EGEE 437: HWK #2

Due on Thursday, Feb. 18, 2016

Brownson

Heliotropic Team 5

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Heliotriopic Team 5 Contributers
N. D. Nick DeMarino (Nad5260)
R. F. Riley Fukuji (Rqf5123)
B. M. Brendan Mooney (Btm5229)
P. S. Patrick Schulze (Pcs5133)

Page 1 of 16

Contents
Chapter 5 Questions:
Problem 5.1 . . . . .
Problem 5.2 . . . . .
Problem 5.3 . . . . .
Problem 5.4 . . . . .
Chapter 6 Questions
Problem 6.1 . . . . .
Problem 6.2 . . . . .
Problem 6.3 . . . . .
Problem 6.4 . . . . .
Problem 6.5 . . . . .
Equations: . . .
Steps: . . . . .
Problem 6.6 . . . . .
(a) Equations .
(a) Data . . . .
(b) Equations .
(b) Location . .
(c) Equation .
Problem 6.7 . . . . .
Equations: . . .
Data . . . . . .
Equations: . . .
Location: . . .
Problem 6.12 . . . .
Equations: . . .
Data: . . . . .
Steps: . . . . .
Chapter 7 Questions
Problem 7.1 . . . . .
Problem 7.2 . . . . .

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Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Chapter 5 Questions:
Problem 5.1
What is the sky-dome in solar energy?
The Sky Dome is a hemi-sphere that is used to analyze the sum of the components
for the sky from the horizon to zenith angle and in all azimuthal directions as well.
The sky dome can be projected onto two dierent surfaces for analysis of the sky
component behavior and eects of shading: including the orthographic and polar
projections. 1

Problem 5.2
Describe the dierence between a meteorological air mass and the empirical air mass used to
calibrate short-term performance of solar technologies (AM1.5).
Meteorological air masses are bodies, or large pancakes, of gases and particles that
form in source regions and move across Earths surface, having similar chemical and
physical behavior. They interact with short and longwave radiation causing
inconsistent irradiance conditions across a given locale. 2
Empirical Air masses are utilized for testing irradiance conditions for SECS. They
help engineers develop a universal approach to how the sky aects bands of light. In
doing so, the air mass coefficient was created, which is equal to the secant of the
zenith angle (defined as the angle between the beam of the sun and the normal to
horizontal surface). Conditions are simplified in order to minimize the difficulty of
calculations. 3

Sky Domes and Projections, EME 801 lecture, Lesson 2, Jerey Brownson
The Air Mass used in Meteorology, EME 801 Lesson 3, Jerey Brownson
3
SECS,Chapter 5, pg. 101)
2

Page 3 of 16

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 5.2

Problem 5.3
How does one calculate AM0 (extraterrestrial irradiance)?
Extraterrestrial irradiance on a horizontal surface sitting above the Earths
atmosphere can be calculated by:

[Eq. 8.1 f rom SECS]

G0 = Gsc [1 + 0.33cos( 360n

365 )] [sin( )sin( ) + cos( )cos( )cos(!)] (1)
is the declination
is the latitude

! is the hour angle

n is the day
Gsc is the solar constant

Page 4 of 16

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 5.3

Problem 5.4
What is the meaning of clear sky in solar energy conversion? Specify what parameters are
included and excluded from a clear sky calculation.
A clear sky in terms of solar energy conversion is a hypothetical sky that is used
to estimate clearness index. The eects of clouds are excluded which lead to water
vapor and aerosols playing big roles.

Bird Clear Sky Model: The output of the model is a clear sky estimate for the total
(global horizontal irradiance: GHI), direct normal irradiance (beam, DNI) and diuse irradiance across a spectral range covering 122 wavelengths (irregularly spaced) from 305nm to
4000nm.a
Included Parameters:
Solar Constant (Gsc )
Surface Pressure (P [mbar])
Zenith Angle (z )

Precipitable Water Vapor (H2 O [cm])

Total Ozone (O3 [cm])
Turbidity at
[nm]

= 500 [nm] and/or at 380

Aerosol Forward Scattering Ratio (.84

recommended)

