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The Fire Resistance of Concrete Structures of a Typical LNG Tank Josef Roetzer, Dr, Eng., Senior Design Engineer; Daniele Salvatore, Eng., Design Engineer; Dywidag International GmbH, Munich, Germany Introduction ‘The worldwide transportation of liquid gas requires tanks for storage in the producer and consumer countries. For the temporary storage and the trans- port by ship the gas is cooled down to about -165°C. By cooling down, the gas liquefies with a consequent reduc- tion in volume of 1/600. On the coast, LNG-Tanks (Liquefied Natural Gas Tanks) are necessary for the interim storage. During storage, some liquid re- gasifies This so called “Boil off Gas” is re-liquified and fed back into the tank Pressure relief valves are placed in the roof as protection measure for the con- crete structure against overpressure. ‘The heat generated by the ignition of gas flowing out from a pressure relief valve is one determinant emergency load case for every LNG-Tank root, Fire can also act from or to neighbour ing structures; a so called “adjacent fire” affects primarily the prestressed wall of an LNG-Tank In this paper, the calculation procedure for the heat radiation load of a valve fire and an. adjacent fire is explained and the spatial distribution of the ra- diation for typical distances between flame and concrete surface is idealized. Furthermore, time dependent temper- ature analysis over a period of one to eight hours is carried out for typical roof and wall sections, which leads to nonlinear temperature gradients along, the investigated sections of the con- crete structure, These temperature gra- dients are used for the calculation of the sectional forces and especially for the evaluation of the material behav- jour. The time limit is shown beyond which the material strength of con- crete, reinforcement and prestressing Peerseviewed by international ex: pers and accepted for publication by SEI Ealtoral Board Paper received: April 12,2006 Paper accepted: June 13,2006, strands has to be reduced for ealcula- tion or material protection systems must be used. Function of LNG-Tanks ‘The typical Full Containment Tank consists of a concrete outer tank and a steel inner tank. The liquid gas stored in the steel inner tank made of cold- resistant 9%-nickel steel. The LNG is pumped into and out of the tank by cryogenic pumps hanging from the concrete roof. The concrete outer tank consists of a bottom slab, a prestressed wall shell, often with a ring beam on top of the wall, and a reinforced con- crete roof. Between the conerete outer tank and the steel inner tank there is an approximately one metre thick in- sulation layer. A typical cross section with details is shown in Fig. ‘The concrete outer tank protects the sensitive inner tank against external hazards and serves as containment in the case of failure of the inner tank. It also resists emergency load cases such as fire, impact, blast wave, safe shut- down earthquake (SSE) ‘and liquid spill of inner tank. The design of the reinforced and prestressed concrete Stet Liner Pretesed Concrete Outer Tank Mineral Wool ‘Vepout Baser — Restien Blanket ~ Come Protection Secondary Bottom structure under emergency loading requires the consideration of the non- linear behaviour of the material. For the design of the tank, the scenarios valve fire and adjacent fire represent complex scenarios, which are difficult toanalyze, Regulation of Fire Radiation in the Codes The codes NFPA 59A [1] and EN 1473 [2] indicate the permitted values of heat radiation intensity acting on the tank outer surface for concrete and steel. In EN 1473 the permitted heat radiation on concrete is 32 kWim2. The respective value for steel is 15 kWim?, Compliance with these standards de- termines the required distance be- tween fire and tank surface. Usually the client decides the design value according to his requirements and specifications depending on the local situation, These are often more severe than the indications in NFPA S9A or EN 1473. The influence of the heat radiation and its application is shown in the following section for a ra- diation intensity of 32 kWim? and for durations of one to eight hours. Fig. I: Typical cross section of a full containment LNG-Tank Structural Engineering International 1/2007 Reports 61 Determination of the Radiation Distribution Calculation Parameters Based on, the geometry of a typical 150°000 m’ LNG-Tank with a concrete shell inner diameter D of 76,0 m and roof inner radius R of 76,0m, it is shown how the distance from the centre of flame to the concrete surface influ- ences the resulting radiation intensity field. These can be idealized and used for the calculation of thermal loads acting on the concrete structure. Other tanks can be handled analogously. The fire scenarios valve fire and adjacent fire are