NAPS, University of Waterloo, Canada, October 23-24, 2000

Tw()._J.{eaction .Theory of . .~ynchronous Machine~

: w:ii;:;:
Generalized
:.'!
; :. ~:.:.;, ,::;Xr\;\,;;; \: .

Method of'Analysis--Part I
BY R. H. PARK*

..

;,

Assodt>l,e, A. I. E. E. , ,

Sgnopsi&.-Sta.rting with the basic a.3aumption of no 4aturatio1

or hyat4re4i&, 'and With diatribu.Lion of armature phase m. m: ,.
effecliueltt'linv:iOid'al a.3 'jar as regards pheno~Mn.a depmdent upon
; o' rotor'_poiiti~n;qeneral formula.3 are developed for current, vo!Lagl,
: power,':'and torqus under steady a1id trllmient load condition~.
Special d;tailed 'formulas llre al4o dll11eioped which permit the
determination of current and torque on three-phase short circu:t,
during starting, and whm only smaU dsvilltiom from an avera7e
.' opsrati~ angl~ ~reinuolved.

.~' . ,. ;~;;.-;;. ::'.~:~~r~e;:.~ 1 ;;.H1:f. ._; lr .

. .~"",:}'\~~~-~~.~J:F~~~~~~~~: ~:;'~ r

~:.:

In addition, new and more. accurate equiua!~nt circuits are

deu~Loped for. synchronous and asynchronou4 machines operating

in paraLlel, and the domain of validity of auch circuita ia established.
Throughout, the treatment haa bem generalized to include salient
poles and lln arbitrary number of rotor circui~. The anllly-,
sis ia tht111 .lldllpted to machines equipped with field pole collllrs,
or with amorti.saeur windings of llnJI arbitrary coMtruction.
It is proposed to continue the analysis in a. subsequent paper
;
*I

~.i~: .,

T~~~;E~~~~~n~~~:.~ ~~~ eg:~:~

' :;::and' Nickle/ and establishes:~new and general

methods' of ,_calculating current .power and torque in
salient'': andi','no.ri-Sa.lient pole s)rnch.rorio'!Ul machines,
under both transient and steady load conditions.
Attention' is restricted to symmetrical three-phaset
machi:n.es ... !Vith field structure symmetrical about
the axes of the field winding and interpolar space,
but salient poles and an arbitrary number of rot<:>rt
circuits is considered.
Idealization is resorted to, to the extent that satu.ration a:nd.hys~~resis ineVery magnetic circuit and eddy

'f.o'/tb,

= per unit instantaneo'\Ul phase voltages

if; ... per unit instantaneous pha.Se linkages

t == time in electrical radians

Then there is

..

e~:> p

2:e. (.
1"

x,-

']

Xd

+ ~. + ~. -

- -T

Xq

:.',

I'

+ :Z:q [

' , ''1:';..:

---

'
General. Engg. Dept., Oonero.l Electric Compa!}y, f?ehenecta.dy, N.Y.
.
tSinrle-phas~. IBehines mo.y be regarded u.S ..tbree-pho.se
mo.ohines with one phaSe open eirouited.
iS~tor for e. machine with sto.tione.ey field structure.
3For numbered references sec l3ibliogra.pb.y.
.
.,
Prtaenud aflh4 Winter Convsntion of the A. I. E. E., New York,
N. Y.,'Jan: !B-Feb: 1, 19S9.

+ i,

+ i. cos (2 8 + 1~0)]

+ i.

Xd

+ Xq
3.

[i .. cos (2 8 - 120)

currents: in ..the. armature iron are neglected, an.d in ..

'tbe~ption that, as far as concerns effects depend >.'.
. ing.on .the posiljplJ.'of the rotor, each armature winding
maybe :regarded as, in effect, sin'!Uloidally distributed:3
. .A . Fu~amental,.Circu.it Equation&
'

.Consider the :ideal synchronous machine of Fig. 1,

and let . : .

..
: ~ -

120)- I, sin (8- 120)

Fxo. 1

.:,,

io ..f. i&
3
.

-.::Co.

,:

.'

. ~ ~

-.p. ;..: I4'cos (8-

(1)

-: .. :3. . . [~ .. cos 2 8 + ~b cos (2 8,- 120)

!t

r i,.

.P. -

e .. p .p,- ri
e. p .p;- r i.
It has been sqown previously;.that .
1{1. = I.d.cos 8- 11 sin 8
.

irectlon of
Rotation

-~

, r .

= per unit instantaneous phase currents

i.; ib,. i.
e., eb, e.

' : ; Axis of Phase a

Direct AXis

~.

'

1b-

,;. + i ..

2 ..

+ i. cos (2 8 + 120)

+ i. cos 2 8]

(2)

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

:z;,,- Xq

.where,

[i. cos (2 8

+ 120) + ib cos 2 (J

+ i. cos (2 8- 120))

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

.Jul.v

l tt = per-unit excitation in direct axis

I, = per-umt excitation in quadrature axis
x. = direct synchronous reactance
x,, = quadrature synchronous reactance
zo - zero phase-sequence reactance
As shown in the Appendix, if normal linkages in
the field circuit are defined
those obtaining at no
load* there is in the case of no rotor circuits in the
direct axis in addition to the field,
cfl = per-unit instantaneous field linkages
- I - (X~- X/) id
where,
I == per-unit instantaneous field current

If there is one additional rotor circuit in the direct

axis there is,

= I + Xtld I'"-

as

i.~

71i

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

1!)2!)

'ii,d

x,,d I,.+

(X"- X/)

xfld

i"

E-1
= T.,p

- r,.,

I - x.. , d i,,- -T--

Old

which gives,
A (p)

To To,,, [X lid

(xd-

+ {(xd-

2
3{i.,cos9+ibcos(8-120) +i,cos(9+120)l

Tnt<~ p

[X"d- Xnnl

G (p) =

+1

x!ld x.. ,d] p 1

T.,,, + x .. ,d ToJ p

X/)-

x' n)

A (p)

where,
A (p) [XurXlta2] To To,n P2 +(X"a To+Tot.tl p+1
If there is more than one additional rotor circuit the
operators G (p) and x.~ (p) will be more complicated but
<fl I+ X,,d ft.,+ Xn I~
may be found in the same way. The effects of. external
+ . .. . + X, I nd- (:td- z/) id
field resistance may be found by changing the tenn I
where,
I ,d, I ~tt, . etc., are the per-unit instantaneous cur- in the field voltage equation to R I. Open circuited
rents in circuits 1, 2, etc., of the direct axis, xfld, x,~d. field corresponds to R e-qual to infinity.
Similarly, there will be
. . . etc., are per-unit mutual coefficients between the
I.-rxq-x.(p)Ji.
(5)
field and circuits 1, 2, etc., of the direct axis.

Similar relations exist for the linkages in each of the where,

additional rotor circuits except x.- x.' is to be replac.ed
2
by a term x... However, since all of these additional i. -- slia sin 8+ib sin(&-120) +i. sin(& +120}1 (3a)
circuits are closed, it follows that there is an operational
result
x. (o) x" x. ( =) = x,'
ld I + I ld + I~.~ + . . . . + 1""
So far, 10 equations have been established relating
'"' G (p) E + H (p) i 4
(4) the 15 quantities e.., ~b, e., i., i~, i., l{t., /lb, l{t, i.,, i 9,
where E is the per-unit value of the instantaneous fiHld I.,, 1 9, E, 8 in a general way. It follows that when
any five of the quantities are known the remaining 10
voltage, and G (p) and H (p) are operators such that
may be determined. Their. detennination is very
G (o) = 1
G ( =) 0
much facilitated, however, by the introduction of
H (o) = 0
H ( =) :cd- xi'
certain auxiliary quantities e~, 6 9 , eo, io, ift.,, l{t,, ifto.
:r:/ the sub transient reactance2
Thus, let
It will be convenient to write H (p) x.,- x~ (p)
1
and to rewrite (4) in the form,
(3b)
io = S {ia + i~ + i.l

<3)

On the other .hand, if n additional rotor circuits

exist in the direct axis there is,

I"

= G (p) E + [x.,- :z:., (p)] id

(~1,a)

If there are no additional rotor circuits, there is, as

shown in Appendix I,
'lt = I - (:r:d - :r:/) i.,
E == Top 'lt +I
where To is the open circuit time constant of the fiold
in radians.
There is then,
1
G (p) = Top + 1
:z;~ (p)

X/ ToP+
Top

2
ed- 3 {e. cos

+1

*This definition is somewhat different from tba.t given in

reference 2.

