarities
pati
in fame
ters
(is)
in the delineation
in
also
that,
(is)
i.e.,
Representa-
When
an object
white or Arjuna
bow
terrible or
Bhlshma
tion
Def.
i.e.,
by
one
is
under
perciever,
through difference of
delineated
by one person,
various
peculiarities,
is
it
characters
also
termed
Representation.
Ex.
speech,
(
He
white
Bhlshma
the king
(
is
Arjuna
grave
in
fame,
Brihaspati
and
in
terrible
in bow.
object de-
25
VIII.
Reminiscence or Rhetorical
^HTWf
Recollection.
IX.
^TfeTwr
X.
by
^^:
(expressions
of) recollection,
Mistaker.
Doubt
go by the names of
mis-
Recollection,
and
Doubt
Mis baker
(respec-
tively).
(1)
similar
else
to
and
doubting the
certainty of an object are respectively termed ReminiOr in other words
scence, the Mistaker and Doubt
something
it,
(3)
(1)
A recollection of
(2)
The Mistaker
an
experienced before, that arises from the sight of some other object
similar to it, is termed Reminiscence.
is
object,
the representation of an
something
else,
i.e.,
lotus &c.,
as
(3)
neation
When
is
skill,
it is
called
Doubt
Example of Reminiscence.
lotus
seeing
loved
my mind
enters,
i.e.,
be-
recollects.
26
Seeing this
my
lotus,
my
mind
beloved.
Example of
the MistaJcer.
this
lotus
intoxicated bee
understands.
^f^T
thy face
Lady
this
intoxicated
The
(
is,
difference
that,
in
Example of Doubt.
3TT
to us
or
lotus
so
or
decision
moon
not.
We
are not able to decide whether (the object before us ) is the lotus or the moon ( nectar-rayed ).
upon the
close resemblance,
experienced before,
mistake or doubt.
of
XI.
27
Concealment.
*mgftr:
Concealment pure.
WTTOft:
s>
2.
f &Tj^ fh:
Do.
3.
TO^nror^fa:
Do.
transferred.
4.
WrTT^ fa:
Do.
under a mistake.
5.
fNrmi^fa:
Do.
of the
Do.
of the deceitful.
6.
sfiffcfroi^ftf:
skilful.
Concealment pure.
^ITtrwfH:
not on
this
hand
moon
causing
superimposi-
not
of the object
tion
then,
what
is
that
pure
Ganes.
Concealment
Def.
(of
is
spfTiJ^fH!
for the
Ex.
moon
This
(the object
(nectar-rayed
Ganges.
but
it is
before
us)
is
not
the
28
ft:
2.
DEF.
same
the
33
the
denial
moon
i.e.,
not
the
of
hot
character
at night
ing
sun
not
if
Concealment with a
trot:
reason
is
sprung up
the submarine
called
fire;
this
The
Def.
above,
This
a reasoning,
fire
is
is
submarine
'Concealment pure
termed %c^m? ft-
the
i.e.,
it is)
(because
night
it is)
but
hot
it is
the
3.
Concealment transferred.
ft:
ir
on another object
of
that
hand
object
this
on
moon
not
causing superimposi-
then \vhich
tion
moon)
ferred
called
that
Concealment
(is
trans-
loved
moon.
29
damsel).
Ex.
which
is
This
is
moon
(nectar-rayed
not the
The
not
moon
face of
being
(nectar-rayed).
my
beloved
endowed
is
the
with
Then
moon
burning
character).
4.
EX.
*3rTrTT
re fa:
cTR 5fi*T
^f?WJ *3(V.
sfi
^^
produces
is it
mistake
friend
is
heat
of another person
in doubt
it
3TC
fever
no
Concealment
under a mistake
the
God
of love.
accompanied by trembling
When
Def.
Ex.
(It)
latter.
30
^rcngfa:
5.
Concealment of the
%GfiTtnir f?p.
skilful.
DBF.
I)
f%
of another person
pratling
owing to fear
in
for
the
purpose of
my
clung
is it
Concealment of the
no, no
skilful
anklet
When
foot
(thy) lover
(having once given expression to some real object) denies the same (by interpreting it otherwise) for fear of being understood by
Def.
another person
a person
(in its
Concealment of the
Ex.
Is
is
it
termed the
skilful.
thy lover
it
real sense),
6.
No, no.
It
is
my
foot.*
anklet. {
Concealment of the
f?f!
my
deceitful.
EX.
by words
denial
if
osri^T
of
the
expressed
Concealment of the
f
time.
God
arrows of
the
of love
issue forth
deceitful
<
&c.
first
lady,
When
Def.
an object on hand)
denial o^T^T
is
clearly expressed
by the words of
etc., it is
The arrows
Ex.
(the
of the
God
of love
forth
issue
= under
etc.
the semblence
^m
XII.
of,
Poetical fancy.
rewiftrfTW^
under 'the
of
racter
(1)
(2)
effect
object
of
11
mentioned
nature
is
not
or
mentioned
(3)
another
i.e., ^Ztfc
^ ^TT and
imagining
Poetical fancy
is
tit
cha-
and
cause
of.
ject of the
fancy
is
of these
an
first i.e.,
unaccomplished one.
accomplished
or
The
Def.
(2) cause
and
three-fold).
(3) effect.
Of
these,
first
figure
^T^raT
is first
or as
it is
%gf
32
according as the subject of the fancy
two-fold
is
an
^sf
is
Example of ^^ftef ^T
the fancy
is
not
(1)
mentioned.
cm: *f%
the mass of smoke
the darkness
the
fire
of
I suspect
sep-
smoke
it
to be the
smoke of the
is
is
of separation
Example of ^pftc[ir^T
the fancy
fire
(2)
not mentioned.
darkness
sky
limbs
anoints as
collyrium
it
were
rains as it were.
33
The darkness
Ex.
Sky
limbs).
(lit.
anoints, as
it
This
is
the subject of the raining of collynot mentioned. Hence we have two instances
darkness which
rium
is
is
thy
by treading
soft
certainly
tender feet
on the
^jfei
Oh
Lady
red.
floor
),
thy
soft
feet
certainly
have
become red
floor.
floor is
fancied as a
is
and
an
instance of
moon
surely
with a desire
attaining
of
the loveli-
Oh
thy
face.
5
34
Here, the enmity, between the moon and the
lotuses, on account of the latter' s contraction on the
appearance of the former, is natural, and the cause
ascribed to it, i.e., with a desire of attaining the
is
is
due to the
what
waist
of breasts
by the golden
was tied.
strings
Lady
Is
it for
the waist
breasts.
The
fact being
an accomplished one,
this is
an instance of
EX.
lotus
i.e,,
perhaps
like-
in the water
does penance.
the lotus does penance in the water perhaps to become identical with thy foot.
Here, the lotuses naturally grow in water, and
Lady
35
which
one,
and
is
being an unaccomplished
this
an instance of
it is
XIII.
Hyperbole.
this figure
Hyperbole Metaphorical.
Do.
asserting a difference.
2.
Sr^cfilfrlo
3.
^^[To
Do.
asserting a connection.
4.
'srefe^To
Do.
asserting a disconnec-
5T3ftTTo
Do.
tion.
5.
want of
asserting a
order.
6.
^J^fTo
Do.
7.
^r^T*fTTo
Do.
Of
these, No.
(b) JJTW^T
ment (XI).
1 is two-fold,
asserting fickleness.
of the highest degree.
^T
(a)
Pure and
EX.
ftrm: snr.
having devoured
through
%\7{
introsuscep-
tion
:
metaphorical hyper-
sharpened
TO:
shafts
bole (pure)
issue forth
is
see.
36
When
Def.
upameya) is
by the upamana 'moon &c.' through introsusception,
and the upameya is therefore comprehended as
upamana
is
itself, or, in
it is
'Hyperbole Meta-
called
phorical'.
root
ij
with fa
'to
past participle in
devour'.
of the
^^^T^fi^^^ffT^-t-rrcr
^Rra^TT
affix
indeclinable
is
fajftsr
and ?nj
is
is
two objects
of which the one is the object on hand and the other
not on hand in such a manner that the former is comidentification of
When
moon
face of a
damsel as
moon
itself
and
calls it
'upamana'.
Ex.
Behold
side
glances
'tn^^tT^rTTf^r-
from a
oles or
pair of
before him,
37
the blue lotuses and shafts
identified. *
with which
they are
respectively
EX.
it
o\
O
founded upon the
ornament
nectar
'Conceal-
infatuated people
ment'
that
hyper-
metaphorical
in the
see.
moon
(by the
considered
is
!j{cn
king
poet)
If the same,
Def.
bole No.
(a)
is
cealment, then it
Ex. O king
is
called
^T^^TT
Nectar exists
^q"3TTf?TO2fffin
in
is
is in
the
moon
ornament of Concealment
* This
also.
38
2.
EX.
*ifto?h
the
of
des-
object
(is
cribed
i.e.,
strange or
extraordinary
asser-
Hyperbole
11
regarded) as ano-
ther,
description as another
courage
ting a difference
(is
of this (king)
ther,
regarded)
i.e.
as ano-
strange.
profundity
When
Def.
as another,
liar, it is
Ex.
strange
i.e.,
is
Strange
comprehended
called H^lfasistflff:
is
is
is
3.
when
there
'
is
no
is (called)
town
connection
of this
assertion of a connec-
tion
Hyperbole asserting a
connection
touch or kiss
(fig.)
39
When
Def.
is really
Ex.
a connection
it is
none,
The
is
called
town
kiss
4.
EX.
though there
is
con-
best of kings
when thou
nection
(the assertion of)
art a donor
dis-
connection
dise
we wont
Hyperbole asserting
devote
to,
a disconnection
Def.
a connection
Ex.
is
is really
called
best of kings
This
is
their
connection
tree which
is,
as its very
its liberality is
denied.
name
implies,
renowned
for
40
5.
the
of
cause
and
thy
arrows
effect
in the simultaneity
Hyperbole
want
(1)
of order
king
Def.
foes
asserting a
simulataneously
clasp.
When
Ex.
king
foes
both
ihejya simultaneously.
Observe the pun on the word jya which means
4
The arrows are said to
bow-string' and 'earth/
clasp
clasp the bow-string, and the foes, the earth, i.e., they
fall down on earth dead being struck with the arrows
of the king.
is
effect.
Here, the
is
It
arrow.
effect,
Hence,
it is
called
6.
DEF.
ss
5RTS5?
41
of the slender lady
the effect
when
-
far.
under discussion
bracelet
Hyperbole
became,
asserting
fickleness
when
lover)
*I
If the effect
Def.
is
No
Ex.