Ground Albedo (g )
Excluded Parameters: the eect of clouds, trees, mountain ranges, and urban shading are
not included.
a

SECS pg.126

Page 5 of 16

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 5.4

Chapter 6 Questions
Problem 6.1
Assign definitions, correct symbols, and sign convention to the following terms:
Angle of Incidence (): The angle a ray makes with the normal vector of the surface its
incident upon. This is a positive angle.
Solar Azimuth ( s ): The rotation across the horizontal plane determines the azimuth
angle, where 0 is considered North. It can be thought of as the angle between projection of
the suns critical point and the origin. This is a positive angle. 90 is East, 180 is South,
270 is West.
Collector Azimuth ( ): First define an infinitely long line through a SECS from top to
bottom bisecting it symmetrically through the width. The clockwise angle from a any
northern point on a longitudinal line to the bottom section of the line through the SECS is
the Collector Azimuth. Sign convention is positive.
Solar Altitude: Solar altitude is a function of the altitude angle. It is the elevation from
the horizon to the point at which a vector from an emitter intercepts the sky dome. Solar
altitude could be expressed by sin(s ), where s = 90 z . Finally is the angle between
the horizon and the vector from an emittance source, and z being the complement of s .
The angle is positive
Zenith Angle (z ): As mentioned above is the complement of the the elevation angle (s ),
making it the angle between the vector normal to the horizon and the vector from an
emittance source. This angle is positive
Declination ( ): Imagine a vector from the center Earth through the north pole of defined
by a vector function f (x, y, z) =< 0, 0, 1 >; call this vector a. Declination is when
f (x, y)6=< 0, 0 >.,and f (z)6=< 1 >; call this vector b. The amount the Earth has declined
can be express by the angle between the vector a and b. Positive for Northern Hemisphere;
Negative for Southern Hemisphere
Hour Angle (!): When a vector can be drawn from the center of the earth, pass directly
through a line of longitude, and meet the sun, its called solar noon at that particular
longitude. For every 15 dierence in this positioning, an hour passes. This is called an hour
angle. Hour angles are positive after solar noon and negative before that.

Page 6 of 16

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 6.1

Problem 6.2
Calculate the solar declination ( ) for the spring and fall Equinoxes and the summer and winter
Solstices. [Extra] estimate the error between the calculation and the defined declinations for each
event.
2016 Dates:
Fall Equinox (September 22nd)
Spring Equinox: (March 20th)

Summer Solstice: (March 20th)

Winter Solstice: (June 20th)

n values:
nf e = 243 + 22 = 265
nse = 59 + 20 = 79

nss = 151 + 20 = 171

nws = 334 + 21 = 355
= (23.45 )(((sin( 360
))(284 + n)))]
365

[Eq. 6.2]
= (23.45 )(((sin(

fe

se

Extra:

.605442 =

.605

(2)

360
))(284 + 79))) =
365

.807187 =

.807

(3)

= (23.45 )(((sin(

360
))(284 + 171))) = 23.4446 = 23.4
365
360
= (23.45 )(((sin(
))(284 + 355))) = 23.4498 = 23.4
365

ss

ws

360
))(284 + 265))) =
365

= (23.45 )(((sin(

|0

( .605442)|
)(100) = 100%
.605442
|0 ( .807187)|
SE = (
)(100) = 100%
.807187
|23.45 23.4446|
SS = (
)(100) = .023%
23.4446
| 23.45 ( 23.44981)|
WS = (
)(100) = .019%
23.4498
FE = (

(4)
(5)

(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Page 7 of 16

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 6.2

Problem 6.3
Calculate the sunrise and sunset times (standard time) for four days in Paris: the spring and fall
Equinoxes and the summer and winter Solstices, given 49 N latitude ( ) and 2 E longitude ( ).
Do not use daylight savings in any of these solutions.
Sunrise and Sunset during the Fall Equinox:
B = (n

1)(

360
) = (265
365

1)(

360
) = 267.667
365

Et = 229.2(.000075) + 229.2(.001268cos(267.667)

(10)

.032077sin(267.667))

-229.2[(cos((2)(267.667)))]+.04089[(sin((2)(267.667)))]=4.7694min (11)