..

2
31e .. sin 9+e& sin(9-120)+e.sin(9+120)l

Bq--

(~)

.~.' :: ~-:
::::.

eo ...

3 I e. + e~ + e.l

':::i~

"'d- 31

.. .

~.cos 8 + "' cos ( 8- 120) + "'cos (8 +120}};:

{f~f-

l{t, =- :

I .Y .. sin 9+h sin(8-120)+.Y.Sin(8+120_)L .(;.)

. .:~3';:
:.:, ~;.:
.....

Xd

'

e + 6~ cos (8- 120) +e. cos (8 + 120)}

P- 82

..

-~

,~~:

..

~.'

. 1
to= 3 I

ce-

+..;~+..;,I

t.

2
e~~s{cos 8 p ..;.+cos(0-120) p ..;~+cos(8+120) p t.l

~;.

E.

are no zero quantities. that is, when eo ,.. ..Po = io = 0,

the phase quantities may be regarded as the projection
or vectors J, ~nd ron axes lagging the direct axis by

e,

Axis of Phase b

-rid

=-!

A. T.

eb - ed cos
120)- e~ sin (8- 120) + eo
(16)
e. = erl cos (6 + 120)- e~ sin (8
120) + eo
Referring to Fig. 2, it may be seen that when there

then from Equation (1) there is

e1

Trt~n:<n.nl.ion~

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

718

Direet Axi$
,/

{sin 8 p ..P. +sin (8- 120) p .Y

""

+ sin(8 + 120) p t.l - ri,

.:., p t/lo - r io

. but,
p

..;.~ =

Axi5 of Phase a

{cos 8 p i/1. +cos (8- 120) p ,y~

+cos (8

+ 120) p ..;.J

-~{sin 8 ..;.+sin(8-120).p ..P+sin(9+120) p ~.l p 8

...

et~

.:: .;. ,,....

Fto. 2

,. '2 . ' .
. . ' . ' .
- {sin8'p "'+.sin (8 -120) p ..;,

. ;' p. t,,
. .' ..... :~ .

...

Axis of Phase c

+ r i~ + 1/1, p 8
..

.. ..

....

e, 8- 120 and 8 + 120, where taking the direct

axis as the axis of rea.ls,

angles

e - 6d + i e,

+sin (8 + 120) p ,Y,}

.

~- 1/ltl + i "''

.
-;-3ieos e.;.+ cos (8- 120) "'~+cos(~+ 120) 1/t,}p 8

..;, e, + ti,- t~ p 6
hertce there is

e4 ..; p t/1~- ~i~= t~ p 8

e, - pl(, ~ rh+ "" p 6
.

fo .p t/Jo.~ :r.~i~.

.,

r - id + i 1:,

If we introduce in addition the vector quantity,

I-I4+j1,
. (8)

the circuit equations previously obtained may be

(9)
(10)

., .A1sO it ~Y be re&dily~v~aedthat: .'

4 1., - :r:1 i., G (p}.IJ:";;...i" (p) ~."
.y, I,- :r:, i, -- z,. (p) i,.
to -

:1:t

io

..

. ..:

(11)

(12)
(13)

. . .-.E:q'uatioll$ (8) to (13) establiSh six 1-elatively simple

': rilations between the 11 quantities e.,, e,, e.,. i ~. i., io,
.. :i!.";::li., to. E, 8. In practise it is usually p0$sible to
. :.;.. :det.ertiline five of these quantities directly from tbe termi-

'

...

.~:-:;(~

./'

"'Direct Axi$

-----------~~---_,-...x; drop

,\~,h~~:ll.ditions~ a.tter wmeb.'ttte:remaining"sixmay be

.~.: 'calCUlated with relative simplicity, After th.H direct,
; i:. :,. ;q~adrature,, and .zero qll8ntities are~ known. th.e phase
6E;~:~~!ci~ties n:iay be determined from the identical

.'.':::. :,:'relations

. .

. .

. .. ..

transferred into the corresponding vector forms,

.:i: -

i., cos.8- i, sine+ io

i~ .,;, i 4 cos (8- 12())- i,.sin (6- 120) + 1o
. . . i_ i~cos (8 + 120)- i,sin(8
120) r:o

+ +

- '/14 eos.8- .Y, sin e + .i/to

-e = P ;p- ri + [p eJi ~

(14)

~-1-i?.

m...

f t/i 4 C{)S (9- 120)- t/i, sin (8- 120) +to (15)
Y,4 cos (9+ 120)- .;,sin (6 + 120) + t/io
,., '"cos: 8 - e, sin 6 + '

.. '{1.

Fta. 3

where,
:!:4 i4 + i x, i,
Fig. 3 shows these relations graphically.
B. Armature PO'IDer Output
The per-unit instantaneous power output from the

P- 83

armature is neeeswily proportional to .the sum

PARK: SY:t-TCHRONOUS MACHINES

.J ul ~ l!l:.>fl

+ e, i~ + e, i,. By eonl'>ideration of any instant

during normal operation at unity power factor it may
be seen that the factor of proportionality must bE! 2/3.
Thnt is,
P = per-unit instantaneous power output
== 2/3 I e. i. + e. i& + e, i, l
~ubstituting from Equations (14) and (16) there
results the useful relation,
P = ed i11 + e9 iq + e0 io
(17)
e. i,

. C. Electrical Torque on Rotor

D. Constant Rotor Speed

Suppose that the constant slip of the rotor is s.
Then there is,
ed = p 1/td- r i 4 - (1- s) .;,,
e, = p ..p,- r i, + (1- s) Y, 4
but,
ifl = G (p) E- :z:., (p) it~
Putting

"'' = - x, (p) i,

+ r ,. z., (p)
p Xq (p) + r - z, (p)

p Ztt (p)

there is

It is possible to detennine the electrical torque

on the rotor directly from the general relation,
!Total power output I =
Imechanical power transferred across gap I
1mte of decrease of totn.l stored magnetic em1rgy l
- 1total ohmic losses l
(18)

However, since this torque depends uniquely only

on the magnitudes of the currents in every circuit of

i19

(20)
P G (p) E- z4 (p) id + (1- s) x, (p) i,
(21)
= (1- s) [G (p) E- Zd (p) idl- Zq (p) i,
Solving gives,
.
id I(p Zq (p)
(1- 8) 2 x, (p)J G (p) E - z, (p) e"
- (1 - s) :r, (p) e, l + D (p)
(22)

e4
e,

..