investigated, Idealization of the Valve Fi ‘Scenario In case of a valve fire, it is assumed that the gas coming out from a roof valve catches fire and forms a flame on top of the valve. Therefore the valve is positioned in such height, thatthe heat radiation reaching the concrete sur face does not exceed the specified limit value of Wo, In the present example we is set to 32 kW/m. The perpendicular distance r, of the centre of flame (CF) to the concrete roof surface is varied with rf. =15m, 20m and 25 m, which are common values, The spherical roof has a radius of 76 m and a thickness of 40cm, ‘The maximal radiation intensity of Ww. =32 kWim?is defined acting only in the perpendicular projection r, of the radiation source to the roof surface. AS a conservative assumption in the determination of the radiation distri- bution, the roof is modelled as a plane surface in the x-plane (see Fig. 2) For the definition of the radiation in- tensity gradient the varying distance from the radiation source r,, the angle of incidence 9, and the absorption factor € of concrete are considered The radiation decreases with increas- Fig. 2: Idealisation of the valve fire scenario Fig. 3: Idealisation of the adjacent fire scenario rrr distance ty | curvature R oR Vane Dm em 023] Adjacent fe [7m 3m 150] Table I: Comparison of distances 62 Reports ing distance x,. The influence of the distance is analogous to the related sphere surfaces and is described by the factor (rt). ‘The angle of incidence of the radiation follows a cosine-function and is given by cos , = r/t;-The radiation intensity is calculated with Equation (1), taking, into account the absorption factor for long-wave radiation of e = 0.87 [3].Re- flection and absorption are described with the identical coefficient e. In EC 1 [4] eis denoted as emissivity. Wie Woe (ton)? @ Ideatization of the Adjacent Fire Scenario In case an adjacent tank or a spill co! lection basin ignites, the tank wallis the ‘most exposed part of the structure. For this situation the heat radiation source is assumed to be 3/4 times the tank di- ameter away from the concrete wall. In the present example of a typical tank this distance amounts to rp = 0,75*D = 0,75°76 = 57 m and is related to the limit radiation value of wg = 32 kWime. ‘The wall radius amounts to R = 38 m. Wall thicknesses of 0,60 m and 0,80 m are analysed. For the adjacent fire, the quotient be- tween the radiation source distance r, and the surface curvature radius R is different from the case valve fire. Typi- cal values are compared in Table 1.The relationship presented in Figs. and 3, and in Table 1, shows that itis not per- missible to idealize the curved wall toa plane surface as in the case of the roof, ‘but in its actual geometry. Accordingly, for an adjacent fire a maximum tank segment of 130° can be affected by heat radiation. Whereby ~ due to the roughly cos” shaped distribution of the radiation along the tank wall circum- ference - only a 90° segment is signifi- cantly affected. ‘The heat source acts over the entire tank height, so that the influence of the distance is analogous to the relat- ed cylindrical surface and is described by the linear factor (ry/r). The angle of incidence of the radiation depends ‘on a cosine-function and is given by ©; = +B, As for the roof the absorp- tion factor for long-wave radiation is considered with e = 0,87. The radiation intensity is calculated with Equation Q). W)= EW (Folti) 608 () @ Structural Engineering International 1/2007 Heat Transfer and Energy Balance Heat Transfer ‘Thermodynamics takes into account the thermal energy asan additional pa- rameter to define the internal energy state of each body. This energy state is defined by the heat content Q. Itis pro- portional to the absolute temperature ‘T and calculated with Equation (3). Q=emT 8) ‘The specific thermal capacity ¢ is de- fined as that thermal energy necessary to increase the temperature of a solid with a mass of one kg by one degree Kelvin. The specific thermal capac- ity c is a physical characteristic, which depends on temperature and pressure. For the engineering considerations of this paper a constant value is sufficient. Contrary to mechanics, in thermody- namics not only the state of equilib- rium is an interesting stage but also the intermediate steps on the way to it ‘Therefore, the time has to be included for numerical description. Several bodies with different temper- ature which are joined together are tending to equalize the temperature difference. The heat transfer between the single bodies takes place in three different ways: by heat conduction, by heat convection and by heat radiation. Mostly the different types take place in combination. In solid bodies heat transfer is occurring as heat conduc- tion, while the interchange with the surrounding at the edges occurs with radiation and convection. ‘Heat Exchange