When the lover simply said <I shall go' but did
not actually go, his beloved became so very thin at
the very thought of her lover's future separation
that the ring of her finger served as bracelet for her
hand.
Here, the cause was only expressed but did
not actually take place and we see the effect is pro-
7.
Is explained
by the commentator as
%t=fVttt
without cause.
in the begining,
is
a violation of the
and
priority
of
ority
of
the
previously
-anger
posteri-
those
(i.e.,
cause
and
.&,
subsided
she
by her lover
effect)
afterwards
the
of
Hyperbole
was
highest degree
Def.
When
Ex.
The anger
conciliated.
the relation of priority and posteriority is violated, i.e., when the due order is inverted,
or, in other words, when the effect is said to have
preceded the oause, it is
ously subsided.
had previ-
her lover.
Here, a lady' angry, through love, at the absence
of her lover removed her anger at the moment the
The
lover
came before
her.
XIV.
lover
'Equal Pairing'.
EX.
of
or
objects
of
on hand
lotuses
those not on
and the
faces of
women
hand
the adulterous
sameness of attribute
become contracted.
Equal Pairing
= c^t;
and
effect.
43
The
Def.
sameness
of
Example of
The
of
attribute
objects on
is
hand.
lotuses
objects
called
as the faces
rise
of the
moon r
Observe
women
are
with one
common
attribute.
Example of
objects that
II
when
the softness
of thy limbs
was
per-
hardness
ceived
fair
in
whose mind
the
of
Ex.
Lady
will not
jasa-
In whose mind
become mani
fest.
will
not the
hard-
is,
44
Equal Pairing, second kind.
f%mf? ^
EX.
W^fclfa^ra^^t^SIT
JT^fafT
in a friend
and foe
the sameness of
tt
to the friend
immense
be-
and foe
riches (to
haviour
friend)
another
Equal Pairing
is
distributed.
by thee
The
description of the sameness of behaviour towards a friend and a foe is another kind of
Def.
Equal Pairing.
Ex.
(O king
!),
Parabuti
is
equally
and
*jffl:
are
distributed
foe.
mense
riches
Observe
This
is
kind.
45
with those possessed
Varuna
of superior qualities
Kubera
as well as thyself
Indra
description
another
Equal Pairing
the earth).
God
ruler of
of death
Def.
The
qualities is
Ex.
(0 Lord
!),
Yam a,
Pasi,
Srida,
Sakra as
of
death,
the
regent of the
Southern quarter.
Pasi*= Varuna, the regent of the Western quarter
and of the oceans.
XV.
^T^T The
Illuminator'.
DEF.
II
46
on hand
of objects
and
call
on
not
those
young elephant
hand
the
by ichor
common
attribute
shines
the learned
Lord
Illuminator
by
of earth
valour.
Def.
When objects on hand and those not on
hand are associated with a common attribute (mentioned only once), the learned call
Ex,
it
the Illuminator.
shines
by
its
ichor and
by his valour.
same time.
Apte.
47
common
once.
XVI.
^TT^f^r^cr^
by
EX
The Illuminator
repetition.
in the
repetition
of
will
the Illuminator
rans
three kinds
and
Illuminator by re-
Def.
and
(3)
Ex.
and
By
by
i.e.,
^signification'
repetition of (1)
we have
both,
this night
petition
FT
be
word,
(2) signification
Example of No.
kadamba
blossom
flowers
2.
kutaja creepers
bloom
forth.
The kadamba
Ex.
creepers bloom
forth.
mean
we
signification.
Example of No.
3.
satiated
peacocks
chataka birds
rejoice.
rejoice
The
Ex.
satiated
ufaw^T
XVII.
EX.
srra
CTT
it is
Typical Comparison.
w^r ^
^TT:
one
bute
common
(is
11
the sun
two
sentences
if
called
shines
attri-
and
expressed)
this warrior
bow
Typical Comparison
with
is
looks brilliant
Def.
recognized
When,
in
(his)
compared
but
to,
by different words,
pariso n.
it
is
49
The sun
Ex.
shines
XVIII.
fault of repetition.
Exemplification.
DBF.
re
if
Exemplification
O king
thou only
two
sentences
relation
of
type
possessed of fame
and proto-type
moon only
then
radiant.
Def.
called Exemplification.
Ex.
king
of fame and the
radiance.
and proto-type.
The
first
sentence
is
verse.
50
as
excellent,
Is
^between this
common
attributes
example of
whilst in the
XIX.
f*r?&TT
DBF.
n
of a donor
similar
in
the
of
two sentences
mildness
significations
that
itself
moon
attribution of identity
of the full
Illustration
stainlessness.
which
Def.
description,
is
called Illustration.
Ex.
possessed by a donor
answers to the stainlessness of the full moon.*
if
TT
The
XVII
difference
between
this figure
that in
2nd kind of
Illustration,
DBF.
writers
certain
on
Bhetoric
say
thy two eyes
in a thing
of
the state of
being identical
kind of
T^ another
the
two bin
lotuses
eharmingness
bears.
Illustration
Def.
If a thing
perty of another,
is
(Lady !) Thy two eyes bear the charmingness of the two blue lotuses.
Ex.
3rd kind of
urf
Illustration.
by an
action
of
darkness
certain object
of
the
and
unreal
the
intimation
Illus-
vanished.
by an agent engaged in a
of the unreal and the real state of
intimation,
action,
itself,
it is
Ex.
this,
a king
will perish
The
th#
of
of
so intimating
telling
enemy
moon
tration
Def.
certain
or
kind of
rise
moon
real objects
third
the
at
termed
tber
will perish/'
vanished.
Here, the darkness is the agent in the act of intimating to the world the above fact, the result of its
own
Example of the
the sun
us t
3
when
This forms
(thus) intimating
it rises
on the lotuses
splendour
consigns
'The chief object of one's having riches conin rewarding his friends'
thus intimating (to the
Ex.
sists
S3
own
its
world), the sun, just on its rise, consigns
treasures (splendour) to the lotuses.
XX.
Dissimilitude or Contrast.
good people
as mountains
33
compared
are high
any peculiarity
but
if
asserted
Dissimilitude or Con-
ture.
trast
Def.
If
any characterestic
difference is asserted
it is
Ex.
Good men
we
are
as high as mountains
are delicate
good men,
one respect
Connected Description
or a Speech with
'with'.
HTfffff:
but
by nature.
XXI.
^ftr:
54
tf
%t
fame
together
mind
with
foes
the end of
to
simultaneity
shines forth
the
quarters
Connected Speech
of that (king)
Def.
which
tion
the
people's
mind
is
the
called
Connected
Description*
Ex.
The fame
is
directly
^ ^
I
same
kind.
The
that this
see
figure
consists
in
the description of
XXII.
EX
f^Htfw:
fasn irsnfo
55
the learning
in the absence of some-
though pleasing
other thing
the object on hand
excellence
as inferior
without
is
that,
represented
Speech
Def.
inferior
of
of
good
behaviour
Absence
i.e.,
the learning
censurable.
When
in
is
censurable.
EX.
tfife
best of kings
if
without
Def.
some thing
of thy
honour
else
council hall
as
in
charming
the
absence
that too
wicked persons
Speech of Absence
is termed
shines.
When
this
an object on hand
of
represented as
charming in the absence of some other object, it is
also called Speech of Absence.
Ex.
is
best of kings
Thy council hall shines
splendid in the absence of wicked persons.
!
XXIII.
Modal Metaphor or
Speech of Brevity.
TOT
EX.
11
this
if
in the
moon
description of
the
an object on hand
of an object not on
red
the face of
hand
tern quarter
kisses
apprehension
Speech
the eas-
of Brevity
If,
it is
Modal Metaphor.
Ex.
My beloved
see,
this
discourse,
out of
passion,
kisses
the
face
of
XXIV.
Insinuator.
DEF.
ftra: u
some
57
If
the epithet
moon
the God
figure
your misery
whose
Def.
crest has
'Siva'
remove.
is
termed Insinuator.
mental heat).
the
Here,
charming
epithet
This figure
suggests that the heat is removable.
occurs even when only one epithet is employed and
when that epithet invests the verse with a peculiar
charm agreeable
XXV.
EX.
qft^nriirc:
Sprout of an Insinuator.
ll
^r
when
the noun
^cT
3Trtf*r: H
the four-armed
itself
Sprout of
nuator
an
Insi-
of
When
Def.
the noun
life
without epithets)
speaker, it is called the
itself
(i,e.,
human
giver
of the
signifies the import
Sprout of an Insinuator.
Ex.
God
Vishnu
life.
is
the giver
Four
objects of
are >^R:
life
'merit',
^Hh
'wealth',
r:
is
The import
epithets.
XXVI,
Paronomasia.
inft
to
relating
who
(1)
an object on hand,
(2) an object not on
dhana
liand and
the earth
(3)
both
many
having
held up
aiea-
nings
the husband of
Paronomasia
all-giver
the
husband of
Lakshmi,
the
in
protect
Paronomasia
Def.
protect
Lord
Vishnu
may
may
who
Uma,
is
the
expression by
words
and
(3) to
both.
The
Madhava who
held up the
mountain (Govardhana on his head) and the earth may
Ex.
protect (you).
all-giver
59
or
The husband
of
Uma
wha
(Siva)
*i^T
(2)
ST
may be
*f*TT*{
**RT*T
OTTW
iw&C and
9:
*R
TT^J
and
(2)
q:;
Example of No.
2.
ment
by the
deer in the form of
thy face
*s
fltl
^f^fa By the
deer ^Tf%crr
^ffir:
the
having
the spot
by the moon
effected
=
*\
attachment
effected
is
attach-
equal
or
thy
by the
face-
by the sun
having an
is
lotus
equal.
attach-
ment placed
(Lady
I)
spot).
or
Here,
^fef
moon
'
and
^f
'
lotus
'
which
are?
60
Example of No. 3
:
or
having
having a vast
expanse of water
profuse
effusion of blood
commander
the
the
of
army (Bhlshma)
rivers-
(ocean)
shone
shone
The commander
by
The Lord
of the rivers,
XXVII.
DEP.
3TM<t)dMtti*u
^rs
^TT
where
that
an
among
(description
object
not
of
on
referring to an
^TfT
ob-
on hand
is
the birda
one only
chataka bird
fortunate one
hand)
ject
Indirect Description.
called Indirect
who
other than Indra
never begs
Description
When
61
Ex.
Indra.
It
is
known
is
lives
on rain
is
This
on hand
is
XXVIII.
is
quite contrary.
Description.
DEF.
EX.
Obee
by (description of)
an object on hand
of
(another)
there
full of
in the apprehension
the Sprout of
is
the
Malatl flower
object
on hand
(it is)
when
thorns
by the Ketaki
what
is
the use.