'

(1 - s) r G (p) E-

Z11

(p)

e,

+ (1- s) zd (p)

ed

D (p)

the machine, it follows that a general formula for torque

( )
23
may be derived by considering any special case in which

arbitrnry conditions are imposed 88 to the way in v~hich where, D (p) zd (p) z, (p) + (1- s)' xd (p) z, (p)
these currents are changing as the rotor moves.
E. Two Machines Connects<~. Together
The simplest conditions to impose are that I,, I,,
Suppose that two machines which we will designate
i . i~, and io remain constant as the rotor moves. In respectively by the subscripts g and h, are connected
this case there will be no change in the stored magnetic together, but not to any other machines or circuits,
energy of the machine as the rotor moves, and the and assume in addition that there are no zero quantities.
power output of the rotor will be just equal in magni- In this case the voltages of each machine will be equal
tude and opposite in sign to the rotor losses. It follows
Axis Phase b
that under the special conditions assumed, Equation
\
(18) becomes simply,
Direct Axis of
aMachine
!armature power output!
{mechanical power across gapl - {annature losses!
Direct Axis of

or, P

hMachine

2r

I i.2 + i' + i.= I

= T p 8- 3
.. T p 8- r

I id2

Axis Phase a

+ i,2 + io2 I

Then,
T = per-unit instantaneous electrical torque
ed i~ + e, i, + eo io + r Iii + i,2 + io=l
=

p8

Axis Phase c

but subject to the conditions imposed,

ed

=-

Y,, p 8-

Fxa. 4

r i11

e, = ifl p 8- r i,
eo "" - rio
It therefore follows that,

T "" i. if!d- i4 .;,,

... vector product of "f and {

X ;

(19)
(19a)

phase for phase, and it therefore follows that the voltage

vectors of each machine must coincide, as shoWn iD:
Fig. 4.
.
Referring to the figure it will be seen. that the direct
and quadrature components of voltage of the two
machines are subject to the mutual relations,

a res~t which c?uld have been established directly by

phys1cal . re~rung. Formula (19) is employed by
Dreyfus m h1s treatment of self-excited oseillatio,ns of
synchronous machines. u

P- 84

6ld - e,d cos 0 - e,. sin a .

ehq .. ,, .. sin 0 + e,, cos a
6qd == eA<I COS 0 + 8h sin a
= - el., sino +
coso

e,.

e,,

(24)
(25)

il9
720

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

On the other band, for currents there will be

i =- {i,.coso- iusinol
i~, = - {i,. sin o + i,. coso l
(26)
i~., cos o + ih, sin oI
iu-- {- i ... sin 0 + coso}
(27)
F. One Machine on an Infinite BWJ
In (E), if machine k has zero impedance, it follows
from (20) and (21) that e., 0, e., = bus voltage
say e.
Then for machine g there is,

i,. - {

+ (:r:/ r To + (x. + r To) x,J p2

i.,

e;,- e coso
Angle RelationsFrom Equations (11), (12), and (19), there is,

1,1/1

1~1/1,

:t 4

:1!4

-----

x.,-x,
X<~

X,

Then if the rotor leads the veetor

there is

(:tc~

+ [r

x,

+r

+ z,/ x, To] p

To)

+ r + x 4 x~
2

Top+ 1
d (p)
(31)

==Top+ 1
By the expansion theorem there is, finally,
x,E

(28)

.Torqut~

X/ Top+ X 0
Top + 1 x 1

X/ x, To p3

'"-,sin a

G~

Tra.naetionK A. I. F.. r~.

\; =

r2 + x. x,
3

"'""'"

(To o:. + 1) ((x, a. + r) e11o + x, e,o)

+~
a. d' (a.)
~

if.. by an Sll.gle

E-"'1

rE

. i, r* + :. x, + ~
"' -->/!sino
1
"' .- ,Ycoso
(:c/
To
a...'+
(:Cc~
+r
To)
a.+ r)e,o- (To a. :c' + x.,) eo
':i\ .1~~~~: ' . I~ Vi sino: x" - x,
2"::-;-.,~o+
x. _+ .zx,x 1/l'sin2l>(29)
a. d' (a,.)
... ......._::::: !~.~ . .: . ;.~~;_.:~. ,
.
. .
'
E-a,.t
(32)
. 'A. derivation of'~this formula. for steady load eonwhere the summation is extended over the roots of
.. . . .

..~;:.~=:~;~~~;~~;;~jj~~;.~J~ ~Y _Do.~~

and

I-~?~

=.o and d'. (p)

d (~)

... :~ ll:.'.:;:. Tk1;.tf:P,h,46-:Short'CiieU.it:iaitli.:COtStant Rotor Speed

d p d (p)

The phase currents may, of course, be found from

0.0018

. , .. values..ote~a.ildbefof.e. iMtihoit:cireuit; .The initial

;~<;~;:::~.=~=~~~~~~~;i;~_::.~

.: '~'obtain: the r:911ultant current:aftedbe.ihort eircui t.

,.... ~:With;; oa.nd.:.teoriatant:t:!ierei&iiidetail,

0.0010

IJJ~i~;~~~~:{~;;~s~:~~:;:::".. .. ~ -~---,.-"Ai;iii-.:.':.<>:: . . _; ; . . . . . : . . ' .: .

,: . {30).
:.\' / :::~.: ~~km.i: ou~ otthe. formulas may:-~.illw1:trated

0.5.

1.0 .. LS

2.0

v- o1'

.1.5

3.0

rl~~~~~L~~~:;.:~;:l;;;~~;:
~ ..:. . ...:;_..::... ~. .vt
''''

..

"i:.O'

..

-..ra.p.:+-..1
.

-f~undto<be.~;~~wnm~gs~5r6,. ~d7,:where

: .:.~;;;(~~:;rt~;'~+r)<~,p +;). . .

It. will be nMI

P- 85

,.

~ ~sd
..

..,.....;Iy

be the

July 1029

PARK: SYNCERONOUS MACHINES

I

case, where r 0, a, is equal to the reciprocal of the

short circuit time constant of the .machine, i. e., for
r "" 0,
X<1

a1 - -

while for r

-,

x.

o = 2 - s t, ~nd refemng to Equation (28),

1
-T
= - 0.001667
0

= cos s 1
e = sin 8 t
e~
9

If we now introduce a system of vectors rot:.:ting

at s per-unit angular velocity there is .
ed == 1.0
' :\ .

tD

a,

= - T; = -

721

11"

0.000500

= - J'

e,

. p == J' s
Then from (22) and (23),
.
ia = I f 8 x, (;' s) + r- J' (1 - 8) :t 9 (j 8) l ......
. I [is Xtt (J' s) + rJ [.is Xq (f s) + rl.

7
5

+ (1- s)Z

5
4

zd (;'

(33)

s) :t 9 Us) 1

j (1 - 2 s)x. (} s) - r

Values of a;,

""; r +(1-2 8) x,/(f s) x,'(f s)+j 8 r(xd'(f s)+xq'(i 8)].

"I

: (

z,

~ s) ~ 1:2'

+ I

z, (is) z, (j s)
.

o.s

1.0

1.5

Values Of,

2.0 . 2.5

+1:

3.0

Fto. 6

The root a. is found to be almost exactly equal to

the value which it would have were To == =,i.e.,

a. ==

r (x./

+ x.)

2 x,/ x,

approxima~ly .

2 8 lr
.

+i s (%, (i s) +. ~. (1' s) )

~o==-r +(1-2

. :j . . . . . .

(1' ...:; 8) x~ (J' 8)

8) Xc1 (J' 8)X 9 (J''8)+j s r[xtl (;' 8)+x (js)]

~ ' (j + 1: '2'}
i
+ ~
s)

1 _' 2 , [r

; 1.0
0.8

+ r] (- j) -

[j s :t" (i 8)

.-

I "' ): (j )

.+

(z, (i s) :H,.(i s)) ]}

';.o.6

) } (34)

'

. (35)

.".

The expressions for average power and torque then

become,

.~ 0.4

iQ.2

- o H-!--H++-+++-1-+-+-i~-:t-02

P"" 1/2 (ec~ id -+: e9 : i~J

To == 1/2 (i 0 Yttl...:_ ic~', lfq]
where the dot indicates the scalar product, or,
P 0 ., : _ 1/2 '[1 id - i ioJ
.
.. 1/2 [Real of ic~ .,.. Imaginary of i ~]
There is in general,

'3

0.4
0.6

o.a
11.0
"' 1.2

!u1.6

Vtuesolr

1.8
2.0

2.2
2.4

FIG.

ed

+ r ~ .. = p f.~-

e9

+ t ~9

j e.~ + r ~tl
. ""d =

(0.30 + 0.60) r
a. = 2 X 0.30 X 0.60 250 r
which checks the result found by the exact solution
of the cubic.

I. Starting Torque
.
On infinite bwi and with slip s, there will be, choosing
p- 86

e9

Thus, in the special case considered this approximatH

formula gives

(1- s) ~'

(1- 8) f~

+ .r ~,

(1- s)

(36)

+ p Y,,

(1 - s)
. p
- (1- 8)
p

-.