by Convection In gases and fluids the main heat ex- change happens by convection. Warm fluids and gases have a lower density than cold ones and rise up. In this ‘mechanism the heat is transported coupled to the flowing medium. New- ton’s law of cooling describes the heat change with convection in the bound- ary layer between air and sotid body. Heat flux density q is calculated as product of heat transfer coefficient a with the temperature difference be- tween air temperature T, and concrete surface temperature Tex q = @(T,-T,) @ ‘The heat transfer coefficient o: is de- pending on surface condition of the solid, the flow velocity of the fluid and the temperature difference AT. It consists of natural convection Oar and forced convection dj The natu- ral convection is described with the empirical Equation (6) and depends on the temperature difference AT [K]. The forced convection is proportional to the wind velocity w [m/s]. @ = +g 6 a, = Var ©). a, = 40 o In the following engineering consider- ation the heat transfer coefficient ois assumed with a constant value of o = 25 Wimn’K according EC 1 [4]. ‘Heat Exchange by Radiation In case of heat radiation, energy is moving from one body to another body by emission and adsorption of electromagnetic waves. Heat radia- tion is arising at the surface of a solid body by conversion of thermic energy in radiation energy. This process is re~ versible if radiation acts impinging on body. In opposite to other transfer possibilities radiation is not coupled to a medium. The radiation intensity de- pends on the wave frequency and the temperature. Heat flux density is de- scribed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law (Equation 8). qeecty @) Due to colour and surface condition the absorption coefficient eof concrete shows a high span width, For short wave radiation from sun exposure, val vues vary between 0,60 and 0,90. Long. wave fire radiation requires values from 0,85 to 0,90. In the calculations of this paper 0,70 is used for sun radiation and 0,87 for fire radiation [3]. ‘Heat Conduction in Concrete Heat conduction takes place as an un steady temperature flow throvah the material. The one dimensional heat fluxis generating a nonlinear tempera: ture curve. The mathematical formula- tion ofthe non-stationary temperature transmission "phenomenon Was, eX- pressed mathematically by J.B. Four cr at the beginning of the 19" century. ‘The partial ifferential equation for one-dimensional heat ux named after him: or er cea = Aa © Structural Engineering International 1/2007 aes cp (10) ar _ ovr or” fae ay For application the partial differential Equation (11) has to be converted into a difference equation. Therefore, the spatial one-dimensional variable x is discretized using the Finite-Element mesh and the time is discretized using constant time steps Energy Balance at the Concrete Surface Energy balance is described taking into consideration the reflection from the solid body, emission into the body, convection and radiation, Radiation from source Qy (12) Reflection at surface Quer= (= €) Qn (a3) Absorption at surface Qubs = & Qo a4) Convection Qoon = 0 (Tes — Th) (15) Radiation Qua =€6 (To —Ty') (16) Residual radiation Qos = = et eon = Ans (17) Time Dependent Temperature Gradient across the Roof Section Starting from the assumed radiation istributions for the analysed fire situ- ations the main rules of heat transition and energy balance explained in previ- ous sections can be applied for every location of the concrete roof. This calculation leads to a time-dependent temperature gradient across the local roof section, ‘These results can be obtained by FE-calculation (here Sofistik mod- ule Hydra [5] is used) and may eas- ily be checked by graphical method (eg. Binder-Schmidt-Method (6). ‘The main calculation parameters and a characteristic development of the temperature gradient with time steps of 15 minutes are shown in Fig. 4 for a typical roof section affected by a valve fire. The calculation is starting from a steady state level described by the surface temperatures Tuy, = 51°C and Ty = 34°C. Reports 63 | —toain ae Temperate (°C) oe EERE ERE “Thermal condvstvty —=230 Wink) Concrete mt density 9 | Specitemalcapacy — € | Speestorgecocticent ‘Absorption coefficient ‘Ambien temperature Otter sutacetemparatsreT Inner sacs tempartue T= 340°C Heat anseroofcent a 23 Wie? K) Stefan Boltamann-raio 56710" WH? RY aio am Root tikes] Fig. 4 Time dependent temperature gradient across the roof section (x;= 0 m) ‘Temperature AT, Ty and Tyeak Equivalent Temperature Gradient In order to apply a static load to the tank structure the temperature gradi- ent resulting from the time dependent calculation has to be linearized. There- fore, an equivalent gradient along the cross section is determined such that the section equilibrium is given ac- cordingly to the Equations (18 