&

(4 )

2005


...................................................................................................................................... 3
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..................................................................................................................... 7
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,
,
.

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.
.
. ,
.
,
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,
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.
21

. 97%
(saline) 3% (fresh water),
35 km3. 100.000 km3 0.3%
-
.
(. 1). 45.000
km3
.
.

.
20% , 7%
1% .

 1. (USGS, 2005).
,
.

.

,
,
, ,
.

( , ...).

. ,

.
.

 ,
(Karavitis C. A. and P. Kerkides, 2001)..
, ,
,
,
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.

, .

, ,
. ,
,
.

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, 2%,
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. (2%)
,
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.)
. ( ,
) .
,
.
,
.

,
.

 .
5000
,

.

131.950 m2
16.000 m 3.000
( 25.166 Km2). 5% .
3.000 63 .
4.000.
,
, (1.100 mm)
(350 mm). :
: 368 mm

: 1088 mm

: 400 mm

: 548 mm

: 936 mm

,
.
2539/97 ( ) 13
57 . (
) 6.350 1.033 (900 133 ).
,
.

1.

: (), ,
(), ,
, (), ()
(), ..., ... . .


.
,

.
115 m3 5060% . 85-90%
10-15% , 40%
.
:

12 m3

115 m3

50 m3

72 m3

63 m3

9 m3

1 m3=1.000 hm3

 1.

1950
' 1469/50
1965 '
1/221/65
,

1971 996/71

1972 947/72
24.1
1975 177/75
1975

1976 360/76

1977 743/77

1978
855/78



,
1979 998/79
()
1980 1032/80

MARPOL
1981 ' 1180/81

1982 1269/82
- .

1983 1337/83

1983 1327/83

1985 1515/85
,
1985 1558/85
()


1986
1634/86
,


1986 1650/86

1986 '
46399/1352/86

5/288/86 75/440 76/659, 76/160, 78/659, 79/869,

80/778

1987 1739/87


1987
' 144/87

1988
,
18186/271/88


1990 1892/90

1990

69269/5387/90

1993

58751/2370/93

1994 2234/94
1994 2242/94


1995 2364/95
1996

69728/824/96
(

113944/97


114218/97


A

1997

2208/97

1997

1997

1997
19396/1546/97
1997 11/97
1998 2601/98
1999

2742/99

2003

.3199

5.500 hm3/, 5.500 m3/yr

. 84-85 %, 13-15 %
2-4%.

.
, ,
, , ,
, .
25%
.
: 5,0 . m3/

: 3,4 . m3/

: 1,8 . m3/

: 3,25 . m3/

2.

 2. 106 m3/yr (Karavitis,

1999).

1
1. . 3,050
2. . 2,650
3. . 1,000
4. .
9,750
5.
8,500
6.
200
7. .
1,900
8.
3,250
9. .
4,100
10. .
6,900
11. .
4,200
12.
10,900
13.
1,300
14.
1,000

58,700
1
2
3

2,720
3,201
1,859
11,649
8,591
219
1,816
3,253
4,320
7,186
4,419
10,991
1,564
1,080
62,868

550
150
700
800
100
900
850
100
950
750
100
850
200
50
250
150
50
200
750
300 1,050
550
800 1,350
800
50
850
150
550
700
300
250
550
100
300
400
1,200
100 1,300
200
50
250
7,350 2,950 10,300

80 3,750 2,800
100 3,550 3,301
114 1,950 1,973
75 10,600 11,724
59 8,750 8,650
2
400
221
83 2,950 1,899
590 4,600 3,843
417 4,950 4,737
344 7,600 7,530
252 4,750 4,671
180 11,300 11,171
95 2,600 1,659
61 1,250 1,141
2,452 69,000 65,320

(), 1987.
().
.

, 2 3.
2,
.

300 km3/yr (. 3).

 2. 20 . : www.fao.org

3. .
(1900-1995). : www.fao.org

 2000
5000 Km3/.
.
600 5000 Km3/.
,
.

1970 .

(, ).
3
, .

;
1960 6% 2000 22%.