I
I

.:

(37)

p (e 0

lfq

+r i

0) -

pt

(1 - s) (ed

+ (1- s)'

+ r.it~)
(38)

'~

..

==

1-2s

j s (e.j + r i 1 )

.
V'o

.-

:.' . .

(1- s) (e~

1- 2

'I'~

'

+ (1 -

s) ri,

= - .i + 1 _

28

[.i 8 i~

+ (1 -

y;, . fs (~ i +r i.)- (l.

..

,.

,;..

- (1- 2 8)

i,=; { 1-_ ;~ +i [~~(.is)

+ 1.:2 + i ' [
2

' .

+ ;. [is iq-

(1 ~

= ; (e~- i eq)

s) i.]

1-28

:x,(js)]} +

.-( (j ) " (j s)

- 1~

1='2S [.is i,-

(r

,,

+ x. (.is)])

.. , ..:.: .. , ..2(1-2 8)
: ' ~- :~::~'!l!: :~~~~.:.;., I:

i. ==

~{

/ [x, (.is) -

+2

.,_..

i:!' :::!r;

..

i:

81.! J ttl.
' T8

r8

+ 2(1-2

8) (i,

+ .i i:~>2

(41)

Mr: Ralph Hammar, who has been engaged in the

application of the general method of calculaticrn outlined above, to the predetermination . of the starting
torque of practical synchronous motors, haa suggested
an interesting .modification of formulas (36) and (41),
based upon the fact that, since the total in. m. f. consists of direCt and quadrature components pul.sa.ting at
slip frequency, it may be resolved into tw~ components,
one moving'forward at a per-unit speed 1 - 8 + ~ - 1.0,
and the other moving backward at a per-unit speed
1 - 8 - 8 = l ...:. 2 s. Thus from this standpoint half
of both
direct and quadrature components will move
forward, and half backward. Since the quadrature
axis is ahead of the direct it follows that as far a.S concerns the for\vard component the quadrature current i,
is equivalent to a d-e~ j i 1, while as regards backward
component it is ertuivalent t6 a 4irect component

28

(r

} + {

x~ (j s) x, (.is)

+is [zr~ (J" s) + x, 0"_8)] )

}
(44)
(45)
( 46)

e& ... 0
P.,. = e1 i 1 -= real of i 1

. . :.:'t'+t 2 '
. :- P ~=+r '. 2 .

Xc~ (j 8)]

'e, - 1.0

..

["'+i.l
J
~ p ._:+.:-:-ci, "+ ii) +

."
. , .... : : ,.. ;':2 : . i
2(1 ':""i,2 s) + 2 . . .
. . ;:::: . : f :\':r1r. -: .
;,:
. " .] tc1
: !.,;:

6)

i,)

.i:.

... p,;.,+---

8)

~.
-it~.,<:- 1)- ia . _
(i 8 i,- (1- s) ic~)
1 28
.:
'; ::;"r
[(1-8)(i,'+ii) ]: .

T..,==1/2

'

+ i, 1-28 (i 8 i" + (1 ~

0' s)

(40)

(1 - 8)ic~]

Thus,

i, ~:.<.- .i)

(43)

There is,

8) - r (1- s) i.
:.

'

backwa~d voltage

(39)

s) ,i,]

1-2 s

... .. ~ . ; . : . .

.:

'

(42)

forward voltage
..

8)1.

2 (ia- .i i,)

,If we define by analogy,

(33)

.t

s) (- j)

1- 2 8

"

backward current == i&

+ j s 'r i~~ + (1 .

+ r i~)

with e.t .. 1.0; ~~ .== -:- j

' .. j s

- j i,. It follows that the vector amounts of forward

and backward m. m. f. or current are
.
1 ...
forward current = i 1 == 2 (ia + i i,)

is (en + r i.~) + (1- s) (e. + r i.)

'~"

,,

Tra.nsa.otions A. I. E. E.

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

722

To. P

+ df' + 1=28 ib:

(47)

J. Zero Armature Resistance, One Machine Connected

to a.n I nji.nite Bus

Assume that a. machine of negligible armature

resistance is operating .from an infinite bus of per-unit
.voltage e, at synchronous speed, with a steady excitation voltage Eo, and displacement angle So. At the
instant t ... 0, let oand E change.
There is,

the

P- 87

~d =

Eo- t/tao

~~

Y,,o

LXrt

(p)

"'d +

G (p) A E
Xci

(p)

i =----At/t
'
x,
.. x~ (p)
'

..

.P<~ =~e coso

y,,--esino

From which there is, by obvious re-arrangement,

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

July 192!>

E-ecoso
x. '

x.,-x.(p)
+e x. x. ()
(C'OSOo-COSO)
p

e x dX -

723

x"~
d
a
X
..;:;;;...J <In
d

11

J e"'d'IU sin.'o .. (~) 0 (u) d

1

c-"'dnl .: >

, ""

(48a)

i,

esino

x~-x,(p)

= _ _;___
+e
X

(p)

Xq X 9

(sino- sin Oo)

(48)

e sino
i, =- - x, .

''

Then,
E e sin
Xa

T ...

+e

'

coso

+ e sino
2

o+

.X 9

x.- x,
e2 sin 2
2 Xa X~
(p)

Xq

XqXq

( )
p

x. - x.

,
(sm

o-

,
sm Oo)

(49)

E e sin
Xa

o .e
+.

(xa - x~)

sm2o

2 Xd X~

(p)

( )' (cos oo- coso)

XaXd p
,

'

+e x~~x:,' coso~ aq,. C

But quantities aa ...
such that

a,,., a.,., ex,,., b,., /1',. may be found

esino

Xa

(50)

:::S b,.

01

f"

f1

e-A,.I

1:

',

:e"'t"" ~os o(u)

'

11

"

. '

o' (1t) du.:

A E' (u) d u

(49a)

Formula .(49a) may be used to. determine starting .

torque and current with zero armature resistance, by
introducing o (t) = s t, o' (t) = s. Thus the average
compo~ent of torque is found to be,

1 Xa - xi'

""'2

XtJ xi'

ex ... s

~a ... cxa..2 + s'

(52)

xq"==x,(=)

Since

x/ - Xa ( "")
L: a ... == 1.0

L: a 9,. ,..
L: b,. -

1.0

that if

atJ..

= L: a,,. =l.o
1

(p) . 1

= 0 (t)

p o .... o' (t)

A E ==A E (t)
p A E =A E' (t)
Equations (48) and (49) may be rewritten in the form,

E:.... e coso
i.----x.

1 { x.- xl
-4
Xu x. ~

(51)

where,

L:

it follows that T ... is never greater than

+ q, (t- u) F.' (u) d u

(t) ...

ex

It therefore follows from the operational rule that,

J (p) F (t) F (o) q, (t)

ex~.

-;---+s2 is never greater than 72, and ,

1.0

x, .:_ z/ )
x, x 9 II

(53)

Equation (53) thus provides a very simple criterion

of the maximum possible start~ng torque of a syn.,.
chronous motor of given dimensions, when armature
resistance is neglected.
.
The same formula may also be Used to obtain
o. simple expression for the damping and synchronizing
comp9nents of pulsating torque due to a given small
angular pulsation of the rotor.
Thus if the angular pulsation is
A o - [A 8} sin (s t)
and if the pulsation of torque is expressed in the form

P- 88
. r

II

724

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS lt.lACHINES

,:,.

, .

. .

L.,
:

''

:;:AT==

i ::. ..

..

T,Ao

+ Td

ddt

Ao

there results,
4

82

... r, ; ! r i Xq- :t/ ~ aqn $

vo . . ,
+. .e cos
. ' .... . . x, :r:, :
(a,,.)z + sz
2

'

'.

x.- x/
x

:r;

T .. = [ ~

. Xdo

0:dn

: ..;

: : .. ;

. ..... :

A. I. E. E.

'

Jl

a~, p

"""'

ez cos o .LJ

+ a,. . sin o

Therefore in the case under consideration there is

for machine a,

' T, :~. T... .J.. t. , . e2 ,~in=o~

xXa X ~~~
~ ~ a;; ~
,
a.
+S
-:

Tra.~\iou

, .....

