Finite Element Analysis of a Nonlinear

Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam for Harvesting

Low Frequency Vibrational Energy

Tarun, S12026(MS)
School of Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, HP

AGENDA

Motivation
Introduction
Review
Issues
Define problem
Proposed Bi-stable piezoelectric energy harvester
Finite element formulation
Finite element analysis

MOTIVATION
Electrical energy consumption represents 12% of
the global energy requirements but its
contribution to the global Co2 emissions is a
whopping 40% [1].
Even
modest
5%
decrease
in
the
computing/portable
devices
electricity
consumption with efficient practices can prevent
about 5.5 million tons of Co2 emissions per year
[1].
Moreover for remote applications of the
electronic devices it is very challenging as well
as uneconomical to replace traditional batteries
from the electronic system .

Figure 1. Comparison of household

electricity consumption [1].

INTRODUCTION

Wang, L. and F. Yuan (2007) [2].

Energy harvesting by magnetostrictive material (MsM) for powering wireless sensors in SHM.
SPIE Smart Structures and Materials

REVIEW

A large percentage of research in power harvesting with piezoelectric generators has focused on
improving the efficiency of piezoelectric power harvesting systems.
A piezoelectric energy harvester is often modelled as a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) system of massspring-damper-piezo structure but it is required to derive a distributed parameter model to predict and
investigate the electromechanical behaviour of piezoelectric energy harvesters accurately.

The literature survey of piezoelectric energy

harvesters using piezoelectric materials can be
divided in to two parts.
Linear energy harvester
Nonlinear energy harvester.

LINEAR PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY

HARVESTER
Author
and
Referenc
e

Investigation/Re
search

Conclusion

Mateu and Moll

[3]

Presented a brief analytical

comparison
between
a
rectangular cantilever and a
triangular shaped cantilever with
the large end clamped and the
small end free.

It was proven mathematically that a

triangular cantilever with base and
height dimensions equal to the base
and length dimensions of
a
rectangular beam will have a higher
strain and maximum deflection for a
given load.

Roundy et al [4]

Suggested
that,
with
an
increasingly trapezoidal shaped
cantilever, the strain can be
more
evenly
distributed
throughout the structure as
opposed to a rectangular beam
that contains a non-uniform
strain distribution.

A
trapezoidal
cantilever
can
generate more than twice the
energy than a rectangular beam.

Mossi et al [5]

Created a so-called unimorph

prestressed bender. This is an
initially curved, arc shaped,
rectangular piezoelectric device
that elongates when a force is
applied to the top of the arc.

Larger dome heights correspond to

larger
strains
and
energy
generation when the harvester is
compressed

Author
Investigation/Rese
and
arch
Reference

Conclusion

Danak et al [6]

Researched ways to optimize

the design of an initially curved
PZT unimorph power harvester.

It was found that increasing the

dome height gave the greatest
increase
in
charge
output.
Increasing the substrate and PZT
thickness both gave higher charge
outputs; however, increasing the
substrate thickness had a greater
effect than increasing the PZT
thickness.

Yoon et al [7]

Investigated the effects of

altering the initial dome height,
substrate
thickness,
and
substrate stiffness, but also
studied the effects of beam
width
and
length,
and
experimentally tested various
configurations
of
unimorph
benders
to
validate
the
mathematical findings.

Research showed that increasing

both the width and length of the
unimorph helped increase charge
output, but that increasing the
width is more effective than
increasing the length.

Baker et al [8]

Developed a novel configuration

in which a piezoelectric beam is
compressed and fixed at both
ends with pin connections. The
beam is loaded up to the critical
buckling load.

Experimental results show that the

bistable beam has a wider range
of performance as the excitation
frequency is changed, and that it
consistently has 30%100% more
available
power
than
the
uncompressed beam.

Ericka et al [9]

Investigated ways to maximize

the power output from ambient
vibrations through the use of a
unimorph
membrane
transducer.

The experimental result showed

that disc type piezoelectric energy
harvest are more efficient to
harvest
energy
at
high
accelerations i.e 2g or above

Author
and
Reference

Investigation/Resear
ch

Conclusion

Kim et al [10]

Investigated the use of clamped

circular plates to be used in
harvesting power from pressure
sources.