Direct Description
When
Ex.
Bee
What
the use of thy amusement) with the (unblown) Ketaki full of thorns
while thou hast here the Malatl (Jasamine) flower.
I
(is
62
Here, a lady, by the description of the bee's act
with the unblown Ketaki bud witnessed by her in her
pleasure garden indirectly intimates the same to her
lover, the subject of discourse, who is at present in
love with a maiden who has not yet arrived at
puberty.
N. B.
hand.
XXIX,
tisipftm*r
Periphrasis.
H
of the fact intended
homage
by whom
to be expressed
referring to
another
by a turn of speech
spouse
the description
were made.
Periphrasis
to
?pl
Def.
him
When
is
when
a fact intended to be
Ex.
Homage
to
if
described
is
ex-
it is
is
Periphrasis.
whom
the
and thus rendered the breasts of Rahu's spouse useless and this fact has been expressed by a turn of
63
>speech,
i.e.,
by
different
it
it,
tion.
Periphrasis
second kind*
gi?
I
under a pretext
fulfilment
the
one's
the
of
own wish
mango
creeper
go
even that
by you both
Periphrasis
here
(some)
Def.
shall
call
Even the
fulfilment
of
one's
be stayed.
own wish
else is
Ex.
Lovers
Here,
own chuta
her
XXX.
Ex.
^.
srrsr^fH:
may
freely
64
cen-
by (apparent)
sure and praise
of
the
thy
judgment
what
and
praise
censure
because
speech
Artful Praise
the sinners
celestial
when
to the heaven
Ganges
take.
(1)
EK.
judgment
celestial river
Ganga
Thou
art devoid of
in that
heaven.
This
is the
example of No.
1.
When
censure
is
is
Example of No.
Cy
2.
65
to be done
well
because
than this
on
my
account
what other
good
again
done
because thou, on
lover's) teeth
my
and
account,
nails.
in her body,
by her
lord's teeth
and
nails
lord.
Hence a censure
resulted in the
apparent praise.
N.
it,
there
is
This
is
not
^r^rfTO^T (XXVII),
for,
in
or praise.
XXXI.
5TT^ff^T^T
Artful Censure.
66
to be censured
by censure
is
of censure
who
manifestation
thy
Artful Censure
formerly
as
only one
is called
creator
fe:
head
took away.
fee
When
Def.
not
-oa
Artful Censure.
<<m hand), it is
Ex.
Creator
he (Siva) is to be censured he
only one head of thine formerly.
i
would
been
God
have
the object not on hand, in having imprudently suffered the other four heads of Brahma to
remain.
Siva,
XXXII.
DEF.
STT%IT:
Hint.
IjfrTWt
Ex.
by
self
self
told or expressed
show or discover
on deliberation
or, or
denial
Hint
O moon
is.
why
A denial,
Def.
after
67
some
deliberation, of
what
Why
Here, we see only a semblance of denial. Thisfigure is distinct from the Concealment (XI) where
the property of an object on hand is denied and that
of another not on hand is superimposed upon it,
EX
some poets
not
learned people
of her
semblance of a denial
of the
Hint
regard
go-between
Ex.
Some
am no
residing in
destructive
fire
her
fever of separation.
crrq;
learned people
of a denial as the figure Hint.
Def.
body
but the
go-between
love-fever
Here, the character of a person that of the gobetween, is denied. The fact of excessive hardship,
experienced by the lady under the pangs of separation,
moment
in
meeting
her.
68
command
or
lover
permi-
%f
thou goest
ssion
TT^fH
when apparent
jj^g
goest
TpFf
my
when hidden
^ffr;
birth
another kind
cr^Nr
in that
Hint
^TRT
niay be.
if
same place
When
Ex.
Departest (thou),
my
love, if
mined
to go,
in that
clear prohibition,
the meaning
XXXIII.
Ex.
Contradiction.
clef
of incongruity
breasts
when apparent
by the pearl-necklace
Contradiction
though devoid of
is
O
IW
or
are
called
slender
thy
woman
charming or
lit.
possessed of necklace.
69
i
When
Def.
is
apparent
(in
diction.
slender lady
thy breasts though devoid
of pearl necklace are yet possessed of pearl necklaces,
i.e., are yet charming.
Ex.
XXXIV.
Peculiar Causation.
fTOFRT
EX.
ftTT ^rfq
though without
is
if
called
cause
the production of
though not
lac
red.
When
tion.
its
Lady
the incongruity
Therefore,
is
to be
we
see
in as
much
as
its
cause
the denial of a
is
not
known
cause
EX,
God
when incomplete
the production of an
of love
neither
sharp
hard
effect
by weapons
also
the world
^TT *TcfT
is
nor
conquers.
liar Causation'
When
the production of an effect is represented as having taken place while its causes are
Def.
Ex.
God
By
by the Supreme
Spirit.
EX.
when an impediment
though present
an
of
production
thy
sword
the
serpent
i.e.,
serpent in
the
effect
third kind
only
Cau-
'Pecular
that
sation'
king
the
curera of
poisons or kings
bites.
When
Def.
(to
such an
effect),
it is
king
thy
sword-serpent
Causation.
Ex.
Narendran,
i.e.,
bites
only
cft^ king =
biting the curers of poison implies an impediment to
the effect.
EX.
u
from a different cause
production
of
effect
an
from a conch-shell
this
sound of a lute
fourth kind
proceeds
Peculiar Causation
great wonder.
72
When
the production of an effect is represented as being from a different cause, or, more literally,
from a similar cause, it is the fourth kind of Peculiar
Def.
Causation.
Ex.
It
wonder
a great
is
that
We
know
sound of a
this
musical
conch-shell
(i.e.,
Causation.
We
N.B.
have
Metaphorical Hyporbole in
s?% the upamana, because it was used for its upameya,
the neck of a damsel.
a
<r
from an incongruous
tfmwfrr
alas
moon's (cool-rayed)
cause
of
an
effect
rays
that
a certain kind
Peculiar Causation
inflame.
production
Def.
seen
When
i.e.,
it is
is
pro-
from a cause
Peculiar Causation.
Ex.
Alas
moon
(lit.
cool-rayed)
73
This
the state of
is
the object on
damsel,
hand,
is
said so.
from an
effect
thy
production of a cause
hand-kalpa-tree
also
wish-yielding tree in
a certain kind
ocean of fame
Peculiar Causation
s
duced
seen
is
When
Def.
from
the cause
its
effect,
i.e.,
is
it
produced.
said to
is
Causation.
An
king
ocean
of
is
Karna renowned
for
The kalpa
tree
74
XXXV.
Peculiar Allegation
m:
abundant cause
in the heart
when
though burning
diminution of
there
is
non-production of an
effect
(affection)
Peculiar Allegation
oil
cupid-lamp
The non-production
Def.
of an effect
is
when
there
called
Pecu-
liar Allegation.
The diminution
Ex.
of
oil
(lit.
is
is
can, however, be
The
contradiction
XXXVI.
DEF.
EX.
<%\
'SRW.
Improbability.
of
the
ment
5fT[
this
accomplish-
of
75
an object
shepherd boy
the mountain
the description of
impossibility
who
Improbability
knew.
Def.
Who knew
Ex.
would
is
the
days as a large
umbrella to shelter his beloved Gopis and their cattle
from the heavy and incessent rain caused by Indra to
deluge the Gokula, the land of the shepherds.
XXXVII.
EX.
^TOTrf?r:
Disconnection.
fotr
of the effect
and the
poison
(lit.
water)
cause
was drunk
inconsistent
different location
travellers
Disconnection
fainted.
by the clouds
Def.
The
as inconsistent and
is
as occupying
different
locations,
termed Disconnection.
The poison
Ex.
(lit.
76
This figure is only an exception to the ornament of
Contradiction (XXXIII) and not Contradiction itself,
The drinking
effect,
different localities.
the
women
is
who
DEF. 3rd
in another place
of a thing to be
to
done
other than
do
of a person engaged
<TcT
fo^fSjfa:
the accomplishment
another place
accomplishment too
above
that,
i.e.,
Disconnec-
tion
cfSfT
so, i.e.,
connection.
another (thing)
When
An
77
Disconnection.
sit
(Lord Krishna)
the earth
devoid
wishing to do
the paradise
3ft
did
of
so.
or
Lord
the earth
conflict ensued
from Indra's garden (Nandana).
between Indra and Krishna in which the latter was
victorious.
The
tree
city
Dvaraka
N. B.
This figure
is
free
from ^fwcf^
Parijata tree
=-
II
assemblage of foes
?nfa qifWcf
tree.
of the
of the righteousness I
(0 lord Vishnu
.
^fq
!)
though engaged
earth
formerly
thou didst.
Lord Vishnu
engaged
in
the
(the opposite,
i.e.)
was immersed
in
water.
XXXVIII.
Incongruity.
sra
EX.
a?
where
of
this (lady)
two incongruous
where
(things)
that
combination
love-fever or torments
is
described
of
Incongruity
having the body soft
God
of love
where.
Vishama
Def.
Sirisha flower
the
God
is
of love.
79
we
incongruity or incompatible
relation of two things which are opposed to each
other, i.e., the nature of the God of love is quite
Here,
see
the
under description,
opposed to the nature of the lady,
whose body
is
EX.
dark
sword
production
another kind
white
fame
Incongruity
is
considered
produces.
thy
<ff
Def.
The production of an
gruous cause
gruity.
Or
is
effect
in other words,
when the
quality
of the
effect is
fame.
to the
quality of an effect
general convention
must conform to
its cause.
EX.
that the
8o
from an endeavour
made
for a
with
desired
hope
of
object
an undesired ob-
of
the
having seen
ject
(entered)
attainment
it, i.e.,
by
it
devoured
Incongruity
rat
The
Ex.
and was
the
eatables for
it
devoured by
itself
Here,
and
rat
object of
it
(snake).
the rat
to
some
obtain
it
in
the basket.
XXXIX.
The Equal.
EX.
||
where
t:
of
two agreeable
by the pearl-necklace
the circular bosoms
of itself
objects
worthy
description
place
The Equal
selected.
81
Def.
TTO
is
The
circular
pearl-necklace as the
(fit)
itself.
Second kind of
Ex.
u
of the effect
born of water
by the cause
thy
sameness also
Equal
people
know
O
Def.
is
Goddess of riches
worthy.
The sameness of an
eifect
with
its
cause
is
Goddess of riches
is
Thy
character
of
at the churn-
in a
low direction.
Third kind of
DEF.
EX.
