Annotated Bibliography

I think that I have done a good job on my annotated Bibs, i believe that my summary of
the article could be better. I could also bring in more quotes to use at the end of the summary.
Other than that I think my annotated bibs are fairly good. I believe that my annotated BIbs
deserve an 85 because even though i put everything that was on the rubric I feel like I could
have done a better job on my summaries in the later citations.
Michalak, Stanley. "Terrorism." Defense & Security Analysis 19.1 (2003): 89-90. Taylor Francis
Online. Web. 24 Mar. 2016.

This article Terrorism by author Stanley Michalak, the professor of government at

Franklin and marshall College, from the journal Defense & Security states the four myths about
terrorism, by first citing Walter Laqueurs book Terrorism which is where Michalak developed his
four myths. Michalak focuses the attention of the myths based off of beliefs in the aftermath of
the September Eleventh attacks. Michalak then goes on to state each myth and then attack
each one individually through historical fact or with others work disproving the myth. In each
case Michalak gives evidence to the fact that the myth is based off of either fear or
misinterpretation form the general public and media. Michalak is conversing with his peers in the
greater of academia while also stating each myth in laymans terms for the general public.
As stated before Michalak questions each article an example of Michalak questioning
the myth can be demonstrated with the quote In fact, while terrorists have always claimed to
kill on behalf of the oppressed, they have almost always come from the well-educated, middleclass families. This quote is refuting the myth that most terrorists are idealists who represent
the oppressed in the most oppressive societies. Michalak points out that in todays society
many of the terrorists that the west fights in the Middle-East come typically from middle-class

families, who are also brought up on Western ideas and ideals. But when these individuals who
are western educated go back to their mother country, see the injustices that the West has done
to their country and become radicalized. Other quotes from this article include: Myth 2.
Terrorists are a function of social forces or root conditions.,and also What is new, according
to Laqueur, is the targeting of civilians, the quick, global and celebrity-like coverage given to
terrorists by the media, and the ominous prospect of terror by weapons of mass destruction,
topics which are covered brilliantly in his Modern Terrorism, which appeared in 1999.
Analysis:
This Article pertains to my question because it gives a background to what most people
believe a terrorist is or should be. By stating the most common assumptions(myths) about
terrorism Michalak paves the way for me to qualify how a terrorist can be a freedom fighter in
his own right. Since the article isnt to difficult to read it was easy to understand each myth and
how he refuted it. The article also gave me several other articles or books to look up that could
be potential works to cite in my paper. This article could help others by how easy it is to
understand a topic that is usually hard to understand or not really thought of in the way Michalak
proposes it.

Laqueur, Walter. Origin. Terrorism. Boston: Little, Brown,1977. 3-20. Print

Walter Laqueur, american journalist and political commentator, proposes his idea of how
modern terrorism has become established. He cites historical events and groups as his basis of
what he believes is terrorism, such as the Narodnaya Volya (Russian Political organization that
was the basis for populism in the nineteenth century.) In his first chapter of his book Terrorism
Laqueur goes tries to establish an origin of terrorism. He cites the first use of the word terrorism
in the 1798 supplement of the Dictionnaire of the Academie Francaise which gave the
definition as: system, regime of terror. This definition is the earliest documented source of the
word terrorist, and was not used in the same context of today until the French Revolution.
Laqueur goes on to point out other sects or groups all over the world that would be considered
in modern times a terrorist group, and shows how the groups were not considered a terrorist
organization during the time.
Laqueur suggests that the modern form of terrorism doesnt have a complete definition
because of how it continually is changing, from political terrorism to what is considered terrorism
by modern media. Laqueur states six facts that his research has lead him to the contemporary
belief of modern terrorism. Terrorism is a new, unprecedented phenomenon. For this reason its
antecedents( if any) are of little interest. This quote states the problems that occurred in
Laqueurs research into the subject because of how the modern version of terrorism is
unprecedented in history, he could now give a definition that all of academia could agree upon.

The only known means of reducing the likelihood of terrorism is a reduction of the grievances,
stresses and frustration underlying it., Terrorism is a response to injustice; if there were
political and social justice, there would be no terrorism.
Analysis:
To use this book you definitely need to know some history of terrorist organization and
sects, because of Laqueurs use of historical facts and language i had to google some of the
facts he used and some of the language. This book I wouldnt say was a difficult read but it did
give me some challenges like the language he uses to support his arguments and assumptions.
This book can be used in my Inquiry because of how Laqueur sets up the history of terrorism,
he shows that terrorism hasnt just started but has been around for centuries. I can also use it to
give historical examples of terrorist groups and sects such as the Assassins a group that was
suppressed by the Mongols in the late eleventh century. It also gives examples of how acts of
terrorism have changed throughout history, such as how different groups would create terror in
different ways, for example how the Assassins would only use daggers and would attack in
large congregated crowds while another group in India would only use silk scarfs, and kill for
political power moves.
Persson, Anna V., and Dara R. Musher-Eizenmore. "College Students Attitudes Toward Blacks
and Arabs Following a Terrorist Attack as a Function of Varying Levels of Media
Exposure." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35.9 (2005): 1879-892. Whiley Online
Library. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.