Google Sunrise time: 7:37am=457min

461.769
T C = t + Et = 457 + 4.7694 =
= 7.69min = 7 : 34am
60min

(12)

Google Sunset time: 7:47pm=1127min

T C = t + Et = 1127 + 4.7694 =

1131.77
= 18.86min = 7 : 52pm
60min

(13)

Sunrise and Sunset during the Spring Equinox:

B = (n

1)(

360
) = (79
365

1)(

360
) = 76.9315
365

Et = 229.2(.000075) + 229.2(.001268cos(76.9315)

(14)

.032077sin(76.9315))

-229.2[(cos((2)(76.9315)))]+.04089[(sin((2)(76.9315)))]=28.7757min (15)

Google Sunrise time: 6:52am=412min

T C = t + Et = 412 + 28.7757 =

440.776
= 7.35min = 7 : 21am
60min

(16)

Google Sunset time: 7:03pm=1143min

T C = t + Et = 1143 + 28.7757 =

Problem 6.3 continued on next page. . .

1171.78
= 19.52min = 7 : 31pm
60min

(17)

Page 8 of 16

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 6.3 (continued)

Sunrise and Sunset during the Summer Solstice:

B = (n

1)(

360
) = (171
365

1)(

360
) = 167.671
365

Et = 229.2(.000075) + 229.2(.001268cos(167.671)

(18)

.032077sin(167.671))

-229.2[(cos((2)(167.671)))]+.04089[(sin((2)(167.671)))]=-1.10414min (19)

Google Sunrise time: 5:47am=347min

T C = t + Et = 347

1.10414 =

345.9
= 5.76min = 5 : 46am
60min

(20)

Google Sunset time: 9:47pm=1317min

T C = t + Et = 1317

1.10414 =

1315.9
= 21.93min = 9 : 56pm
60min

(21)

Sunrise and Sunset during the Winter Solstice:

B = (n

1)(

360
) = (355
365

1)(

360
) = 349.151
365

Et = 229.2(.000075) + 229.2(.001268cos(349.151)

(22)

.032077sin(349.151))

-229.2[(cos((2)(349.151)))]+.04089[(sin((2)(349.151)))]=-2.68424min (23)

Google Sunrise time: 8:41am=521min

T C = t + Et = 521

2.68424 =

518.32
= 8.64min = 8 : 38am
60min

(24)

Google Sunset time: 4:56pm=1016min

T C = t + Et = 1016

2.68424 =

1013.32
= 16.893min = 4 : 53pm
60min

(25)

Page 9 of 16

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 6.3

Problem 6.4
Calculate the day lengths for four days in Paris: the spring and fall Equinoxes and the summer
and winter Solstices at 49 N latitude ( ) and 2 E longitude ( ). Do not use daylight savings in
any of these solutions.
Givens:
=49
=2
[Eq. 6.23] !ss = cos

(( tan( ))(tan( )))

1h
[Eq. 6.24] Daylength = (2)(!ss )
15

(26)
(27)

Spring and Fall Equinox:

!ss (se) = cos

(( tan(49 )(tan( .807187 )) = 89.0713

1h
Daylength = (2)(89.0713)
15
!ss (f e) = cos

= 11.89 = 11.9h

(( tan(49 )(tan( .605442 )) = 89.3035

Daylength = (2)(89.3035)

1h
15

= 11.91h = 11.9h

(28)

(29)
(30)
(31)

Summer Solstice:
!ss (ss) = cos

(( tan(49 )(tan(23.4446 )) = 119.925

1h
Daylength = (2)(119.925)
15

= 15.9901h = 16h

(32)

(33)

Winter Solstice
!ss (ws) = cos

(( tan(49 )(tan( 23.4498 )) = 60.0664

1h
Daylength = (2)(60.0664)
= 8.00885h = 8.01h
15

(34)
(35)

Page 10 of 16

Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 6.4

Problem 6.5
Determine the solar altitude and azimuth angles at 14h00 local time (watch time) for Fargo,
North Dakota on August 13. Assume daylight savings is in eect (DST).

