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structure. This is appropriate because creating animation usually requires a specialized, often
workmanlike repetitiveness in which mimicking the drawings of others with great precision, over
and over, is a basic principle of production. In some ways analogous to the contrast between
working together and submission to the enemy, the study of popular culture more generally
can lead to optimistic readings of collective projects that tackle complex problems through
innovation and shared commitments, or pessimistic readings that emphasize the dreary,
constricting forces that reproduce hegemonic structures of inequality. This binary between
oppression and liberation is difficult to escape, especially in our current era when even promises
of freedom often seem to impose the constrictions of free market capitalism, or neoliberalism,
in the name of consumer choice. That is why looking at a specific case study like anime in detail
can offer unique insights into the workings of media today by giving us a chance to track what
happens when something moves across platforms and across national boundaries. In this respect,
the lessons of anime with regard to questions of creativity and control echo against a backdrop of
broader social and economic change globally.