Anna V. Persson and Dara R. Musher-Eizenmore, professors of psychology at Bowling

Green State University, propose the argument that peoples views of Black/Arab(s) were
negatively influenced by media coverage of terrorism. Their research, for their article "College
Students Attitudes Toward Blacks and Arabs Following a Terrorist Attack as a Function of
Varying Levels of Media Exposure," was based off of college students in upper level
psychology students, these students were given a should-would questionnaire. The
questionnaire asked questions such as I should not be nervous when i see a Black/Arab
person on an airplane, to answer the question participants would rate the above statement on
a scale from 1(strongly disagree) to seven (strongly agree).
In the study Persson and Eizenmore found that most peoples attitude toward that of
Black/Arab(s) were negatively affected because of media coverage of terrorism attacks. Their
hypothesis .College students will exhibit greater levels of prejudice toward Arabs than toward
Blacks following a terrorist attack on the United States at Time 1, time 1 being directly after the
September 11 attacks.

For example, in one study conducted after September 11, college students included
Blacks and Whites, but excluded Arabs when asked directly who should belong in the
larger group known as American

Given the power that media holds to impact the judgments that individuals make about
members of minority racial groups

Analysis:
This paper is easily understood, it is not hard to follow because of the authors target
audience is not the greater of academia but more generated i believe t students that are thinking
about majoring in psychology. The papers only part that might be a little difficult to understand
is when they detail their research and how they obtained their research using the questionnaire
methods. Because of this I had to google what the numbers obtained from the questionnaire
meant. This paper could be used as a resource for other inquiry questions such as how the
media impacts our decisions .
Haroun, Ansar. "Psychiatric Evaluation of Suspected Terrorists Difficult." Psychiatric Annals
33.11 (2003): 738-42. ArticleFirst [OCLC]. Web. 31 Mar. 2016.

The article Evaluation of suspected terrorists difficult written by Dr. Ansar Haroun,
degree in psychology from the King Edward Medical University, proposes several ideas about
how the definition of a terrorist is so hard to obtain that psychiatrists are not able to identify the
mindset of a terrorist from a pseudo-terrorist. Ansar qualifies this statement through
application of the mindset of common criminals and what he calls pseudo-terrorists. These
Pseudo-terrorists include psychopaths where ansar makes an argument that many terrorists
could be considered psychopaths based off of their level of remorse and detachedness from
the terrorist act that they have completed.

Haroun gives several risk factors for psychiatrists to evaluate when determining if
someone is a terrorist or not. These risk factors include biologic, moral, and cultural risk
factors, biological risk factors that Haroun identify was the realization that criminals, police,
and heros (and perhaps, by extrapolation, terrorists) are more likely to be biologically
underaroused than controls Haroun also explains the idea that although terrorists have
assumed to have little morals about the acts that they carry out, psychiatrists in determining if
the mind of a terrorist need to look at the morals of the individual. This is to obtain whether or
not the individual is lingering on the harm he has caused, if so the terrorist who experiences
genuine remorse is likely to be less dangerous in the future meaning that the individual who
acted as a terrorist is not a true terrorists who has been radicalized but more of an individual
who has gone off his or her path.

While attacking American forces may be considered terrorism by one side, reframing
the behavior as defending the fatherland may be seen as a virtuous and moral act by
the other side

Unintelligent terrorists probably spend little time internally debating the merits or
demerits of a terrorist act, but the leaders, who may have advanced degrees in
philosophy and theology, have published treatises reviewing these very debates.

The violence of the terrorist resembles that of the predator

For the ethical soldier or the freedom fighter, the infliction of pain is a necessary evil, an
instrument only to achieve a military objective.

Analysis:
This article is very good for my inquiry question because it addresses the difference
between a freedom fighter and a terrorist using the difference between the two from the
difference between their morals. The article isnt difficult to read either because the target
audience is more toward the general public than to other psychiatrists, this is to give the public a

better understanding of how the psychology of terrorists is harder to document than what
common knowledge says it is. The article could help other inquiries such as The psychology of
a terrorist, or What are the psychological factors that make someone become a terrorist?.
Jeremy. A Shias First Night of Ramadhan Spent WIth an ISIS Supporter. Web log post. The
Islamic Perspective. N.p., 23 June, 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2016.

Jeremy, a shia muslim, explains his experience with another man who was an ISIS
supporter on his first night of ramadhan. In it he conveys what the man has grown up believing,
that shias are not muslims and that what ISIS is doing is a good thing. After spending several
hours with the man Jeremy reveals to the man that he is indeed a Shia muslim and goes on to
explain some of the myths that the man had already said about Shia muslim. In one of the
examples that Jeremy gives to the man on why ISIS is a terrorist group he explains that we
should not show support to political groups as they may support much good but with that good
you must also support their wrong doings if going by such a name. This explanation of the
reason why many muslims disagree with what ISIS is doing is a reason that most people
believe around the world, along with the individual's morals.