82
which thing
to do
endeavour
this
thy
j
without an obstacle
attainment of
the accomplishment of
that
(impediment)
not worthy.
is it
*?TT<T
the Equal
Def.
of an
object for
effort
obstacle,
is
Friend
Is not this
worthy of
impediment
thee
of (cJKW)
acquisition
that
sought for an
elephant (mr^).
This is possible only under a pun.
The speaker here is a person that went to his king
He was obstructed by the doorfor an elephant.
by
who accompanied
XL,
is
equal to
Strange.
EX.
Jl
with a desire to
obtain
its
opposite
good people
than
higher
triple
world
effect
exalted position
an endeavour
to attain
that
bow down.
Strange
the
83
If an endeavour
Def.
made by a person
exact opposite
to attain the
Strange.
Ex.
is
effect,
it
is
desiring
called the
for the
purpose
of attaining an exalted position higher than the triple
world.
is
XLI.
DEF.
^rf^nr
Exceeding.
^T^ iJSRTIlJTTreF*2ITra35r3TOTtr
than the more
spaci-
ous containant
the
of
effect
description
the contained as
II
in which water
the
mundane worlds
in that
thy
greater
merits
The Exceeding
do not contain.
When
Def.
spacious),
Ex.
thy good
(within themselves
qualities.
84
than the vast contained
where
?i?r
which
these
tne description
of
thy
as
exceeding
good qualities
come to an end
it 'too
the speech
containant
the
that,
is
Def.
-Vedas
how great.
Exceeding
i.e.,
regarded
When
Ex.
where
How
great
is
Brahman
the speech
XLII.
is
described as
we have
a second
Brahman = Vedas,
come
to an end,
i.e.,
Smallness.
EX.
small
to-day
thy
tained,
in the
which
hand
ring
inlaid
with
of the containant
precious stones.
smallness
becomes a rosary.
Smallness
Def.
When
the containant
is
described as smaller
is
called Smallness.
Ex.
Lady
Thy
85
Here, the thinness of the hand or the finger which
The lady under descripcontained the ring is meant.
tion was suffering from the pangs of seperation from
her lover on a certain day and so her hand or finger,
the containant, became so thin that the ring, the
object contained,
^Nnr
XLIII.
The Reciprocal
11
EX.
benefit
looks splendid
the moon
there
the
faqT
the night
by the moon
mutual
(era)
*TTfcT
by the night
figure
called
looks splendid.
Reciprocal
the night.
86
XLIV.
The Extraordinary.
ftsfa:
EX.
Os
the sun
well-known
the containant
'ffa
though set
even without
its (sun's)
object contained
the darkness
Extraordinary
expel.
rays
The
Def.
Ex.
its
rays
darkness.
the
lamp expel
The statement that lamps expel the darkness only
by the rays of the sun which has gone to the other
side of the earth is Extraordinary.
abiding in the
N.JB.
The Vedas
fire in
the evening.
Compare Raghu-
1.
He
the day.
(it)
close
of
87
N. B.
mentary on the
this, see
verse.
EX.
in
one
out
object
in the front
in
is
Def.
many
behind
places
in
described
all
that too
tions
the Extraordinary
only she.
existing in
many
places, it is also
is
the
direc-
described as
ordinary.
Ex.
In
my
many
is
places.
N.B.
Although these as well as certain other representations are impossible and opposed to
ordinary
experience, yet they are said to have been represented
as possible only metaphorically.
a certain
(act)
commencing
thee
cert
to do
seeing
by me
even
qr^
impossible act
kalpa tree
the Extraordinary
was
When some
Def.
got.
an act chances to do another impossible act (unconnected with the former), it is the third kind of the
Extraordinary.
act,
i.e.,
difficult
to obtain.
XLV.
Frustration.
ra
EX.
if
I
which pro-
by which
is
pleased
by the same
the
is
God
represented
it is
Frustration.
When
(flowers)
the world
(flowers)
flower-shafted
of love
torments.
a thing which produces the established result, i.e., the effect natural to its cause is
Def.
89
Ex.
exact
opposite
God
By
Here, the
tormenting is produced by
the cause, which are well-known to pro-
the flowers
effect, i.e.,
EX.
with
Tf<T
facility
begun
an act
the
on account of being
a boy
if
contrary
of
that act
(thou hast)
com-
passion
by thee
cannot
(here) also
Frustration
be
aban-
doned.
on me
Def.
If a certain act
ground of
it is
the
Ex.
This
to war.
King
is
12
said
90
home
<at
for
had at
first.
XLVI.
sffrTO^nrarr-
Garland of Causes.
DBF.
in
by the causes
which a preceding
object
is
spoken of
is
called
by morality,
wealth
by wealth
succeeding one
donation
arrangement
Garland of Causes
by donation
fame.
When
From
and so
on.
91
EX
from
poverty
poverty from
Therefore (friend) be always munificient.
results
sin
non-giving.
The Necklace.
XLVII.
DBF.
Ex.
extending as far as
the ears
of
series
statements in which
ears
extending as far as
the post-like arms
post-like
such
is
considered
charming on
sion as far as the knees
the
Necklace
knees
of that king
eyes
Def.
in a
arms
manner
successive
in
series
of
statements
is
made
taken
92
made
to cease
as such
(jj^i)
The eyes
Ex.
ears.
His
His
post-like
And
jewelled mirrors.
knees,
In
is
qualified
by
by what
follows.
Bhatti Kavya,
beautiful
interior
of
hum
hummed
II. 19,
were no
lotus
in
the
a bee reposing;
not sweetly
and
;
humming,
attraction.
XLVIII.
*n*TT^ta3TO
The
93
Serial Illuminator.
DEF.
EX.
a combi-
^TTW
<ren:
the Necklace
called
Def.
called the
XV)
and by
sifa
in thee.
objects
the
figures,
is
is
is
other words,
that wherein a number of
Serial Illuminator.
by him
was made
?fa
combination of
(Illuminator
in her heart
f^[t%;
i<U
by Cupid
1^3
successively
Or, in
associated with
one
attribute.
Cupid
it, i.e.,
This
is
the Illuminator
heart,
it is
the
XLIX.
*rc:
The Climax.
11
94
sweet
successively
Excellence
than that
the nectar
honey
poet's speech.
Excellence (rising)
the Climax.
Def.
The honey
Ex.
than that
than that
called
is
successively
sweet
is
the nectar
is
termed
is
sweeter
etc., rises
gra-
dually in excellence.
L.
EX.
qtrrawi
TH^
sj;gr
^>
T^reTrr
T*Ri ^^[^
of serial objects
in
Def.
conquer
the friend
due order
mutual connection
gratify
the calamity
the foe
destroy.
of a series of objects
tion
is
a mutual connec-
order.
Ex.
foe,
is
their
due order.
LI.
95
The Sequence.
qgfift
*rm
EX.
if
fit?
woman's face
of one object
lovely
in succession
the lotus
in
residing
Def.
many
many
The Sequence
resorted to.
When
one object
Having
left
the
now
many
described as residing in
is termed the
Sequence.
is
it
lotus,
the lustre of
this
left
moon
places
places in succession,
Ex.
having
the
is
stated as one
is
said to
places in succession.
tsftr
EX.
or
if
formerly
in one object
water
many
was
that too
now
the Sequence
there
is
sand bank.
regarded
where
Def.
Or,
if
many
in
succession,
that too
is
96
trftf%:,
Sand bank
Ex.
is
now
LII.
same
TTftifrr.
place.
The Return.
EX.
of lesser
TT3TT)
and greater
one arrow
things
having discharged
mutual
of the enemy's
exchange
dess of wealth
God
the Return
(many) side-glances
that king
received.
The Return
Def.
is
lesser or greater.
Goddess of wealth of
his foes.
LIII.
trftwTT
greater,
The Exclusion of
DEF.
is
Specification.
in one object
on hand
in the
of
one object
having denied
the Special Mention
Def.
The
curved
of
eye-brows
in the hearts
restriction
diminution of
lamps
women
not.
oil
Ex.
The diminution of
oil
(i.e.
affection)
women
was
in
of curved
eye-brows.
LIV.
The Alternative.
ffcro:
DEF.
EX.
ifl<5j;
fsTTTTO
*TT
of equal probability
the kings
when
at once
there
is
opposi-
their heads
tion
the Alternative
is
?f?TT
Def.
let
considered
When
^TT
there
is
bend
or their bows.
recourse
to
Alternative.
13
only
one
of
them,
it is
called
the
98
Ex.
their heads or
their bows.
we
Here,
action of the
the
see
bending
impossibility of simultaneous
of the heads and that of the
LV.
*r*?^ra:
The Conjunction.
:
EX.
^ w^ftre:
thy foes
taniety
take flight
of
on back
many
combination
and
the Conjunction
The Conjunction
Def.
actions that
is
described as
are
fall
down.
a combination of
many
being simultaneously
produced.
O King
thy enemies
backs, see thee and fall down.
Ex.
flee,
turning their
performance.
Compare
Caesar
the
sent to
celebrated
Rome
Pharnaces at Tela
'
vedi, vici).
*
Xhe
laconic
report
which
came, saw,
conquered*
(veni,
99
Second kind of
the Conjunction.
f^^rr >?f
it
noble birth
of things with
handsome appearance
emulation
that go to effect one
thing
learning
also
that,
i.e.
him
the Conjunc-
tion
Def.
exhilerate.
combination of
many
things
that go to
common
Ex.
Noble
prime of youth,
handsome
birth,
learning and
the
appearance,
the wealth exhilerate
him.
LVI.
The Case-Illuminator.
EX.
IJ*T: irrar:
of
nected
actions
con-
with
one
wfn*
^fa
traveller
goes
karaka in succession
again
combination
comes
the
tor
Case-Illumina-
sees
ll
100
*OTT*:
A combination
Def.
sively
called ^nTfi\iTfi^.
same Karaka
Or,
The
Karaka (case-noun) is
words, when the
in other
is
(case- noun)
verbs in succession,
Ex.
one
connected with
it is
connected with
many
3?R3^to3i*T.
traveller goes,
asks (something).
where simultaniety
LVII.
desired.
is
*rcnfa:
The Convenience,
DEF.
EX.
^oEfisrfT
srarore
?r
THm
young lady
cause
the sun
fa;
^l^^^l facility of an
act
11
set in.
The Convenience
When
Def.
facilitated
in
the
accomplishment
of an act
other words,
when the
facilitation of
is
cause,
or
an act
is
Ex.
No
in.
101
sun's
setting
sentences).
LVIII.
TTSsnftcffiT
The Rivalry.
EX.
strong
by the
of the
the
enemy
lilies
servants
on any partisan
victorious eyes
attempt
the ears
The Rivalry
made
When
Def.
to
of
the
bow down*
is
on his enemy),
The
ears,
it is
the
servants
(lit.
neighbours)
of the
victorious eyes,
lilies.