The experimental result show that

disc type piezoelectric energy can be
used effectively to harvest energy
from fluctuating pressure sources.

Kim et al [11]

Developed
a
novel
circular
configuration for power harvesting
called a piezoelectric cymbal in
which two dome-shaped metal
end-caps are bonded on either
side of a piezoelectric circular
plate.

Experimental
results
show
that
cymbal transducers are capable of
withstanding high force applications
while producing useable power.

Y.B. Jeon et at [12]

Reported a MEMS-based cantilever

power generator employing the
piezoelectric thin film with the d33
mode, named as the Piezoelectric
Micro Power Generator (PMPG).

The generated open-circuit voltage of

a d33 type device will be much higher
(20 times or greater) than that of the
d31 type generator of similar beam
dimensions.

Hua. Bin. Fang et

al [13]

Devised a generator structure of

composite cantilever with nickel
metal mass at the end. The
composite cantilever was made up
of an upper piezoelectric thick
film, sandwiched between a pair of
metal (Pt/Ti) electrodes, and with a
lower non piezoelectric element.

The relatively low voltage and power

output in -31 mode are not
practicable
to
present
general
application.

Ingo Kuehne et al
[14]

Analysed the diaphragm based

piezoelectric MEMS generator.

Experimental results are generated

for the small scale deflection and
large scale deflection using by
dropping 20mg plastic ball on the
diaphragm.

Author
and
Referenc
e

Investigation/Rese
arch

Conclusion

Jing-Quan Liua et
al [15]

Investigated a power generator

array
based
on
thick-film
piezoelectric
cantilevers
to
improve frequency flexibility and
power output.

The experimental results show that

the arrayed device is promising in
improving operation bandwidth and
power output of power generator.

Dongna Shen et
al [16]

Devised a MEMS PZT cantilever

with an integrated Si proof mass is
designed and fabricated on a SOI
wafer,
and
a
Pt/PZT/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si/SiO2 multilayer
device is generated for low
frequency
vibration
energy
harvesting.

When excited at 0.75g (g = 9.81

m/s2) acceleration at its resonant
frequency of 183.8 Hz, the AC output
measured across a resistive load of
16 k connecting to the device in
parallel has an amplitude of 101mV.

Thiago SeuaciucOsorio et al [17]

Investigated the response of

energy harvesters to harmonic
excitations
of
time-varying
frequency.

For low sweep rates, the average

power
remains
constant.
For
moderate sweep rates, the average
power shows significant dependence
on the sweep rate with the average
power curve exhibiting a series of
maxima and minima.

John
M.Youngsman
al [18]

Designed a prototype device that

utilizes stretching piezoelectric
film to support a proof mass, with
an adjustable support that allows
the resonant frequency of the
device to be easily altered.

Results at 1/2 g acceleration

produced 34mW at three different
frequencies while producing up to
9mW at just under 1 g acceleration.

Presented the concept of dualmass

energy
harvester
for
harmonic
force
and
motion
excitations.

This paper shown that the harvesting

power can be significantly improved
using dual-mass vibration energy
harvester for both harmonic force
and base displacement excitation.

et

Xiudong Tang et
al [19]

Author
and
Referenc
e

Investigation/Rese
arch

Conclusion

Lei Gu [20]

Presented
a
low-frequency
piezoelectric energy harvester
based
on
impact
vibration
assembled with a compliant
driving beam and two rigid
generating beams.

The 1.53 mW average power of the

macroscale
impact
vibration
harvester is achieved at 20.1 Hz
under 0.4g acceleration. The power
density is 93.2 mW/cm3, which is 6.8
times
that
of
conventional
counterpart.

W. Li et al [21]

Proposed a piezoelectric bender

with elastic base to increase the
generated power in harvesting
energy. An analytical model has
been derived in this paper.

Experimental results show that the

presence of elastic bases than the
absence increases 376 times output
power.

Zhuming Liu et al
[22]

Examined
the
feasibility
of
increasing the output power of
cantilever
energy
harvesters
through segmentation of the
piezoelectric layer.

The stored electrical energy of bulk

configuration is 1.98 x 10-9 J at
resonant frequency of 1120 Hz, while
the stored electrical energy of 20segmented one is 3.86 x 10 -9 J at
1120 Hz.

