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h at a
pressure differential of 110 bar. Calculate the water and solute flux if it is to
desalinate a 4 % NaCl solution at a pressure difference of 110 bar.
a.
b.
The same module is used to desalinate a 3.5% solution of another salt. The
polarization modulus is estimated to be 3.0 and the salt rejection is 0.99. If
the osmotic pressure of the solution is 18 bar, calculate the water and salt
flux at an applied pressure difference of 75 bar.
Ans:
(a) Pure water flux, Jw = Lp P = 0.115 m3/m2.h = L * 110 bar
Lp = 1.04 x 10-3 m3/m2.h bar
Water flux for 4% NaCl
Concentration polarisation modulus, M = Cm/Cb = 1
Cm=Cb = 4 % solution
Salt rejection coefficient R = 1, Salt concentration in the permeate, Cp=0.
Osmotic pressure difference between the feed and permeate
= (17.62)(4/3) = 23.5 bar.
Water flux, Jw = Lp( P-
Given:
=18 bar for a 3.5% solution, the osmotic pressure difference between the
= exp
(10.5 0.105)
= exp (
(3.5 0.105)
= 1.12
= RT C
= (0.0821) (298) (0.01-0.0005)
= 0.232 atm
At the end of operation, when the bulk concentration is 0.1 (M), the effective pressure
driving force = 4.2 (0.0821)(298)(0.1)(0.95) = 1.876 atm
The solvent flux is proportional to pressure difference. Therefore, the percentage
reduction of solvent flux
=
3.968 1.876
100
3.968
= 52.72%
modulus and the concentration of the enzyme in the liquid at the membrane
surface. The membrane has a distributed pore size and solution rejection is 95%. If
the diffusivity of enzyme is 6.7 x 10-7 cm2/s, calculate the film thickness.
Ans:
Solvent water flux, Jw = 0.38 m3/m2.h = 0.38/3600 = 1.05 x 10-4 m3/m2.s
Solute Rejection, R = 0.95
Concentration polarisation modulus,
2
3
"#
"$
%&' ( *) )
+
(
, -./0, 1%&' ( ) )
*+
1.05 1004
)
66.69
2.5 1005
=
=
= 15.58
04
1.05 10
4.28
(1
0.95 + 0.95)exp (
)
2.5 1005
exp (
porosity of 9=0.35 is used. Pure water flux through the membrane is 30 m3/m2.h at
a pressure drop of 1.2 bar at 25 . The average pore size is estimated to be 1 8m.
Calculate the tortuosity factor of the pores and the resistance to flow offered by the
membrane. The viscosity of water at 25 is 0.9 cP.
Ans:
For pure water flux, the poiseullie equation is given as
:
9; < >
>
=
=
328= ? 8@2
Given d = 1 8m = 10-6 m; 8= 0.9 cP = 9 x 10-4 kg/m.s; P = 1.2 bar = 1.2 x 105 Pa;
x = 80 8m and Jv = 30/3600 m3/m2.s
Substituting the values in the above equation and solving for tortuosity factor
we get, = = 2.2.
The resistance to flow Rm is also given by the same equation which is 1.6 x 1010 m-1.
Where >2 =
DE#FE
The flux AB =
<
1
1
1
C"/ + >2 + C"<
<.I/IJO 0 I.H/IJO
K
K
K
P.NKQJN K.RNKQJR O.KKQJN
Therefore, individual resistances are 2.85 x 104 s/m, 6.06 x 105 s/m and 4.76 x 104 s/m
and total resistance is 6.823 x 105 s/m.
(b) Flux at steady state as calculated above is 2.492 x 10-8 kg mol solute/s. m2.
= 2.492 x 3600 x 10-8 = 8.9712 x 10-5 kg mol solute/h.m2.
Therefore, for transfer of 0.01 kg mol solute/h, total area required =
(0.01)(105 )
= 111.5
8.9712
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