and 19), where d is the roof thickness, T(z) the temperature gradient across the cross section and z the distance from the sys- tem line of the cross section. _ lt, = aioe (as) ar Plexo (19) ‘ 400, 350 200 150 10 so Temperate PC) so ‘The tempel (ure gradient across the section is divided in a constant compo- nent Ty, = 055 (Tax—Tria) and a linear component AT = (Tax ~ Trin). Fig. 5 shows this division for the one hour state of Fig. 4. The equivalent values ‘Ty, and AT are taken for further cal- culation as temperature load to deter mine the internal sectional forces. The original temperature gradient charac- terised by the value of Tyas is used t0 quantify the material strength reduc- tion. Temperature Load Distribution ‘The main temperature values Tpexs, AT and T,, obtained at different locations of the conerete surface are distributed similarly to the general radiation dis- tribution described by Equations (1 and 2) of this paper. Consequently, the Ty = 230, at 2 hee Tow = 218 Tot = berc We = ee Roo thicken Fig. 5: Equivalent temperature gradient across a typical section Fig. 6: AT and Ty distribution and linearization for valve fire (32 kW/m’, I hour, r=15 m) 64 Reports distribution gradient of Tpeass AT and Trq also follows a nonlingar distribu. tion over the affected surface. Fig. 6 taken from [7] is exemplary and shows the AT and Ty distribution for a given roof valve fire situation. ‘Temperature Load Linearization {In order to simplify the load input for the calculation, the gradient of the temperature loads AT and T,, can be linearized as shown in Fig.6 and a continuous temperature decrease per meter can be determined. Therefore, the maximal value is kept unchanged and for other values an idealized bal- anced linear distribution is used. This simplification ean also be applied for other temperature values, For more in- formation about the radiation and load distribution along the roof surface for different geometric situations refer to {7] The distribution along the wall sur- face for adjacent fire can be obtained analogously by applying Equation (2). Material Behaviour at High ‘Temperatures Behaviour of Steel ‘Two fundamental temperature depen- dent properties are relevant. These are the bearing capacity at high tempera- tures and at service temperatures after cooling down from high temperatures. ‘The strength reduction at high tem- peratures is regulated by design codes. As-rolled hard reinforcing steel reverts to the original strength after cooling down. Hardened steel shows a remain- ing loss of strength after temperatures above 300°C to 400°C. Behaviour of Concrete The behaviour of concrete is charac- terized by the aggregates, which show ‘uniform expansion, and by the hard- ‘ened cement paste, which shows first uniform expansion but then shrinkage above 300°C, The resulting difference grows with increasing temperature. In the range between 300°C and 500°C the concrete behaviour depends on the combination of temperature and loading. For utilization of about 50% of the compressive strength, a concrete temperature up to 500°C is possible. For higher loading this temperature decreases rapidly. For practical appli- cation the most difficult task is to de- fine the utilization in relation to load stress, internal stress due to irregular Structural Engineering International 1/2007 temperature rise and constraint stress as a result of imposed deformation, At temperatures above 400°C particular care is required, Spalting of Concrete Spalling denotes concrete blow-off due to fire loading, It generates a re- duced cross section and therefore a premature failure can occur.'The three different mechanism of spalling are aggregate spalling, explosive spalling and sloughing off [8]. The splitting of aggregates in consequence of chemi- cal or physical change under high tem- peratures is described as aggregate spalling. For normal concrete, aggre- gate spalling is a local phenomenon, limited to the surface of a component with a depth less than 10 mm. It has therefore a slight influence on the tem- perature resistance of a structure. Ex- plosive spalling is generated by tensile stresses induced by discharging water steam or from internal temperature and restraint stress, Without discharg ing water steam, explosive spalling is not possible. Sloughing off describes the chip of smaller concrete parts or layers due to different and unsteady strain distribution along the section, between the components and between concrete and reinforcement, and due to deformations, fatigue and crack de~ velopment {8, 9, 10}. The Appendix B in Burocode 2 (EC) [10] indicates that with the given dimensions explosive spalling is unlikely. Reduction of Material Strength For practical application the material behaviour at high temperatures - espe- cially the reduction of the strength - is defined in design codes, Figs. 7 and 8 show the