, ;
(, ,
, , ),

()
()
.
(. ).
,
,
(1990-1993).
(
)
(,
.).

73%,
30%, 70%, 50%.
,

. ,

5


.

99% .
5 .
( 6 ) 2.7 ( 1
, , 1993) 40
1.4 .
, , .
80%
.
0.25
, , ,
2050 14 2100 40 . ,

,
.
180
lt/day , 7% .
87% , .
35%
1970 1.8 .
180 lt/day 274
lt/day . 4
.

. UNESCO 20%
(1.3 )
40%
1991
:
100-250 lt//
100-200 lt//
100-180 lt// .

220

lt//.
6

4 :
(UNEP, 2004).
.
5.04 x 109 m3/yr,
4.8 x 109 m3/yr.
(Karavitis, C.A., 1999; CPER, 1989; OECD, 1983). ,
80%-84%, 13%-15%,
2.5%-4%
.

(sustainable agriculture) (1987)

(sustainability)

. 1987
,
, (sustainable development)
: Development that meets the need of the present without compromising the
ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.


. ,
; .
:
1. (, )
2.
3.
4.
5.

, ,
.
,
.
,
.
, :

1. ( ) ,
.
2.
, .

,
. ,
(, , , .).

, (stakeholders),
,

.

 .

,
.

()
1960

(Environment and Development) Rio de Janeiro, 1992.

, // , 1965
.
1965 1970

(Environmental impact assessment) Environmental Policy Act

.
, ,
() .
,
.

()
. ()
() .
. 200 1000
2.4 cm .
100 Kg// . (1/3
) .
,
10000 Kg//.

.


, , , (), ,
, . FAO (1992)
80% 1984

.
()
. 5
.
1800 gr/ 100 gr/ (Young, 1990).
, ,
.

.
David Pimentel et al. (1996) :
700 mm
15cm

4%
1700 Kg//

3:
3: .

(%)

75 mm

N, P, K

2.4

200 Kg

0.2

0.1

0.4

8.1

10%
.
10

 30 50
75 . (
2/3 400 . ).

.

, ,
.
.
.

.

17% 33%
. 10%
. (FAO, 1990)
2.35 200-300 .
.

.

. 500 mm
.
.
, .

15% ()
. ,
.
.
.
,
.

11


, ( 5) .



, , .
.
( )
, , .
,
.
.

, ,

. (
). ,
.
.
, , , , 67, 98, 35, 94, 20
88% .

5 : (USGS, 2005).

.
, :

12

, ,
.
. :
:

.

(..
).
:
,

.
(.. ,
).
:




.

.
(
), .

13


.
.
(-, , )
.
, , ,
, ,
( .).
( 6).

6 : (USGS,
2005).
:
1.

.
.
2.
, .
3.
, , .
90 (7.8 Kg
N/) , (6.2), (4.0)
(13.4) (8.4).
14

 , ,
1985 5.6 Kg N/
1997 3.3 Kg N/.



.
:
1. (, ,
() ..)
2. ( , , )
3. ( ) ( , ,
)

,
.
.
.

. 1996
1300
. 98%
. 1999 318 9 .

, .

. ,
, .. (acid rain).
()
. ,

15

 (, ,
). , , .
. ,
.
.

, .
A. .
.
(Dissolved Oxygen, DO).
.
, 20 C 9,2 milligrams/liter (mg/l)
30 C 7,6 mg/l.

. DO,
(.. CO2 2).
: (Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
BOD)
(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD)
.
(Hardness),

mg/l

CaCO3 ().
.
Ca Mg
.
.
B.
1. (, )
2. ( , ,
algae)
3.
4. ( H2S)
5. ( )
.

16

 ()
.
.

( ). (algae),
,
. CO2 O2.
,
, .
.

, ,
.
coliform bacteria. coliforms Escherichia coli E.
coli .

, management,
.
:
, , , , .
,

.
,
. (Grigg, N.S., 1996):



() ()
, .
(managers) ,

17

 .
, (..
, , ).
,
, , ,
,
,
. .
.

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18