LIU Xiangjian et al
[23]

Presented a method to estimate

the energy conversion efficiency
of the rainbow shape piezoelectric
transducer.

The research results showed that

both the shape parameters and
elastic modulus exert great influence
on energy conversion efficiency.

Juergen
Schoeftner et al
[24]

Focused on the optimization of a

vibrating cantilever beam in a
power
harvesting
application
studying different distributions of
piezoelectric layers and attached
electric circuits.

The configuration with the SCEcircuit as the electric network and

the layers distributed according to
the parabolic function is the most
efficient.

Lokesh Dhakar et
al [25]

Proposed
piezoelectric
EH
configuration, termed as PEH-S,
consists of a composite cantilever

Comparing
with
the
resonant
frequency of 275 Hz of a standalone
piezoelectric bimorph, the new

NONLINEAR PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY

HARVESTER
To scavenge the plentiful energy by using piezoelectric harvester and to make it more
efficient, i.e. to increase bandwidth and power generation, many researcher introduced the
nonlinear generators where by nonlinear stiffness effects are used to increase the
operating range.
When harvester experiences oscillations with significant amplitude the nonlinear behavior
become observable. Large amplitude is due to introduction of geometric and force type
nonlinearities that leads to nonlinear stiffness of piezoelectric generator.
For nonlinear consideration
Where w is width of the cantilever plate and t is the thickness of the cantilever plate.
Force type nonlinearity is incorporated by many researches to increase the band width of
energy harvesting.
The nonlinear energy harvester can be a Duffing-type oscillator with cubic nonlinear
stiffness typically introduced by using magnets. It can also be a piecewise-linear oscillator
with nonlinearity caused by a mechanical stopper.

Duffing-type

nonlinear oscillator

For a Duffing-type oscillator, the potential energy function U(z) can be considered in a quadratic
form as
Thus the Duffing-type oscillator has the cubic nonlinear spring force as
Where z is oscillators position.
The dynamics of a general oscillator can be described as
Where represents the viscous damping; f (t) is the ambient vibration force.
Monostable nonlinear configuration
For a 0, it can be used to describe a monostable system. b > 0 determines a hardening
response, while b<0 a softening response.
Bistable nonlinear configuration
Equation (A) can also be used to define bistable nonlinear configuration for a 0. Bistable
system is used to improve energy harvesting performance over a wide range of ambient
vibration frequencies, subjected to periodic forcing.


Configuration
with Mechanical Stoppers
Piecewise-linear stiffness is another type of nonlinearity which can be introduced by
mechanical stoppers. Under harmonic excitation, incorporating mechanical stoppers increases
the bandwidth of the harvester during a frequency downsweep, while maintaining the same
bandwidth in an upsweep.

The response of the bimorph beam with bump stop during contact can be expressed as
Where beam response associated with the base excitation only and is the response due to
contact taking place between the beam and stop.

NONLINEAR PIEZOELECTRIC
ENERGY HARVESTERS
Author and Investigation/Resear
Reference
ch

Conclusion

Qinglong Zheng et
al [26]

Proposed an air spaced cantilever

beam with proof mass to significantly
increase the mechanical strain.

Significantly increase the accelerometer

sensitivity and output voltage of
vibration energy harvesting devices.

C.R. McInnesa [27]

A conceptually simple mechanism is

investigated by adding periodic
forcing to a vibrational excited
energy harvesting mechanism.

It has been established theoretically

that net power available and integrated
energy output is greater at stochastic
resonance.

M. Ferrari et al [28]

Investigated a piezoelectric beam

converter coupled to permanent
magnets to create a bistable system.
Under proper conditions, the system
bounces between two stable states
in response to random excitation,
which significantly improves energy
harvesting
from
wide-spectrum
vibrations.

The principle of the nonlinear behaviour

was evaluated both at the macroscale
and at the microscale. The analytical
model is established and experiment is
performed on the cantilevers have
dimensions of (40mm5mm0.5 mm).
An increase of up to 88% in the rms
voltage was obtained in the tested
conditions.

Author
and
Referenc
e

Investigation/Rese
arch

Conclusion

Presented a novel configuration

consisting of a micromachined
diaphragm and a standing beam
for sensing airflow and energy
harvesting.
A
standing
and
extruded beam built on the
diaphragm
responds
to
the
aerodynamic drag force, inducing
mechanical strain, increasing the
stiffness of the structure, and
subsequently shifting the resonant
frequency.

