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First Certificate Language Practice Michael Vince English Grammar and Vocabulary Ath Edition arent ie Om ACVCaTTT BBE Grammar 1 Grammar 2 Grammar 3 Grammar 4 Consolidation 1 Grammar 5. Grammar 6 Grammar? Grammar 8 Consolidation 2 Grammar 9 Grammar 10 Contents Introduction Past time Past simple, past continuous, past perfect, used to, would, participle clauses Present perfect Present perfect simple and continuous, past simple Future time Will, going to, future continuous, future perfect, future time clauses, present continuous, present simple Present time Present simple, present continuous Units 1-4 Indirect speech With and without tense changes, questions, commands and requests, reporting verbs, paraphrase Conditionals Real / likely situations (first conditional) with provided, as long as, the imperative, should Unreal / imaginary situations (second conditional) with if were, were to Unreal / imaginary past situations (third conditional) with j mixed conditions Other if sentences Wishes and related forms Wishes about the present and past, wishes about the future with could and have £0, wishes with would, wishes with if only its time, Ud rather, suppose, imagine Passives ‘Transitive and intransitive verbs, focus on important information, reporting verbs, have / get something done, needs doing, verbs and prepositions, other problems less, Units 5-8 Relative clauses Subject and object clauses, combining sentences, defining and non-defining clauses, omitting the relative pronoun which, who, that, whom, whose Prepositions ‘Movement, position and place, problems of use, prepositions without an object, prepositions with more than one word, prepositional phrases vil “4 19 24 29 36 a2 5s 67 CONTENTS Grammar Grammar 12 Consolidation 3 Grammar 13 Grammar 14 Grammar 15 Grammar 16 Consolidation 4 Purpose, result and contrast 3 Purpose: so that, infinitive of purpose in order 10, $0 as fo, for Result: so / such a, so many / much / few / little, to0 / not enough + to Contrast: although, though, even though, while, whereas, however, nevertheless, despite, in spite of Time expressions 79 Present time: nowadays, these days Future time: in, calendar references, atthe end, in the end, at last, presently Past time: once, periods of the day, calendar references, in those days, at that time, after, later afterwards, other problems Units 9-12 85 Modal verbs: present and future 90 Ability: can, be able t0 Certainty and uncertainty: must, can't, may, might, could, should, ought t0, be bound to Obligation: must, have to, mustn', dont have to, should, ought to, had better, is/are to Modal verbs: past 96 Ability: could, was able to Certainty and uncertainty: must have, can't have, may have, ‘might have, could have, was / were to have Obligation: had to, should have, ought to have, needn't have, didn't need to Pronunciation and writing, indirect speech Functions 1 102 Asking for and giving advice, agreeing and disagreeing, apologizing, complaining, ending a conversation, asking for and giving directions, greeting, asking how someone is, asking for information, introducing yourself and others, inviting, accepting and declining invitations, offering something. offering to do something. Functions 2 106 ‘Things to say on special occasions or at special moments, asking for and giving an opinion, pausing to think, asking for Permission, giving and refusing permission, expressing preferences, promising, reassuring, recommending, refusing to do something, making and responding to a request, suggesting, thanking Units 13-16 Mm ‘CONTENTS: Grammar 17 Countable and uncountable nouns us ‘Typical uncountable nouns, uncountable nouns that describe a category, change of meaning, plural nouns, group nouns Grammar 18 Articles 122 Indefinite article (a / an), definite article (the), zero article (no article) Grammar 19 All, no, none, each, every, either, neither 129 Grammar20___ Making comparisons 136 Forming comparative adjectives, irregular comparatives, superlatives, comparatives of adverbs, making comparisons, comparative clauses Consolidation Units 17-20 143 Grammar 21 Phrasal verbs 1 147 Understanding phrasal verbs, verbs with two particles, verbs with one particle: transitive and inseparable Grammar22 Phrasal verbs 2 154 transitive and separable, verbs with intransitive Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive 161 Verbs followed by -ing or a noun, verbs followed by -ing or a noun or a that-clause, verbs followed by -ing or infinitive, verbs followed by the infinitive, verbs followed by the infinitive or a that-clause, verbs followed by -ing or infinitive without to Grammar Grammar 24 —_ Verb / Adjective + preposition 166 Consolidation Units 21-24 172 Grammar 25 _Inversion and question tags 7 Inversion after negative adverbs, inversion to emphasize an adverb, question tags Grammar 26 Linking words and text organizers 182 Reason: because, as, since, because of. on account of, due to, owing to Text organizers: sequencing, adding, giving opinions, giving examples, showing a result, making a contrast, summarizing, Grammar27 Pronouns 186 Itand there, it and adjectives, one, someone, everyone, anyone, somewhere, what