The
lilies
are usually
ears,
worn
as
by making
ornaments
^mrofsr
102
LIX,
fff<sirrafaftr:
*fiT
^rm
is
much more'
by thy face
of
accomplishment
an act
I
that
moon
was conquered
Necessary Con-
the
called
of the lotuses
what
of Poetry
mention.
stronger reason',
is
5fi3j<5T
more'.
is
fsffJJrf
^wngtTOTO: the
When a stick and
^Njfh^'SFTSr;
of the stick and the cakes.
maxim
tied together
'how much
usually called
and,
we
when the
stick has
naturally led to
believe that the cakes also have been eaten by the rat,
rat,
are
Ex.
face.
by thy
(or
Lady
why we
What
necessity
is
there to speak
of
is
When
conquered,
quered
a necessary conclusion.
103
LX.
been con-
thou hast
to be established
of a fact
quered
in
justifying
my mind
three-eyed
foolish
resides
God Siva
cupid
Def.
The
Poetical Reason
a reason justifying
is
For, in
my
conquest of the
burnt by Siva,
God
of
LXI.
The
Transition.
EX.
crossed
cular instance
of great
of
assertion
men
impossible
the Transition
the
the ocean
o n k e y-God
Hanumla
what
104
The
Def.
of a
assertion
and a particular
(instance)
when a
introduced to
is
universal (proposition)
termed the Transition.
universal
support a particular
proposition is
instance, or a
proposition,
Ex.
possible
Haimman crossed
for great men ?
Here,
universal
particular
the ocean
instance
what
is
im-
confirmed by a
is
proposition.
Example of a
particular instance.
y association of
wreath of flowers
the meritorious
even
the
meanest
thread
creature
on the head
greatness
is
worn
attains
meritorious,
creature,
attains to
by the
the
association
greatness.
thread tmited with a wreath of flowers is worn on the
head.
is
confirmed by a
105
LXII.
The Expansion.
ft
Ex.
which
in
HTW f^
and particular
because
as-
men
sertions
great
that
the Expansion
unassailable.
When
Def.
which again
is
the Expansion.
II
that (king)
particular, general
a particular
is
supported by a general
a particular, it is called
supported by.
Or, in other words, when a Transition
the oceans.
LXIII.
ftetfar:
attribution
of
as
black
cause of excellence
group
certain cause to it
bank
rver.
the tresses
H
4
11
.as
the tamala
grown on the
of the
Yamuna
io6
The
Def.
attribution of a certain
to a
cause,
The
Ex.
tresses
(of the
Lord Krishna)
are
as
The water
also
of the
Yamuna
The
naturally black as
blackness of the tamala
is
is
asserted to be so here.
Hence
it
is
called the
Bold
Speech.
LXIV.
The Supposition.
EX.
u
of another act
the
for
Lord
narrater
accomplish-
ment
if it
of serpents
happen
were so
thy
merits
so
eh
-conjecture
fact r.
the Supposition
des-
cribed.
if
Def.
'
ment
'
position.
is
107
God
Ex.
to be the
If the
narrater,
then
been described.
This form of supposition introduced by a subjunctive clause is reckoned by the author of Kavyaprakasa
as the third kind of
LXV.
ftrerctzrefafa:
DBF.
EX.
for the purpose
of establishing a
false
the
False
Deter-
mination
assertion
garland of sky-flowers
a statement of
wearing
the prostitute
thing
Def.
When,
for
then
false one,
(Reductio
it is
called the
ad absurdum = redu-
Sky-flower
is
one can
So the
present or future.
winning over a prostitute becomes also a non-entity.
This ornament is also reckoned as one of the kinds of
exist in
any period,
past,
by the author of K. P.
108
Sffatfm,
LXVL
rf%?r*
5ftf;
in the object on
t^Tsr? f^fHrra
hand
this (maiden)
when water
of the reflective
representation
incident on
an
of
hand
wishes.
delineation
the Artful
is
it
Indica-
tion
Def.
^[f%?f^
is
a delineation
an incident
of
Ex.
all
This
is
said
by a maid
to her mistress
who wanted
The maid
send
foiv
intimates the
is reflec-
The sending
LXVIL
EX.
TT^W^T
mt^ ^fi^
cfif
out.
The Enrapturing.
109
fol T
trithont
only her
effort
him thinking
that same messenger
the Enrapturing
was
to
accomplishment
sent.
When
the accomplishment of a thing eagerfor takes place without any effort for it,
Def.
ly
an
longed
other words, when the desired object
or, in
by
chance,
it is
is
obtained
her only.
Enrapturing
the Enrapturing.
EX.
Def.
the lamp
something more
kindle
attainment
than
the Enrapturing
no sooner
the sun
The attainment
is
of something
called
more than
no
No
Ex.
sun
rose.
Third
'kind
of the Enrapturing.
attainment
of
the
means
from an
treasure
When, by an
of
magic plant
by a digger
effort
was obtained.
attainment also
Def.
root
effort
made
for the
attainment
Enrapturing.
Ex.
obtained.
LXVIII.
FreT?*W
The Despondency*
I
the lamp
the attain-
ment
of a thing oppo-
than
ed
that
the Despondency
no sooner
extinguished.
The attainment
Def.
No
Ex.
it
kindles
is
than
extinguished.
LXIX.
Abandonment.
Ex.
u
having bathed
of one object
me
those tvro
Def.
purify
so
Abandonment
chaste
also
may
woman
desires.
one object conveys a reference to the merit and demerit of another object, or, in other words, if (1) the
merit of one object refer to the merit of another
object, (2) the demerit, to the demerit, (3) the merit,
to the demerit,
it is
called the
Ex.
(in
my
desires,
*Will
and
(4)
Abandonment.
not a chaste
woman (come
me also
and) bathe
so the river
Ganga
woman
-chaste
refers
is
referring
example of
the
to
demerit.
of the
...
bosoms
the
women
II
of (thy) foes
hardness
in thy cavalry
the Creator
created
censure.
desiring
Ex.
king
Creator (Brahma).
Here, the widows of the foemen censure the creator
for not having created the hardness of their bosoms
in their soft feet, the former being
useless because of
their
.of
The demerit
the king.
widow-hood
refers to the
of the
bosoms
in
their
Example of
(3)
Merit referring
to
demerit.
because
that
the good
man
misfortune.
113
Ex.
It
is
the
in their
not resorting to
the
good people.
Example of
demerit referring
(4)
to
merit.
not
if
of the
servants of
this itself
a boon.
the king
killing
If the
servants
It itself is
The
man
that non-
his servants
of his servants,
i.e.,
is
their continuance
without being
killed.
LXX.
Non- Abandonment.
T eft
ITRTTr
EX.
cfr
^[Tc\T*[
?3T
if
a measure
by those two
ocean
those two
though reached
do not occur
that
water
JSTon-
15
II
Abandonment
gets.
Def.
If,
i.e.,
merit
object,
Ex.
The
particular
water even in
immense
and which
water
is
more water.
Here, the merit of the measure
merit of the ocean.
refers
demerit.
to the
moon
lotuses
what
contract
detriment.
moon
no
to
(at night),
then
(nectar-rayed).
LXXI.
^RI^fT
The Permission.
v.
DBF.
EX.
srn
?TI
it
an
of
undesired
*r,
to us
object
H^?T
always
praying for
foTO
calamities
result of
let
qjg
in
quali-
^ft:
God Vishnu
ssNft
is glorified,
of
good
occur
SJ
the
in itself
on account
ties
which
the Permission
on the
result-
The praying
Def.
Lord Krishna
Ex.
to
us
the calamities
glorified.
This
is
LXXII.
The Suggestion.
ttar:
of
the Suggestion
Alas
Def.
thy
confinement in a cage
melodious
of songs
when
freely
parrot
all
the birds
result.
wander
%sqr: is
n6
Ex.
Alas
parrot
wander about at their
!
when
will,
all
thy
is
cons-
LXXIII.
g?T
The Sealing.
:
EX.
serving
the
by words
of
^TT
(I
the Sealing
that young maiden
sense
on hand
intimation
the
object to be hinted at
spacious eyes.
it is
Ex.
of spacious eyes.
is
also the
name
of a metre of
Sfg^ff
each quarter wherein
2nd and 4th quarters
the description of
that served the purpose on hand
names
the metre of the verse to be
the lady also
117
It
is
usual
contained
called
g^f
in
to illus-
will
also
the stanza.
names.
LXXIV.
Tanr^t
words serving
the sense on hand
of the
handsome
having
serial
God Brahma
putting
The Jewelled Necklace
of riches
(poets)
king
thou
= of
Goddess
Lakshmi
know
lord
omniscient
or
God
Siva.
Katnavali
is
face (art
(the
god Brahma)
Lord Vishnu) thou
;
in
hand
etc.,
serve
the sense on
W,
names of
lift
Hindu
the
Siva,
identified in succession.
The
(LXXIII)
?J5T
between
difference
is
this figure
sense
of
way under
a pun, but
it is
not
Mudra.
LXXV.
?mpir:
The Borrower.
DBF.
nose-pearl
quality
by the
lower
becomes
the Borrower
lustre of the
lip.
Padmartiga
thy
Def.
When
a thing quits
its
own
quality
Ex,
becomes a
it
is
and
the
lip.
"9
LXXVL
The
Original.
EX.
II
again
assumption of
own
one's
the
Siva's
neck
lustre
of
quality
by thy fame
the original
is
with
called
fact:
white.
though covered
Def.
When
its
form
as
in
is
another agency
EX
fft
he
is
120
an object
though extinguished
when disappeared
by the jems
continuity of
the
inlaid in
original state
ample
also
light
lamp
was.
The
Def.
the cause
another agency,
is
called
the second
operation of
kind of the
Original.
in
bashfulness
still
maiden.
LXXVIL
The Non-Borrower.
EX.
tjfq
non-assuming
the quality of another
object
though
nected with
con-
it
Non-Borrower
call
Def.
The non-assuming,
my mind
though seated
dost not become red
(affectionate).
by an
object,
with
it
of the
(or in
121
Borrower.
Lover
(affectionate),
The
of this
affection.
Hence
LXXVIII.
it is
the Non-Borrower.
^^njnr:
The Conformity.
by the presence of
another object
the
pre-emift?[3re:
nence of
one's
the Conformity
blue lotuses
by the
own
settled
previously
side-glances.
extreme blueness
bear.
quality.
The pre-eminence,
Def.
settled
(or, in
object
own previously
is
another object,
Ex.
of one's
The
it)
is
blue
proximity
of
by
122
fafafTO,
LXXIX.
is
increas-
iftfafW
The Lost.