+e

(Xao Xda

x ) ] o

:2: 90

'.

(54)
(55)

where.: e . == per-unit bus voltage

.. ;. I .. per-unit ex~H:ation of machine a, etc..
This ,equation can be represented by Fig. 8, in which
the charge through the circuit :epresents (o.,) and the

.--1.~----~
.,

..

. ;~ '.,i , ;.. I ..

'I

''

C1a

Cz.

c ..

oo ... average . ~ngular displacement, i. e., total

. angle. .o ;=o.oo +A o.
It can be shown that for the ca$e of no addition.al voltage across the circuit represents the electrical
rotor circuits, Equations (54) are exactly equivalent to t~rque of the .machine (T ..) .
Equations (24) and (25) in Doherty ~nd Nickle's pap1!1', . The capacitances and resistances must be chosen
Synchronous Machines III. The n$W formulas here:in so that
developed .are, however, very much simpler in form,
(56)
especially.since in the case which Doherty and Nickle
have treated, there is only one term in the summation;
that is, n = 1, and a is merely the reciprocal of the short
circuit. ,time~ constant of tlie machine, expresse~ in
. '
. .

radians. :; t<.~ , . .
1
. K. : The' Equivalent Circuit of Sy'IZckronous M achi1~es
R"" =
F1o. 8

. Operating in ParalleL at No Loa.d, Neglecting r:he

: Effect of Armature Resistance .
'
.. ,; ,: . '1
Let, :: ,;:'::.o .. angle of rotor a ;i!.nd bus
...;,. >:;:... 8o angle of rotor a ip space '
j,

_c___
""a,., ..

The equation for the mechanical torque is

(57)

T, .. -T.+M.ps ..

where:.
Iri general,' the shaft torque of a machine depeD.dS M .. - inertia factor of machine a in radians
on its acceleration and speed in spaice, and the magJli2 X stored mech. energy at normal speed
tude and rate of change of the bus itoltage a.S a vector.
base power
If all of the machines are operatint at no load and if
there is no armature resistance, a small displaceme:nt
of any one machine will change the magnitude of the
0.462 w RZ
min.
= 2 1r' f _ _ _ _ _.,:__ _ _ _...;_
bus voltage only by a second ord~ quantity; con:sebase kw.
quently for .small displacements the magnitude of the
bus voltage may be regarded as hed, and only the s .. per-unit speed of machine a
angle of the bus and rotor need be considered.. Further- "
'.... time in seconds ( p ... ddt. )
more, the .. electrical torque may 'he found in terms
of (o) by employing an infinite bbs formula. :But
Equation (49a) implies the alternative general ope.ras. - P e.
tional form,

But,
. :,
Thus there is
T,., = T .. + M .. p 2 e..
(S7a)
which corresponds to the equivalent: circuit of Fig. 9,
in which change = e"
L. = M.
The machine operating on an infiiJ.te bus can be

cev. i:Oo

P- 89

r.

July 1!12'J

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

represented)y the equivalent circuit of Fig. 10, since

the condition

= <>~ = o

B~

725

in the b.i.ductive branch of the:;circuit... Thus a governor which acts through a single time constant may be
represented by the circuit of Fig. 14, where '

is fulfilled.
Several machines in parallel on the same bus may be

La

.~

Fxa. 11

l,.

'

:; .:

Fxa. 9

represented by the diagram of Fig. 11, since the conditions '.

Fxa. 12

,,

A transmission line may be represented by a

condenser.
,
.
Thus two machines connected by a line of reactance
(x) would be represented by the circuit of Fig. 12, where

L
'

c--e2

,.
"

8.. - o. ~ 8b- ob . . . ( = bus angle in . space)

T. + T6 + T.,.etc. == bus power output == 0

.' .
;I

'
:

(58)

Shaft torques are, of course, represented by voltages.

'I

li

.;

:
i

Tsa

J:~

L.~

Fxa. 13

=LJCla
I

Fxa. 10

Mechanical damping, such as that due to a fan on a

motor shaft or that due to the prime mover, is represented by resistance in series with the inductance (L)
as in Fig. 13. (R) must be chosen 'equal to the rate
of decrease in available driving torque wit~ increase
speed.
Governors and other prime mover characteristics
may also be represented by connecting their circuits

in

P-90

Fxa. 14

1 '

R,= regu1atton
.
C,

time constant of governor in elec. radians

R,

(59)

726

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

. An induction.motor is represented by the simple circuit

of Fig. 15 and is precisely the circuit of a synchronous
machine with 'only one time constant and Cc. =
on
account of I == 0.
.
Results similar to these have been previou~1ly shown
by Arnold, .Nickle,t0 and others,. but simpler and more
approximate circuits were used, the branch'as of the
several circuits were not directly evaluated in terms of
machine constants, and the derivation was in.complete
in that the limitation to no load and zer.o resistance was
not appreciated. .

L. Torque Angle Relations of a Synchronous Machine

J:
'

Connected to an Infinite Bus, for Small Angular

. Dev:iatirms./rom ~n Average Operating Anqle
There is,':in' general,
..
T =io T 0 + c. T ... ("'dO + c. "'.) (i qO + c. i q)
' .
.
- (ido + C. io) (,Y,c. + C. ,Y,)
For small angular deviations;
.l

c. T
==

'

c. i,

l "'. +

"'dO

c. i q - i dO c. "'q ;....

!. E .

z~(p)(- c.e.+.J;dopC.o)-xd(p)(- C.ed- .J;.op ~

D (p)

where,
D (p) = Za (p) Z1 (p) + Xa (p) X 1
but from Equations (28),
edo + c. e. = e sin!(oo + c. o)
e.o + c. e. == e cos (oo + c. o)
c. ea == e cos .So c. o
c. eq = - e sin So c. o
c.. id == . I
i

(p)

(f

+ ..Y.o p) z. (p) + (e sin Oo + !/lao p) x. (p)

- (e cos Oo

....

=. i ~0

Tr~DS&etious A.

D (p)

c. i, =
(e

sin Oo

+ Vtdo p) Z.t (p) + (e cos Oo + 1/;qo p) x. (p)

1ft qO c. 1 d

D (p)

f f~:+\~~~x~ (p) l C. i.- { Vtqo + iqo x. CP) l t.. i

(60)

..--

. ..

+ 1/lo p) z. (p)
So + f.o p) x.

( (e sin oo

[tfio+ioXq (p)] \

l +Ce cos

}
(p)

AT=

((

+[.Pqo+i,oxd (p)J

+ .P~o p) z. (p)
sin Oo + 1/;do p) Xq

{ (e cos Oo

, .

(e

I~

(p)

D (p).
say,
c. T = f (p) . c. o
From (57a) the eq~ation for shaft torque become>
c. T. = (M p 2 + f (p) ) . c. o
Thus,

c. o =

M p2

+f

(p)

AT,

Appendix
FIG.

15

eo+C. ~~.;_,p C. f-r(ioo+A i.)-(f,o+A fi)(l+p A o)

eqo+C. e,.;_,p A f,-r(i,o+A i,)+(fo+A l/l)(l+p A o)

=: p A f- r C. i- tf.',o p A o-

c.e.

vi,

C. e, = p C. f,- r C. i, + tf.'oo P A o + A \'~"

from which there i~:~
z (p) Ai~~.- x, (p) A i, == - A ec1- f,o p C. o

z, (p)

A i, +
'I

c. i~~. = ..
z, (p)((59

A e~~.-

X<1

(p) C. io

=-

C.

e,

+ if;.oo p A

'

tf.o.o p C. o)

+ x, (p)(- C. e, +

~o

p A o)

Formula for Linkages and Voltage in Field Circuit w

no Additional Rotor. Circuits
In this case the per-unit field li.ages will depe
linearly on the armature and field cUITents. That
in general,
'M' = a I - b i.
Then if normal linkages are defined as those existi
ai: no load there must be a = 1.0.
The quantity b may be found by suddenly impressi
terminal linkages tf- with no initial currents in t
machines and E = 0.
By definition there is, initially
.