The dominant phase spectrum of the

fabricated piezoelectric structure
indicates a Q factor as high as 90
under the 10V applied DC bias.

S. Korla et al [30]

Outlined
the
design
and
performance
of
two
energy
harvesters. Both of them were
prepared by considering the
dimensions
of
standard
AA
batteries. One of them had round
cross-section while the other one
had square one. The mass stayed
at the allocated space by the inner
boundaries of the shell and two
piezoelectric elements.

The outputs of both types of the

harvesters were very similar at low
amplitudes. However, the square
cross-section
facilitates
better
attachment of the piezoelectric
elements with the harvester shell
and worked efficiently at higher
amplitudes
without
immediate
failure.

Huicong Liu et al
[31]

Demonstrated
the
design,
fabrication and measurement of
piezoelectric cantilever with quite
low resonant frequency of 35.8 Hz
for
the
energy
harvesting
application.

PZT patterns in parallel connection

require far less matched resistance
to reach the maximum power than
PZT patterns in series connection,
which is more feasible in practical
design.

Kuok H. Mak et al
[32]

Introduced a bump stop into the

design of a piezoelectric bimorph

The measured velocity and voltage

were
compared
to
theoretical

X.M.
[29]

Jing

et

al

Author
and
Referenc
e

Investigation/Res
earch

Conclusion

B. Ando et al
[33]

Proposed a nonlinear bistable

oscillator based on twodimensional,
magneticallycoupled, PZT-based beams
able to extract energy from
ambient
vibrations
with
arbitrary directions.

An experimental prototype has

been developed, analytic models
have been derived and matched
with experimental findings. An
improvement
in
terms
of
bandwidth (flat) and power
harvested (10- times more)
compared with the linear system
has been observed.

Po-Cheng
Huang et
[34]

Proposed a device consists of

an inertia silicon proof-mass
with four parylene-C beam
structures, and a piezoelectric
PVDF layer. The proposed
device has a wide operational
bandwidth by the nonlinear
vibration characteristic of the
duffing effect, and employs
piezoelectric effect for energy
conversion.

When excited at an acceleration

of 0.5g, the energy harvester
achieves to a maximum opencircuit voltage of 368 mV. The
maximum output power is 0.288
W.

al

Issues
Most of the research on vibration energy harvesting using
piezoelectric materials is focused on the three points.
To make the energy harvesting consistent with the sources at
relatively low frequency (1-100Hz).
To increase the frequency band width to scavenge more power
in practical situation.
To increase the voltage generation by using modified design to
get better strain distribution over the length of the harvester.

Region for
harvesting
Resonance

Frequency

The
experimental
results
showed that the arrayed
device
is
promising
in
improving
operation
bandwidth and power output
of power generator.

Picture of power generator array

prototype.
Jing-Quan Liua et al [15]

Limitation:
The piezoelectric beam array
model given by Jing-Quan
Liua et al [15] can increase
the operation bandwidth but
this multi beam piezoelectric
energy harvesting system
has low energy density.

A
triangular
piezoelectric
cantilever can generate 50%
higher
energy
than
a
rectangular beam.

Relative strain profiles for alternative

beam geometries [35].

Limitation:
Due to its extremely brittle
nature,
cutting
PZT
is
difficult, and any process
more complex than a straight
cut would greatly increase
price,
without
significant
improvement
in
power
output.

DEFINING THE PROBLEM

So the main purpose of the study is to design a cantilever type

piezoelectric energy harvester that can produce higher power
over the wider range of low environmental frequencies.
Objectives to achieve
To increase the operational bandwidth.
To increase the power output.

