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small hydraulic
structures
BY D. B. KRAATZ
HYDRAULIC ENGINEER
AND I. K. MAHAJAN
SECRETARY, lCID
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
VOLUME
Page
PREFACE
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
IRRIGATIONNETWORKOPERATION
2. 1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.
General Considerations
Entirely Manually Operated Systems
Hydro-Mechanically Automated Flow Control Systems
Electrically-Electronically Automated Flow Control
Manual Versus Automated Control
Water Distribution on the F a r m
INTAKE STRUCTURES
Introduction
Intakes of Small Canals (Punjab Type)
Silt Selective Head Intake
Constant-Head Orifice (CHO) Intake
Neyrpic Orifice Module Intake
Double Orifice Module Intake
Open Intake Structure made of P r e - C a s t Reinforced Concrete
(U. S.S. R.)
Intake Structure Discharging into a Flume Channel (U. S. S. R. )
Pipe Regulator with Crossing made qf P r e - C a s t Reinforced
Concrete (U. S. S. R. )
Intake Structure on Secondary Canals (Calombia)
Gate Valve Intake (Czechoslovakia)
Venturi Head Intake
Square Head Intake
Dupuis Canal Intake
h
(~ustralia)
Intake with Stone ' ~ e s Weir
Groyne Intake and Ancillary Works (Cyprus)
King's Silt Vanes
Gibbl s Groyne
33
38
55
63
81
90
91
107
110
119
128
134
138
142
151
158
162
166
Table of Contents
Cont'd.
Page
INTAKE STRUCTURES (Cont'd. )
3. 19
3. 20
3.21
3.22
3.23
4.
5.
Introduction
Fixed Proportional Divisors
Structures with Adjustable Splitter
Proportional Distributors
Division o r Diversion Boxes
Table of Contents
Cont'd.
Page
LIST OF REFERENCES
LIST
OF
FIGURES
Page
Figure
2- 1.
2- 2.
2-3.
15
17
2-4.
Example of tampering. Brush and stone dam built by f a r m e r s
across a minor irrigation canal to increase flow through a pipe outlet
28
details of pre-cast RC
3-3.
Intake to small canals (Punjab type) standard sections for wing
walls and abutments of CDO type fall (Punjab).
3-4. - Intake to small canals (Punjab type)
minor canal at 60.
3-5.
3-6.
3- 9(a).
3-9(b).
3- 10.
3- 11.
3-12.
Various arrangements of Neyrpic orifice module with auxiliary
equipment and structures.
3- 13.
3-14.
plate.
3-15.
3- 16.
-'
85
L i s t of F i g u r e s
Cont'd.
Figure
Page
3-17.
P e r cent variations in discharges of modules types X and XX for
variations of H(,,t) within pre-determined limits.
'
87
3- 18.
89
3-19.
93
3- 20.
105
3-21.
11 1
3-22.
117
121
123
124
3-23.
3- 24.
3-25.
.3- 28.
3-29,.
3-30.
3-31.
132
General view of the stone m e s h weir and inlet box. (Almost all
3-32.
12 f t 3 / s - i s being diverted.)
the flow
3-33.
130
149
152
152
3-34.
Stone mesh basket construction, stone m e s h apron, and location and
general construction of inlet box with s c r e e n and screw type gate. (About
3 ft3/ s passing over the weir. )
154
3-36.
Model t e s t rating for measuring weir, capacity 30 f t 3 / s , 6 ft c r e s t
suppressed weir.
3-37.
3-38.
3- 39.
3-40.
3-41.
3-42.
155
157
159
161
163
164
167
L i s t of Figures
Cont'd.
Figure
Page
3-43.
3-44.
Silt platform.
3-45.
3-46.
3-47.
3-48.
H(c-b)
Hc
4- 10.
4- 11.
4- 12.
4- 13.
4-18.
4- 19.
4- 14.
4- 15.
4- 16.
4- 17.
- India).
- types 5 and 6.
- Italy
U. S. A.
List of Figures
Cont'd.
Figure
Page
4- 22.
4-23.
4-24.
- dimensions.
4-26.
Taiwan.
227
229
4-29.
'5- 1.
24 6
5-4(b).
Section CC of Figure 5-4(a) and details of meter wheel of small
Dethridge meter outlet.
5-5.
5-8.
Dethridge m e t e r . Gate calibration tables for LMO and SMO
rivetted galvabond type gates.
5-9.
23 1
23 2
5-2.
P r e - c a s t large m e t e r emplacements with wheels installed; note
reinforcement to tie into cut-offs and pre-cast head wall.
5-3(a).
230
Relationship between
L i s t of Figures
Cont'd.
Figure
5- 13.
Page
Open flume f a r m outlet (Punjab type).
5-14.
Adjustable plate iron block for open flume outlets for B(t)
6 c m to 20 cm.
5-15.
5- 16.
5. 17.
Open flume outlet.
f a r m outlets.
5- 18.
5- 19.
India)
5-23.
5-24.
5-20.
5-21.
5-22.
5-28.
5-29.
5-25.
5-26.
5- 27.
283
29 1
29 3
30 1
303
305
307
309
312
Pipe semi-module.
3 15
Four examples.
32 1
5-30.
Fayoum standard weir f a r m outlet with a group of field outlet
w e i r s o r "nasbas".
322
323
326
5-33.
5- 34.
Scratchley outlet.
Submerged pipe outlet.
5-35.
F a r m outlet (U. S. S. R. ) to a temporary feed ditch for discharges
of up to 150 11s outlet submerged.
331
342
343
P r e - c a s t f a r m turnout.
347
349
L i s t of F i g u r e s
Cont'd.
Page
Figure
5-39.
5-40.
5-41.
Q v e r s u s H(,,t).
Q v e r s u s J.
5-42.
Sectional view of the PVC outlet installed through a canal
embankment.
5-47.
5-48.
Discharge diagram for a PVC pipe turnout for D(p) = 107 rnrn.
5-49.
5-50.
5-43.
5-44.
5-45.
5-46.
5-51.
5-52.
5- 53.
5-54(a).
5-54(b).
'
around 85 l / s.
5-60.
5- 61.
3 60
PREFACE
This publication i s the result of a joint effort by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Commission on Irrigation and
Drainage (ICID) in producing a Handbook on small hydraulic structures and devices used
in open- channel irrigation distribution systems.
a need to review the abundant information and experience available on the subject and to
condense and dovetail them into a comprehensive and practical Handbook.
Much basic
material for the Handbook has been generously provided by National Committees of the
ICID and by F A 0 projects and contacts in Member Countries, while complementary data
and information have been assembled from the extensive survey of the literature.
The scope of the Handbook i s confined a s the title suggests to small structures
used a t the f a r m level in fields, and in networks with small discharges at the intakes,
such a s from small surface o r ground water resources.
capacities of l e s s than 1 cubic m e t r e per second, and, indeed, many of them having
capacities of l e s s than 300 l i t r e s per second, account for more than 70 per cent of all
the hydraulic structures installed in many irrigation networks.
In the past these small structures have not always received the attention they
deserve from planners and designers.
works, and other irrigation engineering works, however spectacular, would have little
value without an efficient distribution system (requiring small structures) extending
right down to the f a r m e r s ' fields.
irrigation system can be justified, through conversion into cash benefits and the social
welfare of the r u r a l population, only by paying full attention to the function and place of
each of the small structures described in this Handbook.
xiv.
1 to 5.
The types of small hydraulic structures available, and their importance for
efficient distribution
Chapter 2 discusses the operation of irrigation systems and how this governs the
choice of the type of small hydraulic structure best suited to the purpose.
Chapters
3 to 5 deal with small intake structures, small flow-dividing structures, and outlets
o r farm and field turnouts.
Chapter 6
deals with small water-level and velocity control structures (i.e. checks or c r o s s
regulators, falls o r drops, and chutes) and Chapter 7 with small hydraulic structures
and devices useful for measuring flow in irrigation networks. Volume 111, which will
be issued a t a later date, will cover small cross-drainage works, escapes and
miscellaneous structures and will include a chapter on the detailed design of
gate s.
expressed in the units from which the formulae, designs, tables and graphs have been
derived (and a r e thus best known in that system) but in certain cases it has been
considered advantageous to convert English to Metric units for application in countries
using only the Metric system.
Since the Handbook attempts to assemble and describe many types of small
hydraulic structures which have proved successful in certairi countries, and which
may be used elsewhere under similar conditions, i t i s hoped that i t will prove useful
to.young engineers, technicians and extension workers involved in the remodelling
of existing irrigation systems o r in the design of new projects.
the Handbook will stimulate exchanges of ideas and information on techniques and
designs which have often been evolved in isolation.
Any comments o r further contributions which readers might like to offer will be
gratefully received and will be considered for incorporation in the next
edition.
E duado r
Australia
Bulgaria
Guyana
Canada
Hungary
Columbia
India
Czechoslovakia
Japan
Republic of Korea
Republic of China
Malaysia
S r i Lanka
Mexico
Turkey
Philippines
U.S.A.
U. S. S. R.
and personnel of F A 0 and individual contacts who have rendered valuable information
and advice, and to Mr. I. Constantinesco for his lucid editing of the manuscript.
Dated
Edouard Saouma
Director
Land and Water Development
Division
Food & Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations
K. K. Fraviji
Secretary General
International Commission
on Irrigation & Drainage
1. INTRODUCTION
Irrigation, with an adequate water supply, suitable soil, and good management,
should ensure sustained high yields of c r o p s 2 e r unit a r e a of land.
supply i s l e s s than adequate o r costly, the a i m m u s t be to obtain the best possible yields
p e r unit of water in combination with carefully selected agronomic and managerial
practices.
so that equitable and reliable apportionment of water among u s e r s and the conveyance of
water with minimum l o s s e s can be ensured.
well organized and thus the amount of water l o s t f r o m the total supply i s usually small.
Sometimes, however, secondary and t e r t i a r y canals and control s t r u c t u r e s a r e l e s s
carefully made, while smaller canals and those a t the f a r m level and their s t r u c t u r e s
a r e m o r e often badly made o r omitted entirely from engineering plans.
It m u s t not be
overlooked that besides headworks and l a r g e r canals, irrigation works involve the
building of many small s t r u c t u r e s and s m a l l earthworks of unsophisticated design spread
over extensive a r e a s of land.
particularly those required a t the f a r m level; to contractors they do not mean much
profit and they a r e dispersed and d.fficult to supervise; and l a s t but not least,
authorities have sometimes appeared l e s s willing to invest in tens of thousands of such
small scattered works than in l a r g e works having g r e a t e r prestige value.
This r e s u l t s
the s i s e of holdings and fields, on the delivery pattern and on the topography, but ranges
f r o m a few hundred to several thousand p e r thousand ha.
The total i r r i g a t e d a r e a of
the world a t present exceeds 200 million ha and potentials exist for doubling this a r e a .
The number of small hydraulic s t r u c t u r e s already in existence exceeds 100 million,
and the number that will need to be modified, replaced o r newly built every y e a r i s
likely to run into millions.
In view of their g r e a t impact on the savinp, equitable delivery and reliable supply
of water, small hydraulic s t r u c t u r e s m u s t be designed, built and operated with much the
sarne completeness, efficiency and accuracy a s l a r g e ones.
The factors governing the design and subsequent construction and operation of
irrigation works a r e the water r e s o u r c e s available, the methods of water delivery to
f a r m e r s , and the methods of water application practised by them.
Successful operation
r e q u i r e s adequate facilities for the control and measurement of flow at all strategic
points along the whole network, including the f a r m and field levels.
Each small
Intakes a r e required
to control flow into a subsequent canal o r canal system; often they a r e combined with
silt- excluding devices,
Flow-dividing
discharge in the parent canal downstream, the structure effecting the division of the
The distri-
bution canal i s under the control of an operator of the authority in charge of the
irrigation system.
and the f a r m e r .
This would be necedsary, for example, during periods of low discharge in the
parent channel when the check would r a i s e the water level sufficiently to feed an offtake
canal, o r several in rotation.
the supply to the downstream end of a parent channel to allow time for r e p a i r s o r
maintenance.
various sections of the canal system, in controlling flow velocities and in preventing
breaches in the tail reaches.
At the f a r m level,
checks a r e required to divert water from one to another canal o r to serve a s a control
for water delivery to the field.
Whenever the slope of the land i s g r e a t e r than the grade required of the irrigation
canal, the difference i s adjusted by constructing drops ( o r falls) o r chutes a t suitable
intervals.
Generally, a water level control structure will be called a drop o r fall when
veyed over longer distances and along slopes that a r e m o r e gentle, but still steep enough
t o maintain high velocities, the s t r u c t u r e s used a r e known a s chutes.
The measurement of irrigation water i s an essential element for i t s f a i r distribution and economical use.
delivery schedules, to determine the amounts of water delivered and to single out
anomalies in distribution.
application to the field and, where applicable, provides a basis for water charges.
i s also useful for estimating conveyance losses and detecting their origin.
It
A variety of
measuring methods, devices and structures has been developed to suit various conditions.
be either syphons, aqueducts or level crossings, which pass the drainage water either
under o r above o r s t the same level a s the irrigation canal.
excessive rainfall on the comrrianded area; sudden closure of a canal due to a breach o r
breaches; admittance of drain water into the canal through inlet and level crossings;
temporary closure of a canal for urgent repairs; e r r o r s in regulation; and failure of
P-PS
-.
The type
of gate required for a particular purpose depends on the dimensions of the gate, the
water pressure, the mode of operation and on the availability and cost of local materials.
The wide range of types of gates available has merited a special chapter in this
handbook, to deal in detail with the design of gates which have proved successful in
practice.
In addition to the structures mentioned above, distribution systems may require
bridges, road culverts, cart and cattle crossings; and other complementary structures.
Automatic mechanical gate control has become a common asset in headworks and
large conveyance canals, while in the terminal distribution system and on the farm such
means of control a r e still quite r a r e .
&ideal
m o r e difficult to introduce in open flow networks than in p r e s s u r e pipe systems. Therefore, in new projects where labour and other conditions favour automatic delivery on
demand, the trend i s toward's piped, systems, rather than open-channel systems.
However, existing open-channel systems cannot be readily converted into closed pipe
systems.
use of high yielding varieties, etc.) may call for modification of traditional gravity flow
networks.
The problem h e r e is how to provide economically for the large capacities required,
whilst minimising modification of existing engineering works.
sidering existing safe limits with a view to increasing water levels and velocities, i. e.
flow capacity and reduction of spill and other losses, especially in the terminal portion
,,
of a network.
Auto-mechanisation of the control of irrigation water supply i s being tried a t the
f a r m level in some countries with a view to economising on water deliveries to the field
and to save labour.
In new f a r m distribution networks it i s sometimes difficult to plan in advance the
layout of the entire distribution system so that i t meets actual operational demands in
respect of locations, dimensions and types of outlets and control structures.
Therefore,
ance cannot be easily overcome, the only remedy i s the construction of simple, robust
and "over -dimensioned1' structures
supply and transport; reduction in time of construction; better quality and uniformity
of the final products; and quicker r e p a i r s o r replacements.
the off-demand periods of irrigation in many a r e a s coincide with unsuitable weather for
in situ construction.)
--
precast a s compared with in situ construction have been cited from experience in the
Wherever possible,
which may prove too complicated o r difficult to be mastered by people lacking the
necessary technical training, and which would in practice be found to be functionally
inadequate.
2.
2.1
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
An irrigation system comprises all the physical and organizational facilities
and services required to convey water for the irrigation of crops f r o m a source of
supply to the f a r m e r s ' fields.
FIGURE 2- 1.
Networks for gravity flow irrigation may consist of open canals and hitches
o r of low p r e s s u r e buried pipes, o r both, in the tail portion of the system.
Buried pipes a r e not usually economical -in gravity flow irrigation systems where
the pipe diameter has to be large enough for a flow exceeding 1000 l / s e c .
2.1.1
the entire system a r e those related to the soil, the climate, the plant, the f a r m e r
and his fields.
allow the delivery of a definite quantity of water to each field and i t must be
possible to vary the quantity with time.
m o r e precisely, and thus satisfying the crops' needs for water, the quantities
delivered to each point must be so determined that they also satisfy certain
economic and practical requirements.
in advance a "programme" for the system a s a whole and for each branch canal
a s well-1 1
The establishment of a programme shoufd be the joint concern of the
strictly to programme the crops will suffer and a danger of exhausting the water
resources o r of waterlogging, salinity, etc. could develop.
water and to provide accurate metering facilities from which realistic unit costs
of water can be computed must always be the primary consideration.
The amount
L'
Since the very aim of irrigation i s to supply crops with the water they need
for their growth at the right time, ideal distribution implies the ability to control
the discharge from each canal a t any instant so that the canal o r i t s branches can
satisfy'the net demand of the a r e a they serve.
methods
these methods.
Upstream Control
In an upstream controlled irrigation system water i s discharged from the
supply in a predetermined amount at the head of the main irrigation canal.
The
The
volume of water in upstream con"
trolled canals remains practically constant during operation, whatever the flows
Downstream Control
If the supply available a t the head is always g r e a t e r than the demand, dischsrge control considerations become l e s s imperative, and each u s e r can be
allowed to regulate his own supply, providing that the effect of the amount he
draws i s transmitted step by step to the head of the system and causes the overall
supply to the network to be adjustec?.to suit the cumulative demand.
In the
2.2
operated by motors, but the motors have to be manually started and stopped.
Manual operation i s the most wide- spread and traditional form of conveyance
management and continues to be dominant in' all major irrigation a r e a s of the
world.
organizational aspects.
seasonal shortages of water and under these conditions the principle employed i s
equitable distribution of the supply available.
run in rotation with full supply o r with a supply proportional to the total available
supply in the system at the time.
y e a r during which the whole network i s closed down for maintenance work; in
Northern India this period i s three weeks).
The staif responsible f o r the manual operation of a canal system i s headed
by a "Divisional Engineer", in charge of the headworks; under him i s a "Sub-
'
These o r d e r s a r e
based on the recorded knowledge of the water levels throughout the system of
canals down to the head of the distributaries and of the "indents" (requests) for
water supply received f r o m other officers responsible for the detailed d i s t r i bution of water in individual canals o r p a r t s of the system.
E a r l y every morning gauges installed at various control points on a canal
system a r e read by appointed gauge-readers and the data a r e communicated to a
staff of signallers who transmit them by telegraph to the Regulating Office a t the
headworks where they a r e tabulated on a printed form.
This tabulated f o r m i s
By this
He i s thus in a
meet an indent.
F o r the safety of the canal system, i t i s important that the amount of water
in each.cana1 be within i t s safe capacity.
and for e r r o r s and omission by gauge r e a d e r s and gate operators, for unforeseen
rainfall and for preventing canal breaches, safety devices (such a s escapes) a r e
provided in the system for the disposal of surplus water.
For
developed in India to suit local conditions; there a r e .of course alternative ways
of dealing with seasonal water shortages. )
Manual control by the Irrigation' Authority does aot usually r e a c h further
down the system than the intake gate to a minor canal.
F r o m this canal a
The water i s
It
In India t h e r e a r e two
The t u r n s a r e so
The advantage
of
this system i s that every cultivator knows exactly when he i s responsible for
handling the discharge from the watercourse.
The
rate varies in different localitiee according to the crops grown and other relevant
When one cultivator has finished his turn, he hands over the supply to
factore.
of one period of the channel rotation, resumes irrigation at the next running and
thus finishes his allotted turn.
each area.
Under both these systems the roster l i s t s have to be prepared very careThe water should be turned into the fields nearest to the outlet, first to
fully.
the right and then to the left, but always proceeding down the watercourse.
reaching a branch watercourse
On
the junction and proceed down the o ~ p o s i t ebranch, if any, in a similar manner.
Finally, irrigation should then proceed down the main watercour se again.
This
method ensures that water i s utilized a s soon a s there i s water in the supply line.
When a cultivator's turn a t the end of a rcain watercourse o r branch water
course i s over, the branch watercourse i s closed off and the water left in the
channel may run into his field.
cultivator for any shortfall in supply because of the distance of his field from the
water source.
eubetantial.
These disputes
can be settled by letting the cultivators take turns at being last to receive water
and by making due allowance for the amount of balance water received by
adjusting the time.
01 all
The
exact extra time of flow required for the cultivator concerned in such a r e a s
during a turn would be accepted by all once they had seen the justice of the
arrangements made.
In order to avoid hardship to any cultivator whose turn falls during the
night, two sets of r o s t e r s a r e drawn up, each differing from the other by twelve
hours.
14.
2.3
1/
HYDRO-MECHANICALLY AUTOMATED FLOW CONTROL SYSTEMS-Hydro-mechanically automated flow control systems a r e those in which
various types of gates equipped with floats and w e i r s with long c r e s t s a r e used
for automatic regulation of water levels in irrigation systems.
The m o s t
important of these a r e the NEYRPIC constant level upstream gate (AMIL) and the
constant level downstream gates (AVIS) and (AVIO).
Technical descriptions of
Functional aspects a r e
discussed below.
2.3.1
Regulation
It
I
Upstream constant
water level gate7
\ I
~ ~ ~ o c l u l
V II"
rI Off
take channel
Duckbill Weir (as alternative to
I the upstream constant water
e I level gate)7
Downstream constant
water level gate
k:::echanneIs-l
FIGURE'2-2.
-- - .
Module
'TI
reasons have to be located near the downstream side of a control structure (Zone
A) have to be equipped with a device for automatic constant downstream level
regulation (e. g. an AVIO o r AVIS gate) in order to ensure that the discharge in
the offtaking canal is independent of variations of water level in the parent canal.
Alternatively, the distances between the constant upstream control gates in the
parent canal may be reduced.
2.3.2
i s automatically transmitted back to the head of the system and causes the overall
supply to the network to be adjusted to suit the cumulative demand. The step-bystep transmission of the demand i s ensured by constant downstream level gates,
regularly spaced along the entire length of the network.
a given canal section, the gate a t the upstream end of the canal opens to compensate for the falling level; this causes the section upstream of it to s t a r t
emptying, whereupon the next gate lifts
- a process
Decreasing demand has the opposite effect; all the gates close one after the
other, downstream to upstream.
heref fore
intake to a plot of land to the required flow i s enough to ensure that the c o r r e sponding amount i s supplied right through the entire network.
Figure 2-3 is a diagram showing the layout of a downstream controlled
system.
located further down the reach and particularly those near the upstream side of
the control gate (I1 in Zone B) a r e equipped with additiofral constant downstream
level gates (111), in order to ensure that the discharge i s iddependent of level
variations in the parent canal (level range "a").
system there i s an economical optimum between the length of the control reaches
in the parent canal and the number of offtakes to be equipped with constant downstream level gates.
---
T--pB Freeboard -
---------i
Downstream
.constant water
Offtake canals
Supply channel
Level at full
supply discharge
-----
FIGURE 2- 3.
- a t l e a s t a s f a r a s the t e r m i n a l portion of
i t enables each u s e r ' s consumption to be fixed fairly in accordance with the water
supplies available.
However, the supply of water to the head of the s y s t e m and the sharing out
of the water available among the u s e r s r e q u i r e s a l a r g e and highly experienced
operating staff.
in a network exactly equal to the sum of the discharge drawn off f r o m the supply
canal plus leakage and evaporation.
This i s
This a r i s e s f r o m the fact that the amount of water stored in each canal
To i n c r e a s e
It i s seldom
The
same situation would occur in the case of a breakdown in the system, such a s
blockage of a gate, breakdown of a pump, o r a canal breach.
In such c a s e s all
A comparison
2.3.4
combined; one may be described a s the "longitudinally combined system" and the
other the "composite gate system".