D (p).

~.~

(61)

p- 91

=-

l/ld
x./

July l!J2!J

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS ::V1ACHINES

but also there must be. from the definition of xi

I - ..:...;..:_
1/1,1
id = __
hence there must be an initial induced field current of
amount

I= 1/1 ( 1-

).

727

12. Dreyfu, L., "Ausg!eichvorga.nge in c.ler Symmetrischen

Mehrpho.senmo.schine,'' Elektrotech. u..'!\M aschinenbau. 30 S 25
121, 13!J, 1912.
.
. ,

13. Dreyfus, 1., "Freie Mo.gnetisohe Energie . zwis~hen

Verketteten Mehrpho.sensystemen," Elektrotech U, M aschinenbau;
29 s. 801, 1911.

''

14. Dreyfus, L., "Einfuhrung in die Theorie der Selbsterregten Schwingungen Synchroner Mo.sohinen," Elektrotech. u.
Masch-inenbau., 29 S. 323,345, 1911.

But, initially the field linkages are zero, thus

Discussion

U. C. Specht: I should think Mr. Pu.rk's th~ori could be

o.pplied just as well to the so-called synchronous induotion .
'I' == Vtu 1 0

Xu
X,;
motor, ~ha.t is an induction motor in which the rotor teeth .
. between the poles are cut out for lL disto.nce of a.bo.ut one-third
hence

1
of the pole pitch. Such a. motor runs at synchronous speed;
Similarly, there will be

However, the pull-out torque is much less than that of n.n induction motor with the full number of teeth.
E = per-unit field voltage
C. MacMillana There was one sta.tement in the' first page
=cp'I'+di
of Mr. Pa.rk's paper to, the effect tha.t "Idealization is resorted
Normal field voltage will be here defined as those to, to the extent that saturation n.nd hystere"is in every ma.linetio
existing at no load and normal voltage. This requires circuit a.nd eddy currents in the armature iron are neglected .. ".
with rega.rd to Fig, 5, Mr. Park rema.rked tha.t itl'epresented
that d = 1. The quantity c may then be recognized And
a. rigorous solution. Perhaps Mr. Park oould give us &little more
as the time constant of the field in radians when the insight into the effect of taking into account saturation, a.nd give
armature is open circuited, since with the field shorted other cases in which oerta.in elements ha.ve been neglected with
more or less effect upon the tina.! results.

under these conditions there is

W. J. Lyon: In a. paper of this description, oerta.fu premises

(Top+ 1) I= 0
should be chosen a.nd, with these o.lways in mind, the ma.th~
cp'I'+I
;=0
matioal development should be rigorous. The paper ma.y then.
be
criticized either beea.use of insufficient premises or beco.use
o/ =I
of incorrect ; ma.thematical development. I believe that the
c
To
time constant of field with armature former is. the kinder method; it is the one I sha.ll employ.
open circuited.
The premises tho.t Mr. 'Pa.rk chooses a.re that the :field a.nd
a.rmo.ture windings a.re symmetrica.l, tho.t saturation and hystereBibliography
sis are neglected a.nd that the armature windings are in effect
1. Doherty, R. E. a.nd Nickle, C. .A.., Synchronou.1 Machine11 sinusoido.lly distributed. I ta.ke this last to mean that the a.irY, .A.. I. E. E. Quarterly TnA.Ns., Vol. 48, No.2, April, 1929.
gap flux due to the a.rma.ture currents is sinusoida.lly distributed,
2. Pa.rk, R. H. a.nd Robertson, B. L., Tha Raactane~ of fori! the armature windings themselves were sinusoida.lly distribSynchronou.11 Machina1, .A.. I. E. E. Qun.rterly TRANS., Vol. 47, uted, there would be produced spo.oe harmonics in the o.i.r-go.p
No. 2, April, 1928, p. Sl4.
flux distribution due to the so.liency of the poles, which, as we all
3. Park, R. H., "Definition ol an Idea.! Synchronous know, would complicate the problem tremendously. In order
Machine o.nd Formulo. for the Arm~~oture Flux Linkages," General tha.t the mathematicn.I method used by Mr. Park shall be rigorous, I believe it is necessa.ry to make one further a.ssumption.
Elac. R6ll., June, 1928, Vol. 31, pp. 332-334.
4. Alger, P. L., Tha Calculation of the Reactance of I think I can best expla.in this by asking you to consider the
Synchrono"IU Machinu, A. I. E. E. Quarterly TRANS., Vol. 47, result of supplying the field winding with a. sinusoida.l <1urrent
No.2, April, 1928, p. 493.
.
while the a.rma.ture rotates a.t some speed which may be ca.lled
5. Doherty, R: E. and Niclcle, C. A., Synchronou.~ synchronous. Under these conditions, there will :first be pro.:.
Machine' IV, A. I. E. E. Quo.rterly TnANS., Vol. 47, No. 2, duced in the a.rmo.tur11 windings two sets of ba.lo.nced currents
eo.oh of which will produce 3 component flux distributions in the
April, 1!>28, p. 457, Discussion p. 487.
6. Wiesemn.n, R. W., Graphical Determination of Magnetic jmp. The tirst of these is wha.t would be produced if the o.ir:z: 9 - z4),
fi'ield4; Practical Application to Sali~nt-Pole Synchronous Machine go.p were uniform, o.nd is proportiono.l to 1/2 (:z:d
whero :z:a equa.ls tbe arino.ture lea.ka.ge rea.ctn.nce. .The second
1!>27, p. 141.
Delion, A E. E. TRANS., Vol.
7. Doherty, R. E. o.nd Nickle, C. A., Synchronous ot these components is proportiona.l to 1/2 (:z:tl - : 9 ). The
Machines III, Torqu.,..Angle CharacteristiC~ Under Tranlient third component is ol tbe sru:ne size as the second. Using the
vo.lues tha.t Mr. Pa.rk gives under Sec.tion H of his pa.per, the
Conditiom, A. I. E. E. TuANS., Vol. XLVI, 1927, p.l.
8. BekkU, S., "Sudden Short Circuit of Alterno.tor," relo.tive ma.gnjtudes of these components would be (0.8 - : .. )
Resea.rches of the Electrotechnica.l La.bora.tory No. 203, June, a.nd 0.2. The first o.nd second components rea.ct on the field,
n.nd produce in it o. current of the impressed :field lrequenoy.
1927.
9. Doherty, R. E. a.nd Nickle, C. A., Synchronou.1 These a.re the components tho.t Mr. Park ha.s recognized, but the
Machines I and II, An E:z:lension of Blondel's Two-Reaction third component produces a.n entirely different frequency in the
field, which will then be reflected into the a.rmature and the
Theory, A. I. E. E. TRANs., Vol. XLV, pp 912-47.
10. Nickle, C. A., Oscil!ographic Solution of Electro- process will be repeated. Tho.t is, in this respect, it ie simila.r
mechanical Sy$te711s, A.. I. E. E. TitANS., Vol. XLIV, 1925, pp. to the condition that exists in o. single-phase a.lterna.tor. As tar
o.s I a.m a.wa.re, the Heo.viside opera.tiona.Imethod cannot be used
844-856.
11. Dreyfus, L., "Ansgleichvorga.nge Boim Plotzlichen to obtll.in u. rigorous solution for the single--phase a.Iterna.tor.
Kurzsohluas von Synohron Genero.toren," Archiv f. Elecirotech., In spite of 'this, I think the objection that I ha.ve raised is of no
more importo.nce tha.n the etfect of neglecting . sa.turo.tion or
5 s 103, 1916.

[4 + ~] =

r~ =~ ~-.-:- x>

.r.

xr.vr.

