Stephen Krashen

Terrell taught Spanish. She

wished to apply naturalistic
principles of SLA (Second
Language Acquisition).
Stephen
Krashen,
an
applied linguistic, built on
the rationale The Natural
Approach (1983).

 They
related
their
approach to the Natural or
Direct Method.
A) Use of language in
communicative situations
without recourse to the
native language.
B) Teaching without any
reference to grammar.
C) Textbook examples.

THEORY OF LANGUAGE:
Communication is the primary function of language.
Language is viewed as a vehicle for communicating
meanings and messages.
Grammatical structures do not require explicit analysis or
attention.

THEORY OF LEARNING:
There are 5 Principal tenets of the theory:
1. The acquisition/learning hypothesis.
2. The monitor hypothesis.
3. The natural order hypothesis.
4. The input hypothesis.
5. The affective filter hypothesis.

 There are two distinctive

ways
of
developing
competences in second
languages acquisition, by
acquisition
and
by
learning.

 Conscious learning can

only be used as a Monitor
or an editor.

 We acquire the rules of

language in a predictable
order.

 We acquire language in
only
one
way:
by
understanding messages
or
by
receiving
comprehensible input.
I
I+1

 Motivation,
self
confidence, and anxiety
all
affect
language
acquisition.

 The Natural Approach is

for beginner students up
to intermediate.
Four broad areas; basic
personal communicative
skills (speaking/listening);
academic learning skills
(oral/written)
What they can/wont able
to do.

 The syllabus for the

Natural Approach is a
communicative syllabus.
Based on a selection of
communicative activities
and topics derived from
learner needs.

 Comprehensible
input
is
presented
in
the
target
language,
using
techniques
such as TPR, mime and gesture.
Group techniques are similar to
Communicative
Language
Teaching.
Learners start to talk when they
are ready.

 Processor of comprehensible
input.
Learner desicions on when to
speak, what to speak about,
what linguistic expressions to
use.
Pre-production
stage:
participate in the language
class
without
need
to
respond.

 Early
production stage:
respond
to
familiar
questions,
fixed
conversation.
Speech-emergent phase:
role play, games, personal
info and opinions, group
problem-solving.

 Teacher is the primary

source of comprehensible
input.
Teacher creates a classroom
atmosphere
that
is
interesting and friendly to
the lower and affective filter.
Teacher chooses a rich mix
of classroom activities.

 The world of realia rather

than text books. Visual
aids are essential like
schedules,
brochures,
advertisement,
maps,
books of level appropriate
to the learners.

 In
the
activities,
the
instructor
maintains
a
constant
flow
of
comprehensible
input,
using key vocabulary items,
appropriate
gestures,
context,
repetition,
and
paraphrase to ensure the
comprehensibility of the
input.

 The Natural Approach Rejects

the
formal
grammatical
organization of language to
teach it. It is not used at a
native level.
It emphasizes comprehensible
and
meaningful
practice
activities, of grammatically
perfect
utterances
and
sentences.