BISTABLE PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY

HARVESTER
y

Base acceleration

M x

z
1 2

M z c z kz M A

M z c z (k 1 ) z ( 2 z ) M A
3

Fmagv = Fmag sin = Fmag

tan
1 + tan
2

Fmag
d

z
z
1
d

Expand using taylor's series we get

Fmagv
Fmagv

Fmag z

Fmag z 3

d
2d
1 z 2 z 3

, 1

Fmag
d

Potential energy function of the piezoelectric

system is given as

1
1
2
U (z) K 1 z 2 z 4
2
4
Where K=linear stiffness

and 2

Fmag
2d 3

FINITE
ELEMENT
FORMULATION
PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTER

FOR

THE

BI-STABLE

FIRST ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY (FSDT)

Assumptions:
1. A straight line drawn through thickness of the plate in the un-deformed configuration may rotate but it will remain
straight when the plate deform.
2. Thickness of the plate remain unchanged as the plate deforms

u ( x, y , z ) u 0 ( x , y ) z x
v( x, y, z ) v0 ( x, y ) z y
w( x, y, z ) w0 ( x, y )
w0
x
w
y 0
y

Shape Functions
1
N i ( , ) (1 i )(1 i ) Where i = 0,1...4
4
1
N ( z ) zi z z z i 1 Where hi =zi - zi 1
hi

The four noded isoparametric element

is adopted and the interpolation
formulae for the spatial coordinates
are:

(x, y) -Global coordinate system

(,) Natural coordinate system

Find Strains

x N i xi

y N i yi

i 1

i 1

Where N i is the quadratic shape function.

u, v, w,

, y N i ui , vi , wi , x , y
T

i 1

q [ Ni ] qi
i 1

Where

Ni

Ni 0
0 N
i

0
0

0
0 0 0
N i 0 0

0 N i 0
0 0 N i
0

where i=1,2,...4

u u0 x
xx
z
x x
x
v v0 y
yy z
y y
y
u v u0 x v0 y u0 v0 x y
xy
z
z

z

y x y
y x
x y x y x
w
u w u
z w
xz 0 x 0 x 0
z x z
z x
x
w
v w v
z w
yz 0 y 0 y 0
z y z
z y
y

xx

yy

xy

zx
yz

x
u0
x z x

y
v0
y z y

u0 v0
x y

y
x
x
y

w0
x

w0
y

u0
x
v0
y
w0
y
y
w0
x
x
u0 v0

y
x
x
x
y

1
0

0
0

0 1

0 1

0
0
z

0
0

u0
x
v0
y
w0
y
y
w0
x
x
u0 v0

y
x
x
x
y

y
x

x
y

y
x

x
y

 N i
x

N i
y

0
N i
y
N i
x

Ni
x

0 0

N i
y

0 0

0 N i

N i 0

0 0

N i
0

x
N i
0
y
N i N i
y
x

u0
v
0
w
0 Z Bi q0

x
y

For four noded element

BL B1I B2 I . . B4 I
L Z BL q0 Bq q0
Similarly

Linear piezoelectric constitutive equations are used.

E

=
c
e E

S
D = E + e

The dynamic equations of the energy harvesting system are derived

using Hamiltons principle .

t2

t2

t1

t1

() W dt (T U ) W dt 0

Where is the variation, t is time, T is the kinetic energy, U is the

internal potential energy and W is the external work applied to the
system.

1
T q
2

q dV

1
T
T
E D dV
2

1
q
V 2

W q

1
T
T
q E D

2

Fv dV q Fp Q
T

T U

+ q

dV

1
q

c E

F Q 0
p

1
T
T
E D

e E E
T

e E

dV

E 2 q Fv
T

dV

T
T
1
1
T
T
T
q0 N i Bq Bq Ni dV q0 q0 Bq c E
2
2
V
V

1
T
q0 Bq
2
V
1
T
i B
2
V

q0 N i Bq
T

e B

1
T
dV i i B
2
V

B dV i q0
S

N
i

Bq

Bq dV q0

Bq dV q0
T

Fv

dV

Bq Ni 1 q0 q0 N i Bq Bq N i
T

2 q0

Q0

M q0 K qq K1

q0

K q
M

T
1
T

N
B
i q Bq
2 V

1
K qq Bq
2V

K1 Ni Bq
T

K 2 Ni

fi N i
V

Bq

Bq

i fi

i gi

dV Mass matrix

Ni 1 Stiffness matrix due to linear magnetic force

Bq Bq
T

Ni

K q

c E Bq dV Linear stiffness matrix

1
K q Bq
2V

q0 K 2 q0

e
T

Fv

Ni 2 Stiffness matrix due to cubic magnetic force

dV Piezoelectric coupling matrix

dV External base excitation force

1
K B
2V
1
K q B
2V

gi

S B

dV Capacitance matrix

Bq dV K q

Electric charge matrix

M q0 K qq K1
K q

i
M

q0

q0 K qq K1

q0 K 2 q0

K q

i f i

i gi

K q

q0

q0 K 2 q0

K q K

K q

q0 fi

VALIDATION
[36]

The finite element

results
are
first
validated against the
analytical
results
drawn by Erturk and
Inman [36] for the
linear
system
to
corroborate
global
mass, damping and
linear
stiffness
matrices.