P-92

i28

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

hysteresis or the space harmonics in the air-gap flux that are

.c~uallY produced, but I do think that Mr. Park should ha.vo
mentioned this point in order that the mathematicn.l work which
he builds up should be rigorous. I discovered the necessHy of
this additional premise about a year ago' while working on the
problem of the ,transient short-circuit currents in a salient-pole
alternator. .

There is a~other. problem of considerable interest that Mr.

Pa.rk has not mentioned. . About two years ago I became aware
that 'Mr. Fortescue's historic 1918 paper could be extended to
. the transient :case by using an operational method. That is
to ,ay, a.ny: of, the problems involving unbalanced circuits thn.t
Mr. Fortescue rigorously solved in the steady state can also he
solved in the transient sta.te by an operationo.l method.

len
au;

be
)ll

th
~d

d;
c-

'

.;,.r
::'

. :
'

::

'

..

/'

re
td
,,io

~: .

~~~,_~-r~-+,_~-+-~-+4-Hf~.~

., .. ''~ ;- 't&HH--l-+++tfhH-+++4-Hi-+-+11t.;.~

\';.;:;~{t ~

e
e

l=--b-'"l:r:.lll,ro::!-.;._vH-+1'-+-,-M-11-+--H--l--++-h'-.!-t-1,

. .J of-+...I-+-IH-1-+-+-+-+++++---H-H

t-

il.

.AH-+~4-+-~-++~~~~~~+-~-+~

., ' aH-++++-H-+=-t--+1-1+-!Hfl-++-H-+-1
'

.l2H-+-+++4-+-H-+~4'<//++-H-+-l-+-l

.....

' FIG.' "1-ELFJCTRICA.L TORQUE OF

r~ ; ; '

;:~:: .. _':(::j) ~'i.i ~~~'!!~=-~=r~enw

X~

1.0

xl = O.li8
:::1

X/
r
T,

- 0.442
= 0.4.42
"' 0.0325

= 159 radians
Normal torque 96.8 lb-ft.
The ~al~ula.ted curve appears as a solid line in Fig. 1 herewith and
near 1t.1s the dotted curve obtained experimentally.
Dunng the progress of the test run with the dynamometer no
control or regular measurement of the synchronous motor
temperature wo.s made. It fluctuated 'widely with changes in
slip, a.nd the only points taken at a. known temperature are the
ones near the b~ginning of the run. For the first six, those
surrounded by c~rcles, the tempera.ture probably had not risen
far from a.mbient of 25 deg. ;cent. They check quite closelv the
calculated curve.

In order to evaluate the effect of temperature change eight

points were ca.lculated on the basis of 100 deg. cent~ These are
shown within squares. They show a. better coincidence of slips
at which ma.ximums occur, but little improvement in the maximum error. Preyious theories have usually neglected. the effect
of salie!l,t poles. The solid line in Fig. 2. shows the calculated
curve in this ca.se, that is, for x 9 :::.: ~A comparison of the
solid curves in Figs. 1 a.nd 2 shows the large differences between
tho. two calculations.

'
.. 1.-'H. Summers (communica.ted after adjournment) One
outstanding feature of this paper is tha.t the equations are
expressed in "per-unit" quantities. 'l'his fea.ture presents the
important advanta.ge that the quantities involved o.re those
which are known directly from test or from the design of the
machine. Furthermore, ma.chines o.re more readily compared
with others of different rating when their constants are known in
"per-unit" va.lues .

A H I
,

Note: The alx pointe plotted ~bove were t&ken experlntentall:r at a

temper&ture of 26 dec. cent.

'. The balance of the dotted curve was t&ken at wrying higher tempero.tures
The eoUd curve was c:a.lc:ulated for & temperature of 25 deg. cent., and the
pointe In oquaree for 100 deg. cent.

~ ~ :; :. !~ :i ._:;;. :: : .

Transa.ctions A. I. E. E.

~~~r+-b~-r~~~~-1-~4-~~
IJ
L::~--'"

g1o
..
...

~ o~~-rr+~~~~~+-~.~-v~~
~10~~-++4-+-+-~~~~~~~~-+~

~~-+~+-~-+4-~~~~~-+~+-~

W. R. flel~~~ (communicated after adjournment) Since the

completion of Mr. Park's paper as presented, experimental work
has been. don~.. which illustra.tes the worth of the new theory
PERCENT SUP
developed. .: '' .
.
Fro. 2-TonquE CuRvES FOR A H I
. A .sma.ll sy~chronous motor rn.ted 15 hp., 220 volts, 1800 rev.
Snlld Lin-Calculated
per min. was selected for study. Its squirrel-oa.ge winding was
Dotted Lln-Experlwent&l
removed in order to simplify the mecho.nioal work of calculation .
. This motor;-yvas set up with an electric dyna.mometer, a.n<1 its
However, these equations may not look fa.milia.r at first sight
.torque-slip curve w&s ta.ken at 110 -volts over the entire range of
slip from 100. per cent to zero. Power wa.s supplied to it by o. to those who o.ro more used to dealing in the physical quanti tie~
speoia.l 220-volt sine-we.ve generator of 375-kv-a.. capo.oity. The such a.s ohms, o.mperes, volts, henrys, and farads. It therefore
constants of :,this machine a.s well a.s of. the connecting line and seems appropria.te to point out the correla.tiJn between this new
switches were,determined, and these constants were included in method and the more usual one. Consider, for exa.mple, Equathe caloulation of torque in order to simulate as closely as possible tions (4a) in the paper, together with the two immedio.tely
infinite-bus conditions.
following.

,.
Ordinarily we should have written for a mo.ohine with no rotor
The torque as indicated by the dynamometer was corrected for
-winda.ge and friction and for dynamometer errors, the net elec- circuits in addition to the field,.
(R 1 + L1 p) 11 - M 7' [j., cos 6 + jb cos (9 - 120")
.trical torque exerted on the rotor thus being obtained.
+ j. cos (II + 120)1 - E1
(1)
By the use of meo.sured constants of the test mo.ohine o.ntl its
In this equo.tion n, is field resista.uce, 'Lt is field inductauce, M
circuit, .a mathematica.l evaluation of torque was made for o.
temperature of 25 deg. cent. .These constants a.s determined, is mutuo.l inductance between field and any one arma.ture phase
in the position of ma..'Cimum mutual inducta.nce, j., }b. and j,
on & per uxUt ba.ae of 24 .. kv-o.. at 220 volts, are as follows:

15

P- 93

July 10:0:0
~>ro nrmo.ture pha.se current~. o.nd E;
qunntitieK nro in prn.ctical units.
Let

j,,

:i' [i,. cos 0 + ib co~ (o

- 1:.!0)

i~

fielrl voltage.

All these

This follows from the f1l.Ct that

2~

+ j, cos (0 + 120)]

(2)

27

cos n

o cos "' o J>e..,

evs n 8

si~ :n odo = o

if n o.nd m o.re integers a.nd n - m.