provisions prescribed in Brit- ish Standard 8110 (BS) [11] and EC 2. In accordance to Figs 7 and 8 the strength of concrete, reinforcement and prestressing steel has to be reduced when reaching given temperatures. In BS 8110 (see Fig. 7) these are tem- peratures above 350°C for concrete, above 300°C for reinforcement steel and above 150°C for prestressing steel. The applied reduction is linear. In EC 2 (see Fig.8) the reduction al- ready begins at 100°C for all materials, The decrease course in EC 2 is more gradual, Both codes are based on the same physical phenomena described previously. ee = : (Dems) Conte pam SC oie 2 ons “x é 4 ‘“ a g “nom wlan ao wo Temperature /C] Fig. 7: Reduction of strength according to BS 8110 [11] 100 an} Relocate 220% 040 on Ratio of stengi st TC strength a 20° Temperature PC] Fig, 8: Reduetion of strength according to C2 (10) ‘Temperature Gradient in different Cross Sections In order to finally evaluate the fire resistance of the concrete structure of a LNG-Tank different situations are investigated. According to the prin- ciples explained in previous chapters the valve fire ~ affecting the tank root = and the adjacent fire ~ affecting the tank walls ~ are of primary interest. ‘The diagrams of Figs. 9 and 10 show some characteristic time dependent “Temperature ("C] o a1 am 030 ‘Wal thises Fig. 10:Time dependent temperature gradients, Structural Engineering International 1/2007 temperature gradients for typical con- crete sections representing the roof and the wall of a tank. The steady state level at the beginning includes solar radiation, Evaluation of the Temperature Gradients Roof according to BS 8110 The diagram in Fig 9 shows the tem- perature gradient across a 40 cm thick concrete roof section for a radiation of 32 kWim? and the duration of two hours in steps of 30 minutes. The sur- face temperature rapidly reaches val- ues of 354°C after 30 minutes, 395°C after 60 minutes and 424°C after 120 minutes. The temperature gradients for one and two hours of Fig. 9 are put together in Fig. 11 with the reinforce ment bars, After two hours only the outer 2,5 em layer exceeds the BS limit of 350°C. A strength reduction of about 15% for the concrete outer layer shall be con- sidered according to BS 8110. At the same time the radiation temperature affects deeper layers of the section and the reinforcement, Assuming a Fou fuckers Roo hens a Fig, 9:Time dependent temperature gradi ‘ents, roof section (W = 32 kW/m?) oa 050 0m wall section (W = 32 kWem) Reports 65 conerete cover of 5 em, the reinforce- ment steel only reaches values of 281°C and is not affected in its strength according to BS 8110. In case of a valve fire the roof can be designed for one to two hours of radia- tion duration without major strength reductions. A failure due to spalling or strength reduction of outer concrete may be considered to reduce the sec- tion depth for the design. Due to the high internal pressure inside the tank, the roof section is normally under ten- sion. This reduces the probability of major damage due to spalling of con- rete layers. Roof Section according to EC 2 The provisions of EC 2 differ from those in BS 8110. The total reduction of material strength is similar, but starts at a lower temperature level. The effect on outer concrete layers has to bbe considered after 30 minutes of heat radiation. After two hours of radia- tion the section zones influenced by a concrete strength reduction are much deeper. A maximum reduction of 25%. for the outer concrete surface shall be applied. The outer layer of 15 em shall be considered disturbed. ‘The strength reduction of reinforce- ‘ment steel according to EC 2 begins at 100°C. After two hours, where rein- forcement steel reaches temperature values of 281°C a strength reduction of 20% may be considered. Wall Sections according to BS 8110 Generally the walls of the tank are prestressed in vertical and horizon- tal direction. The vertical tendons are positioned in the centre of the section and the horizontal tendons are posi- tioned at the outer half of the cross section. With this positioning the first prestressing strands are considered to be at 20cm from the outer concrete (Covert cover) oso Fig. II: Characteristic temperature gradient, roof section 20 cosem {Concrete cover) oon om ‘Wal hikes (a Fig, 12: Characteristic temperature gradient, wall section 66 Reports surface for a 60 cm thick wall section. ‘The diagram in Fig. 10 shows the tem- perature gradient across a 60 cm thick concrete wall section for 32 kWim? ra- diation and the duration of eight hours in steps of two hours. For the graphical representation of Fig. 12, the gradients for four, six and cight hours are put together with the location of the pre- stressing strands and reinforcement bars. ‘The outer concrete surface tempera- ture develops rapidly and reaches within 30 minutes the