Chapter 11

Zoology 200
Muscular System
Myology

Functions of the Muscular System:

1. For production of movements/locomotion
2. Maintenance of posture
3. Stabilize joints
4. Generation of heat
5. Influence body contours
6. For expression of emotion
7. For storage and movements of substances
8. Allows one to manipulate the environment
Properties of Muscles
1. Excitability
- action potentials
2. Conductivity
3. Contractility
- isometric contraction
- isotonic contraction
4. Elasticity
5. Irritability
Overview of Muscle Tissues
The Three Types of Muscle Tissues:
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

Skeletal or Striated Muscle Tissue

 - is also under voluntary control and is usually associated with the bones and cartilages
- is multinucleate, with many nuclei distributed throughout its cytoplasm
Parts of the Skeletal Tissue

Smooth Muscle Tissue

- are fusiform, uninucleate, have myofibrils, but lack cross striations
- is a type of visceral muscle that is concerned with visceral function: digestive tract, blood
vessels, and lungs.
- is under involuntary control
Parts of Smooth Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

- occurs only in the heart
- is mononucleate, often branched, and joined to each other by distinct intercalculated
disks into sheets
- is under involuntary control
Parts of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Major Categories of Muscles
Somatic Muscles
Striated, skeletal, voluntary
Primitively segmented
Myotomal
Mostly in body wall and appandages
Primarily for orientation in external
environment
Innervated directly by spinal nerves and
cranial nerves III, IV, and XII
Muscles of the body wall and tail
Hypobranchial and tongue muscles
Extrinsic eyeball muscles
Appendicular muscles
Visceral Muscles
Smooth, nonskeletal, involuntary
Unsegmented
Arise mostly from lateral mesoderm
Mostly in splanchnopleuret
Regulate internal environment
Innervated by postganglionic fibers of
autonomic nervous system
Branchiomeric muscles
Cardiac muscles
Muscles of tubes, vessels, and hollow organs
Intrinsic eyeball muscles
Erectors of feathers and hairs

Organization of Muscle Tissue

1. Superficial Fascia
- separates the muscle from the integument
- made up of aerolar and adipose tissue
2. Deep Fascia
- with dense irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall
- 3 layers: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

Deep Fascia
1. Epimysium
- tough overcoat connective tissue that covers the entire muscle
a) tendon – strong, thick, cord-like attachment of muscle to bone
b) aponeurosis – broad, thin, sheet-like attachment of muscle to bone, cartilages, or conn.
tissue covering each other
2. Perimysium
- coarse fibrous membrane that covers the muscle fascicles
- fascicles-bundles of muscle fibers
3. Endomysium
- delicate connective tissue sheath that enclose the individual muscle fiber
Points of Attachment of Muscles
• Origin
- proximal, less movable or immovable point of attachment of muscle.
• Insertion
- distal, freely-movable point of attachment of muscles
Axial Muscles
- The skeletal muscles of the trunk and tail
- axial musculature arises from myotomes that differentiate from somites. These grow and
expand along the sides of the body, forming the musculature associated with the vertebral
column (or notochord), ribs, and lateral body wall.

Appendicular Muscles
- Muscles that are inserted on the girdles, fins, or limbs
a) Intrinsic Appendicular muscles
- originate from Axial skeleton and inserted on the proximal ends of the appendages which
bring about movement of the entire limbs
b.) Extrinsic Appendicular Muscles
- origin and insertion is within the limits of the appendage bringing movement only parts of
the limb
Branchiomeric Muscles
- Are skeletal muscles of the pharyngeal arches
- Striated visceral muscles and arise from cranial neural crests
• Muscles of the Mandibular Arch
• Muscles of the Hyoid Arch
• Muscles of the Third and Successive Pharyngeal Arches
Muscles of the Mandibular Arch
- Operates the jaws
- In mammals a derivative inserts on the malleus
- They are innervated by the fifth cranial nerve
Muscles of the Hyoid Arch
- Are attach to the hyoid skeleton, lower jaw, and, in fishes, operculum. A sphincter colli of
lower tetrapods spreads onto the head of amniotes to become the platysma and mimetic
muscles
- In mammals a derivative inserts on the stapes
- The muscles are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve

Muscles of the Third and Successive Pharyngeal Arches

- Muscles of the third and remaining arches operate gill in fishes
- Perform new functions in tetrapods including assisting in swallowing and vocalization
- Are innervated by the ninth cranial nerve, those of the remaining arches by the vagus
(tenth cranial nerve)
Integumentary Muscles
• Extrinsic integumentary muscles reach peak
development as the panniculus carnosus
(cutaneous maximus) of some mammals and
mimetics of primates.
• Erectors of feathers and hairs are smooth (visceral)
integumentary muscles that are intrinsic to the
dermis of birds and mammals.
Electric Organs
- Columns of modified axial, appendicular, or brachiomeric muscles, the fibers
(electroplexes) of which produce, store, and discharge electric potential.
- A few appear to be modified skin glands.