Equations:
[Eq. 6.26] : s = sin
[Eq. 6.28] :

1 (sin(

= sign(!)cos

)sin( ) + cos( )cos( )cos(!))

1 ( cos()sin( ) sin( ) )
sin(z )cos( )

[Eq. 6.4] : ! = 15h (tsol 12h)

[Eq. 6.15] : tsol = tstd + (4( std
[Eq. 6.2] :

= 23.45

[Eq. 6.10] : B = (360

loc ) +
360
sin( 365 (284+n))
) n3651

Et

60)

[Eq. 6.11] : Et = 229.2(0.000075) + 229.2(0.001868 cos(B)

229.2(0.014615 cos(2B) + 0.04089 sin(2B)
[Eq. 6.27] : z = cos

1 (sin(

0.032077 sin(B))

)sin( ) + cos( )cos( )cos(!))

Data:
tstd = 14h00
= +46.88 (N )
loc = -96.79 (W )
= 14.43

std = -90.0 (W )
n = 212 + 13 = 225
180
B = (224) 360
365 = 12658.44
! = 21.35

Steps:
[Eq.6.15] : tsol = tstd + (4 (
tsol = 1400 + (4( 90

+ Et

60)

( 96.79 )) + Et

60)

std

loc )

[Eq.6.11] : Et = 229.2(0.000075) + 229.2(0.001868 cos(B)

229.2(0.014615 cos(2B) + 0.04089 sin(2B)

0.032077 sin(B))

B = 12658.44
Et =

1.7600322

tsol = 1400 + (4( 90

96.79 ) +

1.760032

60)

tsol = 13 : 25.40h
!=

15
h

(13 : 25.40h

12h)

! = 21.35
[Eq. 6.26] : s = sin
s = sin

1 (sin(

)sin( ) + cos( )cos( )cos(!))

1 (sin(46.88)sin(14.43)

+ cos(46.88)cos(14.43)cos(21.35)

s = 52.98

Problem 6.5 continued on next page. . .

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Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

1 (sin(

[Eq. 6.27] : z = cos

)sin( ) + cos( )cos( )cos(!))

1 (sin(46.88)sin(14.43)

z = cos

Problem 6.2 (continued)

+ cos(46.88)cos(14.43)cos(21.35))

z = 22.82
[Eq. 6.28] :
s

1 ( cos()sin( ) sin( ) )
sin(z )cos( )

= +cos

1 ( cos(22.82)sin(46.88) sin(14.43) )
sin(22.82)cos(46.88)

= +cos

s =52.98
s = 34.56

Problem 6.6
Calculate three conditions for the day of June 9, at 10h30 solar time in Athens, Greece:
(a) the solar zenith and azimuth angles

(a) Equations
[Eq. 6.2] :

= 23.45 sin( 360

365 (284 + n))

[Eq. 6.5] : ! =

15
h

(tsol

[Eq. 6.27] : z = cos

[Eq. 6.28] :

12h)

1 (sin(

= sign(!)cos

)sin( ) + cos( )cos( )cos(!))

1 ( cos()sin( ) sin( ) )
sin(z )cos( )

(a) Data
n = 151+9 =160

= 37.97 N
z = 24.43
s = 58.46

(b) the sunrise and sunset times

(b) Equations
[Eq. 6.14]: tsol = tstd +

1
60 (4( std

loc )

+ Et

60)

[Eq. 6.11]: Et = 229.2(0.000075) + 229.2(0.001868 cos(B)

0.032077*sin(B))-229.2(0.014615*cos(2B) + 0.04089*sin(2B)
[Eq. 6.10]: B = (360 ) n3651
[Eq. 6.23]: !ss = cos
!ss =
tsol =

1(

tan( )tan( ))

!ss
+ 12

!
15

Problem 6.6 continued on next page. . .

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Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 6.6 (continued)

(b) Location
std
loc

= 30 E
= 23.72 E
Sunrise: 5:17 am (5.28)
Sunset: 7:51 pm (19.85)

(c) the day length.