boundary tem- perature of 350°C and after six hours of fire radiation 454°C. The affected concrete layers are approximately 6 cm thick and shall be reduced by 20% of its strength. Major spalling damage shall be considered by reducing the section height. ‘The outer reinforcement, assumed with 5 cm concrete cover, exceeds the limit temperature of 300°C after three hours and reaches a value of 366°C after six hours of fire radiation. This, means a maximum strength reduction of 12,5%. The horizontal prestressing strands assumed to be at 20cm from the outer surface exceed the limit tem- perature of 150°C after five and half hours and reach a value of 162°C after six hours of fire radiation. A strength reduction of 2,5% may be applied ac- cording to BS 8110. Wall sections according to EC 2 lained for the roof section, the ons of EC 2 are more restric- tive than in BS 8110. For the tank walls affected by 32 kW/m? radiation this has the following consequences. For wall sections, the affected concrete layer after 6 hours of radiation is ap- proximately 25m thick and shall be reduced by 28% of its initial strength. Farther, major spalling damage shall be considered. The reinforcement steel exceeds the limit temperature of 100°C from the very beginning and has to be reduced in its strength ~ for a temperature value of 366°C after six hours of fire radiation ~ by up to 29% depending on the strain level. The outer prestressing strands exceed the limit temperature of 100°C after three hours. Different Wall Thickness and Radiation For a 80 cm thick wall section the outer Prestressing strands assumed to be at 25 em from the outer surface reach a Structural Engineering International 1/2007 value of 120°C after six hours of fire radiation, A radiation of 15 kWim? over eight hours on a concrete wall results in a concrete surface temperature of 292°C and a reinforcement temperature of 161°C. In both cases this means no strength reduction according to BS and only a slight reduction according t EC, but it causes considerable bend- ing moments in the concrete structure. ‘Conclusion ‘The reduction of material strength at high temperatures is more restrictive in EC 2 than in BS 8110. The evalua- tion of how long the radiation load can act to the tank structure before consid- ‘ering strength reduction differs much. Radiation duration of one hour ac- cording to provisions of EC 2 and of ‘two hours according to provisions of BS 8110 acting to the roof can be con- sidered for calculation including an acceptable strength reduction of the affected materials. The calculation of a wall section with 32 kWim? radiation shows a consider- able damage and strength reduction after 4 hours according to provisions of EC 2 or after six hours according BS 8110. In order to improve the fire resistance of the concrete structure a deluge system may be adopted. It covers the concrete surface with a thin water layer. The evaporation of the water film reduces the affecting energy and thereby the conerete tem- perature ‘The influence of the fire load cases on the design depends not only on the strength reduction of the materials but also on the internal forces, resulting from the restrained temperature gra- dient Tj, and AT, Even the investigations of this paper are only theoretical and dependant from the input parameters, the results give a good description of the stress range. References [1] National Fite Protection Association, NFPA S9A, Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 2006 Fulton, Quincy, MA. [JEN 1473, Installations and equipment for lig ‘efied natural gas ~ Design of onshore installa: tions; German edition, 1997, Bern, [5] MANGERIG, I. Klimatsche Temperatur bbeanspruchug von Stahl-und Stahbetonbrick. en, Ph. D. Thesis Ruhr-Universitit Bochum, Mitelung Ne 86-4, 1986, [4] EN 1991-1-2, Furocode 1: Actions on struc- tures = Part 1.2: General ations ~ Actions on structutes exposed to fire, eptember 2003 {5] SOFSTIK Hydra Manual, Scopage and Ther ‘mal Analysis with Finite Elements Version 10,30, SOFSTIK AG, Oberschlessheim 2008. BE. Uber die Anwendung der Differenzenrechnung. auf technische Anbeiz- und Abkahiprobleme, Beitrige zur techniscten “Mechanik und technischen Physik (Floppl-Fest- Sebi), Springer 1924, Beri, (7 ROETZER, 3; SALVATORE, D. The Effect ofa Valve Fire tothe Dome Structure of Tank. [ABSE Symposium: Structures and \cemie Events, Lisbon, September 2005, [8] KORDINA, K; MEYER-OTTENS, C. Beton Brandschatz Handbuch. Beton-Verlg, Diseldort, 1981 [B] NEVILLE, A. M. Properties of concrete Fourth and Final Edition, Longman Group Li. ited, Essex, 1985 [Ho] EN 1992-1.2, Burocode 2: Design of con- sete structures Par 1-2: General rules ~ Struc- tural fre design, December 2004, {11] Bs 8110, sractural Use of Concrete, Part: Code of practice for special cumstances. BSI, 198.

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