ANALYSIS
A unimorph cantilever beam is used
to harvest energy using PZT-5A
piezoelectric
material
layer
positioned on the top of the
supporting layer.
PZT-5A layer is poled along the
thickness
direction
resulting
in
transverse (d31) operation mode.
The design of the piezoelectric
cantilever is selected by taking in to
consideration its low acceleration (<
1g) and low excitation frequencies (1100Hz) [37].

MAGNETIC FORCE
Repulsive
force
between the opposite
poles of two magnets
is
calculated
using
formula given in [38].
Graph shown below is
plotted from the same
formula
for
the
10mmx10mmx4mm
Neodymium
((Nd2Fe14B)
magnet
with
magnetic
flux
density of 1.32T

E
E E EE
2 2
C
; C(GPa)
(GPa)
C
e31EE12
(GPa)
(GPa)
66
13
(C/m
23
) )
11
33; e32
22 (C/m

33

VARIOUS PARAMETER
GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF
PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY
HARVESTER.
Parameter

PARAMETERS OF NEODYMIUM
MAGNET.
Value
100
20
0.5

Length of the Beam, l (mm)

Width of the beam, w (mm)
Thickness of the substrate, ts
(mm)
Thickness of the PZT-5A, tp (mm) 0.4

Parameter

Value

Length (mm)
Width (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Density (Kg/m3)
Magnetic flux density (T)

10
10
4
7500
1.32

E
E E EE
2 2
C
; C(GPa)
(GPa)
C
e31EE12
(GPa)
(GPa)
66
13
(C/m
23
) )
11
33; e32
22 (C/m

33

MATERIAL AND ELECTROMECHANICAL

ENERGY HARVESTER

PARAMETERS

OF

PIEZOELECTRIC

TO INCREASE THE POWER GENRATION

Second objective of this study is to increase the power generation using better
distribution of strains over the length of the beam. For this a varying width
piezoelectric beam is designed and analysed using MATLAB. A triangular beam is
approximated as stepped beam using block pulse functions. Three step approximation
is used.

f x C0 C1 C2 ...C( m 1)

0

1
2

1
Ci =
h

( i 1) h

f ( x) i dx

( m1)

1
( m ) ( x)
0

for ih x p (i 1)h
Elsewhere

T
Where h , T is total span of function.
m
i 0,1, 2,...(m 1)

l
3

x
C0 W
Profile function f x W
1
l 0

2l
Where W Width of fixed end of the beam.
33

l = length of beam.
C1 W
l l

0
3

l
f x C0 C1 C2 1
3

C2 W

l 2l

2
3

x
1 dx 0.83W
l
x
1 dx 0.50W
l
x
1 dx 0.17W
l

 Wx 0.83W

0.50W

0.17W

Where [Wx ] is width of piezoelectic beam

Wx

0.60w

0.20 w

l
0 length
3
l
2l
p length
3
3
2l
p length l
3

To make the fair comparison between rectangular and varying width cantilever
type bistable piezoelectric energy harvester following parameters kept same

Piezoelectric material volume kept same.

Piezoelectric layer thickness kept same.
Length of the two beam remain same.
Natural frequency.
Magnetic proof mass kept same.

33.33mm

x 19.99mm

6.66mm

l
0 length
3
l
2l
p length
3
3
2l
p length l
3

Publications
1. Tarun Kumar, Rajeev Kumar, Vishal S Chauhan, Finite element analysis of a nonlinear piezoelectric
cantilever beam for harvesting low frequency vibrational energy, Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Science
Communicated
2. Tarun Kumar, Rajeev Kumar, Vishal S Chauhan, Design and finite element analysis of varying width
piezoelectric cantilever beam to harvest energy, International Conference on energy, power and
environment (ICEPE 2015, IEEE)- Accepted.
3. Tarun Kumar, Rajeev Kumar, Vishal S Chauhan, A review of vibration energy harvesting using
piezoelectric generators, National conference on recent advances in power systems-2014, PEC
Chandigarh.

REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Somavat, Pavel, Shraddha Jadhav, and Vinod Namboodiri. "Accounting for the energy consumption of personal computing including portable devices." Proceedings of the 1st International
Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking. ACM, 2010.
Wang, Lei, and F. G. Yuan. "Energy harvesting by magnetostrictive material (MsM) for powering wireless sensors in SHM." The 14th International Symposium on: Smart Structures and
Materials & Non-destructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2007.
Loreto Mateu, Francesc Moll, Optimum Piezoelectric Bending Beam Structures for Energy Harvesting using Shoe Inserts, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2005 16 835.
Roundy S, Leland E S, Baker J, Carleton E, Reilly E, Lai E, Otis B, Rabaey J, Wright P K and Sundararajan, Improving power output for vibration-based energy scavengers, IEEE Pervasive
Computing 4 2836.
Karla Mossi, Christopher Green, Zoubeida Ounaies and Esther Hughes, Harvesting Energy Using a Thin Unimorph Prestressed Bender: Geometrical Effects, Journal of Intelligent Material
Systems and Structures 2005 16 249.
Danak A D, Yoon H S and Washington G N, Optimization of electrical output in response to mechanical input in piezoceramic laminated shells, Proc. ASME International Mechanical
Engineering Congress pp 309315.
Hwan-Sik Yoon, Gregory Washington, Amita Danak, Modeling, Optimization, and Design of Efficient Initially Curved Piezoceramic Unimorphs for Energy Harvesting Applications, Journal of
Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2005 16 877.
Baker J, Roundy S and Wright P 2005 Alternative geometries for increasing power density in vibration energy scavenging for wireless sensor networks Proc. 3rd Int. Energy Conversion
Engineering Conf. (San Francisco, CA, Aug.) pp 95970.
Ericka M, Vasic D, Costa F, Poulin G and Tliba S,Energy harvesting from vibration using a piezoelectric membrane, J. Physique. Coll. IV 128 18793.
Sunghwan Kim, William W. Clark, Qing-Ming Wang, Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting with a Clamped Circular Plate: Analysis, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2005 16
847.
Kim H W, Batra A, Priya S, Uchino K, Markley D, Newnham R E and Hofmann H F, Energy harvesting using a piezoelectric cymbal transducer in dynamic environment, Japan. J. Appl. Phys.
43 617883.
Y. B. Jeon, R. Sood, J. h. Jeong, S. G. Kim, MEMS power generator with transverse mode thin film PZT, Sensors and Actuators A 122 (2005) 16-22.
Hua-Bin Fang, Jing-Quan Liu, Zheng-Yi Xu, Lu Dong, Li Wang, Di Chen, Bing-Chu Cai, Yue Liu, Fabrication and performance of MEMS-based piezoelectric power generator for vibration
energy harvesting, Microelectronics Journal 37 (2006) 12801284.
Ingo Kuehne, Djordje Marinkovic, Gerald Eckstein, Helmut Seidel, A new approach for MEMS power generation based on a piezoelectric diaphragm, Sensors and Actuators A 142 (2008) 292
297.
Jing-Quan Liua, Hua-Bin Fang, Zheng-Yi Xu, Xin-Hui Mao, Xiu-Cheng Shen, Di Chen, Hang Liao, Bing-Chu Cai, MEMS-based piezoelectric power generator array for vibration energy
harvesting, Microelectronics Journal 39 (2008) 802806.
Dongna Shen, Jung-Hyun Park, Joo Hyon Noh, Song-Yul Choe, Seung-Hyun Kim, Howard C. Wikle III, Dong-Joo Kim, Micromachined PZT cantilever based on SOI structure for low
frequency vibration energy harvesting, Sensors and Actuators A 154 (2009) 103108.
Thiago Seuaciuc-Osorio, Mohammed F. Daqaq, Energy harvesting under excitations of time-varying frequency, Journal of Sound and Vibration 329 (2010) 24972515.
John M.Youngsman, Tim Luedeman, Dylan J.Morris, Michael J.Anderson, David F.Bahr, A model for an extensional mode resonator used as a frequency-adjustable vibration energy harvester,
Journal of Sound and Vibration 329 (2010) 277288.
Xiudong Tang, Lei Zuo, Enhanced vibration energy harvesting using dual-mass systems, Journal of Sound and Vibration 330 (2011) 51995209.
Lei Gu, Low-frequency piezoelectric energy harvesting prototype suitable for the MEMS implementation, Microelectronics Journal 42 (2011) 277282.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.