Although this o.nswers. Professor Lyon's objootfon th~ impression should not. ba derived tha.t the theory developed strictly
presupposes o.n exa.ctly sinusoidally distributed winding. ,The
full sta.tement of the a.ssumption referred to is that the armature
I,
3
L1
M'
E,
windings are in effect sil!l.usoida.lly distributed "a.s far a.s concerns
- - (1 + Top) - - - _ _P_ j I
(3)
1n R1
I.
2
R, 1" L, '
effects depending on rotor position." Interpreted in tenus of
self. o.nd mutual inductive coefficients this sto.tement is exa.ctly
where
T,- L!IR1
(4)
equ1valent to the two a.ssumptions,
Let
EfiJ,.RI E )
. (a.) tha.t the self inductance of the a.rma.ture circuits is ~xpresr,;r,. - r
(5)
sible
by an equa.tion of the form,
.
'
.
j,1/in
ia
L La + L! cos 2 o
Where i,. is normal armature current, maximum value .. Then
(b) tha.t the mutual inductance between the a.rma.ture and
in
)
E T P ( [ - -3- -M- -any rotor circuit is expressible by a.n equation of tb.e form,
(6)
ia
+
I.
2
L 1 I,.
M M, cos 8
This equation ma.y be put into the form:
The assumptions which ho.ve been ma.de in previou~ studies,
E,.. Tap'lt +l
such a.s those whiah Mr. Ku in his pa.per "Tra.nsient Analysis of
A-C. Machinery" ha.s referred to a.s "exact," ha.ve been precisely
'It !=I M;. ) i11
(7) the same except tha.t the second ha.rmonio term in the a.rma.ture
2
L1ln
self inductance equation ha.s not been considered, while amortisThese results ma.y be compared with those immediately follow- seur a.nd other circuits in a.ddition to the field ha.ve been neglected.
ing (4a) in the pa.per: It is ea.sy to show by methods similar to.
Actus.lly': the expressions for both a.rlna.ture a.nd rotor self
those use!f by Mr. Pa.rk that
, inductance will involve a.ll of the even ha.rmonics of a.ngula.r
position, o.nd the expression for anna.ture mutua.! inductance will
3
j\t[ '"
involve all of the odd ha.rmonics of angula.r position. However,
(8)
- - Xd -- %c/
. 2 Lt I.
tests on 1l.Ctual machines ho.ve shown tha.t in most ca.ses only the
uro
and second ba.rmonios of a.rmature self inductance, the first
'where ::,1 and zl a.re. the per-unit diroct a.xis synchronous a.nd
tra.nsient reo.ota.nce respectively. Then the equations a.re the hs.rmonic of mutua.! inductance, and the zero ha.rmonic of rotor
circuit self inductance a.re of prima.ry importance .. .Abo~t
same o.s those given by the a.uthor.
the only ca.se in which a consideration of a.ny other' ha.rmonics
Without this la.st rela.tion we should doubtless have written
would be of vs.lue a.ppea.rs to be in the study ot locking torques.
the equations a.s in (2') or even a.s in (I). But both of these conWith proper design, however, the tendenc)o to took at other tb.a.n
tain cumbersome qua.utities involving mutual a.nd self induchalf speed is slight.
tances. The expression used by Mr. Pn.rk is simpler and more
Professor Lyon is, in my opinion, also in error when he enexpressive a.nrl contains quantities which n.re fa.milia.r to most
dea.vors to point out the inadequacy of the theory by means of a.n
engineers who have to do with synchronous ma,.chines.
Throughout this paper, a.lthough the problem is inherlmtly example in which alternating current is supplied to a rota.ting
complex and some of the demonstro.tions a.pp.ila.r long, the results field in a salient-pole ma.chine. In this connection be merely
makes certain dogma.tic sta.tements without proof, which would
a.r.e relatively simple a.nd in terms o.da.pted for imroedia.te use.
not agree With the writer's findings. However, such mere stateR. H. Park: Mr. Specht is entirely correct in his tl:iof1ght
ments
or opinions do not constitute a proof, a.nd the writer conthat the present theory could be a.pplied to synchronous induction
motors such a.s those to which he refers. In principle this type: tin'ues. to disagree with them.
.As I understand the exa.mple given, it correspouds to the
of motor is not greatly different from a sa.! ient-pole s:Ynchronous'
application of o.lterna.ting current to a. synchronous machine
motor with a.n amortiaseur winding.
In reply to Mr. Ma.cMillan's question, r would point out that field winding with a. three-phase short circuit across the a.rmo.ture
. . .
it is o.lways necessa.ry to make some assumptions; in fa,.ct, even terminals..
From Equations (ll) a.nd (22) of the pa.per there is in this ca.se
in the simplest problems there invariably exists a.n. enormous
ntimbar of assumptions most of which a.re not recognized a.s such.
Thorofare a rigorous ~olution invarin.bly means only "rigorous Ia [l~ <=-~I(P)> <pzq(p)+(l-sl)z.(p)> Ja(p)E
.
.
.D<~
.
.
on Lha hllol!ia of tho a.saumptiona." Tho solutions presouted in the
pa.per are rigorously correct in tb.is sense.
.
.

- total per unit rotor excitation.

Professor J..yon ha.s criticized the a.ssumptions ma.de .in the
paper. This is due to a. very definite misconception a.s to their Evidently this is of the se.me frequency a.s tha.t of the field voltage
cha.ro.cter. Thus, referring to the a.ssumption "tha.t the a.rmature E. That is, there are no harmonics, Mr. C .. A. Nickle lia.s subwindings are in effect sinusoidally distributed," Professor Lyon mitted a. physical interpretation of this result. Thus he sta.tes
"Let I 'cos t. be impressed on the field which is running at a.
states tha.t it is necessa.ry' to interpret the ata.tement to mea.n
something other than it says. I be-lieve, however, that this is speed S expressed a.s a fraction of synchronous speed tor the
not necessary. Thus he states tho.t wore the a.rma.ture windings frequency of the current impressed on the field winding. The
themselves sinuaoida.lly distributed, there would be produced current J cos t produces a. spMe funda.roenta.l flux I cos t in the
spo.oe harmonics in the o.ir-gap flux di:~tribution due to the direct a.xis and spo.ce hurmonics alternating in time. Dut since .
sa.lioncy of the poles, which "would complicate the problem the a.rma.ture winding i:~ a.ssumed to ha.ve sine distribution, these
tremendously." The rea.son that. it. does not aomplica.te the ha.rmonic tiuxes can induce no voltage a.nd ma.y be neglected.
problem is tha.t with a. sinusoidal distribution of turns only spo.ce The funda.ments.l flux, I coa I, ma.y be resolved into two rota.ting
components I /2 rota.ting forwa.rd at normu.l speed with reforeneu
!unda.mentDJ. tlu.x produces a.ny u.rma.ture flux linkages.
Divicle through by J,. R, where Jn is thu.t value of field current
~ha.t ca. uses normal voltage to be gonEjrated in the armature a.t
no loa.d.

(_2_

P-94

730

PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Trn.naa.ctioos l'.. I. E. E.
to the pole structure n.nd I /2 rota.~ing ba.ckward a.t the sa.me
a.n armature voltage of frequency 1 + S, :~.nd tho seeond
speed. The first component roLa.tes forward with respect to the a.induce
voltage of frequency 1 - S.
armature at a. speed 1 + S a.nd since the o.rnio.ture is short
The armature current of frequency i 1 5 produces a.n m. m. f.
circuited polypha.se. a. positive pha.se sequence current o.f frequency 1 + 8 will flow in the armature winding. Similarly i, s rota.tmg ba.okwa.rd with respect to the poles a.t norm:~.l speed
a. negative pha.se sequence current of frequency I - S will flow <J.nd produces two rotating fluxes. One,
in the a.nna.ture winding due to the backward rota.ting'componellt
j I S
(
of .field .f!u."C. The polyphase current i+s will produce a. roto.ting
- 2- - xl + :t/)
Ul. m. f. o.lso i+s nnd thiR m. m. f. rota.Les forwo.rd rela.tive to the
pole structure a.t norma.! speed. Two fluxes n.re produced due to rota.\'.es backward with respect to the a.rma.ture a.t e. spoeu 1 - S
:~.nd
dissymmetry of the direct o.nd qua.dro.ture a.xes. These are
- i+s
2

(. Xd 1

+ Xq

i, -s
- -2

1)

rotating forward with respect to the poles a.t normal speed or

1
S with respect to the armature, a.nd

it+s

- -2

Zcl

-. Xq

1)

rotating ba.ckward with respect to the poles a.t normal speed or

a.t 1 - 8 backward with respect to the 8ol'Ul&ture. The first will

(xi -

Xq

rotates f1'rward with respect to the a.rme.ture :~.t a. speed 1 + S.

Thus, thi~ current n.lso prod~oes armature voltages.of frequencies
1 + S a.nd 1 - S. Therofore, no frequencies other thn.n (1 + S)
a.nd (1 - H) need be 11ssumod, in thenrmnturt' winding nnd therefore, these a.re the only frequencies thnt exist there. Moreover,
this impliell thn.t only fundn.menta.l frequency ca.n exist in the
rotor."