The longitudinally combined system
In many instances i t i s advantageous to use different control systems
in the lower and upper part of an irrigation network.
Upstream control i s usually resorted to for the terminal portions of a
network in view of the general necessity of keeping the offtakes under the supervision of the operating staff, to avoid exhausting the water resources and to enable
the consumption to be checked.
say the main conveyance canals), may be equipped for downstream control, thus
making i t very much easier to c a r r y out the irrigation programme by doing away
with the necessity of going all the way to the head intake (sometimes situated a
considerable distance away) whenever the discharge supplied to the network has
to be changed.
With such a
layout, the programme can be made very comprehensive and even allow for
unexpected demand.
economic bounds since the main canals a r e often laid out along a contour line and
the secondary canals run m o r e o r l e s s down the steepest slope.
The composite gate system
I
The composite gate system i s confined to the use of NEYRPIC hydromechanical gates of composite type in the main network and constant downstream
level control gates, followed by shutters (distributors), in the offtakes o r outlets.
When conditions a r e normal, (i.e. when the supply i s equal to the
consumption) composite control gates behave in exactly the same way a s constant
downstream level control gates and therefore have all their characteristics.
When the water supply exceeds the consumption, the gates, which then control a
constant level upstream, open to prevent overflowing.
to the canal i s below the overall downstream demand, the gates close before the
reaches upstream of them a r e completely exhausted so that some water i s always
in danger of running dry, nor do the upstream u s e r s suffer, while those downs t r e a m a r e still drawing their .full supply.
be shared out fairly among all the u s e r s until f r e s h supplies a r e made available.
A canal network thus equipped with composite control gates can be
made to function a s a compensation reservoir, which can absorb supply-demand
differences and these differences may be caused by:
varying head supplies resulting from upstream hydro-power
generation;
the need to make use of a constant flow supply while demand
varies during the course of an irrigation day;
sudden r i s e s due to storm water entering into the system;
sudden drops due to a canal breach o r other breakdown.
2.4
2.4.1
- upstream,
chosen for intakes and other structures on large canals, where a supply of
electricity i s readily available and where gate dimensions a r e too l a r g e for
hand operated o r hydraulically automated devices.
to operate one gate while the other gates o r stop-logs have to be adjusted manually
a s demand changes during the season.
The operator
A l a r m s may be
control system by means of which i t will monitor and operate 174 canal gates and
54 of i t s 250 deep well pumps f r o m a central operating station (109).
The system
comprises and provides remote control and information facilities a s listed below:
2.4.2
Unfavourable points a r e :
of random accidents.
can recognize that the data f r o m a level recording'device i s wrong o r that the
1
The
If the
water in line with demand among the various reaches i s achieved by the
automatic hydraulic devices on the basis of water levels, a s mentioned e a r l i e r .
Thus the average water level in the canal will often be low.
In c a s e of an
2.5
passed, for example, t!hrough a gate depends both on the extent to which the gate
i s open and on the aapstx-eam and downstream water levels, so that, even i f stable
upstream and downstream levels a r e assumed to exist after a setting h a s been
made, the d i s c h g e is difficult to a s s e s s , since it h a s to be calculated, o r
parcel of land thus depends on such an extensive group of regulating works and a
in this way a r e still incomplete, and not only the head l o s s e s remain high, but
the positions of the gates o r heights of the stop-logs frequently have to be
adjusted, requiring a considerable amount of handling.
In the terminal portions of manually operated sy atems distribution i s often
c a r r i e d out in the "automatic" fashion described under Section 2. 2, i.e.
proportional distribution through ungated outlets designed to provide equitable
delivery of water over each a r e a .
long a s operational conditions remain close to those f o r which the system was
designed.
The system
FIGURE 2-4.
Example of tampering. B r u s h and stone
dam built by f a r m e r s a c r o s s a minor irrigation canal to
i n c r e a s e flow through a pipe outlet.
starting perhaps with the electro-mechanization of the head gate and proceeding,
a s know-how in handling the equipment i n c r e a s e s , t o downstream regulating
structures.
with a view to increasing water levels and velocities, i. e. capacity and reduction
of spill and other l o s s e s , especially in the t e r m i n a l portions of the s y s t e m s .
In
2.6
In l a r g e
The
dimensions selected for the channels which deliver the water should be such that
one man can handle the flow o r that two men can handle i t in the c a s e of long
channels o r b o r d e r s .
These s t r u c t u r e s a r e
discussed in Chapter 5.
In o r d e r to apply water efficiently to the fields the water level in the head
channel should be 15 to 30 c m above the level of the ground to be i r r i g a t e d .
If
however, that the higher the water h a s to be dammed up in the head channel, the
l a r g e r will be the wetted p e r i m e t e r , and the water l o s s e s in the channel, i f i t be
unlined.
various types of s t r u c t u r e s .
F a r m irrigation
Although i t i s
Thus
f o r forward planning.
Auto-Mechanization of s u r f a c e Irrigation
Auto-mechanization of surface irrigation on the f a r m r e f e r s to the u s e of
mechanical gates, s t r u c t u r e s , o r other devices and s y s t e m s that automatically
divert water onto a f a r m field in the right amount and a t the right time t o m e e t
c r o p demands; i t enables the f a r m e r to apply water m o r e efficiently and with a
minimum of labour.
B o r d e r and basin, irrigation s y s t e m s a r e particularly well suited f o r
automation and have received the m o s t attention.
F u r r o w and corrugation
~ b t o m a t e ds t r u c t u r e s operate a s
In either c a s e they
operation.
semi-automatic o r manual.
Automatic
The i r r i g a t o r frequently
determines when and for how long to i r r i g a t e , t u r n s water into the system, and/or
s t a r t s programmed controllers before the automated portions of the s y s t e m
function.
The higher
equipment costs and the greater emphasis that needs to be put on maintenance
and operational skills compared to conventional surface irrigation suggests that
the use of auto-mechanized equipment is feasible only where i t i s important to
save labour a s well a s water.
3.
3.1
INTAKE STRUCTURES
INTRODUCTION
Intake s t r u c t u r e s o r head r e g u l a t o r s a r e hydraulic devices built a t the
head of an irrigation canal.
The
These s t r u c t u r e s may a l s o
In c a s e s where the
discharges of the offtake canals a r e m o r e than 25% of the capacity of the parent
canal, the control s t r u c t u r e s regulating the flow into two o r m o r e sub-canals a r e
called "flow dividing s t r u c t u r e s " ( s e e Chapter 4); on the f a r m they a r e usually
called "division boxes".
The flowing water in the parent canal may be s i l t - f r e e o r charged with
sediment, and the discharge may be constant, a t a l m o s t constant water level, o r
i t m a y vary.
F o r constant head discharge, the intake s t r u c t u r e m a y be a module of one
kind o r another, and be operated manually or automatically (built-in o r remotely
controlled).
canal.
fluctuations in the various sections of the, canal system, to facilitate the provision
of a bridge a c r o s s the canal at little additional cost, and to shut off o r reduce flow
temporarily for repairs to breaches in the lower sections of the canal.
When the water in the parent canal i s silt-free, the centreline of the offtake
canal may be a t any angle with the centreline of the parent c a n d .
i s laden with silt an important function of.the intake i e to control the entry of silt
into the offtake canal so that i t draws i t s fair share of the sediment charge, which
should a s far a s possible, be carried in suspension to the fields.
This may
require either having a suitable offtake from the outside of a curve in the parent
canal, o r a suitable alignment of the offtake to the centreline of the parent canal,
or silt-excluding devices in the parent canal a t the head of the intakes.
Figure
3- 1 (a and b) illustrates the magnitude of the silt problem when an intake i s not
In this case the silt content i s very high, while
INTAKES
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
P r e - c a s t R C C open regulator.
3.8
3.9
crossing, U. S. S. R. )
3.14
3.15
3.16
B.
Gibbls groyne.
3.19
3.20
Silt platforms :
( a ) simple platform;
(b) silt platform with a guide wall
3.21
Reverse vanes.
3.22
3.23
(c)
to 3 . 3 o r 3.6, 3.8,
(d)
When the offtaking canal has its bed a t a high level, the
control the entry of silt into the offtaking canal, the device 3. 17 may be used in
addition to enhance the performance of 3.18.
The silt platforms (3.20) a r e suitable only where the parent canal i s deep.
The device 3.20 (b) has the advantage that (on account of the slight heading caused
by the curved wing) a small head of 3 to. 4.5 cm i s created a t the offtake which
increases the velocity of the water and prevents silt being deposited in the head
reach of the offtaking canal.
When a canal divides into two canals, one of which sil!s
there i s not enough room to accommodate vanes, the device 3.21 may be built to
pass m o r e silt into the canal which does not silt.
The device 3.22 i s suitable for small canals whose bed widths a r e l e s s than
3 metres.
It requires that some extra discharge be let into the offtaking canal
A.
3.2
INTAKES
3.2.1
General
The intakes for minor and sub-minor canals developed in Punjab and
Haryana a r e designed for proportional distribution of supplies.
The types in
(APF)". Whichever of the two types a r e adopted the following conditions should
be satisfied.
(a)
F o r open flumes the setting of the c r e s t should be a t 0.9 of the full supply
depth of the parent canal (Y i ) ; the c r e s t m u s t be above the level of the
downstream canal bed; the width of the c r e s t a c r o s s the flow must be a t
l e a s t 6 cm.
(b)
These t y p e s o f
intakes, designed and set according to the conditions indicated above, will ensure
proportional distribution over a wide range of flows.
No control work i s required in the parent canal.
However, when a
bridge i s required over the parent canal a t the site of the intake, a common wing
wall i s provided between the intake and the bridge.
The capacity
Structural Design
The Open F l u m e intake s t r u c t u r e consists of u p s t r e a m approach walls to
the throat walls, u p s t r e a m curved glacis jbining the bed of the parent canal with
the c r e s t and u p s t r e a m curtain wall, c r e s t , downstream glacis and downstream
expansion, c i s t e r n , curtain wall and downstream protection.
The Adjustable Proportional F l u m e (APF)
h a s the s a m e s t r u c t u r a l p a r t s
and details except that i t i s fitted with a roof block having i t s face s e t 5 c m f r o m
the starting point of the parallel throat.
The entire s t r u c t u r e (except the roof block, which i s made partly of
reinforced concrete) i s in brick m a s o n r y .
3.2.2.1
, The downstream
Y1
side walls of the throat should be c a r r i e d straight into the parent canal to m e e t
i t s side slopes.
1.
3.2.2.2
Crest
The throat should s t a r t f r o m the point where the u p s t r e a m curve approach
wing wall m e e t s the side walls of the intake tangentially.
t h r o a t o r length of the c r e s t will be equal to 2H
(crt)
(where H
over the c r e s t ) .
In the c a s e of the A P F a roof block of reinforced concrete ( F i g u r e 3-2) i s
s e t with i t s face 5 c m f r o m the s t a r t of the throat.
It h a s a laminated curve a t
rr~~
Bar 3mm
Bar No.1
Front
elevation
Bar 3 m m
Bar No. 2
Cross section on 0-0
S.W.G.(Standard wire gauge
Bar No.3
Detoils of precast R. C. Roof
F A O - I C I D
INTAKE TO
DETAILS O F P R E C A S T R . C . R O O F BLOCK
Figure No. 3
-2
The c r e s t should be joined with the upstream bed level of the parent canal
with a radius R(b,c) = 2.5 H(crt).
Let
yapp)
Then
where H(b.c)
3.2.2.3
J { 5 H(crt) -
H(b-c)
H(b-c)
Downstream glacis
The downstream glacis should have a 2.5 : 1 slope and will join the c r e s t
--
L(gl)
2. H ( c - ~ ~ )
3.2.2.4
Cistern
The depth of the cistern should be calculated thus:
q = -Q
B(t)
0.67
1.
Hc
-
L.
TABLE
3- I
The depth of the c i s t e r n below the bed level of the offtake canal,
will be E 2
owns stream
3.2.2.5
The r a d i u s of expansion,
h(wk).
expansion
3.2.2.6
L(exp),
R(exp),
2
The length of the bed protection of b r i c k b a t s
3.2.3
Design
3.2.3. 1
Open F l u m e
-3
HSB,
Mosonry
Note!
Coping to be of
wing
wolls
concrete ( l : 3 : 6 ) with
cement
bed is
unprotected
When b e d
is
protected
Road level
Rood level
Rood level
Road level
-125-
Rood level
R.C. Slab
Brick on edge 12 Cm
Floor
F A 0
ICID
STANDARD S E C T I O N S FOR
WING W A L L S AND ABUTMENTS OF
C.D.O. TYPE F A L L ( P U N J A B )
Country, Region, Project
Punjob and Horyono (India 1
thon 45 cm
cm
'
Figure No. 3 - 3
Value of ' C 1
Intake angle 60
3.2.3.2
up to 0.56 m 3 / s
1.60
1.61
0.57 to 1 . 4 m 3 / s
1.61
1.63'
Adjustable ~ r o p o r t i o n a lF l u m e ( A P F )
Where
H(orf) =
H(sOf)
B(t)
width of throat.
3.2.4
Numerical Example
3.2.4. 1
Discharge
Bed level
(above s e a level)
F u l l supply depth
F u l l supply level
Bed width
Angle of offtake
Working head
100.36)
(100.96
Minor Offtake
(i)
C r e s t l e v e l and t h r o a t width
H(crt)
C r e s t level
--
0 . 9 ~ ~
0.9
---
. 0.96
0.864 m .
100.960
0.864
100.096
(ii)
--
1 . 60
Fluming ratio
0.39
2. 18
Length of c r e s t ,
L(crt)
( f r o m section 3. 2. 3.1).
ycrt)
Glacisandcistern
working head,
?wi> h(wk)
-
0.60
Now h(wk)
I%
F r o m Table 3- 1, f o r h(wk)
Hc
E2
-
--
0.60
-
--
0.42
1.43
1.43
Hc
--
0.916
100.36
--
99.44
Length of downstream
glacis
2.5
Length of c i s t e r n
Y2
--
0.50
--
1. l m .
F l o o r level of c i s t e r n
0.416m.
0.916
0.652
ywk)
o r , length of Glacis
0.50
c i s t e r n length
0.6
Radius of expansion
(iv)
LL(~XP)
B2 - B(t)
B2
- B(t)
Minimum r e q u i r e d
(v)
0.5m.
U p s t r e a m curtain wall
L e t dwc
Then
Yl
3
(vi)
Let
L(prot)2
Then L(prot)2
Y2
0.50
1. l m .
h(wk)
+ 0.60
--
100.096
0.096
1oo.00
R(b c)
2.
H(crt)
3.3
3.3.1
General
The design of a s i l t selective intake was evolved by the l a t e K. R.
Sharma of the Punjab Irrigation Department in 1936 on the assumption that
the concentration of s i l t in a s t r e a m in the lower l a y e r s i s g r e a t e r than that
in the upper ones, and i f the lower l a y e r s were allowed to escape without
interfering with the silt distribution, the remaining water would have l e s s
s i l t p e r unit volume than the water u p s t r e a m of the intake.
Full-sized
(a)
Under ideal conditions, the ability of the intake to conduct silt does
not vary with the discharge of an offtaking canal so long a s the
depth in the approach chamber i s not changed;
(b)
Plan
SILT S E L E C T I V E H E A D INTAKE
-5
parent canal.
The structure s e r v e s to regulate, to reduce silt in the offtaking canal and
to m e t e r the water flowing through i t .
3.2
Structural Desipn
The structure consists of t h r e e p a r t s : the approach chamber; the
regulator; and the flume.
The discharge i s regulated upstream of the weir flume which m e t e r s the supply.
In addition, side and bed pitching i s provided in the parent a s well a s in the offtaking canals
A platform i s provided in front of 'the structure' in the parent canal and the
bed of the platform i s 10% higher than the average depth of the parent canal.
The length of the platform i s equal to three times the depth of the platform
upstream and two t i m e s the depth of i t downstream.
The floor of the approach chamber m u s t be higher than the canal bed.
The
slope from the platform to the approach chamber i s set a t 0.5 : 1 because a
vertical wall would cause disturbance.
by the formula
where B(ac)
Q1
B1
Y1
y(ac)
Q2
Y1
Q
T
( B ~
+7
)
The length of the c r e s t i s 2.5 H(crt), and the vertical approach curve f r o m
floor to c r e s t has a radius of 2H(crt).
The c r e s t i s followed by a glacis a t 1:5 which r e s t s on a toe wall.
The floor length i s calculated according to Blighls theory.
(Refer to
3.3.3
Hydraulic Design
(a) The required silt selective ability, r ( s c h ) l , i s determined f r o m the
formula,
r(s~h)l
r(sch)2
r(sch)3
(cvr)
- ,
where
vc
A =
a r e a i n m2
vc
a
A
'
cO'64,' where
3
in m / s ;
discharge,
y = depth in m e t r e s ,
Type of s i l t
~~
Value of C
F o r s o i l s of Punjab and
U t t a r P r a d e s h (UP)
C o a r s e s i l t and sand
Sandy l o a m
0.65 ( a s in T a m i l Nadu)
Light sandy s i l t of c o a r s e r
variety
0.59 ( a s in B u r m a )
F i n e sandy s i l t
V e r y fine s i l t
0.41 ( a s in Sind)
P e a gravel
G r a v e l and P e a g r a v e l
Boulders, e t c .
0.85 ) in r i v e r s o r head
1.83 ) r e a c h e s of c a n a l s
2.1
)
(b)
I(sch)
(c)
( x f d ) 3
0 . 9 ~
t o d e t e r m i n e floor l e v e l
of the approach c h a m b e r
f o r m u l a given in 3 . 3 . 2,
i. e .
B(,p)
(d)
Work out B
(a.1
0.9~1
Y(ac)
where
(e)
1.71 B
2
(t) H(crt)
where B ( q =
B(ac)
2
4
(f)
3.3.4
Numerical Example
See F i g u r e 3-5.
Design a s i l t selective head intake i n accordance with the
following data :
P a r e n t canal
Offtake canal
Ql
8.5m3/s
Q2
= 0.8m3/s
B1
1.30 m
B2
= 0.60 m
Y1
9.5m
y2
= 3.00
0.5 : 1
( s s ) = 0.5 : 1
(ss) =
F u l l supply l e v e l = 10 1.30
3. 3.4. 1
(cvr) =
0.644
0. 65
0.99
r(sch)3
-- -1 . 3- 0.6
2.166
3.3.4.2
3.3.4.3
Depth i n approach chamber for 85% selection of silt in the parent canal
Y(ac)
0.85~
assuming
1.17
=
say
Radius of u p s t r e a m wing
0.719 m
0.72
3y(,;)
say 2 . 2
fl
3.3.4.4
--
0.955 m
say O . 9 6 m
0.72
2.16 m
3.3.4.5
where
3.3.4.6
( dsw)
291 r 2
angle of offtake
--
lm5yl t 6
+ B(t)
60
0 . 9 ~
t
Y(ac)
where K
3.3.4.7
1.5
Width of flume,
B(t)
3.3.4.8
1.17m;
=
' 2
say 1 . 2 0 m
3
H
(crt)
1.71B(t)
=
3.3.4.9
3.3.4.10
0.534m,
Length of c r e s t L(crt)
2.5
1.33 m
H(crt)
.= 2.5
0.53
3.3.4.11
say 0.53 m
3 . 5 H(crt)
1.86 m ;
=)
2 . 5 H(.crt)
3.5
1.33 m
0.53-
'
3.4
3.4.1.
General
The Constant-Head Orifice i s a combination of a regulating and m e a s u r i n g
s t r u c t u r e that u s e s an adjustable submerged orifice for the m e a s u r e m e n t of the
discharge.
s m a l l canals o
It i s a l s o in
3.4.2
the orifice gate to i n c r e a s e the accuracy of head readings, and hence of the
discharge measurement.
Some savings
wateltight since i t i s used for regulation only, the shut-off being accomplished
by the upstream gate.
If
3.4.2.1
Dimensions
F o r accurate measurement, t h e r e must be a level floor in front of the
orifice gate, of a length equal to o r g r e a t e r than the height of the orifice gate
opening a t full capacity.
FIGURE 3-8.
turnout.
A s i n g l e - b a r r e l constant-head o r i f i c e
The inlet
i n t e r s e c t the canal side slope a t o r a few inches above normal water level. The
inlet walls a r e usually,sloped steeper than the canal side slope and set back into
the bank so that they will not be out in the canal i f i t i s widened at the bottom
during cleaning o r reshaping.
1.5: 1
s e t into the bank
12 to 24 inches
depending on size
of canal and local
conditions
3.4.2.2
~ i d velocities
e
Full pipe velocity i s limited to about 1.07 m / s ( 3 . 5 f t / s ) i f the structure
h a s no concrete outlet transition, but, i f i t has, the full pipe velocity should be
about 1 . 5 m / s (5 f t / s ) .
The top of the pipe a t the outlet should have a minimum submergence of
hv(~)
Hydraulic P r o p e r t i e s
The rate of flow i s m e a s u r e d by using the principle that a submerged
orifice of a given size operating under a specific differential head will always
p a s s a known quantity of water.
the opening, the downstream gate o r gates a r e adjusted until the differential
head a c r o s s the orifice, a s measured by the staff gauges in the stilling wells,
i s a t 6 cm ( 0 . 2 ft).
3.4. 3,. 1
3.4.3.2
f o s s will
If
the canal below a turnout i s dry and the turnout gate i s opened some manipulation
of the gate may be required until the canal fills.
gated structure. )
nat cmtrol
3.4.3.3
A - 3 . 7 3 2 0 (E1.A-El B-H(p-b)p-LOL-
( L 2 = Ll+1.5qp-612+
FAO-
ICID
Q = 2 to 2 4 f t / s , yl = 4.0 f t to 6.5 f t
ss = 2 : l
Form turno:~
'rlP'e5
+ 5)) , / L + = L l+ L ( p ) z - k 4 5 8 - 2
fL2 ' L I + I S ~ - b ] r + 4 5 5 ) , / L 3 = L ,
*;142H(b-nls;
ownstreom staff
FIGURE
3 - 10.
:Gate
H(90)
yfg,)
= FUII
:.. .:..
*:
E
!L
.;:
....
?'..D:
.i
W. S.
W.S.
4)
Hoa
q+01
1
(ln'
h(
FIGURE
3 - 11.
mon.
ye+)
. of operation.
\
of waterlogged
The
A s a result,
The detbri-
Therefore, whenever
3.4.4
Design
The t e s t s c a r r i e d out show that for bhe general case, the r a t e of flow can
be computed f r o m the formula
where
A h
A(go)
=Q
coefficient of discharge
32.2 f t / s / s
i n c r e a s e d to approximately 0.72.
3-3 and 3-4 have been p r e p a r e d f r o m experimental data for the n o r m a l operation
of single and double-barrel installations using 24 by 18 inch and 30 by 2 4 inch
constant head orifice turnouts.