DBF.
the Lost
If*
on account
blance
naturally red
in the foot
a distinction
alone
dye
was not perceived.
is
Def.
of resem-
not perceived
When
distinction
Ex.
The dye
not perceived
on account of their
alone
of the red
lac
is
LXXX.
*TWW
The Sameness.
123
that entered the
1ft
on account of resem-
lotus-pool
blance
of
women
ful
eye-brows
distinguishable
pecu-
face
liarity
is
of beauti-
not at
all
perceived
The Sameness
When
any distinguishable peculiarity whatever is not perceived (between two objects coming
in contact) on account of their close resemblance, it
Def.
is
Ex.
The
faces
women
of the
of beautiful
eye-
In the
*?tf%rr
(LXX1X), one
of the objects
is infe-
rior in
Hence,
this figure
LXXXI.
LXXXII.
is
different
^ftfaw
fairer:
from the
The Un-Lost.
The Un-Sameness.
wtftraw, fMNw:
124
of
of
any discriminating
peculiarity
f^yf?^
in the manifestation
The Un-Sameness
Himalaya moun-
the
tain
by
*
'
iftflR
(
aiffifi
chillnese
recognize.
Def.
the
If any discriminating peculiarity prohibited
in the CTtfF^r become manifest afterwards, it is called
Def.
the
fgifacff:.
Ex.
king
The
Himalaya mountain,
fame, through
celestial
eclipsed by thy
(all-pervading)
its chillness.
This
is
Example of
the
wrfa
when
the
moon had
and the
risen
became
lotuses
able.
After the
faces
distinguish
rise of the
In the OTflnW,
that
125
lotuses on account of their likeness but after the rise
of the
to
discriminated.
wj
LXXXIII.
The Reply.
where
containing some
import
that ratan
a secret reply
there
is
The Reply
this river
traveller
is
Def.
secret
containing some
called the Reply.
reply
fordable.
is
indirect
Or,
in
other words,
his or her
is
to
it is
called
the
Reply.
Ex.
is
seen
Traveller
(the
From
this,
is
place)
fordable.
we understand
that a
traveller
has
126
Second kind of the Reply.
Ex.
JP3T 4-
^TKT^T 4- ^fVre*T
of
and
query
their wives
consisting
same words
of the
its
two
upon
the
bringing
replies
lands to perfection
a skilful reply
husbandmen
The Reply
fi
who move
%2T*.
who
which
is
in the air
transitory
gaged in maintaining
When
Def.
skilful
reply
is
when one
then
it is
Ex.
made
reply
serves for
Q.
Who
maintaining their
Who move
^gr: (1)
to perfection or
in the air
and which
is
husbandmen.
transitory
letters).
questions
33:
is
asked,
cftl:
nominative plural of
means
'
the age
neuter noun
replies.
'
to the
two
it is
crsrer.
made
127
LXXXIV.
The
Subtle.
The Subtle
skilled
that (maiden)
I was looking
in understanding the
import of another
when
a second person
by the
tresses
the crest-jewel
his
a significant
concealed.
act
Def.
intimated to another
who
gestures of others
Ex.
is
Friend
is
able
When
of a person,
to understand such
anxi-
LXXXV.
ftrf%?r*T
The Covering.
the
other
secret
knows
of
the
u
significant
act
an insinuation
The Covering
or
128
in the
ft
the
morning
when the
lover
came
the bed
to the house
Def.
prepared.
significant act or
an insinuation of a
is
The Covering.
Ex.
Early
in the
bed
for
known
his secrets.
LXXXVI.
The Disembler.
mar
by an attribution
friend
to
see
a different cause
which
of the appearance
house-garden
concealment
il far
am made
greyish.
The Disembler
Def.
The Disembler
is
cause.
appearance by attributing to a different
See I am made greyish by the
Friend
Ex.
!
129
:i
Her
cause.
state
first
is
LXXXVIL
The Secrecy.
*[*tfw:
^%^T?T
if
te
TffH 3R3ERt
^nCW^T^TOTTci; W^TCW^T.
frerilff?
^$f%
^SK^^n
told
The Secrecy
fq
bull
j|
from another's
field
begone
the land-lord or hus-
band
or luster
j
When
Def.
or wife
to another
is
mentioned
first
it.
EX.
is
^ftsrafa
comes.
to a particular person
is
is
Ex.
bull
the land-
lord.
This speech
is
intended to be communicated to
a,
third man's
veyed
is
to be con-
Luster
field.
whom
130
LXXXVIII
D.
Open Speech.
feff cfrfw:
n
from
by the poet
**
ex-
purposely
so
with a gesticulation
Open Speech
Def.
or luster
field
begone
ffif
pressed
'bull
another's
or wife
(he) speaks
Open Speech
is
that which
is
hidden under
a pun as in the preceding figure but purposely expressed by the poet by some kind of indication.
"
By
bull
TTf
this is
also
field",
hidden
poet,
the
secrecy
becomes expressed.
LXXXIX.
Covert Speech.
ifa:
fanrei
EX.
it
for
concealment
one's
own
by an
of
thee
design
painting
act
Covert Speech
flowery bow
in the hand
drew.
131
her
own
design.
Lover
and
not thee.
X'C.
^t^rrfw:
Popular Saying.
EX.
resembling a proverb
the eyes
having closed
a few months
Popular Saying
called
is
An
Def.
called the
Ex.
wait or be patient.
expression
resembling
proverb
is
Popular Saying.
Lady
eyes closed.
This is one of the messages sent
by a separated
lover to his lovely wife.
The full meaning is
Let a few months be spent unmarked by
"Lady
thee and then we shall both meet, and have full
scope
:
to reward
" With
sNmt!:, ^anl w. r
132
XCI.
The
tsrtfar:
Skilful
Speech
I
U
only the serpent or
containing another
villain
sense
Skilful Speech
friend
Def.
If
knows.
the
Popular
Saying
were to contain
Another sense
behaviour of a
is
villain
alone knows
the
villain.
XCIL
EX.
b y means
or
by
change
an
P un
of a
affected
day appeared
here
of voice
construing
one's
speech differently
no Nandin
near the
God
Siva.
Crooked Speech
when a person
Def.
Speech,
133
Ex.
Lady
Remove
anger
thy
as day has
appeared.
Here
Nandin here
bnt he
is
^HT^fw:
XCIII.
cRl^f,
see the
"No
Appendix.
Description of Nature.
11
Description of Nature
belonging to a genus
<fec.,
i.e.,
quality,
an
tremulous eyes
own
pricking up ears
state
by antelopes
is
description
looked
at.
etc.,
i.e.,
Ex.
quality,
As
the term
Another name
Dandl.
of this figure
according to
considered the
is snfrT.
is
we have
134
The Vision.
XCIV.
EX
VTfa
^-^rsnwfiTW
11
of percep-
fight
future
description
even
Tne Vision
behold.
demons
now
in this place
Def.
When
Ex.
XCV.
it
it
The Exalted.
of prosperity
of which
description
mountain)
The Exalted
in the
also
that = celebrated
3 ?[
of another
indirect
representa-
tion of importance
summit
and Arjuna
fight
took place.
description of prosperity
(Himalaya
comtnendable action
Def.
called
EX.
is
is
of
an object
135
action
of
some
great
to
the
or
collaterally
personage represented indirectly
object under delineation is termed also the Exalted.
.
Ex.
This
that
is
Himalaya Mountain
fight
in
whose
God Siva
between the
Himalaya Mountain
the object
under
delineation.
XCVI.
EX.
*rarfw:
?flTT3I ^TTrTT^C
The Exaggeration.
^TWjJ
marvellous
^IT^^fiTI
TT%^
^mf*
king
false
igfa
valour
qr^rauftro:
Kalpa
^TOTT:
mendicants
wf^
become.
generosity
etc.
description
|j
trees
Exaggeration
description of marvellous
statement of one's valour, generosity,
Def.
and
etc.,
also false
is
called
the Exaggeration.
Ex.
king
When
thou art
This
is
munificence.
false
a donor, even
paradise
become
136
XCVIL
Exposition.
EX.
these
words
of
by acts of thine
thy honour
by derivation
construing in
* maker of night or
what
is
faulty
intended
verily
Exposition
O moon
Def.
sense
artificial
Ex
as
truly,
I
!
know
Exposition
different
in
consists in construing words,
from
what
is
intended,
much
that thou
art faulty
(lit.
the
faults).
This
mine of
.
the
is addressed to
moon by
an
by
a damsel pining
under separation.
XCVIII.
Prohibition.
this
is
well-known
ing at dice
^f P reventlon
arrows
by sharpened
playing.
Prohibition
i
gambler
does^moonaud
a mine of faults.
of faults
<*w:
13?
Def.
Prohibition
is
Ex.
&t dice
O Gambler Sakuni
This
is
This
but this
is
The
state-
XCIX.
**
ftf%:
Fitness,
forareN
EX.
which
of that
the spring
thing previ-
season
bird
ously effected
kokila
declaration
Indian cuckoo
that
kokila, >.,
or
the
charming
shall become.
Def.
A declaration
138
Ex.
shall
Only
become a
kokila,
i.e.,
charming.
panchama
of kokila bird,
a thing
tone.
C.
fg:
The Cause.
EX.
of
description
intended effect
Ex.
women
termed
The
Def.
beauti-
ful eye-brows
The Cause
is
moon
women of
that
of a cause
^m**T
rses.
its
That moon
rises
for
of
of beautiful eye-brows.
Second sort of
EX.
g^rreT ^f
cause
identity
SRSTWT
sssur:
certain rhetoricians
as the figure
Reason
139
call
glances
of the
Lord
of
the
of learned poets
mount Venkata*
The
Def.
reckoned by
The
Ex.
glances of the
God Vishnu#
effect is
(lit.
the
Here,
the glance,
the cause,
is
mentioned
as
Goddess of
Fortune.
effect.
studied
all
* Or the
King Venkata, the patron of
Dikshita,
APPENDIX.
S.
K. P.
Kgvyaprakalsa of Mammata.
R. G.
Rasagahgadhara
D. K.
Dandl's Kavyadarsa.
P. A.
of Paiidita
Jagannatha/
Poetical Conventions.
first
works
other
better.
The
virtue, umbrella,
anger,
and
hot.
Lotuses,
lilies,
etc.,
etc.,
;
as white
valour as red
can be described
as-
of
Ganges
water.
too.
Water-elephants
Gems and the fish
pearls
in
in
live
'
in
makara
'
fructify.
The chakora
APPENDIX.
birds
are
to
said
drink
the
The
moonlight.
is
fire
and
feel
and also
suffer
much
God Siva
very
from love
fever,
1.