asa pronoun, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, why ever, however, reflexive pronouns, possessives: parts of the body Grammar 28 ‘Spelling and pronunciation 192 Spelling problems, spelling and pronunciation Consolidation 7 Units 25-28 196 CONTENTS Grammar 17° Countable and uncountable nouns vs ‘Typical uncountable nouns, uncountable nouns that describe 8 category, change of meaning, plural nouns, group nouns Grammar 18 Articles 122 Indefinite article (a / an), definite article (the), zero article (no article) Grammar 19 All, no, none, each, every, either, neither 129 Grammar 20 Making comparisons 136 Forming comparative adjectives, irregular comparatives, superlatives, comparatives of adverbs, making comparisons, ‘comparative clauses Consolidation S Units 17-20 143, Grammar 21 Phrasal verbs 1 147 Understanding phrasal verbs, verbs with two particles, verbs with one particle: transitive and inseparable Grammar 22 Phrasal verbs 2 154 ‘Verbs with one particle: transitive and separable, verbs with ‘one particle: intransitive Grammar 23 Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive 161 Verbs followed by -ing oF a noun, verbs followed by -ing or a noun or a that-clause, verbs followed by -ing or infinitive, verbs followed by the infinitive, verbs followed by the infinitive ‘ora that-clause, verbs followed by -ing or infinitive without 10 Grammar 24 —_ Verb / Adjective + preposition 166 Consolidation Units 21-24 2 Grammar 25 _Inversion and question tags 77 Inversion after negative adverbs, inversion to emphasize an adverb, question tags Grammar 26 _ Linking words and text organizers 182 Reason: because, as, since, because of, on account of due to, owing t0 ‘Text organizers: sequencing, adding, giving opinions, giving ‘examples, showing a result, making a contrast, summarizing Grammar 27 Pronouns 186 Mand there, it and adjectives, one, someone, everyone, anyone, somewhere, what asa pronoun, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, why ever, however, reflexive pronouns, possessives: parts of the body Grammar 28 Spelling and pronunciation 192 Spelling problems, spelling and pronunciation Consolidation 7 Units 25-28 196 CONTENTS: Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary wovanveawne 10 n R 1B “4 15 16 v7 18 19 20 2 Travel and holidays ‘Work and employment Sport and leisure Clothes and appearance Towns and buildings Vehicles and transport Food, restaurants and cooking Shops and shopping Crime and the law Entertainment and the arts The natural world People and behaviour Technology and machines Problems Health and the body Money Feelings and opinions Education and learning Word skills 1 Word skills 2 Collocations Formation rules Word list Grammar index Grammar answers Vocabulary answers 199 204 209 24 28 223 227 231 236 241 245, 249 254 258 262 266 270 274 279 283 288 292 294 31 313 333 Introduction ‘This book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of Cambridge ESOL. First Certificate or Common European Framework Level B2. It also provides practice in key lexical areas. ‘There are regular consolidation units which include forms of testing commonly used in the First Certificate examination. Itcan be used asa self-study reference grammar and practice book, or 4s supplementary material in clases preparing for examinations. If used for classwork, activities can be done individually or co ‘operatively in pairs or small groups. The grammatical information provided can be used for reference when needed, of worked through systematically. ‘The grammar section includes recognition and concept-checking activities, as well as production activities. Each vocabulary section includes focus on phrasal verbs, prepositions and particles, and collocations. 1 SS GRAMMAR Past time Describing events in the past © Main events The past simple is used to describe finished actions and events in the past Susan went into the station and bought a ticket. © Background description The past continuous is used to describe actions in progress in the past. It gives tion about the background situation There were a lot of people waiting in the station. Some were sleeping on and others were walking up and down. Susan was looking for Grahan sit down, 1e ben 1. 50 she didn't © Past perfect, The past perfect is used to make it clear that one paste int happens before another ent, We use the past perfect for the eatlie By the time the trai arrived, Susan had managed to push her ¢ front of the crowd. It is not always necessary to use the past perfect if a time ex akes the order of events cle Before train arrived, usan managed to push her way to the front of the crowd. FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE © Past continuous used with past simple We often use the past continuous first to set the scene, and then the past simple for the separate, completed actions that happen. Susan was looking for Graham, so she didn't sit down. Instead, she tried calling him ‘on her mobile phone. We often contrast an action in progress with a sudden event which interrupts it While Susan was trying to get onto the platforms, a man grabbed hier handbag. © Participle clauses Participle clauses are introduced by the time expressions before, after and while. They have the same subject as the following clause. After struggling with him, Susan pulled the bag from his hands. Habits in the past © Past simple The past simple is used to describe past habits or states. A time expression is usually necessary 1 always got up ut six in those days. (habit) 1 lived in Austria for several years. (state) © Used to Used 10 is used to describe past habits or states. A time expression is not necessary. 