W. Li, T.S. Liu, C.C. Hsiao, A miniature generator using piezoelectric bender with elastic base, Mechatronics 21 (2011) 11831189.
Zhuming Liu, Lijie Li, Modeling of Energy harvesting device with segmented piezoelectric layer, Procedia Engineering 47 (2012) 470 473.
LIU Xiangjian, CHEN Renwen, ZHU Liya, Energy Conversion Efficiency of Rainbow Shape Piezoelectric Transducer, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 25 (2012) 691-697.
Juergen Schoeftner, Gerda Buchberger, A contribution on the optimal design of a vibrating cantilever in a power harvesting application - Optimization of piezoelectric layer
distributions in combination with advanced harvesting circuits, Engineering Structures 53 (2013) 92101.
Lokesh Dhakar, Huicong Liu, F.E.H. Tay, Chengkuo Lee, A new energy harvester design for high power output at low frequencies, Sensors and Actuators A 199 (2013) 344
352.
Qinglong Zheng, ZhuoWang, Yong Xu, Symmetric air-spaced cantilevers for strain sensing, Sensors and Actuators A 147 (2008) 142149.
C.R. McInnesa, D.G. Gorman, M.P. Cartmell, Enhanced vibrational energy harvesting using nonlinear stochastic resonance, Journal of Sound and Vibration 318 (2008) 655
662.
M. Ferrari, V. Ferrari, M. Guizzetti, B. And, S. Baglio, C. Trigona, Improved energy harvesting from wideband vibrations by nonlinear piezoelectric converters, Sensors and
Actuators A 162 (2010) 425431.
X.M. Jing, J.M. Miao, T. Xu, M. Olfatnia, L. Norford, Vibration characteristics of micromachined piezoelectric diaphragms with a standing beam subjected to airflow,
Sensors and Actuators A 164 (2010) 2227.
S. Korla, R.A.Leon, I.N.Tansel, A.Yenilmez, A.Yapici, M.Demetgul, Design and testing of an efficient and compact piezoelectric energy harvester, Microelectronics Journal
42 (2011) 265270.
Huicong Liu, Chenggen Quan, Cho Jui Tay, Takeshi Kobayashi, Chengkuo Lee, A MEMS-based piezoelectric cantilever patterned with PZT thin film array for harvesting
energy from low frequency vibrations, Physics Procedia 19 (2011) 129133.
Kuok H. Mak, Stewart McWilliam, Atanas A. Popov, Colin H. J. Fox, Performance of a cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester impacting a bump stop, Journal of Sound
and Vibration 330 (2011) 61846202.
B. And, S. Baglio, F. Maiorca, C. Trigona, Two Dimensional Bistable Vibration Energy Harvester, Procedia Engineering 47 ( 2012 ) 1061 1064.
Po-Cheng Huang, Tung-Hsiang Tsai, Yao-Joe Yang, Wide-bandwidth piezoelectric energy harvester integrated with parylene-C beam structures, Microelectronic Engineering
111 (2013) 214219.
Roundy, Shad, et al. "Improving power output for vibration-based energy scavengers." Pervasive Computing, IEEE 4.1 (2005): 28-36.
Erturk, Alper, and Daniel J. Inman. "A distributed parameter electromechanical model for cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics
130.4 (2008): 041002.
Roundy, Shad, Paul K. Wright, and Jan Rabaey. "A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes." Computer communications 26.11 (2003):
1131-1144.
Al-Ashtari, Waleed, et al. "Frequency tuning of piezoelectric energy harvesters by magnetic force." Smart Materials and Structures 21.3 (2012): 035019.

THANKS