Words
Sftrcn
Simile.
expressive of comparison.
11
;)
D. K.
APPENDIX.
142
Of
tions.
these, 3?[, ^T, ^^T, ^*ft*I are taddhita terminaThe last three express a slight incomplete
See V.
comparison.
3.
67 P. A.
a denominative termination
(III.
1.
Parasmaipada.
The
10).
affix
of
comparison.
=he
fa)
a denominative termination
Atmanepada.
1.
The affix cjs^ is
11)35T^ H^TTO, (III.
optionally employed in the sense of behaving, after a
word ending in a case-affix denoting the object of
hawk.
r
P. A.
(nil)
The
krit termination
affix
f^ftf
which
usually omitted.
is
comes optionally
some one
in
the sense of
nouns (Vartika
of III. I. 11). Thus, Jr^Hfa or JT^TTsn* = he behaves
like an ass or he asses.
P. A.
behaving
like
a taddhita termination.
(V.
affix
3. 98).
When
man
is
is
denoted, the
elided,
the word
APPENDIX.
retaining
143
its
a straw-man,
an
i.e.,
Thus
P. A.
effigy in straw.
(III.
when
after a verb
it
The
79).
is
affix
in composition
comes
ftrfr
with a word
denoting an
like a
P. A.
cameF.
(III.
after
when an
a root,
similitude,
is
The
4. 45).
affix
^spfj^r
comes
in composition
with
it.
Thus, ^Tfrfawf
P. A.
3,
106)
is
fully explained in
all
and therefore
its
complete
study
becomes
essential.
Observe.
^q*n
is
first
two-fold
'
Tj^f
tical'.
'
APPENDIX,
144
expressed by the use of the words g^r, ^JST, etc., all in the sense of
English like', ^sftcft conveys the notion of similarity at the very
hearing and *TRpf is to be understood only through the meaning of
'
the expression.
In a sentence
affix (crf^-cmm).
and but of
varieties.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
26 varieties.
7
11
^T^rcngHT
Do.
Do.
Do.-
10
12
Do.
13
Do.
14
Do.
15
Do.
1J3ftf-do,
-*ift-
16
17
Do.
^TT^f
18
Do,
"^frft
19
Do.
^TTsFt
20
Do.
do.
do.
do.
11
In the active
No
-V-
sense.
^HT,
APPENDIX.
22
145
Do.
23
24
25
^T3r^fa?TT'T<pn
26
^TreT^lHT
27
Do.
28
Do.
do.
29
Do.
30
31
32
^iT^I^R?
Examples
do.
in their order.
2
i to
u
S.
D.
4 to 6
w^*: w^
*ri?::
S.
D.
The
7 to 15
lower-lip of that
w^im M
B.
19
S.
APPENDIX.
146
Alas
like slightly
expanded
my
lotuses.
R/G.
That lady devoid
of heart
fish
herself, residing
she
if
is
in
a desert
feels
a jewelled
in
;
and she
is
out of water.
upameya,
is 3i*Msre
3nTT
is
.
Hence it
In cffTfffafa = SRT^ S3 ^rrarfrf, we have
also in the accusative case.*
and
it is
therfore ?rre
'ST
we have
^rctt^ fa*-*^c
In
in
:
ti
R. G.
immortal beings.
like
Here, in
^Tm*m =*reTfire
s
to drink
TJT
have
:
f^^?;T:
and hence
^jf-WIpf
*p?T
in
of root
In fsr^reWT^fa^T: ^* ^fao5TT, we
in the nominative case like its upameya
and hence
case.
it is
we have
'.
it is
cR^-nj^r of root 3
same
iftc^T,
Apte's Guide.
257 Observe.
'to dwell'.
must be in the
APPENDIX.
147
^TOfW:
tflF* *rU<3Fti
fTOTCTCRnffa:
II
R. G.
He
that
is
is
straw-like
man.
He
an
pratling
||
S.
D.
ass.
16 to 20
?*ifiTSFSfT, mftr:
'20
10
nswsRi
n
s.
D.
&
22
is
22
21
S.
The
D.
moon.
'
In iT*fT<Pl=*raitl
same in a compound.
affix.
23
23
VTrfir?-
we have the
24
II
and
24
APPENDIX.
148
In
^T^R^TT,
we have the omission of the upameya ^naTTf^ and
ID
of the word '^of' expressive of comparison.
rf3fT>
of
25
tnffcrarTtrer
25 26
f HT
26 to 28
R.
The meeting
that
Here
in 3TraHra*T,
we have
'^3'
expressing
In 3iT3TrfrafaH, we have
in a
compound.
comparison
the omission of the upamana
'
'
ST?^
in a
compound
See pages
7 to 12.
ft^TT
27
^5T
^FfSJ
-N
T^T
^TT^l
28
^TT
HSRg^TRV
S.
A charming
D.
exist
(any where).
29&30
**<-
'
~ 29
II
R.
S.
APPENDIX.
149
All the forest has been explored and all the tree were seen ;
O mango tree
thy likeness in the world was not obtained
still
by
this bee.
Here, there
of the
common
Is
attribute in a sentence.
upamana and
we remove
If
30
the words
'
rfsnfiT
in a
H^cST, we
compound.
si
S.
He
(a king)
if
he
is
(his)
D.
enemies' prowess
Here, in
we have
32
S.
When
all
D.
the Milky-sea.
we
Here, in
have the omission of the upameya
of the
S.
common
attribute
'
^m
'^TT<iTT*nT'
= whiteness
and
7
.
Garland of Similes.
Def.
When
upamanas,
it is
called
APPENDIX.
ISO
Ex.
^t4 'ft'f*T
ii
S.
D.
Girdle of Similes.
When
is
called
D.
S.
by
by
its
its
white
its
lustre,
swan
this
the water
17.
irfawm*!
Typical Comparison.
Ex.
11
R.
S.
The wicked
people are expert in working obstacles to the wellbeing of the good. The serpents are clever in taking away the lives
of the innocent.
Here,
<jjsrar
and
This ornament
is
also
found in a series
APPENDIX,
Ex.
151
crff?r
^ifa
ffa:
n
R.
The sandal
mass
The moon
of soot.
spot.
its
s.
head a
The kings
*T5ffi
and
faHrfft
are similar
attributes.
18.
53T*rr:
Exemplification.
Ex.
'T n
R.
s.
Certainly,
Propitiated by
whom,
of blue lotuses to
27.
tell
does the
me,
blow by his
moon
illustrious rays
Indirect Description.
^TrgrnnNrT
The
principal feature
description of the
of this figure
what
is
that
the
not the subjectmatter, must convey a reference to the iT^rf i.e., the
'Sfingrf, i.e.,
S. D.,
subject-matter.
varieties of this fiure
is
K. P. and R.
:
S.,
mention
five
APPENDIX.
152
an
Is
= the
cf^^r ^^:
i.e.,
When
(3)
i.e.,
?;fcT
a cause,
(2)
similar
effect,
thing
is
general,
particular,
the
an
effect,
(3) particular,
convey reference to
respectively
and when
(4)
(1) effect,
when the
a general, and
(2) cause,
(5)
another
q^T = five-fold.
(3)
(5) a similar
the general,
thing
(4)
the
particular
Examples in
*
(1)
Effect
is
their order.
cause.
trrfor
R.
When
11
s.
began to
start,
young
by her
fingers.
APPENDIX.
153
acfc,
is
described,
when
the
Cause
(2)
is
is
ara effect.
5rf
rTT
f^TT
*Tf T:
S.
Alas
In the presence of
Sifca,
if
D.
besmeared
and the
tails of
when they
The particular
is
Sita,
are
tion of a general.
E.
S.
kill
(his benefactor).
man
in general
APPENDIX.
154
(4)
general
is
understood from
the description
of
the particular.
fK
srtiffa %5fTftr
R.
s.
it to
TT<Tf$1%
rt
Sandal tree
Thy
is
a particular moun-
tain (Malaya); thy creed is wood ; and thy association is with the
serpents ; still thou hast attained to the greatness by thy own good
qualities.
D.
s&ireTTT:
Frustration.
thus
*
:
Frustration
in
is
bringit
to
APPENDIX,
an opposite one'
155
example
STT:
We
of
(lit.
to
life
restore
uneven
God
giva).
trfww
53.
Special Mention.
When
else similar to
something
Ex.
with,
f^i
>j^w
it, it is
^si^Rrer srsrt
Special Mention/
^Jsffff
What
and
evil.
Here, a gem
ornament
etc.,
etc.,
What
to
is
ever to be practised
Who
the study of good science.
Which is to be desired
God Vishnu.
beatitude.
* 'and not
mtf
for sffref
virtue.*
is
What
understood.
^H
is
to be resorted
to be meditated upon
the
the abode of Vishnu or final
,
sin' is
by a query.
156
Here,
sin etc.,
Without queries :
The strength
of that lord
is
of others.
IT
cr*fN *
Is
more
Rivalry.
Ex.
Poetical Reason.
sffmfWJT
60.
word
or
\\
ords,
it is
is
implied in a sentence or
157
O God
$iva
Destroyer of 3
(lit.
cities)
By
this
(my) body
<qrfj;
'
'
'
>,
final
'
N.B.
'
^gTTTH
(59)
S.
D. says as follows
the reason
pletive
and
is
three-fold,
'
this,
as being Informative,
Com-
Of
these
the subject of
the figure Inference,^ the Completive of the Poetical
Reason and the Justificative of the Transition. Thus
is
is
is
evidently
APPENDIX.
Ig8
S. D. defines
it
thus
'
:
The
notion, expressed in
ifef^ftrm:
11
Wherever
falls
fall
them with
sharpened arrows ;
his bow furnished
shafts'.
^fm:
92.
'
'
Emphasis
is
Crooked Speech.
an emotional alteration of the
Ex.
^HEPRMt^
in
such a manner
cjffrr^f
?f
Lady
Thy anger is an inconsiderate one and is not just ;'
thus told (by her lover), she saying (in a prolated and affected tone)
just' gave him a blow with her garland.
1
95.
^^TTfT
Example of the
The Exalted.
description of prosperity.
in
the
difficulty recognized
by Hanuman
(lit.
his
of
his
own
son of
WTT)
super-mundane prosperity of
Ravana, king of Lanka, the object under description,
From
is
this,
apprehended.
the
159
It
is
essentially
know what
is ^fajfe:
Commixture'
Def.
ments treated
in this
of each other
in
On
^falfe.
one place
the contrary,
is
called the
Conjunction
a combination
of two
or
more ornaments,
is
dubiousness
is
in
called the
Commixture
Example of Conjunction,
11
Example of Commixture.