(c) Equation
[Eq. 6.24] : Day length=(2)(!ss )

1h
15

Day Length = 14.6 hours 14 hours 36 minutes

Problem 6.7
Repeated calculations for two days and two times: March 15 and September 15, each at 10h00
and 14h30 solar time. Solve for the following two conditions given the locale of the borough of
Brooklyn in New York City, NY.
(a) the solar azimuth ( s )and altitude (s ) angles at the appointed times

Equations:
[Eq.6.2] :

= 23.45 sin( 360

365 (284 + n))

[Eq.6.5] : ! =

15
h

(tsol

12h)

[Eq.6.26] : s = sin

1 (sin(

)sin( ) + cos( )cos( )cos(!))

[Eq.6.27] : z = cos

1 (sin(

)sin( ) + cos( )cos( )cos(!))

[Eq.6.28] :

= sign(!)cos

1 ( cos()sin( ) sin( ) )
sin(z )cos( )

Data
= 40.69 N
n1 = 74
n2 = 258
tsol1 = 10
tsol2 = 14.5

Problem 6.7 continued on next page. . .

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Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

March 15
10:00 am
s = 38.59
s = 39.71

September 15
10:00 am
s = 42.95
s = 43.05

2:30 pm
s = 34.66
s = 47.67

2:30 pm
s = 38.78
s = 51.29

Problem 6.7 (continued)

(b) the sunrise and sunset times:

Equations:
[Eq. 6.10]: B = (360 ) n3651
[Eq. 6.11]: Et = 229.2(0.000075) + 229.2(0.001868 cos(B)
229.2(0.014615 cos(2B) + 0.04089 sin(2B)
[Eq. 6.14]: tsol = tstd +
[Eq. 6.23]: !ss = cos
!ss = !ss
tsol =

!
15

1
60 (4( std

1(

loc )

+ Et

0.032077 sin(B))

60)

tan( )tan( ))

+ 12

Location:
= 75 W
= 73.99 W

std
loc

March 15
Sunrise: 7:23 am (7.39)
Sunset: 7:04 pm (19.07)

September 15
Sunrise: 6:52 am (6.52)
Sunset: 7:07 pm (19.12)

Problem 6.12
A flat plate collector in Pittsburgh, PA, is tilted at 34 from horizontal and pointed 5 West of
South. Calculate the angle of incidence () on the collector at 10:30am and 2:30 pm solar times
for both March 15 and September 15.

Equations:
[Eq. 6.30]: =cos 1 (sin( )sin( )cos( )-cos( )sin( )sin )cos( )+cos( )cos( ) cos( )
cos(!)+sin( )cos( )sin( )cos( )cos(!)+cos( )sin( )sin(!)sin( ))
[Eq. 6.2]

= 23.45 sin( 360

365 (284 + n))

[Eq. 6.5] ! =

15
h

(tsol

12h)

Problem 6.12 continued on next page. . .

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Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 6.12 (continued)

Data:
= 40.43 N
= 34
= 5 SW
nmarch15 = 59 + 15 = 74
nsept15 = 243 + 15 = 258
tsol 1 = 10.5hours
tsol 1 = 14.5hours

Steps:
= -2.82
=
7.72
Sept
!1 = -22.5
!2 = 37.5
march

March 15
Sunrise : 61.03
Sunset : 72.14

September 15
Sunrise : 54.62
Sunset : 66.25

Chapter 7 Questions
Problem 7.1
Plot an orthographic projection of a southeasterly tall building interfering with a first floor
window of interest, seen in Figure 7.9 (problem adapted from Kalogirou). Assume the locale is in
Raleigh, NC.
A = arctan(9/10.63)= 40.25
B = arctan(9/8) = 48.4
C = arctan(9/8.944) = 45.2

Problem 7.1 continued on next page. . .

A
A
A

= arctan(7/8) + 25 = 91.2
=0
25 = 25
= arctan(4/8) 25 = 1.56

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Heliotropic Team 5

EGEE 437 (Brownson): HWK #2

Problem 7.1 (continued)

Figure 1: Orthographic Projection

Problem 7.2
Plot a polar projection of the same scenario (using the same critical points). Note that both
problems can be plotted on templates using software from the University of Oregon Solar
Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.php).
Figure 2: Polar Projection

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