It i s i m p r a c t i c a l and
TABLE
3-3
Gate opening in ft
2 gates
1 gate
Discharge
ft3/ s e c
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
10.25
10.50
10.75
11.00
0.10
0.12
0. 1 4
0. 16
0..20
0.24
0. 28
0. 32
11.25
11.50
11.75
12.00
0. 18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.48
12.25
12.50
12.75
13.00
0.26
0. 28
0.30
0. 32
0.52
0.56
0.60
0. 64
13.25
13.50
13.75
14.00
Gate opening in ft
2 gates
1 gate
TABLE
3-4
D i s c h a r g e of ,Constant-Head O r i f i c e Turnout in ft
Capacity 10 ft3, Gate Size 24 by 18 Inches
Discharge
ft3/ s e c
Gate opening in ft
2 gates
1 gate
Discharge
ft3/ s e c
/ s,
Gate opening in ft
1 gate
2 gates
7% a r e
F o r discharges
TABLE
3-5
Discharge
ft3/ s
Discharge
ft3/ s
Orifice gate
opening, ft
2. 5 ft)
Orifice gate
opening, ft
Orifice gate
opening, ft
Orifice gate
opening, ft
Orifice gate
opening, ft
urnb but
Discharge
ft3/ e
(width. of orifice
,Orifice gate
opening, f t
Orifice gate
opening, ft
0.20
0.13
0.27
0.40
0.60
0.53
0.80
Discharge
ft3/ s
Discharge
ft3/-B
Orifice gate
opening, f t
i,
0.40
O r i f i c e gate
opening, f t
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
r S m ~ l l voriotion of levels
1
-----I*
Porent conol
------------ -------------------
Intake
Offtoke channel
r L ~ r ~.variation
e
of levels
Stilling basin
1
(b)
--Offtoke
conol
(el
(f )
tk
lntoke
Duckbill weir
(g)
0Module
dischorqe
tk- lntoke
Diagonal weir
'
Transversal weir
Guord gote
Constant
0d)ustoble
dischorqe --"'
1 I
--/r 1 I
Offtoke ronol
lntoke
Constont level m o i n t ~ i n e d ~
Parent conol-------
Porent chonnel
Longitudinal weir
(h)
FA0
ICID
J
adjustable
dischorqe
VARIOUS ARRANGEMENTS OF
NEYRPlC ORIFICE MODULE,
WITH AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
AND STRUCTURES
Project, Region ,Country
France and North Africa
Figure No. 3 12
3.4.5
Numerical Example
Designs can be worked out on the basis of the data and tables in the
preceding paragraphs.
3.5
3.5.1
If
there is only a small variation in the water level in the parent canal the intake is
installed directly on the bank of the parent canal (Figure 3- 12 (a) ).
If the water
'
level in the parent canal fluctuates beyond tolerable limits for constant flow in
the offtaking channel, a constant downstream level gate must be installed a t the
head of the offtaking channel upstream of the module,
Figure 3- 12 (b) shows a combination used when the discharge of the intake
i s small compared to the discharge of the parent canal.
a protection gate and a constant downstream water level gate before the orifice
module.
Figure 3-12(c) h a s a constant upstream water level gate in the parent canal
below the intake structure.
controlled networks.
intake i s set immediately below the constant downstream water level gate
installed in the parent canal.
downstream-controlled systems.
Figures 3- 13 (a) to (c) shoy perspective views of the arrangements of
Figures 3- 12 (b), (c) and (d).
FA0
- ICID
- 13
keep the water level in the parent canal on their upstream side nearly constant.
The best arrangement to .choose depends on economic and practical considerations such a s canal grade, height of canals above the lands to be irrigated,
and topographical features.
F o r this type of intake, only structural and design details of the orifice
module intake a r e given h e r e .
3.5.2
, upon
and a
The sill and the fixed plate o r baffle a r e enclosed between two vertical,
The
(Module type XX/60, Table 3-7), which allows respectively the passage of 10, 20
and 30 l / s , enables one of the following d i s c h a ~ g e sto be. diverted:
10, 20, 30, 40, 50 o r 60
11s. '
F ~ G U R E 3-14.
Neyrpic orifice module before and
after installation of the fixed plate.
Figure 3-14 shows the module before and after'installation of the fixed
plate, the sliding plate and the sill.
TABLE
3-6
(Dimensions in cm)
Module
No
H(b-bk)
min
H(bs-bk)
min
Ll
L Z B(rec)
L3
H(b-c)
min
H(crt)
H(c-ft)
FIGURE 3- 15.
Neyrpic distributor with conxpartments
for 5, 10, 15 and 30 11s.
FIGURE 3-16.
type XXl300.
Table 3-7 gives normal dimensions and capacities of module types X and XX
Module type L i s used for discharges over 500 l / s and has compartments with
capacities 50, 100, 200 and 400 11s.
g r e a t e r than 1,000 11s and has compartments with capacities of 100, 200, 400,
600 and 1,000 11s.
TABLE
3-7
--
Type of
module
Discharge of compartment
l/s
Clear opening
of compartment
cm
Total width
of compartment, cm
It i s not
Module X
20
-10/o-50/o
21
221hec
+SO/O+lOO/~
(4
open o r shut the gates a s required; once set, the combination can be locked once
and for all.
It
TABLE
3-8
3.5.3
Discharge
per 10 cm
width of
sill
H ( ~ r t ) m i n H(crt)
nor
QQ10% 5%
H(crt)
max
d~ (4 h(1)
('"Imin
Design Formula
The discharge of the outlet follows the formula for a weir with shooting
flow conditions (and i s thus always independent of the downstream water level)
When the upstream water level r i s e s and i s above the lower tip of the fixed
plate o r the baffle, the weir flow changes to orifice flow conditions.
discharge falls off slightly a t f i r s t
The
of the baffle and because the reduced section i s not quite compensated by the
increased flow velocity
the initial stages of orifice flow, the discharge varies between very narrow limits
(5% to 10%) over a comparatively wide range of upstream water levels.
Under
designed water level upstream, the module gives exactly the discharge indicated
on the shutter (Figure 3- 17).
r C o n t r o l of locks
Open locked 9ote
FIGURE 3- 18.
intake.
3.5.4
Numerical Example
D e s i g n s c a n b e w o r k e d out, with given d a t a , f r o m T a b l e s 3-6, 3 - 7 a n d 3-8.
3.6
3. 6. 1
General
T h e double o r i f i c e m o d u l e i s a n i m p r o v e m e n t o v e r t h e N e y r p i c o r i f i c e
module
and
c a t e r s f o r g r e a t e r v a r i a t i o n s of d i s c h a r g e i n t h e supply c a n a l .
Its
v a r i o u s a r r a n g e m e n t s with c o n s t a n t u p s t r e a m a n d d o w n s t r e a m w a t e r l e v e l g a t e s
a n d r e g u l a t i n g c h e c k s t r u c t u r e s a r e t h e s a m e a s given u n d e r s e c t i o n 3.5.
3. 6 . 2
Structural Characteristics
The double o r i f i c e module (Figure 3-18) c o n s i s t s of an i n c l i n e d s i l l
s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e Neyrpic s i n g l e o r i f i c e module and i s provided with two
v e r t i c a l m e t a l l i c covers forming a siphon.
The c a l i b r a t e d openings of d i f f e r e n t
3-9
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Double O r i f i c e Module
for Q = 2 5 p e r cent
Type
No.
Unit
discharge
l/ s/dm
( c r t )m i n
dH
J .
H
(crt)
(max)
(crt)
mln
Dimensions i n centimetres
H
(b- c )
Hydraulic Characteristics
A s i n t h e c a s e of t h e N e y r p i c o r i f i c e m o d u l e , t h e r e i s a shooting flow downs t r e a m of t h e s i l l a n d t h e d i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h t h e m o d u l e i s independent of t h e
water l e v e l s i n the delivery canal.
The o u t l e t works a s a semi-module a s long a s t h e upstream water l e v e l does
not reach t h e bottom edge of t h e two inner m e t a l l i c covers.
T h e r e a f t e r , with
T h u s t h i s i m p r o v e m e n t a l l o w s a l a r g e r r a n g e of v a r i a t i o n i n t h e u p s t r e a m
l e v e l s t o give n e a r l y c o n s t a n t d i s c h a r g e .
able
F o r e x a m p l e , f o r m o d u l e Type 2
3-9) t h e p e r m i s s i b l e r a n g e f o r Q = - 570 i s 11 c m w h e r e a s i t i s 8 c m f o r
t h e N e y r p i c m o d u l e Type XX.
T h i s p e r m i t s t h e p a s s i n g of 50/0 m o r e d i s c h a r g e
f o r t h e s a m e width, a g r e a t a d v a n t a g e o v e r t h e N e y r p i c s i n g l e o r i f i c e module.
Design
T h e h y d r a u l i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e m o d u l e a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 - 9 .
Numerical Example
D e s i g n s c a n b e w o r k e d o u t , i n a c c o r d a n c e with given d a t a , f r o m T a b l e 3-9
a n d t h e T a b l e s given u n d e r s e c t i o n 3 . 5 .
3.7
T r a n s i t i o n to t h e t r a p e z o i d a l c r o s s s e c t i o n of t h e c a n a l on t h e
d o w n s t r e a m s i d e c o n s i s t e d of i n c l i n e d w a l l s .
LJB a s e d on i n f o r m a t i o n
T h e s e s t r u c t u r e s w e r e difficult
Cross
section A A
Cross section B B
Cement mortar
Cross section C C
FA 0
- ICID
P Ion
( A l l dimensions ore in cm )
Figure No. 3 - 19
s t r u c t u r e r e q u i r e s low hydraulic d r o p s .
operation.
discharges.
S t r u c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Design
The intake ( F i g u r e 3-19) c o n s i s t s of a ribbed bulkhead wall (diaphragm)
and ribbed stiffening plates m a d e of reinforced concrete.
installed in the canal p a r a l l e l to i t s a x i s of flow.
gate i s volted to the bulkhead wall.
sealed.
p l a t e s a r e filled with c e m e n t m o r t a r .
A m e t a l l i c f r a m e with a plate
for modifications i f n e c e s s a r y ;
Hydraulic
TABLE
3-10
3
Discharge, m / s
Type of
structure
RO-60
40
RO-60
60
h(k), c m
H'
(crt)
RO-80
10
15
20
qgo), cm
0. 205
0.244
0.244
0 . 257
0.316
0.329
60
0 . 307
0.379
0.415
0.415
50
0.359
0.442
0.461
60
0.434
0.53s
0.538
0.588
70
0.503
0.625
0.704
0.718
0.571
0.712
0.810
0.852
40
60
50
RO-80
'
60
80
60
80
80
80
L i s t of P a r t s
Type of
structure
RO-60
40
T y p e of p a r t
AO- 60
P-60
120
AO- 60
RO-60
RO-80
60
. 60
.
80
Quantity
(No>
1, 170
110
13
1 , 170
P-60
120
110
P-60
180
325
2,435
325
11
2,435
325
13
AO-80
P-120
RO-80
Weight of
one p a r t
kg
180
AO-80
P-120
180
Total
quantity
(No)
14
12
12
14
TABLE 3- 10
(Cont'd. )
Design Dimensions
Type of construction
H(c-~)
cm
B~~
cm
L~~
cm
H~~
cm
L~~
cm
B~~
cm
L~~
cm
RO- 60
. 40
15
60
120
150
390
60
290
PO-60
. 60
20
60
120
150
390
60
310
RO-80. 60
25
120
180
210
540
120
430
RO-80 . 8 0
30
120
180
210
540
120
460
Volume of m a i n works
Type of s t r u c t u r e
Material
Unit
Concrete
m3
Reinforcement
kg
TZRM
100
0.31
0.43
0.77
0.91
Sandfilling
m3
1.0
1.4
2.5
2.9
Rockfilling
0.5
0.9
1.1
2.1
Metal construction s
kg
73.1
72.5
38.4
93.1
Name
Reinforced
concrete
parts
Cement
RO-60
1.04
52.5
40
RO-60
. 60
1. 30
57.2
R O - 8 0 . 60
2.40
107.9
RO-80
. 80
2.66
113.6
Table.
Design
Calculating f o r m u l a
where
Q
C(ds~)
+(lat)
CQ
B(so)
(crt)
proposed d i s c h a r g e of the r e g u l a t o r ( m3 / s ) ;
d i s p e r s i o n coefficient;
coefficient of l a t e r a l contraction;
where
"(~PP)
velocity of approach
The d i s p e r s i o n coefficient i s
i function of the r a t i o
of s u b m e r g e n c e ( s e e F i g u r e 3-10).
H(crt)
w h e r e H( s ) = depth
Table 3- 11.
TABLE
3-11
Values of D i s p e r s i o n Coefficient,
C(dsp)
Coefficient of l a t e r a l contraction
formula :
where
C
( shp)
( shh)
1.2.
where
H(c-s~)
H
4H
=
( r e ~ i ) ~
( r e ~ i ) ~
q
B(go)
d i s c h a r g e p e r unit w i d t h ;
Incident energy
rH( go)
=l
-E
EI
SB 1
SB 1
TABLE
r~
(no)
E'
SB 1
A
E'
SB 1
E
SB 1
3-12
rH(go)
E'
SB 1
2SB 1
3 2 )
E'
SB 1
(go)
H(go)
E
~1 l
SB 1
where C
+(vert)
coefficient of jet v e r t i c a l c o n t r a c t i o n
magnitudes of
which a r e given in Table 3- 1 3 in t e r m s of magnitudes
TABLE
3-13
where
3.7.4
1
'
0. 17 f 0 . 8 3 C"
Numerical Examples
Data
3.7.4.1
The t o t a l
B(go) = 0 . 8 m ,
head
sill
over
hydraulic drop,
(crt) = 0.70 m,
is
h(wk) = 0. 13 m .
gate opening,
It i s r e q u i r e d to check
h(wk)
0.13 m ,
0.57 m
F o r value %
H
(dsp)
0.91,
s u b m e r g e n c e depth,
=
(crt)
0.57
0.70
f r o m Table 3-11
H ( s ) = 0.7
0.814
0. 13
f r o m f o r m u l a (1)
3
0.91
0.62 m 3 / s
0.825
0.40
Z
Jm.
0.7
0.80
80
. 80 (chosen in a c c o r d a n c e with
F o r t h i s value LSB
Table 3-
0. 7)
Q $
'
2
(0. 31 m 3 / a )
i s given below.
Unit d i s c h a r g e ,
c r i t i c a l depth,
Hc
--
-O m-3 '
;/
0. 8
0.388m3/ s
*j
i. e .
H(go)
ESB 1
=
1.0
0.157
0.157
0.157 m.
L(j)
0.51
2.04 m
L ( ~ ~ =)
L ( ~ ~ +l )L(j)
0. 82
2.04
2.86 m
H(j)Z
( 0 . 7 0 - 0 . 13) - 0 . 5 1
- O . OE m
(js)
(0.7
H ( 12
j
- 0.13)
0.52
1.12.
Hence, t h e j u m p i s
3.7.4.2
60 type with
bottom (65
60 c m .
- 60
h(wk)
8 cm.
Flume
FAO- lClD
INTAK STRUCTURE DISCHARGING
0-8
Figure No. 3 - 20
3.8
3.8. 1
(u. S. S. R. )
General
The types of intake s t r u c t u r e s d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n a r e f o r delivering water
f r o m unlined and lined canals into a flume i r r i g a t i o n canal.
The d i s c h a r g e
through the intake into a flume 60 c m in depth i s 400 1/ s , and into a flume 80 crn in
depth, 900 l f s .
S t r u c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Design
The intake s t r u c t u r e ( F i g u r e 3-20) c o n s i s t s of an entrance s t r u c t u r e and a
pipeline.
It i s n e c e s s a r y to l u b r i c a t e the jacks
D e sign
Calculating f o r m u l a
where
Ax(p)
h(,k)
3
designed d i s c h a r g e , m / s
c~
d i s c h a r g e coefficient
c(f-OL)
outlet r e s i s t a n c e coefficient ;
0.4
e n t r a n c e r e s i s t a n c e coefficient, accepted
according to l a b o r a t o r y t e s t data;
0.26
C ( f - ~ ~ ) =
C(f- shaft)
9f-p)
.?bdcz ~
( ~ )
pipe length;
72
R ( ~ )
9.81
L(~)
Chezy f r i c t i o n coefficient;
hydraulic r a d i u s ;
gravity a c c e l e r a t i o n
3.8.4
N u m e r i c a l Example
Data
Design d i s c h a r g e
F l u m e depth
Pipeline diameter
Length of pipe
D(p)
700 l / s
Y2
0.7m3/s
80 c m
80 c m
-,
12 m
TABLE
3-14
D i s c h a r g e Capacity
Type of .
Structure
h(wk), cm
5
--
VKLV
VKLV
Q, m 3 / s
3
Q, m / S
60
80
0.2
0. 28
0.34
0.40
0. 36
0.51
0.63
0 . 72
0. 8 1
0.89
Design Dimensions
Type of
Structure
HWL
cm
( P)
Y2
cm
HTS
cm
60
60
60
105
165
120
56
1000
VKLV - 80
80
80
130
185
140
44
1000
VKLV
BWL
cm
d(toe)
cm
L
cm
(~)
80
Reinforced c o n c r e t e d e t a i l s
Concrete
Reinforcement
m3
kg
Cement
m3
Gravel
Filling
m3
Metal
Construction
kg
3.05
207
0.11
1.33
145
4. 38
2 62
0. 1 4
1.38
167
L i s t of P a r t s
Type of
Structure
Weight of p a r t
kg
No. of p a r t s
660
SH - 60
2,200
Type of p a r t
TR -
VKLV- 60
220
7 25
125
TR - 10
1,140
SH - 8 0
2,500
VKLV- 8 0
220
875
125
Total
number
3.9
3.9.1
0 . 1 8 7 m o r 19 c m .
As
S t r u c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Design
The pipe regulator
Cross
section A - A
FAO-ICID
Plon
Project, ~ e ~ i o Country
n,
USSR
Figure -No. 3 - 21
The pipeline consists of two pipe lengths with t h e i r bells laid on a levelled
e a r t h foundation.
Lubrication of
Design
Calculating formula
Discharge capacity (in m 3 / s ) i s determined f r o m the formula
The
TABLE
3-15
h(wk)* c m
D(P),
L i s t of P a r t s
10
15
20
25
30
cm
T R - 60- 125
60
0 . 29
0.36
0.42
0.47
0.51
T R - 8 0 - 150
80
0.53
0.66
0.76
0.85
0.93
T y p e of
structure
Design Dimensions
Type. of
Structure
B
cm
E ; Bi
~
~
cm
T R - 60- 125
T y p e of
part
Weight of
one p a r t
kg
Number
of
parts
T R - 60
1,350
ON- 60
450
- 60
352
- 60
418
G T - 60
433
120
110
. 180
325
310
100
2,575
80
598
N - 80
455
80
580
GT-80
928
325
12
SH- 1 2 0
138
16
100
P-60
TR-60-125
60
125
210
320
90
60
115
TR-80-150
80
150
240
580
110
120
150
P-120
SH
- 180
Total
number
20
V o l u m e of m a i n w o r k s
TR-80
N
Reinforced
Concrete
m
TR-60-150
P- 1 2 0
180
39
where
c~
C~
C(f-IN)
C(f-OL)
9f-p)
( wk)
(P)
J C(t-IN)
C(f-OL)
C(t-p)
discharge coefficient
0.5
-- 'gL(p)
C2
R ( ~ >
=
pipe length, m ;
Chezy coefficient;
hydraulic m e a n radius, m ;
9.81
pipe c r o s s - sectional a r e a .
*X(P)
gravity acceleration, m / s 2 ;
where
=
"(P)
"(flu)
3.9.4
Numerical Example
Data
h(wk)
0.17 m;
pipe diameter = 0 . 8 m,
L(p) = 12.5 m
72
What i s the discharge of the structure, and basin length on the downstream
side ?
Solution
Determine discharge f r o m the formula
where:
hence :
0.758
0.503J 2
9.81
. 0.17
0.696 m3/s
Assume average velocity, allowed for wash-out, in the canal v(flu) = 0.8
m / s (for medium loam), then determine the basin length :
L ( ~ m t )-
2.2
. V(p>
"( flu)
D(~> =
2.2
.0.8
'
0.8
3,l m
Section D-D
Compacted fill of
selected material
Note: All dimensions are in metres.
F A 0- ICID
PLAN SECTIONS-DIMENSIONS
3.10
General
The s t r u c t u r e d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n m e e t s the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r w a t e r l e v e l
control f o r the d i v e r s i o n of w a t e r into t e r t i a r y c a n a l s , providing a t the s a m e
t i m e the n e c e s s a r y d r o p i n the secondary canal.
T h e s e s t r u c t u r e s have been designed a t the Instituto Colombiano de l a
R e f o r m a A g r a r i a , INCORA, to m e e t the r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e Bolivar No. 1
I r r i g a t i o n and D r a i n a g e P r o j e c t , located a t the Bolivar D e p a r t m e n t , in t h e n o r t h
of Colombia.
t h i s type.
The s t r u c t u r e i s e a s y
to c o n s t r u c t f r o m i t s p r e - c a s t c o n c r e t e p a r t s .
10.2
Structural Characteristics
The s t r u c t u r e i s designed f o r flexibility and u s e under different topographi c a l conditions and a t different p l a c e s , both on the p r o j e c t a r e a and within the
canal s y s t e m .
O b s e r v a t i o n s on the
vCentre line
Section 1-1
Element Iembedded\
in concrete slab-
Section F-F
0'05'
Qrnbedment of the
element
Gote 2
Gote I
SectionI D-D
d
4
--
Reinforcement detail
Section G-G
Note:
For structures A and D
LfcotW) = 2'20 rn
For structures B and E
2 cm mortar joint
4cotwj
= 1.80 m
Wall detoil
*
Groded g
rnoxirrmm
6 5+0 4 . + - d b
FA0
sand layer
Section J-J
Note :
- ICID
CANALS
CONSTRUCTION D E T A I L S
Figure No. 3 - 23
F i g u r e 3-22.
F o r economic r e a s o n s the idea of constructing a transition a t the inlet of
the s t r u c t u r e h a s been discarded, especially a s the hydraulic head l o s s e s a r e
compensated by the operation of the weir g a t e s .
3.10.3
Design F o r m u l a e
3.10.3.1
Wall height
Taking the design m a x i m u m flow,
H(crt)
i s calculated by m e a n s
of the f o r m u l a :
where:
flow in r n 3 / s ;
discharge c o e f f i c i e n t
width of w e i r n o r m a l to flow;
depth of u p s t r e a m w a t e r s u r f a c e l e v e l o v e r
the w e i r .
used:
where:
L~~
H(j)Z
jump
H(j) 1
Dimensions of t e r t i a r y intake
The d i a m e t e r of the c o n c r e t e pipe i s d e t e r m i n e d a s s u m i n g that the
where:
h ( e . ent)
l o s s of head a t e n t r a n c e
h ( l f)
h((. OL)
l o s s of head a t outlet
(HR)
intake headloss
C ( ~ ~ )
C(f)
"(PI
3. 1 0 . 4
inlet coefficient
f r i c t i o n coefficient
1. 5
'=
=
0. 023
Numerical Example
A design example f o r a secondary canal having a m a x i m u m capacity of
1, 000 l / s with a n offtake,of 250 l/ s i s shown below.
secondary canal i s 1 m .
Drop = 1.4 m .
3. 1 0 . 4 . 1
3. 1 0 . 4 . 2
Data:
we obtain H
1 m3/s
CQ
2.00
B(t)
1.00 m
0.63 m
(4
'
1.40 +
1 . 0 3 + 0.05
2.48 m
Applying B e r n o u l l i ' s e q u a t i o n :
where
v(j)
and H ( j )
a r e c o n d i t i o n s b e f o r e t h e h y d r a u l i c jump, i n t r o d u c i n g
- 1
On t h e o t h e r hand
B~
1 m3/s
0.186 i s found.
v(jJl
H(jIl
Therefore:
v
(jIl
5.38m,/s
where :
v(j)l
F(j)l
being F( j)
(gH(j),) i / 2
3.98
t h e Fraude' s number.
from where
H(j)2
0.96
and t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s t i l l i n g b a s i n
L~~
3.10.4.4
s(0.96-0.19)
3.85m.
