Bryan Fitzgerald

Adam Padgett
English 102
February 27, 2016
Annotated Bibliography
Inquiry: What are the ethical concerns pertaining to animal testing in laboratories?
Proposed thesis: Animals should be used less in laboratory testing.
Cartmill, Matt. "Animal Rights: A Reply to Howard." Journal of Mammalogy 75.4 (1994): 1080082. JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
Cartmill writes this source to refute an argument made by an author that supports animal
testing, so Cartmill writes this article to state his support for the abolition of animal
testing in the medical field. He supports his position by writing Like many scientific
critics of animal rights doctrines Howard defends animal experimentation by pointing to
its utilityThe benefits of the knowledge acquired to people and animal welfare are
enormous. But equally enormous benefits could be obtained by experimentation on
human beings (1081). This source may lose credibility because the author has a bias, but
the information is still credible because it is peer reviewed. I plan to use this a supporting
evidence for my argument.
Howard, Walter E. "An Ecologist's View of Animal Rights." The American Biology Teacher 56
(1994): 202-05. JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 27 Feb. 2016.
In this article Howard argues that animals should be used in medical research by stating
that there is a very thorough review process that ensues that these animals are not abused.
He references medical students by writing Those who oppose any use of live animals in
1

medical schools need to consider whether they would be willing to be the first animal and
living flesh that their surgeon performed emergency surgery on to further emphasize the
benefits of animal use in medical school (203). Since this source was found on the
JSTOR search engine it is credible because all sources on the JSTOR search engine are
peer reviewed. In addition this source loses some credibility because it was written in
1994, which isnt extremely old but also not new, and it also has a bias supporting animal
testing. Even with these two setbacks, this source provides very nice information that I
plan to use as supporting evidence for my counterargument in this upcoming research
paper.
Long, Judy. "In the Positive Side: What's Fair for the Chimps of the Alamogordo Primate
Facility?" Las Cruces Sun-News 27 Nov. 2010: n. pag. LexisNexis Academic
[LexisNexis]. Web. 2 Feb. 2016.
Long writes this article is about a group of chimps that were used for research by scientist
who neglected them and treated them cruelly. She references veterinary schools when she
writes Veterinary schools, for example, traditionally used "acute" conditions to teach
their students about necessary treatment of trauma. (Acute experiments are those the
animal does not survive). With current technology, however, vet schools have found that
these teaching goals can be achieved via computer simulation. They can run the
simulations as often as necessary, with no loss of life. This source is credible because it
is written for Las Cruces Sun-News, which has an editor that reviews everything written
for the newspaper before it is approved to be printed. This was written recently which
shows animal abuse is still an issue and I will probably use this source as evidence for my
argument or as information for my background in the introduction.
Mcmillan, Franklin D. "What Dictionary Are Animal Researchers Using?" Journal of Animal
Ethics 2.1 (2012): 1-5. JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 21 Mar. 2016.
2

In this article Mcmillan argues that animals should be provided better care when
experimented upon. He supports his argument with the word humane, which he cites
from many influential organizations that promote ethical use of animals in laboratories.
These organizations used the word humanely to describe how animals should be treated it
the laboratories. Mcmillan writes about the definition of humane and what implications it
has in the world of medical research. This source has very little bias and it was published
recently so that adds to its credibility. This source is very versatile when it comes to my
paper because the author include a lot of good information that I can use to support my
argument.
Pycroft, Laurie. "Is Animal Testing Necessary to Advance Medical Research?" New
Internationalist July-Aug. 2011: 34-36. Academic Search Complete [EBSCO]. Web. 27
Feb. 2016.
This article was written for the New Internationalist on the issue of animal medical
testing. This source has two advocates writing for either side of the issue, one for animal
rights and one for the use of animals in testing. Both advocates give very convincing
arguments and often contradict one another. They both reference specific examples with
the pro animal rights advocate referencing things such as how we can find viable
replacements for animals and the pro testing advocate writing about the complexity of the
human body only being comparable to an animal.. The main point of releasing this article
was to get the audience thinking on this issue and also give arguments for both sides of
this issue. This source is credible because both of the advocates are experts in their
respective fields and therefore they have the utmost knowledge on both the benefits and
disadvantages of medical research on animals. In addition, this article was also written

recently which increases its credibility even more. I plan to use this article as either
background information or as supporting information for my argument.
Stokes, W. S. "Animals And The 3Rs In Toxicology Research And Testing." Human &
Experimental Toxicology 34.12 (2015): 1297-1303. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23
Mar. 2016.
In this article stokes writes about the rights of animals and the concerns relating to abuse
during testing. He details the 3Rs, a policy put in place to refine animal use, reduce the
numbers of animals used for testing, and replace animals with non-animal testing
systems. He details the ways in which he thinks the 3Rs can be implemented in society to
ensure that animals are not abused. He does also mention that he believes it is not
completely possible to remove all animals from the testing, but he believes that with
better funding and support the 3Rs initiative may one day be implemented throughout
society to better the lives of animals involved in testing. This article is peer reviewed,
thus making it very credible. I plan to use this article as evidence to support my claim
since it includes so much evidence about the 3Rs.