1 used to get up at six, but now I get up at eight, 1 used to own a horse. (1 owned a horse once.) With negatives and questions used to becomes did + use to, I didn't use to like beer. Did you use to swim every day? When we use used to we suggest that the action is no longer true and so make a strong trast with the present. © Would Would is used to describe a person's typical activities in the past. It can only be used to describe repeated actions, not states. Its mainly used in writing, and in personal reminiscences. Every evening was the same. Jack would turn on the radio, light his pipe and fall asleep. © Past continuous The past continuous ean be used to describe a repeated action in the past often an annoying habit. A frequency adverb is necessar When Peter was younger, he was always getting into trouble. Politeness and uncertainty We can use the past continuous with think, hope and wonder to give a polite or uncertain meaning. Iwas thinking of having a party next week. Iwas hoping you would join us at the café ton I was wondering if you could help me, GRAMMAR 1 PAST TIME 1 Choose the best answer. Usually, whenever Peter (1) .u.Gasuuu home froma trip he (2) his passport in his desk drawer, but in January, after a trip to Poland, he (3).. his passport in the pocket of his overcoat. TWwo weeks later, he (4 ‘Thailand, While (3) his bag he (6). that he (7) a note of the name of the hotel that his company (8) . for him. He (9) or his flight online earlier that morning, but he (10)... about the hotel details. While he (11 his office, the doorbell (12) sono « His taxi for the airport (13). He (14) «the details of the hotel, (15) even his bag and (16) ‘out of the house. He (17 forward to few sunny days in Bangkok. While he (18) .ou.u.0m how nice it would be to walk around the flyto city without heavy winter clothes, he suddenly (19) ..... .. that he (20)... his passport in his overcoat, Awas returning B returns C returned D returning Abad put Bwould put Cas putting Dputs Ahad left Bleaves C was leaving Dieaving Awashaving to Bhashad to Chad to Dwould have to A packed B packing Chad packed Dpacks Avas realizing B realizes C realized D realizing Ahadn't made Bdidn't make Cwouldn't make Dwasn't making Awasbooked Books Cooking Dhad booked Avwas checking in Bhad checked in C checked in D used to check in Aforgetting ——_B forgotten Chad forgotten was forgetting Awasphoning Bad phoned C phoning D phones Arung Bring Cwas ringing Drang A arriving Barrive Cwas arriving had arrived Awasnoting —_Bused to note Cnoted Dnoting A picked up Bwaspickingup — Chadpicked up Dpicking up Aran Brunning Cwas running Drun A looked Bwas looking Clooking Dhad looked Abad thought B thinking Cwas thinking Dwould think Aremembered —B remembers Cwas remembering D remembering Aleaving Bhad left Cwas leaving Dwas let FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 2. Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence. The first one is done for you. 1 I suddenly remembered that I forgot / had forgotten my keys. 2 While Diana watched / was watching her favourite television programme, there wwasa power cut. 3 Tom used to live / would live in the house at the end of the street. 4) Who was driving / drove the car atthe time of the accident? 5. By the time Sheila got back, Chris went / had gone, 6 David ate / had eaten Japanese food before, so he knew what to order, 7. Ldid / was doing some shopping yesterday, when I saw that Dutch friend of yours. 8 Lused to like / was liking sweets much more than I do now, 9 What exactly were you doing / did you do when | came into your office yesterday? Laura missed the party because no-one was telling /had told her about it. Tanya would / used fo be a doctor. 3 Put each verb in brackets into a suitable past verb form. Only use the past perfect where this is absolutely necessary. 1 While I (try) swas.tryinng.... to get my car started, a passing car (stop) and the driver (offer). .-to help me, .- no attention to Jos complaint because she them so many times before. -her glasses atthe time, so she (not noti ‘what kind of car the man (drive) : down on the grass for a while, next to some tourists the ducks. hat he (hit) ssn wit 2 The police (pay) (phone). 3. Mary (not wear) ) 4 Nick (lie) who (feed). 3 Tony (admit). but said that he (not damage) . 6 Sorry, | (not listen)... about something else. 7 Helen (feel) her work, she (fall) 8 The police (get) burglars (disappear) .... 9 L (phone) What (you do). 10 We (n0t $0) on : asleep. 