One statement I had mentioned was that when I was learning some Arabic
for several months the one thing we were told by the Shayk was that as a
Talib-ul-ilm we should not show support to political groups as they may
support much good but with that good you must also support their wrong
doings if going by such a name

No one can be 100% pure evil and have something nice they do at some
point.

Analysis:
This article gives my inquiry the perspective of somebody that is a muslim and has
experienced terrorism first hand. Because he is a muslim makes my paper seem more wordly
and gives very valifd points in his arguments about terrorism. The article is not hard to read
because of his audience is more the general public to show that there can be common ground
between shias and sunnis. This article can help other inquiries such as the difference between
sunnis and shiites.
Gold, Steven N., and Jerrold M. Post. "The Psychology of the Terrorist." The Journal of Trauma
Practice 1.3-4 (2002): 83-100. Print.

In the article The Psychology of the Terrorist, Steven N. Gold, a psychologist and
professor at the Center for Psychological Studies of Nova Southeastern University, conducts an
interview of Jerrold M. Post, professor of psychiatry in political psychology and international
affairs and Director of the Political Psychology Program at The George Washington University,
on his opinions of what constitutes someone being a terrorist. In the interview Post states its
violence or the threat of violence against non-combatants in order to gain a political, ideological,
or religious goal through fear and coercion. This response was an answer to Golds question

How would he(Post) define the word terrorism, Gold then continues to questions Post on his
role in advising government officials when dealing with international negotiations.

its violence or the threat of violence against non-combatants in order to gain a political,
ideological, or religious goal through fear and coercion.

Osama Bin Laden called the residents of the Twin Trade Center terrorists because they
support a government that was intent on killing Muslims, so they became terrorists,
stretching it to really absurd proportions.

I think its really important to be thinking not of terrorist psychology as much as terrorist
psychologies.

Analysis:
This article is a great article for my inquiry because it gives a view of terrorist through the
eyes of a psychiatrist who has also worked for the US government in advising high ranking
officials. This interview was not hard to read because even though the two individuals are highly
intelligent they still spoke in laymans terms, so as to not only be able to publish the interview in
an academic setting but also to a magazine that reaches out to a more general public audience.
This article would help others in their inquiries if they needed to look at a psychiatrist's
perspective of terrorism and terrorists.
Kix, Paul. "The Truth about Suicide Bombers ; Are They Religious Fanatics? Deluded
Ideologues? New Research Suggests Something More Mundane: They Just Want to
Commit Suicide." The Boston Globe (Boston, MA). N.p., 5 Dec. 2010. Web. 31 Mar.
2016

In Paul Kix, a senior editor for the boston globe magazine and contributing writer to the
ESPN magazine, cites in his article The Truth about Suicide Bombers; Are They Religious
Fanatics? Deluded Ideologues? New Research Suggests Something More Mundane: They Just
Want to Commit Suicide, studies made from University of Alabamas Adam Lankford, who
states that most suicide bombers do not have the mindset of a terrorist but more of that of an
individual who wants to commit suicide. In Lankfords research, which has been published in the
journal of Aggression and Violent Behavior, he finds that 40 percent of the terrorists showed
suicidal tendencies in a study of Israeli interviewing would-be Palestinian suicide bombers.
Kix goes on to describe Lankfords research and some of the other scholars that believe
that suicide bombers are more like people that want to commit suicide than to be a martyr. Kix
also brings many scholars that are in disagreement because of the fact that we have a handful
of incidents of what looks like suicide and we have over 2,500 suicide attackers. Kix reasons
both sides in his article he gives the facts that Lankford has set out in his studies but he also
gives the more widely held belief that suicide bombers are in fact suicide terrorists aimed at
killing themselves to become a martyr for a cause that they believe in.

The bombers are, in the post-9/11 age, often young, ideologically driven men and
women who hate the laissez-faire norms of the West or at least the occupations and
wars of the United States because they contradict the fundamentalist interpretations
that animate the bombers worldview.

These scholars found that 40 percent of the terrorists showed suicidal tendencies; 13
percent had made previous suicide attempts, unrelated to terrorism.

Analysis:
This article is helps in my inquiry because of how it gives both opinions on suicide
bombers. This article shows how a suicide bomber can really be just trying to commit suicide or
it can be an individual who is trying to become a martyr for their cause. This was not a hard
article to read because of the fact that it is an article in a magazine thats target audience is the
wide range of the general public. This article could help others inquiry by showing the effects of
suicide and suicide thought, an inquiry question that could be based off of this article could be

Can you consider suicide bombers to be individuals seeking to commit suicide or are they
terrorits