0 . 2 5 m3/ s
l.OOm/s
L e n g t h of t h e p i p e , L(p)
10.00 m
Hydraulic a r e a
=
D i a m e t e r of the s e l e c t e d pipe
0.62 m ;
(Area
= 0.30 m2)
(HR)
h([. ent)
(l. ent)
ce.
+
f)
(l.
OL)
1 . 5 &) ( e n t r a n c e l o s s e s )
2g
0.023
(friction l o s s e s )
D ( ~ ) 2g
h
(C. out)
(HR)
1.0
(1.5
(outlet l o s s e s )
2g
0.023
10 0
t.1
2g
= :146 ,
.
3.11.1
General
The gate valve i n t a k e s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s section s e r v e to feed w a t e r f r o m
higher o r d e r to l o w e r o r d e r c a n a l s .
3.11.2
Structural Characteristics
3.11.2.1
P a r t s of the s t r u c t u r e
The s t r u c t u r e c o n s i s t s of fixed and v a r i a b l e p a r t s a s d e s c r i b e d
below.
Fixed p a r t s
Variable p a r t s
( a ) earthwork;
5 m.
3.11.2.2
Types of s t r u c t u r e
T h e r e a r e five types, according to the inside d i a m e t e r of the pipe,
height of the inlet wall and kind of lift a s shown in Table 3-16.
F o r example,
Type RSZ 501250 denotes that the inside d i a m e t e r of the pipe i s 50 c m and the
height of the inlet wall i s 250 c m .
TABLE
3-16
Inside d i a m e t e r
of pipe, c m
Lifting
mechanism
30
unshielded
RS 1
RS 1
301 175
shielded
RS2
301 175
unshielded
RS 1
501175
shielded
RS 2'
501 250
50
3.11.2.3
301 125
Instructions f o r u s e
Unshielded lifting mechanism-s should not be used in places exposed
In such c a s e s
The u s e of shielded m e c h a n i s m s i s
Building m a t e r i a l s r e q u i r e d
Table 3- 17 gives the type of s t r u c t u r e , volume of concrete, paving
TABLE
3-17
' V o l u m e of Main S t r u c t u r e s
Type of
structure
3. 1 1 . 3
Concrete
m3
Form
work
m2
Paving
concrete
m2
Canal Seal- a t e
JS 300
J S 500
pieces
pieces
Weight
tons
Design
F i g u r e 3- 2 6 gives, for a 4 m pipe length, the relationship between head,
d i s c h a r g e and the pipe d i a m e t e r .
3.11.4
N u m e r i c a l Example
Design a gate valve s t r u c t u r e f o r a d i s c h a r g e of 500 11s and a head of
60 c m .
~ectionol'view 1-1
Czechoslovakia
Note: All dimensions ore in centirnetres.
Figure No. 3 - 27
3.12
General
The design of t h i s venturi head intake was evolved in the 1920's during the
construction of the S a r d a Canal in Uttar P r a d e s h , India, to effect economy by
providing a flumed t h r o a t with suitable wing wall connections to r e s t o r e the full
bed width of the offtake canal.
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of this s t r u c t u r e a r e a s follows.
(a)
The h e a d l o s s i s
H(crtl
9
to 90
3.12.2
S t r u c t u r a l Design
The s t r u c t u r e ( F i g u r e 3-28) c o n s i s t s of u p s t r e a m wings and side pitching,
t h r o a t , downstream wings, and downstream bed and side protection.
The u p s t r e a m face wing i s curved and i s uarpedas shown on F i g u r e 3-28.
The sill i s rounded off a t the top.
at 5H(crt).
B(t) -
-3
1
2 ~
(crt)
(crt)
sill.
Where t h e r e i s a c r o s s regulator o r a l a r g e d r o p in the p a r e n t canal downs t r e a m of the venturi hkad, the t h r o a t width m a y be d e c r e a s e d to 0. 25 of the bed
-:
Q .
width o r to
1 . 4 ~ '
(crt)
The d r o p in the water s u r f a c e should be a s s u m e d a t a t l e a s t
to be on the
safe side.
The t h r o a t should be s e t back by ( 1 . 4 B(t) t 0. 6 ) m f r o m the full supply
line in the p a r e n t canal.
The side w a l l s of the flume should be splayed out f r o m the end of the t h r o a t
a t 1 : 10 f o r a length of 4 . 5 m o r until the width of the flume b e c o m e s two-thirds
of t h e bed width of the offtake channel.
to 1 : 3 until the full bed width i s attained and should be stepped down a t 1 : 1.
The side w a l l s should be v e r t i c a l .
Bed and side pitchings should be provided in the offtake canal a f t e r the wing
w a l l s u p to a d i s t a n c e o f ' 3 m , and t h i s should be followed by side pitching only of
equal length.
3.12.3
Hydraulic Design
The t h e o r e t i c a l m a x i m u m d i s c h a r g e of a n open v e n t u r i flume i n which
hydraulic jump i s obtained, and the velocity of a p p r o a c h i s ignored, i s given by
where
B(t)
and
H(crt) =
3.12.4
Numerical Example
Design a venturi head intake f o r the following d a t a :
P a r e n t canal
y1
Offtake canal
1.2 m
B e d elkvation
200
Allow f o r a d r o p i n head
0. 15 = 20 1 . 0 5 .
- 0.65
201.05
200.4
The width of the t h r o a t B(t) should b e not l e s s than the lower of the
following values
(a)
-31
3.5
3
i. e .
1.1 67 m
Sill l e v e l
(201.20
- H(,,t))
200. 32
200.42
200.49
200.55
t h e r e f o r e the f i r s t value i s
H(crt) = 0.71.
- 200.40)
B(t) = 1 . 4 ;
i.e.
= 0 . 0 9 m higher than
The d r o p ( 0 . 09 m ) i s l e s s than 0. 15 m; a g l a c i s a t
(1.4B(q
2.56 m
0.60)
1.4.
1.4
0.60
Lengthofcurvedsill
= f i ~ l . ~
(
Radius of s i l l
2 . 5 H(,,t.)
(4
2
(app) +
H(b-c)
2.5
2
(b-c)
.
7
--
0.71
1
1.77m
=~
1.041-11
1 . 0 4 ~ (0.49)'
2
0.49
F l o o r t h i c k n e s s and length
F o r the w o r s t condition the head will be 201.20
0.80
m a x i m u m floor t h i c k n e s s will be
- 200.40 = 0 . 8 m .
0.64 m ,
say 0. 65 m .
The
The
A hydraulic
0.8
7.2 m .
D o w n s t r e a m wing w a l l s
After the t h r o a t length (i.e . 1. 77 m ) , the wing w a l l s m u s t be splayed a t
1 : 10 to attain t w o - t h i r d s width of the offtake.
- 1.4) 0 5
(3.5 3
splayed a t 1 : 3.
= 1.755 m .
10
4.65 m .
A f t e r w a r d s the wings m u s t be
- 2. 33) 0 . 5
.3
inter-sected by a 45O angle f r o m the end of the toe wall of the d o w n s t r e a m floor.
P r o v i d e a 20 c m thick and 3 m long d r y pitching i n the bed and the s i d e s and
then provide side d r y pitching 3 m long.
F i g u r e 3- 2 8 gives the d e t a i l s of the s t r u c t u r e .
3.13
SQUARE-HEAD INTAKE
General
The s q u a r e - h e a d r e g u l a t o r i s a simple intake s t r u c t u r e provided a t the
h e a d s of secondary and t e r t i a r y c a n a l s t o d r a w w a t e r supplies f r o m a m a i n o r
b r a n c h o r secondary canal, t h e l a t t e r being called the p a r e n t canal and the f o r m e r
the offtaking canal.
canal.
It i s p r i m a r i l y
Regulation i s effected
S t r u c t u r a l Design
The s t r u c t u r e c o n s i s t s of u p s t r e a m wing walls, u p s t r e a m bed protection,
s i l l , abutments, downstream wing walls, side and floor protection.
The thickness of abutments for n o r m a l loading conditions should be a s
given in F i g u r e 3 - 3 of section 3 . 2 .
The wing walls on the u p s t r e a m and downstream s i d e s a r e l a i d out s t r a i g h t
to connect the banks.
sideration to streamlining.
The floor of the controlling section i s designed on Bligh's theory f o r the
w o r s t condition when the p a r e n t canal i s running a t full supply level and the
offtake canal i s d r y .
The length of floor =
H ( ~ ~ - ibs )the difference between the full supply level i n the p a r e n t canal and the
bed l e v e l of the offtaking canal.
hereunder.
F o r fine m i c a c e o u s sand in North Indian r i v e r s ,
C = 15
C = 12
C = 5to9
F o r con-
1. 25.
At the end of
embayment.
The side
Hydraulic Design
A depth equal to the full supply depth of the offtake canal i s maintained
d o w n s t r e a m of the grooves.
The i n s e r t i o n of stop-logs c r e a t e s o v e r - s h o t flow conditions.
The
3. 13.4
N u m e r i c a l Example
'
The
The o t h e r
data a r e a s follows:
P a r e n t canal
Discharge Q
Offtake canal
=
17 m3/ s
y1 =
1.8m
B1 =
120 m
Discharge Q
Y2
0.90 m 3 / s
0.54 m
B2 =
Design
The width' of the opening i s d e t e r m i n e d by the f o r m u l a
3.0 m
2-I,
-15
cm brick pitching
crn R.C.C. slob
Side brick pitching-
-20 cm brick
pitching
0.30,
Longitudinal section
Porent
channel
SQUARE
HEAD
INTAKE
India
Figure No. 3 2 9
= 1.2m/swhichis
Oe9
0.54
1.4
i s u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the s i l l l e v e l .
A s s u m e the R. L . of the bed of the p a r e n t canal to be 100.
l e v e l of the p a r e n t canal will be 100
offtaking canal will be 1 0 1 . 8
- 0.2
1. 8 = 101.8.
101.6.
0 . 5 4 = 101.06.
- 101.06) 6
= 0.74
6 = 4.44 m ,
say 4 . 5 m .
H ( ~ ~ - b )=
25
0.74
0.60m.
3.14
3. 14. 1
D U P U I S CANAL INTAKE
General
The design of the Dupuis canal intake w a s evolved by C. E. Dupuis in 1903
in Egypt to satisfy the condition that the d i s c h a r g e of a n intake on a secondary
Longitudinal section
Plan
FAO-
ICID
- 30
The installation
These intakes a r e
3. 14.2
S t r u c t u r a l Design
The Dupuis canal intake ( F i g u r e 3-30) consists of a m e t a l o r earthenware
pipe of a given diameter, with m a s o n r y heads a t entry and exit.
F r o m the two top c o r n e r s of the canal bank through which the pipe p a s s e s ,
l i n e s of 1 . 5 : 1 slope a r e drawn t o m e e t the points on the b a s e on which the pipe
F r o m those b a s e points lines of 1 : 1 a r e projected 0. 25 m above the full
rests.
supply line on the u p s t r e a m side and about a m e t r e o r so above the bed of the
offtake canal on the downstream side.
The
vertical ( F i g u r e 3-30).
The top widths of the headwalls a r e s e t a t 25 cm.
The side slopes at the u p s t r e a m face a r e rounded for smooth entry of
water.
Hydraulic Design
The diameter of the pipe, discharge, and the a r e a i r r i g a t e d i s determined
f r o m Table 3-18 a s given by Dupuis on the b a s i s of L(p) = 10 m a and
H(dr)
= 0.25 m,
where L
(P) =
length of pipe;
( d r ) = hydraulic drop.
(dr)
i s s m a l l e r o r l a r g e r than 0.25 m .
Table 3-20 gives values of a r e a i r r i g a t e d f r o m pipe d i a m e t e r s ranging
f r o m 10 cm t o 120 cm f o r a pipe length of 5 t o 100 and a head of0.25 m.
original values of Dupuis a r e reproduced in the f i r s t column of the table.
The
TABLE 3-18
i!one
Velocity
(appro4
m/ s
A r e a of
pipe
cm2
Diameter
of pipe,
cm
Discharge
of pipe
rn3/ s
Area irrigated
in 7 days a t
3
350 m p e r ,
3-19
P e r c e n t a g e Differences
f o r Headings-up Below o r Above 25 C e n t i m e t r e s
Cm.
TABLE
Giving the D i a m e t e r and Lengths of
10
-4
s .Y'
r3 !&
Fed.
Diam.
in
cm
5
Fed.
10
15
Fed.
Fed.
20
25
30
35
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
45
40
Fed.
Fed.
10
10.0
16
13
11
20
12.5
25
22
19
17
15
14
13
12
12
30
15.0
41
34
30
27
24
23
21
20
19
45
17. 5
58
49
43
39
36
33
31
30
28
65
20.0
78
67
59
54
50
46
44
41
39
85
22.5
101
88
78
72
66
62
58
55
53
110
25.0
126
111
100
92
85
80
75
71
68
135
27.5
157
138
125
115
107
101
95
90
86
165
30.0
188
167
152
140
131
123
117
111
106
235
35.0
262
236
217
201
188
177
168
167
154
315
40.0
348
316
292
272
256
242
231
221
212
405
45.0
447
406
380
356
337
320
305
293
28 1
510
50.0
555
513
479
451
427
407
389
374
360
625
55.0
680
630
590
558
530
506
488
465
45 0
760
60.0
817
760
715
678
647
618
593
578
551
900
65.0
960
900
847
840
772
740
710
687
663
1,060
70.0
1,120
1,051
998
952
909
873
840
813
785
1,220
75.0
1,290
1,220
1,158
1,105
1,060
1,018
983
950
920
1,400
80.0
1,478
1,398
1,330
1,273
1,222
1,177
1,137
1,100
1,066
1,590
85.0
1 , 675
1,590
1 , 515
1,452
1 , 397
1 , 347
1 , 303
1, 262
1, 223
1 , 790
90.0
1,880
1,790
1 , 7 1 2 1 , 644
1,585
1,530
1,480
1,435
1, 395
2,000
95.0
2, 100
2,000
1,922
1,846
1,785
1,723
1 , 670
1, 618
1,575
2,230
100.0
2, 330
2, 230
2, 140
2,060
1,990
1,925
1,865
1,813
1,760
105.0
2,575
2,465
2, 370
2, 285
2, 205
2,140
2,080
2, 020
1,970
110.0
2,840
2,720
2,620
2,530
2,455
2,370
2,305
2,240
2,180
115.0
3, 100
2,980
2,870
2,770
2, 690
2, 610
2,540
2,470
2,410
120.0
3 , 390
3,260
3,150
3,050
2,960
2,870
2,790
2, 720
2, 650
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
Fed.
"
Covers 4 - 3 x 1 - 7 i x 2
Rein.-Arc Ref.- No. 610
operoting spindle
Exposed section
to be scabbled
Plon
Section
A-A
Notes :
F A 0 - ICID
~ i ~ u rNo.
e 3 31
3. 1 4 . 4
Numerical Example
Design a Dupuis intake f o r a d i s c h a r g e of 0 . 4 4 m 3 / s and a h e a d of 0.25 m .
The length of pipe i s 10 m .
are:
P a r e n t canal
Q
10m3/s
Offtake canal
Q
3
0.44m / s
y2
1.0 m
B2
2.0 m
(320 ha)
The design layout i s shown i n F i g u r e 3-30
3.15
3.15.1
General
The s t o n e - m e s h diversion weir d i v e r t s flows i n s m a l l , rapidly flowing
streams.
3.15.2
S t r u c t u r a l Design
F i g u r e 3-32 shows a g e n e r a l view of the w e i r and the intake when a l m o s t
a l l the flow i s being diverted.
The intake of the s t o n e - m e s h d i v e r s i o n w e i r c o n s i s t s of a p r e - c a s t
c o n c r e t e inlet box with a s c r e e n f r a m e ( m e s h s i z e 1$" x 1$") and a c o n c r e t e
pipe 2 f t long with a sliding gate u p s t r e a m in the inlet box ( F i g u r e s 3-31 to
An outlet pipe 4 ft long joins the 2 ft pipe and opens into the weir structure.
3-33).
on the downstream side and bed protection of stone, and a transition section converging to the designed bed width of the offtake canal.
3- 37.
F o r details s e e F i g u r e
The s u p e r v i s o r should
Design
F i g u r e 3-36 i s a g r a p h of a rating c u r v e for the m e a s u r i n g weir of the
intake s t r u c t u r e used for design p u r p o s e s .
t e s t s f o r a 6 ft c r e s t su$pressed w e i r .
Numerical Example
Design an intake s t r u c t u r e with a s t o n e - m e s h weir in the p a r e n t canal ( o r
s t r e a m ) f o r a d i s c h a r g e of 30 f t 3 / s .
m e a s u r i n g weir i s 1380.25.
Design
Refer to the rating curve, F i g u r e 3-36.
o v e r the c r e s t of the w e i r will be 1 . 0 5 ft.
1380.25
- 1 . 0 5 = 1379.20.
6 ft c r e s t suppressed weir.
3.16
3. 16. 1
General
The groyne type of intake i s in u s e i n Cyprus on r i v e r s with g r a v e l beds and
widths up to about 183 m (600 ft).
S t r u c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Design
3. 16. 2
Near the
intake head t h e r e i s a shutter gate in the groyne f o r washing out any gravel, soil
o r sediment that m a y accumulate on the u p s t r e a m side of the weir.
The channel
This i s
The
Section
Notes:
Sections between exponsion joints to be completed
olternotely.
Foundotion in lime concrete to be cost in l i f t s 1
6
deep ; lime concrete usuolly prop. 1:4, bottom lifts
of weir foundotions ond cutoffs moy in some
cases be cost in cement concrete 1:3:6.
Focing of wolls with block- in- c o u r s i mosonry.
oll interior work in k b b l e ; mosonry courses I$
.deep. eoch seporote section to be worked up in
complete courses.
Allow one week for settlement of lime concrete
foundotions ; one week before cement plostering ond
rendering.
C-D
Alternative positi
of extension woll
)/
Screw gote,
Expansion joint
Level
River
F A O -
ICID
Section
A-B
Cyprus
Figure
No. 3 - 38
(The
d e t a i l s a r e shown in F i g u r e 3- 38. )
Two points d e s e r v e special attention in the construction of intakes of t h i s
type.
structure.
FIGURE 3-39.
(Cyprus).
B.
3.17
3. 17. 1
General
In 1933, H. W. King designed a device with c u r v e d vanes on the channel bed
which would prevent h e a v i e r s i l t entering an offtake.
3. 17. 2
S t r u c t u r a l Design
The layout plan of the vanes i s shown in F i g u r e 3-40.
The dimensions of the s i l t vanes a r e given in Table 3- 21.
See F i g u r e 3-40
f o r X I , X 2 and R . The length and position of the longest vane and the vane spacing
a r e thus d e t e r m i n e d .
TABLE
3-21
0.6
1.8
2.4
F o r strong
effect
Value of X i
Value of X2
Value of R
1.5
1.8
1.2
1.2
0.9
0.6
9.0 10.5 12.0
1.8
1.5
12.0
Cheaper
design
( l e s s effect)
Value of X i
Value of X2
Value of R
0.9
0.6
7.5
1.2
0.6
9.0
1.2
1.2
9.0
1.5
1.2
9.0
1.5
1.5
9.0
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.8
9.0 10.5
Minimum
dimen sions
recommended
Value of X i
Value of X2
Value of R
0.9
0.6
7. 5
0.9
0.6
7.5
1.2
0.9
9.0
1.2
1.2
9.0
1.5
1.5
9.0
1.5
1.5
9.0
1.2
3.0
3.6
4.8
2.1
2.4
1 . 8 2.4
13.5 13.5
2.4
2.7
15.0
1.8
1.8
10.5
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Parent channel
=/
QG = GP
Of ftake
FIGURE 3 - 4 0 .
channel
The height of the vanes i s one-third to one q u a r t e r of the depth of the parent
canal.
The thickness of the masonry vanes i s 12 c m for a height up to 0.36 m and
for g r e a t e r heights the thickness i s 24 cm.
the better.
The width of channels between the vanes i s normally 1$ t i m e s the height of
the vanes.
The u p s t r e a m ends of the vanes beyond the line OQ (Figure 3-40) m u s t be
finished off to a slope of 1 vertical to 3 horizontal in a V-shape to act a s cutw a t e r s (Figure 3-41).
The downstream ends of the vanes should be vertical.
The channels between the vanes and the vanes themselves should be
plastered.
The bed of the parent canal covered by the vanes, and for a distance of 15 m
to 30 m u p s t r e a m of the vanes, m u s t be smoothly pitched and i t should be 15 c m
higher than the n o r m a l silted bed level.
3.17.3.
Numerical Example
Design King's silt vanes for an intake head with the following data:
P a r e n t canal
Offtake canal
1.2
0. 6
Design
The values of X i , X2, and R f r o m Table 3-21 for the c a s e of recommended
minimumvalues are,
XI
Heightofvanes =
= 1.5 m ,
1
1
- t o - of
3
4
yl
Thickness of vanes in m a s o n r y
X2 = 1 . 5 m ,
and
= 0.4to 0.3m;
=
R = 9.0m.
adopt 0 . 3 m
12 cm
3
-
2 -
0. 3 = 0.45 m ; number of
vanes
F o r other layout details,
3.18
3.18. 1
s e e F i g u r e 3-41
GIBB'S GROYNE
General F e a t u r e s
The Gibb's groyne wall i s u s e d in c a s e s where the offtaking canal, on
account of i t s gradient, h a s the s a m e s i l t c a r r y i n g capacity a s the p a r e n t canal.
The Gibb's groyne e n s u r e s m o r e o r l e s s proportional s i l t distribution to the offtaking canal.
The device i s a curved v e r t i c a l wall ( F i g u r e 3-42) constructed in the
p a r e n t canal.
f r e e board.
I t s height f r o m the canal bed i s equal t o the full supply depth plus
It s t a r t s f r o m the downstream end of the offtake abutment and
continues u p s t r e a m to e i t h e r the opposite point of the offtake end o r t h r e e q u a r t e r s of the offtake width.
I t i s not n e c e s s a r y that i t s u p s t r e a m end be tangential to the c e n t r a l line of
flow of the p a r e n t canal n o r should the downstream end be tangential to the downs t r e a m abutment of the offtake channel.
Parent channel
FIGURE 3-42.
Gibb's Groyne,
general layout.
It i s not necessary to pitch the bed and side of the parent canal.
Normally the Gibbls groyne would project far enough to enclose enough of
the discharge of the parent canal to run the offtake canal full when the parent
canal i s running a t i t s lowest supply level.
depend upon the actual velocities existing near the offtake head.
Numerical Example
P a r e n t canal
Offtake canal
3
QB m I s
5.0
1.0
BB
6.0
3.0
V,
mls
1.O
v,
0.80
t a k e will b e
1.1
(T)
1
0.8
( -)
1.65 m.
details.
3.19
,
When the effect of a c u r v e d wing (Gibb's groyne) alone i s not
satisfactory
F i g u r e 3-43,
Portnt chonnel
Groyne
channel
g e n e r a l layout.
3.20
SILT PLATFORMS
3.20.1
General
A silt platform consists of a horizontal slab, usually of reinforced concrete
supported on p i e r s a t a suitable level to exclude bottom water heavily loaded with
silt o r debris.
a simple platform;
(b)
Design of a Simple P l a t f o r m
Level of platform
3. 20.2. 1
Width of platform
The platform should be wide enough to take enough water over i t
A width equal to the depth of the parent canal will do, provided i t i s
not possible to a r r a n g e for a g r e a t e r width.