10 Toms house as fast as they could, but the you last night but you (not answer) . ‘out yesterday because it (rain) GRAMMAR 1 PAST TIME 4 Decide whether the verb form in italics is suitable or unsuitable. While I had a bath, someone knocked on the door, .asxsisikalohe, Sally didnt go to a boxing match before. Harry tried to repair the car, but he didn't really know what he was doing. What did you wear to the end-of-term party? Were you eating spagheti every day when you lived in Italy I didn't know you had bought a new ca ‘They all wanted to believe her, but suspected she was lying. As Pegay walked home, she tried to remember what happened. “What a terrible day!’ thought Lucy. Everything had gone wrong! Although it rained a lot, I was enjoying my holiday last year. 5 Put each verb in brackets into a suitable past verb form. The Search for the Lost City When Professor Mallory, the famous archacologist, (1) iwited.. invite) me to take part in his expedition to find the Lost City of the Himalayas, (2) ‘his invitation. Mallory (3). showing the position ofthe city, although no European (ever go) tothe area before. In fact, Bas g Malls clings Either (5) en - (believe) that the city 6 never exist) 0F 7) @) (cunish) long ago and (9). (become) simply a legend. According to the Professor, the builders of the city (10).. -» (hide) it among the mountains in order to protect its immense riches. He (11) (believe) that the descendants (of these ancient people (12). (till keep) themselves apart _from the rest of mankind for the very same reasons. So tohen we 13). (et off on a cool May morning towards the distant ‘mountains, each of us (14). (look forcvard) to exciting discoveries. Fora week or more we (15) (climb) higher ‘and higher, following the map, which Mallory (16) (study from time to time. Then one afternoon, whl we (17). (rest) atthe top ofa valley, we (18). notice) that a rider ‘oma horse (19) (wave) at us from the other side of the vlley. A rider whose clothes (20) (shine) like gold! FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 6 Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown. Use a participle clause. 1 Norman collected the parcel, but then he realized it was the wrong one. Alter ReeeRini@.8h8 RAN. MANDA KARAM AK YRS, SMG RIN 2 Sue left the house but first she checked that she had her keys. Before : ; 3. Mark was parking his car when he noticed the wing- mirror was broken. Wile Siesoee z 4 Julia cleaned the house, but then she fell asleep on the sofa. After. ee 5 Brian bought a new television, but first he checked all the prices. Before - 6 Alan was skiing in Switzerland and met his old friend, Ken, While soe . 7 Kate took two aspirins, and then she felt a lot better, After z e 8 Sheila went out for the evening, but first she washed her hai Before Key points © 1. The past simple describes completed events in the past, such as the main events in a narrative. It can also describe habits and routines in the past. 2 The past continuous is used for: a) background description. }) actions in progress, often contrasted with a sudden event. ‘The past continuous cannot be used to describe past routines and habits. 3. Participle clauses can introduce a clause giving the main event. ‘The subjects of both clauses must be the same. 4 The past perfect describes a past event which took place before another past ‘event. If before or after is used, the past perfect is optional. “The past perfect is not used for an event that happened a long time ago in the past. Used to only refers to past time, and has no present form. Would can be used to describe habitual actions in the past, usually in writing. It does not make such a strong contrast with the present as used fo. Compare: Jim would always make his mother a cup of tea after lunch. Jim used to drink tea, but now he prefers coffee. Would cannot be used to describe states. Sally used to be a dancer. > SEEALSO Grammar 2: Present perfect Consolidation 1: Units 1-4 Grammar 6 and 7: Conditionals, Wishes and related forms Grammar 12:Time expressions First Certificate Language Practice en First Certificate Language Practice is the reference and practice book for students at FCE / B2 level. Now in full colour, this new edition retains all the original features which make the Language Practice series so popular, including clear grammar explanations, plenty of practice and regular consolidation units. Themed vocabulary Mic iat he eT ace ei Reel Se a ee kee aS Pee ar eg ae eee ene ak with exercises based on international computer-based test types. The test generator includes around 1,000 items to test students on all areas covered by the book. Ideal for students preparing to take the Cambridge FCE examination, it can be used PRU eee oe ea Easy to understand explanations of FCE level grammar ee Cecio 1 ee Uo Read Regular review sections, grammar index and wordlist NEW CD-ROM features fun and engaging exercises for all grammar and vocabulary areas covered in the book Printable and on-screen tests for all grammar and vocabulary areas. Elementary Intermediate | First enero] eee " (oot a frat: forrete emery Pract faecie) cy 978-0-2307- |978-0-2307- |978-0-2307- | 978-0-2307- Poe) Bie 2711-3 2706-9 Without Key |978-0-2307- |978-0-2307- |978-0-2307- | 978-0-2307- 2697-0 Bia 2712-0 Be Cambridge | KET Tay FCE (olen Sars (Se Ed BI B2 (ore) Eee) oy | | | MTN

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