This lunar orb dispelling the thick darkness and causing excessive
delight to the eyes shines in the sky.
^TH^JfllTlfflT
Indirect
sky
Description,
moon
as
this
shining in the
conveys a reference
l6O
APPENDIX.
to a beautiful
of a sky-
(2)
Metaphor No.
moon's orb
is
^34TSTite^Jcff*[ as the
superimposed upon a fair face intimated
by the pronoun
'
s^( = this
No.
*rfirosftfiir
(3)
'
(^g^TfH^m% = Metaphori-
cal
advent of the
Periphrasis,
excites delight in the minds of the united
as the
TTOTsfWT
(4)
night that
lovers
the fact to be intimated by the speaker has
been expressed by a turn of speech the description
moon
of the
WTT^tfllT
(5)
face inti-
dours
splen-
are
CO
^t<T3t*T
shining
is
now taken
as the object on
latter
and so
As we have
as one not
on.
is
called
^r^
all
these
All
the Alankaras
classified
treated in
this
book
I.
1.
2.
18.
3.
19.
4.
20.
5.
21.
6.
23.
7.
26.
8.
9.
28.
10.
29.
11.
66.
12.
75.
1st
13.
and
2nd kinds.
76.
78.
14.
79.
15.
80.
16.
81.
82.
21
may be
APPENDIX.
362
on Contrast
Figures founded
II.
and
3rd
13.
42.
44.
4th kinds.
33.
54.
38.
77.
41.
94.
97.
III.
or violating,
Figures adhering to,
the law of causation.
5th,
13.
and 7th
6th
43.
kinds.
45.
55.
35.
63.
36.
37.
40.
100.
,
IV.
56.
50.
59.
53.
74.
V.
Logical connection
to the
Figures relating
of words in a sentence.
Figures relating
to the
60.
62.
Logical connection
^^^^.
oj
APPENDIX.
VI.
163
22.
69.
39.
70.
51.
71.
52.
72.
57.
90.
58.
91.
64.
93.
65.
67.
96,
68.
98.
99.
VII.
30.
85.
31.
86.
32.
87.
83.
88.
84
89.
faf%n
92.
VIII.
*j*
<
46.
48.
47.
49.
APPENDIX.
l64
IX.
24.
ITTOIR
X.
epithets.
25.
i
|
Figure relating
to
convention of Poets.
73.
In
UP AM A,
we have a
and
12
will
and give an
PR
In
ATI PA, we
agreeable surprise.
have not got that striking resemblance.
The
ed and
the excellence of
is
invert-
upameya over
In UTPKEKupamdna is implied.
SHA, we have a more stricking suggested resemblance not confined to the
convention of poets but solely due tothe imaginative
skill
of the poet.
APPENDIX.
UPAMA,
In
1
and
two
tween
to be
is
is
be-
distinct
compared
to.
The resemblance
In
and
the comparison
objects
upameya
and upamana. In ANANVAYA, one
and the same object is compared, i.e., to
itself in
l65
UPAMA,
son in
is
possible only in
The comparision
is
two sentences.
and
as identical.
In
1
and
UPAMA,
accompanied
VYATIREKA,
In
1
and
^^T
26
the difference
is
also
stated,
20
i.e.,
UPAMA,
resemblance
words.
In
we have
resting
in
real expressed
the senses
SLESHA,
of
the suggested
resemblance rests in mere words with-
l66
APPENDIX.
In
RUPAKA,
two
distinct objects
are represented
as identical on account of their close re-
and
In
ATISAYOKTI
ffarmra
semblance.
No.
(13)
and
No.
1,
RUPAKA,
In
meya
and
tinct
characters
APAHNUTI
11
is
upameya
concealed,
superimposed upon
RUPAKA,
not a mistaken
MAN,
In
6
and
it is
i.e.,
upamana
is
the
identification
is
one.
In
BHRANTI-
mistaken one.
upameya
upamana. In
is
denied and
it.
PARINAMA,
sentient
dis-
In
being concealed.
the real character of the
In
their
is
the
of
the
transferred to the
RUPAKA,
not connected
act
the
upamana
upameya.
In
7
and
ULLEKHA,
the
upameya
is
through difference of
cording to their taste.
peculiarities
In
ac-
RUPAKA,
APPENDIX.
l67
under any
In
8
and
brings to the
BHRANTIMAN,
In
differential peculiarity.
SMRITIMAN,
upamana
frr*UT
close
for
meya
upamana.
upameya.
we mistake upaIn
SANDEHA,
10
APAHNUTI,
In
11
denied,
Tsfff^f
i.e., is
upamana
2.6.,
upameya is
concealed and some other,
imposed upon it. In
we have the artful con-
is
VYAJOKTI,
86
and
the
32
person
who
conceals
AKSHEPA,
the same.
we have only
In
a semblance
a pretended denial of
what has been said by the speaker him-
of
denial,
i.e.,
self.
In
12
and
is
fcTO<ftfti
No.
(13)
UTPREKSHA,
the introsuscep-
tion
is
mana.
In
susception
which
is
ATISAYOKTI,
is
complete, as the
comprehended
as
the intro-
upameya
upamana is
l68
APPENDIX.
expressed by the
is
^5^T
12
and
UTPREKSHA,
In
the
poet
who
which
he
character
MAN,
attributes
In
upamana.
the
person
the
imaginary
BHR ANTI-
who mistakes
for
is
the
not conscious
upamana
upameya
upameya the subject mistaken,
of the
on account of
its close
resemblance with
the upamana.
In
12
and
<tf^r
10
rnana
UTPRERSHA,
is
In SANDEHA,
upameya.
both upamana and upameya are appre-
than the
or
upamana
In
14
and
tf^f
15
in the
itself.
TULYAYOGITA,
we have the
APPENDIX.
In
169
PRATIVASTUPAMA,
we have
17
a parallel
ETfT
common
18
words.
In
a
19
reflective^ representation
attributes.
and
we have
DRISHTANTA,
of similar
VASTUPAMA,
61
NIDARSANA,
In
expressed.
the senses of two sentences!
tively
in a comparison.
NYASA, we
In
terminate
ARTHANTARA-
have the
relation
of
the
particular between
general and
senses of two sentences employed one
of which serves to illustrate the other.
InVYATIREKA, we
have an ex-
20
difference.
In
MILITA, we
by a
have a
79
80
i.e.,
and
82
81
* Are
independent of each other,
each other.
22
APPENDIX.
170
In
discriminating peculiarity.
TA, the inferior object gives up
quality.
SAMANYA,
In
In
UNMILITA,
up
MILIits
own
both
the
their qualities.
In
VTSESHAKA,
the dis-
23
In
SAMASOKTI,
27
hand, aprastuta, is
cription of an object on hand, prastuta.
In APRASTUTAPRASAMSA, the
29
and
wf^f
30
PARYAYOKTAM,
mated
what
is
to be inti-
it.
In
VYA-
JASTUTI,
praise
by apparent
praise.
In
34
is
in the absence
of a cause,
In VISE-
APPENDIX.
SHOKTI, we
^Tfa
33
^nifH
we have both
37
^qif
In
38
the
35
effect
ASANGATI, we
effect
different
GTTOTH
In
localities.
VISHAMA,
cause opposed to
VYAGHATA,
In
t?tnff
we have a
45
effect.
its
63
and
In
PRAUDHOKTI,
we
fg
opposite.
100
In
51
and
5fa
44
PARYAYA,
residing in
in one
In
many
T?ppr
and
ful
object
objects
KIND, we
places,
have one
i.e.,
resid-
places simultaneously.
many
place, in succession.
many
SAMADHI,
and
55
places, or
2ND
object existing in
In
we have one
VISESHA
ing in
57
many
its effect.
by the
operation of another
cause
is
APPENDIX.
172
CHCHAYA
equally
same
powerful in
with
effect
In
all
SAMUcauses are
Maxim
*KSTTO
61
and
In
ARTHANTARANYASA,
the
other,
justificative
60
floor,
we
we
illus-
one contains a
i.e.,
confirming the
have here a relation
reason
each
for
In
KAVYA-
of general
and
LINGA,
plied
and
particular.
T?5^
75
and
fftf^ff
79
^n
TADGUNA,
and
own
UTTARA, we
infer
from a state-
53
an object of inferior
In
83
MILITA,
KHYA
made.
In
PARISAN-
Appendix), we
have both question and answer.
In
2nd kind
(see
APPENDIX,
KAVYALINGA,
60
and
Tlf^i
94
is
In
93
173
SVABHAVOKTI,
we have an
IfffT
^^n^^inron
THE END.
II
INDEX,
Page,
Page.
(77)
...
40
.....
120
.-
(13)
3542, 166,
67
135
(96)
83
(78)
121
...
158
...
85
170
172
(59)
...
usjsflt;
...
(37)
...
(32)
(12)
142, 143
Ill
...
91
...
90
103,172,173:
(59)
,30
(87)
40
84
30
132-
(91)
(75)
118, 172
39
42-44,168
74
45,168
(18)
47
(19)
49, 151,
169
50, 51 f 169
13*
...
56
57
134
123,169
(97)
M.
14 1
23, 16
(7)
125, 126,172
......
...
66-68, 167
...
165
102
(36)
...
...
(69)
...113
(70)
...
60, 151,
...
Do.
(11)
TOTT
...
13,165
(2)
(6)
22, 166
n
'
Page.
:
...
(52)
96,
,..
Page.
96
172
t:
(72)
28
95, 171
127
q*T(17)
...
(98)
136
(28)
...
101
...
61
108-110
ifhstfm: (63)
fa:
(22)
(34)
;
(44)
(38)
...
93
(20)
r:
(45)
151, 152
149
:
...
(65)
...
107
...
(89)
(74)
(5)
...
97
...
:(30)
:(86)
ihr: (26)
130
68, 171
...
130, 170,171
...
86,87,171
123, 169
74
...
110
...
...
65
63,
170
128, 167
58,
165
...
159
159, 160
117
:(10)
150
(39)
35
55
27
94
137
69-74, 170
122,169,172
116
132
(68)
(9)
(88)
::
ftfcffim: (35)
29
...
54,
(33)
134, 173
,.,
131
.,
105, 171
38
...
82
ftfhnr. (82)
...
115
(40)
i:
r:
...
105
(99)
>:
108
(62)
::
15-18, 164
(58)
:
(54)
r:
119
1(76)
(92)
(90)
r:
...
:(57)
;(28)
100, 171
56,
170
Ill
Page.
(55)
...
38
...
106
...
53
...
37
122, 169
Page.
:
(49)
...
93
...
127
25, 167
r:
tg: (100)
(93)
133, 173
138, 171
28
YB -0570