Mean side velocity (near the offtake) of the upper water flow in the
0-3
15 m t o 30 rn
brick pitching
0-23 rn thick
guide wall
--------------------Side pitching
Plon
Of ftake
channel
FA0
- lClD
SILT P L A T F O R M
CUM- GUIDE W A L L
Project, Region, Country
S e c t ~ o n A-A
Note. All dimensions are in metres
India
Figure No. 3-45
The sloping
f r o m 15 m to 30 m .
3.20.2.3
N u m e r i c a l example
Design a s i l t platform f o r a n offtaking canal f r o m the following
data.
(a)
0.6 m / s
(b)
(c)
1 m3/s
0. 6 m .
Solution
The s i l t p l a t f o r m should allow to p a s s o v e r i t a d i s c h a r g e of
1.0 m3/ s
25 p e r cent = 1. 25 m 3 / s .
0 . 6 . 0.6
3.47 m ,
of 23 c m t h i c k n e s s .
say 3 . 5 m .
The p l a t f o r m to be supported on p i e r s
3.20.3
3.20.3.1
General Ieatures
A guide wall i s sometimes added t o improve t h e flow p a t t e r n (see
Figure 3-45).
The
spare.
The d o w n s t r e a m edge of the p l a t f o r m i s g e n e r a l l y
curved t o
N u m e r i c a l example
.Design a s i l t p l a t f o r m with a c u r v e d wing f o r an offtake canal f r o m
t h e following data:
(a)
(b)
3
F u l l supply d i s o h a r g e of the offtake canal = 1 m / s
(c)
Solution
The s i l t p l a t f o r m should p a s s
1070 = 1. 10 m 3 / s .
The width of
3. 05 m ,
say 3. 0 m .
P r o v i d e a p i e r t o support the p l a t f o r m .
See d e t a i l s in
F i g u r e 3-45.
3.2 1
R E V E R S E VANES
When a canal bifurcates i n t o two sub-canals or channels, one of which
s i l t s very badly, reverse vanes may be b u i l t t o pass more s i l t i n t o the canal
which does not s i l t up.
The principle of design of the vanes r e m a i n s the s a m e , a s previously
d e s c r i b e d , but they a r e r e v e r s e d i n direction. See F i g u r e 3-46 f o r the g e n e r a l
layout.
FIGURE 3-46.
3.22
3.22.1
VORTEX
General F e a t u r e s
F o r small canals (under 3 m bottom width) the vortex tube sand t r a p ,
developed by the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, i s essentially used
to remove bed load m a t e r i a l that i s moving a t o r near -the bed and i s c o a r s e , i. e.
the size i s g r e a t e r than 0.50 m m .
The device consists of a slotted nitch in the floor of a channel placed a t an
angle with the direction of flow.
n e c e s s a r y for the operation of the tube i s returned to the parent canal through a
collection chamber.
The velocity of the water over the tube m u s t be great enough to supply the
energy n e c e s s a r y to cause rotation of the water in the tube.
of 1 . 2 to 1.8 m / s i s required.
Usually a velocity
The outlet end should be equipped with a slide gate for control of the
Design C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The canal section where the tube i s installed should be the s a m e a s the
canal width but with the bottom r a i s e d .
the canal section containing the tube should approximate to 0.8. Where the flow
d e s i g n flow should be selected that will e x i s t for a g r e a t e r
v a r i e s widely,
portion of t i m e .
canal.
The flow removed usually r a n g e s f r o m 5% to 1570 of the total d i s c h a r g e .
The width of opening should usually be in the range of 0. 15 m to 0 . 3 m
The r a t i o of length of tube to width of opening
L(tube) :
B(tube) should
should be 45O.
A tube m a d e f r o m a
*(tube)
0.06
-
fi
B(tube)
L(tube)'
where
A(tube) = A r e a of tube,
is
2
3
practice.
When the bed load i s excessive, two p a r a l l e l vortex tubes may be
installed.
3.22.3
N u m e r i c a l Example
Design a v o r t e x tube f o r an unlined canal with the following data:
Offtake canal
f o r rect'angular section,
velocity
3.0
0.6
0.56 m / s
Solution
Length of tube,
20,
= 3 . G
L(tube)
> 0.15;
and 0. 3 . 2 B(tube)
B(tube)
L(tube)
B(tube)
A r e a of tube
16.96
4.2411-1
adopt B(tube)
= 0.25 m
say 17
0. 25
-32
O 6 B(tube) L(tube)
A(tube)
a-
0.25
0.17 m
. 0.17
=
F o r broad c r e s t e d weir
0 . 0 4 2 5 m2.
2.5
.3
7.5 m
1.7 B
(crt)
C r e s t will be 0 . 6 0
F r o u d e .Number
= 0.263 m
0.337
0.989
J( 9 . 8 1
0.544.
0.80
0.337
= 0. 26
F r o u d e Number
1. 28
J g ~(crt)
9.81
0.26
T h i s value i s s a t i s f a c t o r y .
The c r e s t will be 0 . 6
The
3.23
3. 23. 1
General F e a t u r e s
The sloping- s i l l sand s c r e e n was evolved in Egypt by engineer Abdel
Azim I s m a i l who o b s e r v e d the l o c a l a s y m m e t r y i n the flow p a t t e r n a t the
intake of d i s t r i b u t a r y c a n a l s .
The s c r e e n s l o p e s u p
canal.
height.
2v 2
g
0<
2
tan
ac. '32
35 fr
A$ =
where B 2
canal i n m e t r e s .
The sill i s m a d e of r e c t a n g u l a r section and i s 23 c m thick.
3 . 23. 2
N u m e r i c a l Example
Data
Offtake canal
P a r e n t canal
Design
A s s u m e a depth between
between 0 . 5 and 0.375 m.
Length of s c r e e n
length of s c r e e n
Adopt 0 . 4 m .
. depth o v e r
. 0.4 . 0.5
screen
F r o m theoretical formula,A2
Length of s c r e e n
= 1 or
= 1.
1
0.2
. .
. velocity
5m
To find value of b /3
2 v2
tan
- =
2
0 5 2
981
= 0.051 m
Average value of A
'
0.047 m
Average height of s c r e e n
4.7 cm,
0.6 - 0.4
say 5 cm.
0.2 m
20 c m .
For
4.
4.1
INTRODUCTION
Many s t r u c t u r e s f o r flow division have been developed t o suit a wide v a r i e t y
of conditions but all of them a r e u s e d i n i r r i g a t i o n networks to divide the flow of
a channel into two o r m o r e p a r t s .
flow.
A flow dividing
proportional division.
To distinguish t h e m f u r t h e r f r o m intake s t r u c t u r e s , a
Such
in
A significant f e a t u r e of the
The
4.2
This
By installing a
Section A-A
F A O - ICID
D I M E N S l O N S O F FIXED DIVISOR
SPLITTING FLOW I N T O T W O
E Q U A L STREAMS
Project, Region, Country
Morocco
Figure No. 4 - 4
It i s eminently
suitable f o r dividing flow into two equal p a r t s a t the tail end of a distributing
canal.
This divisor c o n s i s t s of: an u p s t r e a m approach in an e a r t h e n channel
(to i n c r e a s e the width of the channel section gradually to the width of the control
section of the s t r u c t u r e ) ; u p s t r e a m head walls;
a r a i s e d sill; a thin s t e e l sheet to divide the flow; downstream side walls and
wing walls in the two channels; an u p s t r e a m and a downstream floor with a cutoff a t both ends.
masonry.
This type of flow divisor h a s two useful f e a t u r e s .
F i r s t l y , the
TABLE 4-1
Design of Fixed Flow Divisor
Q in 11s
10 t o 80
Thickness of Walls
Thickness in c m
Concrete
Masonry
15
30
6 m m thick.
TABLE 4-2
Design of Fixed Flow Divisor
Q in l / s
- Thickness of F l o o r
Thickness in c m
Concrete
Masonry
300
(D
200
0,
P
0
0
ul
a loo
0
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
Volume of ordinary concrete or of masonry in ril
FIGURE 4-5.
Design
The formula generally used f o r calculating the discharge
where
Q =
C =
coefficient
B(t)
H(c,t)
should be equal to
10 Hc.
3 . 5 Hc.
be
or
h(wk), should
0 . 6 Hc.
H(b-c),
y2,
y(b-bk) a r e given i n
Table 4-3.
TABLE
Discharge
in l / s
4-3
(b- c)
..............................
qb-bk)
Y1
cm
...........................
N u m e r i c a l example
Design a fixed flow divisor
data :
d i s c h a r g e of supply channel,
(b-c)
0.25m
Hc for Q
333 11s
0.49 m
333 11s i s 0 . 1 6 m.
Then,
4.2.2
General f e a t u r e s
With a broad rectangular sill, a s in the s t r u c t u r e previously
described, the position of the control s e c t i 0 n . i ~not defined with the precision
required for the division of flow into unequal s t r e a m s of given proportions.
In
the apex of the c r e s t above the bed level of the offtake i s equal to that of the
hydraulic jump when i t f o r m s a t a distance of 2 Hc f r o m the apex of the c r e s t
or sill.
The m a s o n r y floor approach -up to the beginning of the 'upstream
glacis i s equal to 2 . 5 y l
where y l
where
(FB) =
Yl
YI
(FBI)
(ss)
(ss)
The
ort ti on
i s the height of
TABLE
4-4
Plan
Section A-A
FA0
ICID
Figure No. 4 6
I
'
TABLE
4-5
D i v i s o r with a T r i a n g u l a r Sill
Thickness of F l o o r
Thickness
Concrete
Masonry
cm
cm
10
29
59
103
162
239
283
333 and above u p t o 1 , 0 0 0
4.2.2.2
whereQisthedis~hargeinm~/softheparentchannelandB(~)
B(t)
i s the width of the control section i n m e t r e s .
equal t o
Calculate Hc f o r q
H
(c-b)
m a y be calculated a s follows:
The value of
m a y be r e a d f r o m F i g u r e 4 - 7 f o r a known value
Hc
Hc being known,
w h e r e ,H
(4i s height
H(c-b)
4.2.2.3
Y1
- Y2
N u m e r i c a l example
Design a divisor with a t r i a n g u l a r s i l l i n a c c o r d a n c e with t h e
following data:
D i s c h a r g e of the p a r e n t channel, Q1 = 600 11s = 0. 60 m 3 / s
D i s c h a r g e of offtake A,
Q2
= 400 11s = 0 . 4 0 m 3 / s
D i s c h a r g e of offtake B,
Q3
= 200 11s = 0 . 2 0 m 3 / s
B1
2.5 m
B2
1.85m
then
Hc (corresponding to q = 0 . 2 4 m 3 1 s )
0.60 m 3 / s
0.24 . 0.24
(
9.8 1
y2 =
for Hc
2 . 2 2 and X j
2Hc
W a t e r depth u p s t r e a m ,
Head l o s s =
Y 1 - Y2
Y1
0.61t0.27
0.88m
0.88
0.48
(c-b)
t H
( cr t )
0.40
4.3
4.3.1
The
Figures
FIGURE 4-9.
Flow divisor with adjustable splitter,
hksn'egros Canal, Spain (72).
FIGURE. 4- 10.
4.3.2
(u. S. A. )
F r e n c h Divisor
The F r e n c h divisor shown in F i g u r e s 4- 11, 4- 12 and 4- 13 was developed by
the Neyrpic Laboratories, Grenoble, and i s used in Southern Europe and North
Africa.
blade i s adjustable and calibrations have been made so that the flow may be
varied proportionally between the two channels.
prefabricated p a r t s .
The structure e n s u r e s a hypercritical regime and the formation of a
hydraulic jump immediately downstream of the c r e s t .
TheMivision of flow i s
therefore independent of the water levels in the offtake channels and any control
operations in them.
Section
P Ion
Adjustable blade
FA
0 - ICID
view
Figure No. 4
- ll
where:
d i s c h a r g e of the p a r e n t channel in m 3 / s
RGA
radiusofthebladeinmetres (seeFigure4-11)
height of u p s t r e a m w a t e r l e v e l o v e r c r e s t in m
H(crt)
Minimum l o s s of head
0 . 4 H(crt).
4-6
TABLE
Type Number
of S t r u c t u r e
4.4
Adjustable Blade
Radius
Height
in c m
in c m
Maximum
Discharge
Q in l / s
Maximum
Head
C r eOver
st
Hicrt)
In cm
Head L o s s f o r
Maximum Q
h(wk) in c m
60
35
54
17.5
7.0
80
45
110
23.0
9.0
10
100
54
193
29.0
11.5
12
120
65
305
35.0
13.5
16
160
84
625
46.5
18. 0
20
200
104
1,093
58.0
23. 0
PROPORTIONAL DISTRIBUTORS
Under t h i s heading s t r u c t u r e s a r e d e s c r i b e d which can be c o n s i d e r e d a c r o s s
between flow d i v i s o r s , i n t a k e s and outlets.
A typical f e a t u r e of proportional
/'\
"I-
o
0
a
LL
V)
4 5
03
0 I3
v,
W
a 2
L
C
*
-
ii
0
3
3 c
*0 .Y2 *
a0
.:0
"
=Fp
o
-.
z
U
e-
.%
Each
In o t h e r words, the
A s t r u c t u r e of
The
them
uncompetitive with flow d i v i s o r s especially f o r capacities below 1 m 3 / s .
It
Example
4.4.1.1
P a r e n t channel flume
closures.
widths).
When the fall in the supply channel i s combined with a bridge, the
minimum r a d i i should be 2.55 m and 2.1 m for 60 and 45O offtakes respectively.
This will e n s u r e a 6 m r a d i u s for the centreline of the r o a d leading f r o m bridge
to bridge.
(crt)'
and the
Offtake flumes
4.4.1.2
o r 45
than 0.8.
The length of throat (L( ) will be 2 H(crt).
t)
The u p s t r e a m side approach should be joined with the bed in a curve
and f l a r e d out to m e e t the side slopes a t 1 : 1 o r 0.5 : 1.
The r a d i i of these
c u r v e s will depend on the angle of the offtake and the distance of the throat f r o m
the toe of the side slopes in the bed.
The depth of the c i s t e r n should be calculated f r o m :
where
q(t)
d i s c h a r g e p e r m e t r e of t h r o a t width,
total d i s c h a r g e ,
B(t)
width of throat.
%&)
Hc
E2
- f o r the
Hc
(wk)
calculated value of
Hc
The depth of the c i s t e r n below the bed level of the offtake channel,
HSB , will be E2
(wk)'
y2
3
+
0.3) m
respectively.
y1
3
0. 3 ) m and
Shingle
C o a r s e sand
F i n e sand
0. 17 to 0.14
L* ,
the value of
FIGURE 4-16.
. a,
H*
-
s ( ~ -~ ~ ~ )
dwc2
~0-
(exp)'
will be equal
to:
R(exp),
will be equal
to:
where
B2
qt) =
It i s p r e f e r a b l e to l a y roughened
follows :
3
u p to 0 . 7 m / S
0.7 to 1 . 4 m 3 / s
15 c m
23 c m
equal to y
Desivn f o r m u l a
4.4.1.3
T h e design f o r m u l a u s e d i s :
Q
Angle of
offtake 60
m3/ s
Angle of
offtake 45O
4.4.2
It has
been standardized and i s commonly u s e d by the USBR for the division of flows of
Extend cutoff ond winqwolls vertically ond horizontolly with, unreinforced concrete os directed.
Concrete plonks
edoes
af
Typical directions
S e c t i o n A-A
DIVISION
6 min. pool depth
Section
B-B
BOXES
The w e i r s may
staff gauge be provided on the wall of the structure to m e a s u r e the head on the
weirs.
The water m u s t be delivered to the structure a t an elevation which will
provide enough head for the w e i r s to furnish the required flow at the design
delivery water surface.
4.5
a r e usually installed to regulate the division of flow a t all t i m e s and to shut off
flow in any branch when desired.
In lined canals, a full gate opening a t the intake to the box i s made
covering approximately the same a r e a a s the canal flow section since the canal
i s designed to c a r r y water a t relatively high velocities.
In e a r t h canals, gate
Scole
FA0
I
Section A-B
I I
3 metres
I
- ICID
FOR E A R T H C A N A L S
Project, Region, Country
I t oly
Isometric view
621k4P
Sectional elevation A-A
Sectional elevation C-C
Sheet rnetol
recpmmended
FIGURE 4-19.
box
U.S.A.
P l a n f o r a c o n c r e t e r e c t a n g u l a r division
on l a r g e r s t r u c t u r e s .
When operated a t
plate i s 10 cm.
An example of another design, developed by the US Soil Conservation
Service, i s shown in Figure 4-19.
4.5.2
- E a s t Ghor Extension
o r rubber s t r i p s .
structure.
land.
The division box i s constructed a t the junction point where an irrigation
sub-lateral branches into two o r t h r e e f a r m ditches.
It i s
used to turn the whole flow of water alternatively into one of the ditches according
to a p r e s e t irrigation schedule.
There a r e t h r e e types of design in use.
the second i s a brick laid box; the third i s the design shown, a box made of p r e fabricated concrete p a r t s .
Taiwan.
i s durable.
Viewed on the plan, the division box i s a rectangle with four sides open for
inserting flashboards ( s e e Figure 4-23).
rectangle, four baffle walls made of prefabricated concrete a r e placed with the
head enlarged to accommodate flashboard grooves and with the tail portion
projected into e a r t h ditch banks for stabilization.
box goes out of one of the openings into the f a r m ditch required during
rotational irrigation.
m o r e than 3 cm.
4.5.3
The
In either
Partition woll
Plon of
portition woll
Plon - section o f
cutoff plote
Vertical section of
Verticol section of
Every port con be costed In Iron model with re~nforced concrete ond then
F~xedby
1 3mm
screw
15
9 mm
screw hole
Quontities required for each cutoff wall
PREFABRICATED
A -A
Detoils of
groove connection
0.40
0.013
Lenplhlrn)
0.56 0.31
0.3IePumliIii
Weight(*)
0.249 0004
O.M
2
0.56
I
0.258 0.124
DIVISION B O X E S
DIMENSIONS
0.715
FIGURE 4-24.
- People's
E a s y and cheap
f o r t h e s e t i m b e r division boxes.
FIGURE 4 - 2 6 .
BILL OF MATERIAL
SIZE
L-F
l x4
15'-4"
5.0
26.2
0-F
1" x 4"
39'-4"
2"x 6"
34'-0"
34.0
2"xl2"
70'- 0"
140.0
Total
Nails
16-d
205 2
3.5 Ibs
i x 4"
stop
4.5.5
Irrigation D i v e r t e r
The i r r i g a t i o n d i v e r t e r i s an automatic hydraulic device developed by
F r e e m a n ( 3 7 ) to divert flows f r o m an i r r i g a t i o n canal to a branch canal o r field
( s e e F i g u r e 4-29).
FIGURE 4- 30 ( a ) and f b ) .
diverters (37)
General views of i r r i g a t i o n
The unit
o r field ditch and the other the downslope supply ditch to the next d i v e r t e r .
floor of the device i s inclined upwards towards the downstream end.
The
This h a s
In
canal so that the bottom of the sensor i s a t the d e s i r e d water level in the canal.
(See F i g u r e s 4 - 2 9 and 4-30. )
The dip tube c o n s i s t s of a v e r t i c a l length of light pipe connected by a light
hose to the supply canal control vent.
by a s m a l l orifice.
through the dip tube s e n s o r hose and into the control vent on the supply canal side
than through the s m a l l orifice.
distribution canal until the end of the dip tube sensor i s submerged.
This stops
the a i r flow into the supply side control vent, and the a i r flow through the orifice
then switches the d i s c h a r g e into the downstream supply canal to the next d i v e r t e r
in the line, where the sequence i s repeated.
F i e l d t e s t s c a r r i e d out on
sugar cane plantations in Hawaii indicate that i t provides improvements over the
traditional methods of surface i r r i g a t i o n on sloping lands.
5.
5.1
INTRODUCTION
An outlet o r a f a r m turnout i s a structure at the head of a watercourse,
a f a r m irrigation canal, o r a f a r m o r field l a t e r a l , which connects i t with a supply
canal.
irrigation authority.
Thus
the f a r m outlet i s the connecting link between the canal operator representing the
authority and the f a r m e r o r u s e r .
F o r example, the
(In
(This
silt and in these c a s e s the f a r m outlets can be designed for proportional d i s t r i bution i f required ( e . g. when the supply in the distributing canal fluctuates).
Water f r o m r i v e r s i s usually charged with sediment, and this h a s to be taken into
account in the design of the outlets so that the passage of silt i s r e s t r i c t e d , but a t
the s a m e time silting up of the downstream r e a c h of the r i v e r i s avoided.
5. 1.1. 3
That i s ,
. system i s easy to operate but disadvantages a r e the tendency to waste time and
water, particularly in sandy soils due to percolation, and the possibility of
waterlogging.
over the surface of the ground, thus minimizing l o s s e s through percolation and
promoting good irrigation efficiencies.
When water supplies a r e adequate t h e r e i s no particular problem, but
when the supply i s insufficient to m e e t the full demand, the water available h a s to
be distributed according to the principle of equitable sharing ( s e e Chapter 2
2.2. 1).
In some countries,
e . g. India and Pakistan, the entire discharge f r o m one outlet i s taken by different
f a r m e r s in turn, the duration of the turn being fixed in proportion to the i r r i g a b l e
a r e a in each c a s e .
can be employed.
The demand delivery method i s particularly favoured by f a r m e r s
because the water i s delivered a t the f a r m outlets i n the quantity and a t the time
requested.
On the
f r o m uncontrolled r i v e r sources.
At other
f a r m e r s a r e not charged for the irrigation water they receive, but in most other
countries they have to pay for it.
maintaining the n e c e s s a r y r e c o r d s ;
(ii)
devices.
5.1.1.5
will have to either ( a ) draw whatever water i s available o r (b) run in rotation.
case (a) the outlets should be able to draw a proportion of the discharge.
In
However
i f the supply i s laden with silt, the outlets will not draw their f a i r s h a r e of i t and
the problem of silting a t the head reaches of the distributing canal may a r i s e .
In
c a s e (b) the outlet needs a check structure in the supply canal to feed it.
F'urther-
There
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
in working.
(h)
(i)
(j)
( T h i s i s with special
(1)
(m)
Kennedy in any one type of f a r m outlet, even in India, for which the d e s i d e r a t a
- i . e . excess water.
cubic f e e t p e r second.
were propounded.
should be low, using local m a t e r i a l s whenever available, and the aim should be to
standardize a s much a s possible.
should work efficiently with a small working head, (because the g r e a t e r the l o s s of
head the higher the water level required in the supply canal for command and,
consequently, the higher the cost of the entire distribution s y s t e m ) .
Where
Finally, where
Semi-Module, developed in the Punjab befpre 1947 and the J a m r a o IIfrpe Orifice
Semi-Module, developed in Sind even though developed independently, a r e intkrchangeable.
not preclude the possibility of improving existing outlets o r evolving new types
which m a y be superior structurally, hydraulically and economically.
In fact a
i n the l a s t Section.
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
(i)
(ii)
Semi-modules
- 5. 2, 5. 3 and 5.4
- 5.5
Non-modular f a r m outlets
General guidelines
Selection of c l a s s e s of f a r m outlets
A.
Modules
supplies in the parent canal and, therefore, the parent canal could either flood o r
become dry in the tail r e a c h .
Other
supply i s silt f r e e the constant-head orifice turnout, the Neyrpic orifice module,
the double orifice module, and the Dethridge m e t e r may be employed.
In c a s e s where the water i s not being supplied on a volumetric basis,
but may be a t a l a t e r date, i t may be convenient to r e s o r t to p r e - c a s t f a r m
outlets ( 5 . 15) which can l a t e r be converted into constant-head orifice turnouts.
B.
Semi-modules
The plastic syphon outlet (5.6) fitted with an intake tube can be used
(5. 14), the adjustable weir f a r m outlet (5. 16), the PVC pipe turnout (5. 17) and
the pipe outlet with standard inlets (5. 18), may all be used where a shut-off gate
i s included in the outlet.
When the-water supply to the outlets i s f r e e of silt and a shut-off gate
i s not n e c e s s a r y , the following outlets a r e open to choice.
(i)
setting of the c r e s t a t 0 . 9 y
f o r proportional discharge.
(ii)
the c r e s t a t 0 . 6 y
f o r proportional discharge.
of the c r e s t a t 0 . 9 6 y
(iv)
f o r proportional discharge.
Scratchley outlet
P i p e semi-module
wide; the setting of the module will be a s indicated in ( i ) , (ii), (iii), and (iv) above
f o r the respective conditions.
(vi)
1'
distribution
of the distributing canal provided the width of the c r e s t i s not l e s s that 6 c m and
the n e c e s s a r y working head i s available.
module
(iii) P i p e semi-module
head over .the c r e s t s should be used between two control points on a distributing
canal.
(v)
C.
Non-modular f a r m outlets
The water
Where silting i s
a dominant feature, the canals fitted with non-modular outlets a r e always liable
to flooding a t the tail of the canal when f a r m e r s in the head r e a c h do not clear
silt so that they draw their full s h a r e of water during periods of slack demand.
On
the other hand, water i s always in short supply at the tail end during periods of
keen demand, when f a r m e r s in the upper r e a c h e s tend to do the opposite, to c l e a r
their watercourses too much.
Non-modular outlets should, therefore, be avoided a s f a r a s possible.
Their use i s justified only when the working head available i s s o small that a semimodular outlet cannot be used.
cost
The
e a s e of adjustment
ability to withdraw s i l t
immunity f r o m tampering.
It should a l s o be noted that modules with moving p a r t s c o m p r i s e m o r e
No c l a i m i s m a d e
5.2
5.3
O R L F I C E MODULE (FRANCE)
See Section 3.5 of Chapter 3 .
5.4
5.5.1
Background
The Dethridge Meter i s a self-integrating m e a s u r i n g s t r u c t u r e used to
deliver w a t e r to f a r m e r s and to check the volume of w a t e r supplied f o r application
"B a s e d on information
Welght of wheels:
Lorge meter outlet not golvonised--187
Lorge meter outlet golvonised--..-I94
Smoll meter outlet not golvonised.10 1
Smoll meter outlet golvonised----.I07
mild steel.
"
I,
'/e
,,
4,
,#
Anthony beorrng
of vones 5 - 0 (4;0),,
,
,
Width of wheel 2 - 6 (1-8)
Cleoronces between wheel ond
emplocernent :
I/
I#
FA0 - l C l D
*
Region, Country
Austrolio
Project,
of water c h a r g e s .
The device i s widely used in the State of Victoria and other States in
A u s t r a l i a and to some extent in the U . S. A. and in Asian countries.
Approximately
1920's.
The construction of the Dethridge M e t e r h a s remained basically the s a m e
over the y e a r s , i. e. concrete emplacement with m i n o r variations to head wall and
transition shape.
of the wheel in relation to channel flow level and mechanical improvements for the
wheel and fittings, e . g. wheel with a m i l d s t e e l plate d r u m , vanes and w a t e r pipe
axle, originally with t i m b e r spokes and rivetted, now all steel and welded; t i m b e r
bearing blocks now replaced by a m o r e robust sealed unit;
s t e e l gate in a t i m b e r
S t r u c t u r a l Design
The g e n e r a l f o r m and main dimensions of the two standard s i z e s of m e t e r
a r e shown in F i g u r e 5- 1.
the "V", t h e r e i s an a i r vent to facilitate the filling and emptying of adjacent comp a r t m e n t s a s they e n t e r and leave the s t r e a m of water passing under the wheel.
The outer c o r n e r s of the vanes a r e chamfered to suit the fillets a t the junction of
the walls and floor of the concrete emplacement.
The co.mplete wheel unit i s galvanized for protection against corrosion.
The
wheel unit i s supported accurately in the emplacement with the ends of the axle
r e s t i n g on ball bearings in a Delrin r a c e fixed on the walls of the flume.
(~imbew
flume wall f o r the revolution counter, which i s connected to the end of the axle by
a flexible w i r e link.
The shape of the flume can b e s t be d e s c r i b e d by considering i t in t h r e e
parts.
of the wheel's
In e a r l y t i m e s of cement shortage, t i m b e r
was used, but proved unsatisfactory because of leakage between the t i m b e r s and
distortion.
All concrete i s of high quality and 10 c m ( 4 inch) thickness (except where
filleted), and reinforced with a grid of 6 m m (0. 25 inch) d i a m e t e r b a r s spaced
10 c m ( 4 inches) a p a r t both ways.
assembled f r o m p r e - c a s t units.
(See Figure 5- 2)
250.
-----
C d i o . bolh G o n g . set 5 s bl
block-OUI 01 8 centres for
Anthony brorinqr. For lumber
9"blocks 3bmdto bolts o n
Anthony bearing
G01.s
Go1vonosed, mqether w t h 0 x 1 ~
Australia
161
&l:block
out
.-
7-10
er 6 feet transition
,
,
- .-
--
--
S e c t ~ o n C C ( s e e Flgure 3 (01
Upstreorn View o f D r u m
Sect~on D D
be~ngcons~dered
Developmsnt o f Vane
P o s ~ t ~ oonf Wheal In E m p i o c e r n e n t
T ~ m b e rAxle Block [See note 4 on F~gure3 ( 0 )
Block made In halves from seasoned R G or other durable
tlmber dressad to dlmens~onsshown Slot ond houslnp
bolt hdes rrqulred on one set only
FA0
-ICID
~i 1
?g dto Q e c e n t r e r
/ 2 1 - - ~ ~ + j
Section EE
Precoct R C Foot Plonk
Timber plank may be used as olternot~ve
, Reg~on,Country
Austrol~o
Project
block
with chlorlnoted rubber pain
Half
Notes
Sect~on
A-A
4,
If the derlgned rnlnlmum free board lo the lop of bonks 1% less than < / F B ~ ~
= / 11 11 0s
equal to or greater thDn 2
' then /FB,,/ = 12"
The helght of the heodwaliond gote lo ttxed from Ihe D 0 L of the channel
The moilmum h e q N ot gote su8toble for hond lhfttng IS 3'-0'where
larger gate s necessary,
type 'C' lhfttng gear should be used
Anthony bearongs ore adopted as stondord
Concrete tor emplacement should be of mcsmum compnssse strength 3,500 p n I ot 2 8
doys for durobll~ty
Backfoll should be well compacted around the heodwoll ond sfde walls
Protectton of metal work on currenl use
Goter
Galvobond plate
Wheels- Golvon~rcd, together w~th oxle
All bolts galvonlsed
Feld tests are on hond for cold potnl ~ p p l t c o l l ~ non
r gates e g,Galvofrotd woth Mvconox
re01 coat ond for olumlnlum wheels
Half S e c t i o n 8 - 8
Plan
FA0
ICID
P r o j e c t , Region, Country
Austrolia
F i g u r e No 5 - 4 ( 0 )
Section C-C
See Figure 3 ( 0 )
Dovies Shephord
pendant weight counter
fi-
a+
On@ vona
rhown-
Sectlon D - D
Upstreom V ~ e w o f Drum
Side E l e v o t l o n
,vote use of o/um~n~um
wheels of whfed or
nveled construmon IS &IW consd8nd
7-0
rodlur
Oevelopment of Vans
Meter Wheel D e t o ~ l
Sa@ note 7 ond 8 on F ~ g u r e4 (0)
'/;; C S
FA0
ICID
FIGURE 5-5.
f r e e outfall.
One
vane i s painted so that the canal attendant can see f r o m a distance whether the
wheel i s turning correctly.
Hydraulic Characteristics
It i s important that the m e t e r be installed a t the c o r r e c t level in relation to
the designed discharge level of the water in the canal, so a s to make the b e s t use
of the generally limited head available while at the same time ensuring sufficient
head and yet avoiding drowning of the wheel by water that may back up f r o m the
f a r m ditch.
i s to have the floor of the flume, a t entry, 38 c m (15 inches) below supply level
in the canal.
The supply level of the canal i s fixed by the designed upstream level of each
canal regulator and i s taken a s a horizontal pool a t this level extending upstream
f r o m the regulator to the next regulator.
land to be supplied.
The commanded land i s defined a s the land 15 c m ( 6 inches) o r m o r e below
the supply level making allowances where n e c e s s a r y for f a r m canal grades and
structures.
maximum allowable level in the f a r m e r ' s ditch and 7.5 cm ( 3 inches) depth of
m e t e r over the highest ground.
As f a r a s possible,
With the
a s small a s practical.
5.5.3.1
have in fact been designed to provide these simple ratios, and the e r r o r i s not
L a r g e M e t e r Outlet
(i) F r e e overfall
820 l / revolution
o r 29.04 ft3
349 l / revolution
o r 12.45 f t 3
860 l / revolution
o r 30.38 ft3
( i i i ) Tail Water
Above downstream
sill level
17.8 c m o r 7 inches
1
1 3 . 3 c m o r 5 3 inches
Above u p s t r e a m
sill l e v e l
3 0 . 5 c m o r 12 i n c h e s
22.9 c m o r 9 i n c h e s
38.1 c m o r 15 inches
30.5 c m o r 12 i n c h e s
Bottom
1
0.64 c m o r q inch
1
0. 64 c m o r 2 inch
Side
3
0 . 9 5 c m o r 8 inch
1
0.64 crn o r 7 inch
f-
5.5.4
If the f a r m a r e a commanded by
volume supplied.
The flow i s regulated by adjusting the gate to the appropriate opening a s
indicated in F i g u r e 5-8.
L!7f
-L
Min. drop 0 . 2 0
---
3 maximum stripping
of drop bars
(I 1
Capacity
in
ft3/ s
0 - 30
30-490
>
490
Earth
Minjmum*
crest w ~ d t h~nfeet
bank
Minimum
free board in feet
-'1
6"
6"
2'-
0"
1'-
8
12
Structures
Minimum concrete
Prestressed slab
free board
bridges
**
] 9"
12"
il
FA0 - ICID
* * ~ e a s u r e d from D. D. L. a t abutments t o
top o f prestressed slab.
5-7
counting the revolutions p e r minute of the.whee1 and reference to the table i s not
necessary.
Accurate ratings have been obtained in the laboratory to give graphs for
volume passed per revolution of the wheel over a range of discharges and for
different canal levels and tailwater levels.
c a r r i e d out for non-standard clearances.
operations o r normal design purposes because average ratings have been adopted
for the counter gearing.
investigations.
5.5.4.1
$ A 350
l a r g e m e t e r outlet
$A 450
The costs
reading of the counter o r adjusts the discharge, he should check that the wheel,
the bearings and counter a r e operating correctly.
should be treated with a cold zinc-rich epoxy paint.
checked to ensure that i t i s clean of weeds which would increase the water level
and cause high tailwater levels on the m e t e r .
12 Inches tallwater
Dfscharge In ft3/s
Approximate No of r p m of wheel given in brackets
angle"^"
9 Inches tallwater
angle^"
FA0
ICID
R e g i o n , Country
A U S r0li0
~
Project,
Precast frame wlth gate locked In closed pos~t~onUpstream vtew
angle"^"
~ n g l e ~ ~ *
F ~ g u r eNo. 5 - 8
Numerical Example
Design a Dethridge Meter Outlet under f r e e overfall conditions for standard
ratings and setting to deliver during p a r t of t h e irrigation season 2.5 ft 3/ s and in
the other p a r t of the season 3 . 8 ft 3 / s .
Refer to the Tables on Figure 5-8, which show that for standard ratings and
settings ( s e e 5 . 5 . 3 . 2), the l a r g e m e t e r outlet will give a discharge of 2.5 f t3 / s
5
3
with a gate opening of 5g inch and a discharge of 3.8 ft / s with the gate fully open.
Other dimensions and details a r e a s given in 5.5.3 and 5.5.4.
F u r t h e r R e s e a r c h to Improve the Structure
Experiments have been c a r r i e d out for some time to t r y and find an a r r a n g e ment with better accuracy a t low discharge.
the wheel t o seal the clearances.
t e s t with the downstream section of the flume the same width a s the upstream
section, instead of flared, and the floor horizontal.
downstream end to control the flow of water and to ensure filling of the volume
between the vanes and drum.
6. 7% a t 42 11s ( 1 . 5 f t 3 / s ) .
The a c c u r a c y a l s o d r o p s off sharply f o r d i s c h a r g e s lower than the minimum
indicated above.
flows to a r e a s under 2 h a ( 5 a c r e s )
Considerable c a r e should be taken to provide a c c u r a t e setting of the wheel
and c l e a r a n c e between the wheel and emplacement.
most critical.
A jet flow
develops under the wheel without completely filling the swept volume beneath the
vanes and d r u m such that the actual volume p a s s e d can be a s much a s 10% l e s s
than the r a t e d volume.
This outlet i s not suitable f o r canals c a r r y i n g s i l t charged water a s i t
cannot d r a w i t s s h a r e of the silt.
5.6
11
PLASTIC S I P H O N O U T L E T F I T T E D W I T H A N I N T A K E TUBE-
5.6.1
General
A P l a s t i c Siphon Outlet fitted with an intake tube h a s been evolved in Turkey
for delivering w a t e r to f a r m l a t e r a l s f r o m elevated flumed t e r t i a r y canals running
under shooting flow conditions.
/'
7c'J;
lntoke tube
--!yoter
level
---'-is;
20
19
18
17 .
16
15
\" 14
Y
6 13
12
.
7
95
II
FAO-ICID
10
9
8.
4
yb,
, Depth
of submergence
, cm
Structure
The outlet c o n s i s t s of a plastic siphon with an intake tube 1 2 c m long and
9. 3 c m inside d i a m e t e r ( F i g u r e 5-9).
The siphon i s fixed to the s i d e s of the elevated flume by m e a n s of a s t e e l
ring ( 2 m m thick) and m i l d s t e e l plates (5 m m thick) a s shown in F i g u r e 5-9.
The m e a n s f o r fixing the siphon i s easily adjusted f o r different depths of submergence.
Hydraulics
The angle between the siphon inlet and the intake tube h a s been selected a t
90.
angle.
F i g u r e 5-10 i s a graph, developed f r o m experiments, which shows the
relation between discharge and depth of submergence.
F i g u r e 5- 1 1 i s a graph
showing the relationship between the length of the intake tube and the efficiency of
the siphon ( r a t i o between the actual and theoretical d i s c h a r g e s ) f o r depths of
submergence f r o m 5 cm to 9 c m .
I t will be seen f r o m F i g u r e
5 c m (corresponding to
=
D
of complete submergence
0.552)
In the c a s e
(t)
It i s advisable
F o r t h i s submergence
depth and the adopted tube length, the efficiency of the outlet, a s explained in
5.6. 3, i s found.
F o r example:
let
Q of the outlet be
15 11s
d i a m e t e r of inlet tube b e 9. 3 c m
length of inlet tube
12 c m
5.7
1/
OPEN FLUME OUTLET (INDIA AND PAKISTAN) -
5.7.1
General
The open flume outlet i s widely u s e d with s u c c e s s in Punjab, Haryana and
some other s t a t e s of India, and the provinces of Sind and Punjab of P a k i s t a n .
(See F i g u r e 5-12)
The e a r l i e r types of outlets developed in India
- Kennedy's s i l l outlet,
the idea underlying the Harvey outlet, was f i r s t introduced by Crump in the
Punjab, and underwent improvements and modifications f r o m time to t i m e .
The
two types which finally emerged a r e : the open flume a s used in the Punjab, and
the J a m r a o type open flumeL1 a s used in the Province of Sind, Pakistan.
FIGURE 5- 12.
(Punjab type)
5.7.2
?-I P a r t i c u l a r s
A flared
the side of the gullet in conjunction with the base plate a s shown in F i g u r e 5-14.
In c a s e of need to widen o r n a r r o w the controlling section a t a l a t e r stage, check
plates can be adjusted by the required width by m e a n s of sliding bolts.
steel plates may also be used, after welding to size.
Mild
plate and the check plate should be 5 to 6 m m when mild steel plates a r e used
and 10 to 12 m m when with c a s t i r o n plates.
The length of the throat should be equal to 2H(crt) and the controlling
section s t a r t s a t a distance of 2H
canal.
( 4f r o m the
At the
The s t r u c t u r e i s fitted
It i s
immune f r o m tampering when cast iron o r steel f r a m e and side check plates a r e
fitted in t h e throat.
Gullet of outlet
Check plates
f
Base plate
10-
L-375
Plan A - A
Sectional
qt, varies
min. 6 cm7
FA0
Section B-I3
Showing instollation of check plates on
base plate
'
- ICID
ej)
5-14
r e a d once a month when the canal supervisor c a r r i e s out inspection of the outlet.
5.7.3
Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
5.7.3.1
Accuracy
In this outlet discharge can be calculated f r o m the design formula
( s e e 5 . 7 . 4 ) so long a s
surface level in the supply canal does not touch the bottom of the roof block, i f
the outlet i s fitted with one.
5.7.3.2
Flexibility
Flexibility (Fl) (the ratio which the r a t e of change of discharge of
If the
c r e s t be higher than this, the outlet becomes m o r e flexible, i. e. hyperproportional, and i f lower, i t tends towards rigidity.
supply level in the supply canal, the flexibility would i n c r e a s e and with a r i s e
in the water level i t would d e c r e a s e
To d e c r e a s e the defect of high flexibility, a roof block ( F i g u r e 5-15)
i s fitted in the gullet of an open flume, a t the vena contracta, c l e a r of the water
surface in the gullet when the outlet i s drawing i t s full
supply discharge.
F.S.L.
*-I.
I
30
Roof Block
This clearance i s generally set a t 1.,5 cm in the head reach and 3 cm in the tail
reach of the distributing canals.
equal to H (crt) below the upstream end of the throat and the bottom of the roof
Silt-drawing capacity
The higher the c r e s t of the outlet compared with the bed level of the
supply canal, the l e s s i s i t s silt-drawing capacity.
Range of operation
This outlet can work a s a semi-module for all heads over the
minimum modular head and for all discharges generally required for outlets.
The open flume outlet with i t s c r e s t s e t a t 0.9 y
(provided B
1'
(t)
i s not l e s s than 6 cm), can be used with advantage for proportional distribution
of water when the supply canals have to be run below the full supply level.
The
working head r e q u i r e d for modularity under both full and minimum supply conditions should be derived f r o m the expression:
where
h
(wk)min
y1
Qmin
---
0.55
Ql
Tail c l u s t e r s
When the discharge of a secondary, t e r t i a r y o r q u a r t e r n a r y canal
F i g u r e 5-17 shows t h r e e
To compensate
5.7.4
Design F o r m u l a
The design f o r m u l a u s e d for a n open flume outlet i s :
where
B(t)
H(crt)
B(t) ( c m )
B(t) (ft)
9.0
0.0160
0.20 to 0.29
2.90
9 . 1 $0 12.0
0.0163
0.30 to 0.39
2.95
Over
0.0166
3.00
to
12.0
When designing, it i s
then calculate the
FA0
ICID
To find B(t) o r H
(crt)
f o r a given d i s c h a r g e
5.7.5
N u m e r i c a l Examples
Example 1
Since h
0. 2 H( c r t ) ,
With
the m a x i m u m H
H(crt.
= 75 c m ,
(crt)
and Q = 50 l / s ,
the width B
(9
will b e 4 . 8 cm,
i. e . l e s s than 6 cm.
. .
Then 50
f o r which,
h(wk)min
0.016.
6 .
(t>
= 6 cm
2
(4
( r e f e r to f o r m u l a under 5. 7.4).
= 1 2 . 9 c m against 15 c m available.
64.7
100
The design i s
0.647.
This i s not too high but the outlet will not take i t s f a i r s h a r e of silt.
Should i t be n e c e s s a r y t o conduct s i l t effectively i t i s possible, though
costly, to build a combined pipe and open flume outlet.
To s a v e m a t h e m a t i c a l calculation, r e f e r e n c e m a y be m a d e t o the
d i a g r a m in F i g u r e 5- 18.
B(,) i s l e s s than 6 c m .
64.73 cm.
(t>
H(,,.)
= 75 c m the value of
= 6 c m and Q = 50 1 / s , HtCrt) i s
Example 2
H(crt) of the
This will
open flume outlet should be the s a m e a s that of the fall, viz: 50 c m .
e n s u r e proportional distribution.
Thus
and
Then
50l/s
0.0160
8.84cm.
B(t)
= 12 c m
Q = 50 l / s and h
Tail c e n t r e outlet
Q = 80 l / s and h (wk) = 30 c m
Q = 30 l / s and h (wk) =
(wk)
15 c m
The full supply depth of the distributing canal a t the tail i s 40 c m , and full
supply depth i s 100 m.
An examination of the available working heads of the t h r e e outlets shows
that if H
(crt)
and
h(wk)min
6 cm
3
2
C B ( t ) H(ct)
50
CB(t)
( C
0.0166)
Adopt c r e s t l e v e l
99.64
Tail c e n t r e outlet 80
CB(t)
C r e s t level
99.70 ( a x i s a s s u m e d p a r a l l e l to flow
in supply canal)
or
3
30 2
-3
30
Adopt c r e s t level
The s a m e values of B
(t)
99.64
F i g u r e 5- 18.
In c a s e of t h r e e and four-way c l u s t e r s ( F i g u r e 5-17) the c r e s t of the
c e n t r a l outlet with i t s a x i s p a r a l l e l t o the flow i n the supply canal will be 0.060 m
higher than the other two o r t h r e e side outlets.
Example 4
As h
(wk)
i s m o r e than 0 . 4 2 y
H( crt >
B(t)
is 60.3 cm.
It i s very
The water surface level in the supply canal above the c r e s t of the outlet i s r e a d
and the corresponding discharge obtained.
A disadvantage i s that the outlet i s not provided with any gate arrangement
and i t i s not possible to shut i t when the supply canal i s running.
The open flume outlet h a s been developed for s y s t e m s in which distributing
canals a r e run a t full supply level with little fluctuation of discharge in the supply
canal.
in the c a s e of low discharges, the outlets would not draw t h e i r design discharge.
In many c a s e s the open flume outlet h a s to be either deep and n a r r o w (in
which c a s e i t i s easily blocked) o r shallow and wide (in which c a s e i t i s hyperproportional and also f a i l s to draw i t s f a i r s h a r e of silt).
To overcome the
defect of high flexibility, a roof block i s fitted in the gullet of an open flume, a t
the vena contracta, c l e a r of the water surface in the gullet when the outlet i s
drawing i t s full supply discharge.
This outlet can be tampered with by placing a thin wooden plank, fitting the
throat, half way between the c r e s t and the water level.
This i n c r e a s e s the
5.8
5.8.1
I'
Gen e r a1
Adjustable orifice semi-module outlets a r e widely used in Punjab and
Haryana and other p a r t s of India and in Pakistan.
Thqre a r e various f o r m s of these outlets but the e a r l i e s t of therri i s the one
However,
according to past experience in Punjab with this APM canals fitted with i t silted up
The problem was that i t could not draw i t s fair s h a r e of silt, an essential
badly.
requirement for those Punjab irrigation systems which draw their supplies f r o m
rivers.
Thus the APM h a s now been replaced in India and Pakistan by the
the throat and a l s o in that the upstream water level in the supply canal i s m o r e than
one third
5.8.2.1
L'
where
Ql,
Q2
B1 and y
d i s c h a r g e of outlet,
1
done when the bed width of the canal i s reduced below the outlet, keeping the
downstream wing wall a t the downstream end and the u p s t r e a m wing wall a t the
u p s t r e a m toe slope.
II G U ~ Z
5 - 19. - General view of an AOSM outlet t o a f a r m
w a t e r c o u r s e (Haryana, India).
There
l
r
pr4/
+23
Front elevation
r
B
Bar No.l
Bar 3 mm
I
I
!
Bar No.2
-&,I+
Cross section on 0 - 8
G x
Lonqitudinol section through outlet
F A 0 ADJUSTABLE
Note
AN dimensions ore
III
I C I D
ORIFICE
SEMI - MODULE
centfmefres
r
I
-.
P r o j e c t , R e g i o n , .Country
lndio and Pokiston
Figure No. 5-21
I
I
Roof block
The roof block m a y be of c a s t i r o n but i t i s now generally of
reinforced cement ( s e e F i g u r e s 5-20 and 5-21).
It has a l a m n i s c a t e curve
Side walls
The side walls downstream of the throat a r e given a splay of 1 in 10,
Susceptibility to tampering
The s t r u c t u r e of the outlet i s v e r y strong and h a s a long serviceable
life.
The roof
jet.
Hydraulic P r o p e r t i e s
Flexibility
This type of outlet i s instantaneously proportional when the bottom of
the roof block i s a t 0 . 3 of the full supply depth of the supply canal.
in the full supply level the flexibility, which i s equal to
With a r i s e
i s reduced
10H(crt)
and the outlet becomes sub-proportional.
3
H
(4
This outlet draws a t bed level about 1470 and below bed level at 12/ 10th
setting) about 29% m o r e silt than i t would draw a t 6110th setting when i t i s
proportional.
5.8.3.3
Adjustability
The outlet i s easily adjustable, a t a small cost, either by raising o r
5.8. 3 . 4
Range of operation
The outlet can work semi-modularly for all heads and.with all working
heads above the minimum modular head and for all discharges f r o m 28 l / s to
150 11s ( 1 f t 3 / s to 5 ft 3/ s ) - i. e . the discharge range generally required for
outlets.
5.8.3.5
Suitability
This outlet i s eminently suitable in head reaches of distributing
canals.
In the c a s e of distributing
i s the b e s t for proportion-
where Q2 o r
(According to Grump)
0.0403
(t)
H(orf)
H( sof)
(wk)min
0.82 H(
sof)
0.5 B ( q
y1
-
and
Y1 .
H(crt)
B(t)
presented h e r e .
(orf)
calculation.
and h
(wkImin
(4
Numerical Examples
Example 1
Design an orifice semi-module having a discharge of 60 l / s on a canal
with full supply depth of 90 cm.
Given Data
60 l / s
y1
90cm
90
54 cm.
H(crt) m u s t be m o r e than 54 c m .
H(,,f)
(4=
F o r B(t) = '12 c m
54 c m and Q = 60 l / s gives
= 20cm.
i s ideal f o r
proportionality.
F o r rigidity and b e t t e r s i l t drawing capacity, the outlet should be s e t a t
bed level, viz: H(crt) = 90 c m . F r o m F i g u r e 5-25, with B (t) = 12 c m for a discharge of 60 l / s,
( 4=
60 l / s ,
(wk)min
An inspection of F i g u r e
90 c m f o r a d i s c h a r g e of
H(,,*)
= 3 3 . 0 c m and
= 45 c m .
Should the working head be v e r y low and no suitable s i z e of o r i f i c e s e m i module with a reasonably deep setting can be designed, it would be n e c e s s a r y to
r e s o r t to another type of outlet such a s a combined pipe and semi-module.
Example 2
An o r i f i c e semi-module i s found t o be working non-modularly
during an inspection of the outlet.
found to be 30 c m .
Given Data
Q = 60 l / s ,
H(crt) = 90 cm,
h(wk)min
should bl 47 c m against
If
this i s not possible, then the roof block may be r a i s e d so that the orifice
working under submerged conditions gives the requisite discharge, which can be
calculated roughly by adopting C = 0. 0354 in the formula:
Summary
The outlet i s easily adjustable a t a nominal cost.
It i s generally immune
5.9
Gener a1
The J a m r a o Type Orifice Semi-Module ( F i g u r e 5-27) h a s been widely u s e d
on t h e J a m r a o Canal in Sind in Pakistan.
It h a s proved to be
(See 5.1.2. )
Structural C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The u p s t r e a m approach of the outlet i s only 0 . 6 m (2 ft) long and i s shaped
like a truncated square pyramid with a convergence of 1 to 4.
The control i s a
course.
Kirkpatrick h a s stated that the coefficient of discharge for this converging
orifice i s a s nearly constant a s that of the elongated bell-mouth and that h i s
design gives the best r e s u l t s a s r e g a r d s the maximum recovery of head.
The m o s t essential feature of this semi-module i s the introduction of baffles
i n the downstream f l u a , which work a s a roof sloping gradually upwards, and
through their presence recover considerable head.
discharges under f r e e atmospheric conditions.
(i. e. lower edge of the baffles) i s 1 in 15.
H(c,t)
It i s immune
ance problems.
Longitudinal secrion
FIGURE 5-27.
5.9.3
Hydraulic Characteristics
This orifice type module with
of
the full supply level, i t can be used on canals with depths g r e a t e r than 1.37 m
( cnt)
in this device.
F o r example, when the centre of the orifice below full supply level i s
0.90 m the working head without baffles i s 0.52 m , but with 9 baffles for a 12 c m
square orifice the working head i s only 0.27 m .
5.9.4
Design Formula
The discharge formula applicable to the J a m r a o Type Orifice Module was
determined experimentally and i s
Numerical Example
Design a J a m r a o Type Orifice Semi-Module with a discharge of 60 l / s , on
The available working head i s 20 cm.
F o r proportionality H
(4
0.3
200
'
60 cm.
h(wk)
h(wk)
. .
5.10.1
for 6 baffles
! f d -
60
3.8
for 9 baffles
--
%
4.55
13cm
3.8
16cm
u s e six baffles.
General
The Pipe Semi-Module i s widely used in Haryana and Punjab (India) and
in Pakistan.
supply canal h a s wide banks and/or i s in high filling because an open flume o r
an orifice semi-module built in such a bank would be much m o r e expensive.
This type of device i s a l s o used in lined canals.
for drawing i t s share of silt when i t i s not possible to achieve a deep setting a s
required by an open flume o r an orifice semi-module.
a t o r n e a r the bed level and it opens into a tank on the downstream side to which
an open flume o r an orifice semi-module (Punjab o r J a m r a o type) o r a
Scratchley outlet (with f r e e flow conditions) i s fitted.
5.10.2
Structural Characteristics
The outlet (Figure 5-28) consists of a lead-in pipe from the supply canal
which discharges into a tank on the outer side of the bank of the supply canal.
The upstream end of the lead-in pipe can be placed a t any suitable level in the
supply canal depending upon the desired silt-draw.
Pipe -cum
- Open
Flume
Bank
Pipe-cum- A . O . S . M .
Pipe
- cum - Jomroo
Pipe -cum
30 11s discharge, 80 cm square for 60 11s and 100 c m square for 90 11s discharge.
5.10.3
Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Flexibility
The flexibility of this outlet depends on the flexibility of the semimodule incorporated with i t except that i t s flexibility will be modified slightly by
the action of the pipe between the supply canal and the tank.
be expressed thus:
P i p e with open flume
1 h
3
P i p e with Jamrao-type
orifice semi-module
(4
+ lo
9
(crt)
YI
>
Efficiency
The efficiency of this outlet depends on the type of semi-module fixed
induction into the outlet depends only on the position of the pipe with r e s p e c t to
the bed, the c r e s t of the semi-module can be placed a t any level so that the l o s s
in head through the pipe can be m o r e than compensated for by a higher setting of
the outlet.
The position of the pipe does not affect either the discharge o r the
5.10.4
Design Formula
The size of the lead-in pipe i s fixed so a s to achieve a minimum l o s s of
head, subject of course to obtaining sufficient velocity in the pipe t~ convey silt
from the supply canal.
Various sizes of lead-in pipe for various discharges a r e given below.
Pipe size
Discharge (11s)
Width (cm)
Height (cm)
'6(wk)l)
926
Q2
A~
X
where
discharge in 11s.
F r o m this the water level in the tank can be determined a s the FSL in the
supply canal minus the l o s s of head through the pipe.
(open flume, orifice semi-module, Scratchley etc.) can now be designed, the type
depending on the head available and other conditions.
5.10.5
Numerical Example
Design a pipe semi-module for the following data:
Then
. .
If h
(wk)1
926
Q~
-
2
*x
926
42'
0.7854'
3 cm
900'
85 c m .
= 17 c m ,
) for
(4
F o r Q = 42 1 / s ,
= 6 cm,
H(crt) = 57 cm;
h(wk)min f o r t h i s
s i z e i s 12 c m against 17 c m available.
In the above example, instead of an open flume, an o r i f i c e semi-module
could a l s o be designed with the following dimensions:
J a m r a o type
o r i f i c e semi-module
AOSM
5.10.6
Summary
The o u t l e t i s v e r y durable a n d h a s a l o n g s e r v i c e a b l e l i f e .
Ithas ahigh
This type of
The pipe can be placed with i t s sill above the low supply level and
since the head o v e r the c r e s t i s m e a s u r e d in the tank, the design of the outlet i s
simple.
No water will e n t e r the tank until the water level in the supply canal
5.11
5.11.1
1-I
General
The Fayourn Standard Weir F a r m Outlet d e l i v e r s water f r o m distributing
i r r i g a t i o n canals to an i r r i g a t o r o r a group of i r r i g a t o r s .
It i s a simple a c c u r a t e
width of w e i r ,
height of w e i r ,
H(bmc)
length of c r e s t ,
L(crt)
upstream corners
velocity of approach,
aeration.
B(t)
(~ P P )
L/
.2/ A weir
experiment from the corresponding deduced formula i s below three per cent.
practical purposes, this deviation i s acceptable.
For
by correctly adjusting the radius of the corners to the width of the weir
a s e r i e s of weirs of widths from 0.01 m upwards may be constructed, for
which the discharge per m e t r e width i s the same for all widths.
the discharge can be determined accurately from the upstream gauge with
a probable e r r o r of l e s s than bne per cent.
5.11.2
Structural Design
The standard Fayoum type weir (Figure 5-29) i s essentially a very simple
construction of rough masonry.
c r e s t , vertical on the upstream face, and with a 1: 0.5 slope on the downstream
side.
The c r e s t i s usually of dressed stone and the width of the weir i s defined
adopted a t 0.65 m which, with a full supply depth 0.5 m dver the weir, will
give a depth of 1.15 m in the canal,. which i s believed to be about the mean depth
of Fayoum small canals.
and land levels, the water head (over the c r e s t level) can be easily determined.
As the water head i s fixed and the discharge i s known, the width of the weir (i. e.
4
the defined width between the blocks) can be calculated either from the formulae
( (1) or (2) ) given under 5. 11.4, or i t can be taken directly from Table 5-1.
Section A-A
FIGURE 5-29.
Fayoum standard weir f a r m outlet; general
structural design.
5. 11.3
Hydraulic Characteristics
Section A - A
Plan
It has been demonstrated that the discharge per rnetre width can be the
same for all widths of weir provided the radius of the upstream corner i s
correctly adjusted to the weir width.
The dis-
charges resulting from various depths of water over the weir a r e shown in
Table 5-1.
-----*-/c--Discharge stondord7
4~~
'
-/-t----1-
0-5
1.0
1- 5
Width of the weir in rn
2-5
2.0
3.0
Thereafter, the
the w e i r .
Above a width of 3 m
This r a d i u s i s t h a t a d o p t e d f o r a l l
l a r g e w e i r s i n Fayourn.
5. 1 1 . 3 . 1
Accuracy
The Fayoum w e i r type i s considered t o be a v e r y a c c u r a t e field
outlet.
5. 1 1 . 3 . 2
Silting
A s the standard w e i r height i s 0. 65 m above the bed level, i t i s
in the "nasba", the d i s c h a r g e passing through each outlet will not be affected a t
all .
5. 1 1 . 3 . 3
Range of operation
The Fayoum weir can work for a l l heads s t a r t i n g f r o m 0 . 0 1 m to
Design F o r m u l a e
5. 1 1 . 4 . 1
C l e a r overfall weir
In general, the method used to d e r i v e the standard f o r m u l a i s t o plot
H(,,.)
(crt)
= 0 m to 0 . 1 4 m
I
From H
(crt)
= 0.14 t o 1 . 0 0 m
q = 1.956H
0.014
(2)
w h e r e H(crt)
9
discharge p e r
Submerged w e i r
(i) D e p r e s s i o n head.
0.10
0.20
FA0
1.10
lClD
ys,FOR,ALL VALUES
H,CrIl AND
OF &r&qr
OR OF Q
TABLE
5-1
H(crt)
= 0.14 to 1.00 m .
p
p
+ 0.014
--
H(c,t) Discharge
m
Discharge = 1.9555 H
m3/ s
H(c,t) Discharge
m
m3/ s
H(,,.)
m
Discharge
3
m /S
H(c,t)
m
Discharge
m3/ s
In o r d e r to ascertain what
Depth a s
clear
overfall
5-2
Reduction in discharge
5%
10%
15%
20%
Numerical Examples
Example 1
0.194 m 3/ s p e r m e t r e width
F r o m Table 5-1,
q for H
(4
A s the total d i s c h a r g e
the b r e a d t h of the weir should be
Example 2
0.25
0.1941 m 3 / s p e r m e t r e width
0.25 m 3 /s
0. 25
0.194
can be r e a d off
submerged w e i r
CJL
(crt)eqv
can be d e t e r m i n e d
H(crt)eqv
0.80m
0.73 m
(Figure5-32)
4.00 m 3 / s
4.00
1.346
H(,,.) =
= 0 . 5 m , the d i s c h a r g e
0. 608 m 3 / s p e r m e t r e width.
16.3 p e r cent.
a s 1 6 . 3 p e r cent.
= 0.45 m from
working f r e e l y .
(4=
0.60 m and
5.12
5.12.1
0.705
0.121 m 3 / s .
A B
0.121
0.705
i. e .
the i n c r e a s e in width,
i. e .
(t)
0.172 m
PAKISTAN^1/
General
The Scratchley Outlet i s u s e d in Punjab and Haryana i n India and in
P a k i s t a n when working h e a d s available a r e s m a l l .
This non-modular type of outlet differs f r o m the pipe outlet only a t its
downstream end.
S t r u c t u r a l and Design C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The Scratchley Outlet ( F i g u r e 5- 33) c o n s i s t s of an inlet pipe (or b a r r e l )
L/ B a s e d on a contribution by A.D.
. insertion of
stop-logs t o
close the outlet
Plan
c-wr,-I
Note: Dimensions ore in cm.
Section
FIGURE 5 - 3 3 .
A-A
Scratchley outlet.
which opens into a small tank o r cistern a t the outer side of the bank of the
distributing canal, a t the outer end of which i s fixed a c a s t iron, stone o r concrete
orifice of the c o r r e c t dimensions for the required discharge of the outlet.
This
If
5-3
C r o s s section of b a r r e l
Breadth (cm)
Height (cm)
the orifice a t bed level of the f a r m watercourse, unless i t can work a s a f r e e fall,
when the sill of the orifice i s placed higher than the.water level in the watercourse.
Stone blocks a r e used on the side of the orifice to discourage tampering.
The
s t r u c t u r e o p e r a t e s automatically.
The size of the orifice can be modified i f required with the channel running.
The cost of alteration i s small.
be dismantled and rebuilt. )
The coefficient of discharge i s the same for all orifices, provided the length
of the orifice along the axis of flow i s f r o m 1 . 5 to 3 t i m e s the l e a s t of the
dimensions of width ( a c r o s s the axis of flow) o r height of the orifice.
The outlet r e q u i r e s only a small working head although a little m o r e , say
2- 3 cm, than the direct pipe outlet, a s a small amount of head i s l o s t in the leadin pipe.
The working head of the outlet can be m e a s u r e d much m o r e easily than in
the case of those outlets where the supply water level and the delivery water level
a r e somewhat a p a r t ; h e r e , i t i s the difference in water levels on either side of
the sam'e wall.
Silt entry into the outlet can be better controlled by placing the upstream
end of the inlet pipe a t , above, o r below the bed of the supply canal.
The main disadvantage of the Scratchley outlet i s that i t i s not immune f r o m
tampering.
watercourse; rounding the edges of the orifice; and making holes in the cistern
wall.
When the orifice i s s e t for f r e e flow conditions, a comparatively l a r g e
working head i s required.
Design Formula
This would r e s u l t in
where
d i s c h a r g e of the outlet i n l / s
Axorf
c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of the o r i f i c e ,
coefficient of d i s c h a r g e
h(wk)
h@l
in c m
0.0354
, it
would b e b e t t e r ,to u s e t h i s f o r m u l a d i r e c t . )
N u m e r i c a l Example
Design a Scratchley outlet in accordance with the following data:
200.00 m
200.00
199.85m
0.15
where Ax i s a r e a of b a r r e l o r pipe
which gives h
(wk)
1 . 2 cm.
- 0.012
200.00
199.988 m
199.988-199.850
0.138 m
13.8 cm
5.13
11
P I P E OUTLET (INDIA AND PAKISTAN) -
5. 13. 1
General
The pipe outlet i s the s i m p l e s t and oldest known type of outlet.
Originally
p r o g r e s s i v e l y introduced a t l a t e r s t a g e s .
I'
5. 13.2
above, o r sometimes below, the bed level, depending upon the desired silt draw.
The other end of the pipe opens into the f a r m watercourse below the water surface
level.
stream.
Both ends of the pipe a r e built into masonry to prevent tampering and to
guard against any leakage along the outer side of the pipe.
FIGURE 5-34.
The f r e e fall pipe outlet may have a horizontal pipe with i t s downstream end
above the water surface level in the watercourse but in that case i t cannot, usually,
draw i t s fair s h a r e of silt.
supply canal and yet obtain f r e e fall conditions (where levels permit), some pipes
have been laid with their upstream ends a t bed level of supply canals and sloping
upwards through the banks s o that the downstream lips reach a height of 15 cm
above the highest water level in the watercourse.
the amount of slope that can be given and i t should not generally be m o r e than 1 in
12 (based on experience on the Western Yarnuna Canal).
Hydraulic Characteristics
5. 13. 3. 1
outlets.
5.13. 3.2
Flexibility
The flexibility of a pipe outlet depends on the ratio which h(wk) o r
In Punjab and
Haryana (India), wherever pipe outlets a r e used, i t has been the general practice
to place them a t the bed level of the supply canal.
of pipe outlets appear to have been reported, but such experiments would be
useful.
On the other hand, according to experience so far, canals fitted with pipe
Efficiency
Pipe outlets, working under non-modular conditions, suffer f r o m all
that they can pass the required discharge with a very small working head, (even
only 2.5 cm, with which no semi-module can function).
5. 13.3.5
Adjustability
While appreciable adjustment of the design discharge would require
Design Formulae
Submerged pipe outlet
'
Where
A,
ywk)
--
Where
5.13.4.2
--
Where
Q
Ax
C
H
(4
--
--
coefficient of discharge
0.0276
i s greater
(4
5. 13.5
( cnt)
l e s s than D
(P)'
Numerical Example
Example 1
Design an outlet for a discharge of 3 4 11s on a distributing canal
having a full supply depth of 90 cm and with an available working head of 6 cm.
or
D
(P)
--
23.3 cm.
Example 2
If in Example 1 the available working head i s 75 cm, a wide
choice would be possible for the type of the outlet to use.
If, however, a
- 0.75
= 199.25.
As a t r i a l ,
then:
48.6 cm.
0.485 = 199.515 and the outlet would be semi-modular, since the water
Summary
The pipe outlet i s the simplest and the cheapest type of outlet.
function with very small working heads, even a s small a s 2.5 cm.
It can
Under
submerged conditions the discharge of the pipe outlet depends on the downstream
water level (i. e. the level in the watercourse).
if the watercourse should silt up, the working head will reduce, resulting in a
d e c r e a s e in discharge.
the water level in the watercourse to make the outlet partially submerged and
thus obtain an increased discharge.
i s not con stant.
5.14
5.14.1
FARMOUTLET ( U . S . S . R . ) - 1/
General
The outlet described h e r e i s used to deliver water to a temporary feedditch, up to a discharge of 150 l/ s and with a working head of up to 60 cm.
The early f a r m outlets of this type were controlled by wooden flap gates.
The main shortcomings of these early outlets were their short life and frequent
failures.
These
5. 14. 2
Structural Characteristics
The main p a r t s of the f a r m outlet a r e : a pipe; a disc gate; and, for drops
over 20 cm, a damper o r a stilling basin.
In the submerged f a r m outlets,types VT- 300 and VT-400 (Figure 5- 35),
5. 14. 3
Hydraulics
The discharge capacity of the f a r m outlet for design purposes i s determined
by using the following formula.
bO-d
Cross
Section I - I
-bIPqd-,
Hydroulic
chorocteristics
Free outfall
h k )
&PI
H(crf/
stilling basin-
an
mm
Cm
aJ
.-a
n
-E
- .
s- I
5
Discharge
:;
," E g g 2 '
.i 5 g
g.8
50
H m ~ ~ YcrfJAx@k H c f j ~
vcf,x/ YCI~J
cm m/s cm m2
crn m k cm
Cross Section 2 - 2
~-zoo-+,~oo
&{IN/ & f t ~
d cm
details
0.25
11.94
QiJ=
$;'386 mq
--q
&IN)
m2 cm
Lt0
Detoil
Cross Section 3 - 3
150
100
Tvoe o f detoil
Asbestos cement
pipe 4i,, = 400 cm
f/s
e0wI
m2
L i s t of
VTP 9 0 0
100
( 150
1 6 0 cm
400
36
47
k l l 6 ~&+-104
r
VTP - 300
50
20
300
27
Type of structure
Dischorge 11s
Llrl.r
IVUIIIC
Dl )w? = 300 mm
Dr$out =
400
..-.-wurerlu~
? - I
Concrete
Reinforcement
Asbestos cement
mm
Disc valves
grovlty
I..
. 1. T- v ~ eof
unit
5
kq
ptper
Steel
structure
VTP-300 VTP-400
0.25
0.25
11.94
11 - 94
kg
674
-
4
- -.
8.59
Hydroulic
chorocteristics
Outlet
VT-300
Type of structure
Discharge l / s
h(~k)- an
D@l- rnm
%,tl
submerged
VT
50
7
300
mm
100
9
- 400
150
20
400
49
59
a 0
a:
VT-300
Discharge
..
a,
50
8;F E. o g h ~ ~ k l Y s d 4 4 c r t ) 4 w k )
,
-.=
z* cm rn/s cm cm cm
29110067 7
0-75 13
0s
100
150
'
'q
q)bltl
)brt)
m/scrn crn crn N s c m cm
- - - - - - - -
49
V
V
Y
Ys
s~
~ ff h
h%
% rr // )) 'IWXI
'IWXI
vV
hfwklL-- 2 0 cm
List of detoils
Type of detail
structures' types
detail
L = 4 0 0 cm
Volume
Cross Section
3-3
of moin
Material
Norne
Cross Section 2 - 2
P~pes
'
&,=300mm
qD,= 400mm
-29'
DISC valves
-386
cm
( A l l dimensions ore in c m )
FIGURE 5 - 3 6 .
works
Asbestos qrovlty
PlPes
Steel
Un~t
rn
kg
.Type of structure
VT-300 VT-400
- 4-4
6.74
8.59
where
=
1
C(Hr)
750
0.65
C(f-IN)
(f-P)
l o c a l hydraulic r e s i s t a n c e coefficient
i n which ( s s )
C(f-~)
=
+
+C
= 0.976
0.833
90
frictional r e s i s t a n c e coefficient
with C1I =
N2 (
-4
C"
) 7
0.0612
4P)
with L(p) =
D(p)=
4 m
0.389m
N = coefficient of roughness
The depth of the w a t e r s u r f a c e above the bottom of the pipe a t the inlet should be:
( h(wk)
with
+ ,
H(sof)2 )
0.20m,
where
Vc(1~)
H c ( ~ ~ =)
=v
D ( ~ )
H(crt)a i s defined a s :
c r i t i c a l i n l e t velocity,
c r i t i c a l inlet depth,
coefficientofvelocity
pipe d i a m e t e r .
0.85,
--
Hc(cir)~
Q
D2. 5
(PI
Critical velocity v C(IN)
--
The value of the critical depth Hc(cir) depends upon q and according to
the following table:
5. 14.4
Numerical Example
A f a r m outlet i s required to discharge 90 l / s through a pipe, of 400 m m
outside diameter, 5. 7 m m thick and 4 m long, under submerged conditions.
Find out the working head and design the outlet.
Let inner diameter of the pipe be
Let sectional a r e a be
A,
0.389 m
=;
0.119m2
0.65
5.15
1/
PRE-CAST FARM TURNOUT (TURKEY) -
5. 15. 1
General
The P r e - c a s t F a r m Turnout described h e r e i n i s widely used i n some p a r t s
of Turkey to deliver water to f a r m l a t e r a l s f r o m distributing canals.
of the turnout i s adapted f r o m that of a constant head orifice.
The design
All p a r t s of the
5. 1 5 . 2
S t r u c t u r a l and Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
A s shown in F i g u r e s 5- 37 and 5-38, the turnout consists of the following
parts:
structure.
The quantity of cement in the p r e - c a s t concrete m i x i s 400 kg p e r cubic
m e t r e of concrete.
At p r e s e n t , the turnout i s simply a pipe outlet operating under submerged
conditions.
Sect~onD D
Front elevation
Check block
,
The detoll of downstream head wall
of the turnout
Note
- 1\11 the
Section H-H
d~mens~ons
are In cm
F A 0-ICID
PRECAST FARM
Section B-B
TURNOUT
Project, Region, Country
Turkey
Sectlon F-F
Sectlon A-A
Figure 5-37
1.r
30 r
25,
I
0
.
.
.-CC
F A O - ICID
Q,
10
20
30
40
Discharge , O , 1 /s
T h e roting curve
50
60
70
80
5. 15.3
Design F o r m u l a
See F i g u r e 5-38 which gives discharges for different openings of the
gate.
5. 1 5 . 4
Numerical Example
Design a p r e - c a s t turnout for a discharge of Q
Difference of surface water levels in
the supply canal and the f a r m l a t e r a l ,
h(wk) =
45 11s
10 c m
General
With the advent of double cropping in Malaysia, suitable conditions have to
be developed for proper water management, which c a l l s for better water control
systems.
The adjustable weir f a r m outlet, meant for delivering water f r o m a
distributing canal to a field canal serving a group of i r r i g a t o r s , h a s been
developed by the Design Branch of the Malaysian Drainage and Irrigation Department to overcome some of the field problems inherent in the e a r l i e r types
of outlets.
<J
L1
Structural Characteristics
The outlet i s strong and durable.
I t c o n s i s t s ( s e e F i g u r e 5-39) of an inlet
pipe opening into a well-chamber (inside dimensions 5 ft by 5 ft) a t the downs t r e a m end of which i s an opening with i t s top 2 ft f r o m the floor of the wellchamber.
I t i s roofed by p r e -
At the
5. 1 6 . 3
Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
A s r e g a r d s hydr&lic p r o p e r t i e s of the outlet, i t i s simply a thin weir
s t r u c t u r e which h a s been calibrated in the l a b b r a t o r y .
formulae a r e required.
No calculations using
The o p e r a t o r
of this handbook. )
Additional s e t s of graphs a r e being p r e p a r e d for varying depths of chamber
w a t e r lever t o r e n d e r the operation of the outlet m o r e v e r s a t i l e .
This outlet i s not suitable f o r withdrawal of s i l t f r o m the supply canal.
The outlet generally o p e r a t e s f o r a discharge of 85 l / s ( 3 ft 3/ s ) but a
g r e a t e r capacity could be achieved if sufficient head w e r e available.
The
5. 1 6 . 4
Design P r o c e d u r e
The outlet h a s been c a l i b r a t e d i n the Hydraulics Laboratory, with a constant
w a t e r depth of 4 f t in the c h a m b e r .
F i g u r e 5-41
The Table on
5.16.5
N u m e r i c a l Examples
Example 1
if
(i)
the d i s c h a r g e Q r e q u i r e d i s 3 f t 5 / s ;
(ii)
(iii)
. .
..
(1.4
7 . 2 i n c h e s ( 0 . 6 ft)
18.00
5.8)
2.0 ft.
0.62 ft.
Example 2
D e t e r m i n e t h e head over the w e i r H(crt),
FSL,
f e e t above s e a level.
if
(i)
(ii)
..
0.45
(18.45
18.00)ft
..
0.6ft
Flow i s submerged
F r o m Figure 5-41,
0.12
0.33ft (4inches)
5.17
5. 17.1
11
PVC P I P E TURNOUT (REPUBLIC O F KOREA) -
General
An e a r l i e r f a r m turnout designed in the Republic of Korea consisted of a
pair of wing walls and an inlet floor, a concrete conduit and a steel o r wooden
side gate.
Also,
the maintenande of the slide gate h a s been a problem owing to the turnouts being
scattered a l l along the irrigation canals f a r f r o m villages.
The Agricultural
L1 Based on information
supplied by U. C. Yeo,
Republic of Korea.
Structural Design
The turnout consists of a bell-mouth inlet, a pipe and a specially designed
outlet with a screwed stopper (Figure 5-42).
zontal b a r s to prevent weeds, debris, etc. blocking the pipe, and any m a t e r i a l
collecting t h e r e can be easily removed.
F I G U R E 5-42.
The PVC pipe h a s a length equal to the bottom width of the canal embankment plus 20 cm.
F I G U R E 5-43.
FIGURE 5-44.
F i g u r e 5-44
shows the bell-mouth inlet, and F i g u r e s 5-45 and 5-46 show the outlet closed and
open respectively.
Table 5-4 for different lengths and d i a m e t e r s of pipe and working heads.
FIGURE 5-45.
FIGURE 5-46.
The outlet i s
It would be weak to
5. 17.3
where
*x
h(wk)
where
C(f-IN)
C(f-p)
N
D(~)
L(~)
R(H)
8gN2
R(H)'/~
L(p)/D(p)
roughness c o e f f i c i e n t = 0.01 o f t h i s m a t e r i a l
=
=
hydraulic radius.
Figure 5-47 i s a standard design drawing for a PVC pipe turnout with D(
P) =
107 m m .
Table 5-4 shows velocity and discharge of a PVC turnout for D(p) =
107 mm. Figure 5-48 i s a discharge diagram for a PVC turnout with D(p) =
107 mm.
FIGURE 5-48.
Discharge diagram for a PVC pipe
turnout for D(p) = 107 m m .
5.17.4
Numerical Example
The difference in the designed full supply level in the supply canal above
the water level in the field canal i s 0.5 m .
pipe i s 107 m m and i t s length i s 6 m .
We have
(wk)
--
II
p,
JV
(-
. . I . .
4
d
d d d d
NCOmCO
sat-r0 0 0 0
. . . .
0 0 0 0
m m m d
o a m a
2 g x
. . . .
N N
m m o o
d d
a
~
m m m m
I L
N N N N
m m o a
N N N N
m 4 t - N
????
.I
1
?gat-:
NNN'N'l
( Y t - m C O ; FI
COmm*'
. . . . . . . . . . . . uG
N N N N
mmv*;L2
N t - N P 1 O
. . . . ; u
0 0 0 0 1
a1 - 4 ~
1 - 4
--.IP-~N;
m c o m a mcoNa,
N
~
M
v ~ ~ m m ' o
~0 ~
0 - 4
N N N N
N N N N
Nt-Nt--INN
N N N N
0 0 0 0
Nt-Ntm m o o
0 0 0 0
d H d d
4 4 N N
0 0 0 0
N CO m
mmd'o
. . .
d d N ?
N N N N
mm-t* m a 9
I---------'
t-mCO,*
. . . .
. . . .
a,
&
a,
N m m
N
NNIS
I-mm'a
m**'m
NNNIN
00010
. . . I .
. . . .
0 0 0 0
N N N N
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
ddd;d
a,
N C Q * d
NCO*O
Gar-CO
N N N N
0 0 0 0
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
at-cOcO
d d d d
d N N N
0 0 0 0
- 4 m m
0 0 0 0
a m m m
COmmo
N N N N
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 , o
d H d N
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
ar-t-:co
0 0 0 0
?**In
- m o d
N N m m
0 0 0 0
O H N N
0 0 0 0
N N N N
COamm
mat-t-
0 0 0 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r-df*m
m m o o a s o r m o ~ N da
o
I
~ m m w
m a a t O O , d d
1
d d d d
0 0 0 0
mt-'ofi
000.0
0 0 0 0
COmldN
O O 1 d d
oo]oo
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
. I .
d'mat-
N N N N
0 0 0 0
m't- a
N P * O
m m * *
0CQmm
m m m m
. . . .
P- N 0 tNcOaN
O O d N
0 0 0 0
NNN,N N N N N
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
O O 0 ' 0
CO m l N 0
m a ~ r - a
t-
CQ
. I .
*IN
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
. . . .
4 N m m
m m m m
0 0 0 0
F i d d d
d d d d
~ o m m - d * ~ '')
m a d ' *
a a m m 6 . 1
dddd
t-COmo
N N N m
N N N N
N N N N
N NImm
-----I
r - -C-Q- -m-h-l -o r-d'Nd
CO a m1d
4 N mud'
N N N N
0 0 010
0 0 O ( 0
F
a m m l ~o r - m e
a m - 0
N - ~ I C O
*mm1a
m o m 0
d N N 0
m o m 0
t-CQmo O d N m * m a 0 0
. . . . m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
N
a,
~ 0 m - u
9 m
~ - 1 ~ *- H P - ~ O t - m o t - m ~ ~ ~ m
mTd.'m
.a
2NNN *mml\D
. . . . . . . . . . . . O. d d d . . . . . . . . .I:
0 0 0 0
d O m m
O O d N
dd;dd
- - --I
,omr-CO
-
d- 1 4 4 ,
N N N N
0 010 0
I D O d N
O
mt-mm
m
m m d m
d dl6 d
4
. . . .
t- 9 ' N
N N N N
0 0 0 0
M O N O
0 0 0 0
. . . .
1 0 0 0 0
; o o o o
r
L O P - C O OO O ~
N
o ~ V I P -t - t - m m
at-CQm O d N m
I d c o d *
I O a o N
I d d m *
l d d d d
. . . I .
N N N ~ NN
4
N N N N
~
m o m o
m o m 0
0 0 0 0
m o m o
0 0 0 0
;P-+CQN
m ~ m
; O N m m
I
m o m 0
0 0 0 0
m a a t - I-COCOm m o o 4
d N N m m * * m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . m. * .* m. .
O d d +
m o m o
0 0 0 0
Now
- % =
R ( ~ ) -
P(w)
n
-
0.107'
4
0.107
0.02675 m
5.18
5.18.1
These headwalls
amount which'the operation and maintenance budget of the NIA could not finance.
T h e r e f o r e , due t o the urgency of instafling gated turnouts and the n e c e s s i t y
for'adjusting the elevations of s o m e of the existing ones, a p r e - c a s t headwall h a s
been designed, which i s supported by the pipe conduit i n s t e a d of vice v e r s a a s i n
the c a s e of t h e e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e s .
The
5.18.2
S t r u c t u r a l and Hydraulic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The outlet s t r u c t u r e con-sists of a p r e f a b r i c a t e d headwall and a gate ( F i g u r e
5-49) and a pipe.
The opening of
year.
-The m a x i m u m head recommended f o r t h i s outlet i s 20 c m .
The diameter of the pipe i s usually dictated by the standard commercial pipe
available.
adopted.
5. 18. 3
Design Formula
The usual pipe formula i s used, namely:
where
Ax
g
design discharge;
h(wk)
5.18.4
Numerical Example
A farm having an irrigable a r e a of 15 ha requires water from an irrigation
canal.
The difference
in the water surface of the supply canal and the farm canal at maximum designed
5.19
5.19.1
Application and S t r u c t u r a l F e a t u r e s
This Gated P i p e Outlet h a s been developed by the t'Consorzio della Grande
Bonificazione F e r r a r e s e t ' in F e r r a r a , Italy, and i s widely used i n the i r r i g a t i o n
d i s t r i c t s of the P o Delta in n o r t h e r n Italy, p a r t i c u l a r l y for r i c e cultivation.
FIGURE 5-50.
As F i g u r e s 5-50 to 5-55 illustrate, the s t r u c t u r e consists of a covered conc r e t e pipe, connecting the distribution canal with the f a r m watercourse o r basin to
be i r r i g a t e d .
end) t h e r e i s a stand which houses a flow regulating gate. As the figures show, the
stand consists of a concrete block fitted to the pipe and a covering slab o r box.
If
required the stand can be extended by putting a second block on top of the bottom
one.
seen f r o m the F i g u r e s .
anti-tampering.locking mechanism.
FIGURE 5-51.
FIGURE 5-52.
FIGURE 5-53.
Longitudinal section
Open,
Ti
-Ti--
~inished
Plan
F A 0
- ICID
GATED
PIPE O U T L E T
(FERRARA T Y P E )
(a)
Plon
of
stond
FAO-ICID
Sect~on A-B
Project, Region, Country
I1 oly
Note: All dimensions ore In centimetres.
Figure No. 5-54 (b )
COMPLETE
OUTLET
FOR
S T A N D (LOW T Y P E )
4 0 0 m m PIPE
Project , R e g ~ o n Country
,
lfoly
F ~ g u r eN o 5-55 (b)
1
(low type)
pipe
$ 170.
This outlet i s a simple and reliable structure adaptable to any bank width.
It i s particularly suited to a r e a s where the working head of outlets has to be kept
small, i. e. where outlets have to work under submerged conditions.
of the s t r u c t u r e i s simple and tampering i s not possible.
for instantaneous discharge measurements.
Operation
5.19.2
in levels between the water surface in the supply canal and the f a r m o r field watercourse.
have been determined experimentally for the standard 400 m m diameter outlet
under submerged conditions and a r e shown in Table 5-5.
In Table 5-5 the gate opening i s converted into the number of revolutions
of the screw used to lift the gate.
sample extract f r o m the original table which ranges from 3 to 32 screw revolutions
and correspondingly f r o m 2.5 to 407 l i t r e s per second.
this outlet i s not available.
TABLE
5-5
"Number of s c r e w revolutions
?wk)
14
15
16
17
20
18
19
D i s c h a r g e in l / s
21
22
23
24
GATE
GUIDE DETAIL
..
SECTIONAL
ELEVATION
G o k guide,
I Drill fhoieg
(r
------
Grout joint
or direct*d
------
-.(
END ELEVATION
PLAN
VIEW N O R Y ~ LTO
HEADWALL
SIDE ELEVATION
DIMENSIONS
PIPE
'fo.c.
4"0. C mar.
IHEADWAUI
GATE
QUANTITIES
5.20
.A
TABLE
5-6
Diameter
of pipe
(cm)
P r e s s u r e head
5
10
15
- cm
20
25
PERSPECTIVE
FIGURE 5-57.
end.
Figures .5-58,
SECTION
OF TAP
5-59 and 5 - 6 0
For the selection of a suitable width for such outlets reference may be made to
Table 5-7.
FIGURE 5-58.
FIGURE 5-60.
irrigation.
TABLE
5-7
"
D i s c h a r g e p e r 10 c m
width of sill-1/
l i t r e s p e r second
Siphons
Commercially
The l a r g e
TABLE 5-8
Flow through Small Siphons in L i t r e s p e r Second
Diameter
of syphon
cm
I
1
P r e s s u r e head
5
7.5
10
12.5
cm
15
17.5
20
The p r e s s u r e h e a d i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n
elevation between the water s u r f a c e in the f a r m ditch and either the c e n t r e of the
outlet if i t i s f r e e flowing o r the water s u r f a c e above the outlet if i t i s submerged.
A disadvantage of the siphon i s that i t m a y become deprimed during
operation due t o falling water level o r blockage by t r a s h o r s i l t .
Recent r e s e a r c h
each end that holds the water o v e r the ends of the siphon so that a i r cannot e n t e r
the tube when the water supply level r e c e d e s .
maintain the water level above the tube ends for 10 to 14 days; thus no repriming
i s required during this period.
Both
CURS
elevation.
diameter.
The length of the cup from bottom to lip equals 1.41 (E)
where
(inches),
(D
- d - S)
diameter of cup
R A W SCREEN
f INLET END
FIGURE 5-61..
CLAWS
- TO
In border irrigation the same type of outlets a s used for basin irrigation
can be installed a s well a s siphons.
check between two borders, the slopes and the' soil, and may range from a few
l i t r e s per second up to 300 11s.
should be placed a t a lower elevation than the surface of the border so that the
water will discharge into a pool at the downstream end.
Dii~mmmotioSution
Through Open TIP~ Box
LIST O F REFERENCES
1415 Monterey
Check S t r u c t u r e s in I r r i g a t i o n Channels.
I r r i g a t i o n A d v i s e r s ' Guide.
I r r i g a t i o n with Concrete P i p e .
L i s t of References
Cont'd.
16.
17.
18.
L i b r a i r i e J. -B.
F a r m Irrigation.
Vol I and 11. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York
184 p.
University of
29.
30.
31.
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Cont'd.
Ozal, K.
1965
Journ.
A g r i c u l t u r a l Engineering, June.
Sparling I r r i g a t i o n M e t e r s .
Bulletin 500.
I r r i g a t i o n on Western F a r m s .
Neyrpic
1951
Practices.
By Doneen, L.D.
Rome.
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Contld.
47.
48.
FA0
1970
49.
USBR
1967
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
USBR
1967
55.
ICID
1957
56.
57.
FAOfUNESCO
58.
0
59.
60.
Denver, Col.
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Cont'd.
WMO
1971
62.
63.
64.
65.
Johnston, C. N. F a r m I r r i g a t i o n S t r u c t u r e s .
Station. C i r c u l a r 362. 7945.
66.
Blair, E .
Institute I n t e r a m e r i c a n o de Ciencias
67.
,-
61.
U s e of W e i r s and F l u m e s in S t r e a m Gauging.
Manual dlHydraulique.
Eyrolles.
68.
Lancastre
69.
Neyrpic
1958
70.
Di Ricco, G.
1967
71.
Boyaci, R. and Savaskan, C. F a r m Layout and Distribution S y s t e m s - C u m r a Karkin I r r i g a t i o n Development P r o j e c t . Report on the 5th I r r i g a t i o n
19 64
P r a c t i c e s S e m i n a r , NESA Region, New Delhi.
72.
De L o s R i o s R o m e r o , D . F . Consideraciones Sobre F u t u r o s P r o y e c t o s d e O b r a s
19 63
en l a s Zonas Regables. Ministry of Agriculture, Spain.
73.
74.
75.
76.
- I r r i g a t i o n Canal Equipment.
P r e s s , H.
1959
P a r i s , Grenoble.
L I I r r i g a z i o n e dei T e r r e n i .
Bulletin
Wehre, B e r l i n .
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Contld.
77.
78.
FA0
1971
- Automated I r r i g a t i o n -
79.
ICID
1972
80.
81.
USDI B u r e a u of Reclamation
19 67
Denver, Col.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
USDA Agricultural R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e
1969
Measuring F l u m e s .
88.
89.
90.
ICID
1969
L'
Water M e a s u r e m e n t Manual.
Reports for
Journal
Second Ed.
C a s t - i n - P l a c e Concrete Trapezoidal
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Contfd.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
King, H.
96.
Va-son-Boonkird.
C u l v e r t s a s Flow Measuring Devices. Water Management
1972
Technical R e p o r t No 17, Colorado State University, F o r t Collins,
Colorado, F e b r u a r y .
97.
98.
99.
FA0
1971
TN.
Handbook of Hydraulics.
New York.
- Automated 1rrigatio.n.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
Journal of the
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Cont'd.
105. Khushalani, K.B. Irrigation, Vol VI, Distribution Works.
1954
P o w e r Commission, India.
C e n t r a l Water and
Washington.
C l e a r Overfall W e i r s .
116.
P r o c . Bombay Engng.
L i s t of R e f e r e n c e s
Contld.
120. Mahajan, I. K. and Handa, C. L. Control and Distribution of Water in I r r i g a t i o n
1957
S y s t e m s with Special R e f e r e n c e t o the Punjab. ICID T r a n s . 3 r d C o n g r e s s
on I r r i g a t i o n and Drainage, Vol IV, Q 9, R 25, pp 9.369-9.398. New
Delhi.
121. ~ a h b u b ,S. I. and Gulhati, N. D.
1951
Delhi.
122. Neyrpic
1951
I r r i g a t i o n Outlets.
Aqua, April.
I r r i g a t i o n P r a c t i c e in Egypt.
Dethridge M e t e r Investigations.
Punjab Engng.
and Open F l u m e
Outlet.
L i s t of References
Contld.
134.
A
-
Area
A r e a of c r o s s section
A r e a of critical section
B1
"
(t)
Width of inlet
i
-11 F o r
(OUT)
(go)
(bas) Or
(SB)
c_
coefficient of d i s c h a r g e
Coefficient of roughness
Coefficient of submergence
Coefficient of submergence of hydraulic jump
Coefficient in Chezy's f o r m u l a
Coefficient, approach velocity
Depth of canal
Designed depth of canal (if distinguished)
Depth of canal u p s t r e a m of f a l l s , proportional
d i s t r i b u t o r s o r d i v i s o r s , syphons, aqueducts,
etc. , and in p a r e n t channels of outlets and
offtake channels
0
Depth of canal downstream of f a l l s , etc.
and depth of offtake channels 'below intakes
and of w a t e r c o u r s e s below outlets
Depth of stilling basin
Diameter
D i a m e t e r of pipe
Discharge
D i s c h a r g e intensity o r d i s c h a r g e p e r unit
width
D i s c h a r g e i n the p a r e n t canal
D i s c h a r g e of offtake channels o r outlets
S m a l l i n c r e m e n t in d i s c h a r g e
D i s t a n c e s and spacings
Efficiencies
Flexibility
F r e e board
Froude number
H
(C-SB)
H
(c-b)
H
(orf)
Hydraulic d r o p
H
(dr)
Length
Length of crest along the axis of flow
Length of glacis
Length of stilling basin
Length of pipe
Length of jump
Proportionality
Radius
Hydraulic radius
Ratio
Sensitivity
Shear stress
Slope (longitudinal)
Side slope
Thickness
Velocity
Critical velocity
von Karman's constant
Weights
Specific weight of fluid