MajorEffectsJapaneseOccupationMalayaHistory

Essay
Published:23,March2015
JapaneseArmytakeschargeofMalayaduringtheSecondWorldWar.TheJapaneseoccupation
causeduncertaintyandchaosforthelocalresidents.DuringtheJapaneseoccupationfor3
years,allthelocalpeoplecontrolledbyJapaneseandmuchsufferingbeineffect.Allthepolicies
haveimpactonsocial,politicalandeconomiclifeofMalaya.Thepeopleweresufferingand
depressedbytheJapanesegovernmentpolicy.Thefollowingparagraphswillbediscussedofseveral
majorimpacts.

SocialImpact
ThesocialimpactoftheJapaneseoccupationofMalaya,leadtoamoredistantrelationshipbetween
localraces.JapanesemilitarygivenadifferenttreatmentforMalaysandIndiansandforChinese
theytreatedunfairly.MalaypeoplehavebeenappointedasJapanesesecretpoliceespecially"
Kempeitai".
WhoevertheantiJapaneseasChinesepeoplehavebeenkilledandtorturedbytheJapanese.
IndianpeoplewereusedasforcedlaborandsendtotheThaiBurmeseboardtoworkasconstruct.
Foodshortagesanddiseasecausedmanydeaths,untiltherailwayisknownasthe"DeathRailway".
Lackoffood,especiallyrice,havebeencausedbyvariousdiseases.

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Amongthemanydeadlydiseasesaremalariaandberiberi.Moreseriousdiseaseproblemsbecause
alackofmedicationespeciallywentthedrugswereseizedbytheJapanese'sfortheirneedin
Malaya.AlltheJapanesehospitalitytotheMalayshasagreedtheChinesepeople.EventheJapan
hasappointedMalaysasPoliceandArmyforce.ThereasonoftheMalayspoliceandarmywhich
theyareusedbytheJapanesetoresistgivingittheappearanceconsistentlyoftheChinesepeople.
JapanesespiestoaddmoreangertheChinese.TheresultaftertheJapaneseoccupationracial
clashesoccurredbetweentheMalaysandChinese.
Otherthanthat,Goodsfromthejuiceofpineappleleaves,coconutsugar,industriousoccupationof
JapanbetweentheMalaysandthespiritofselfreliance.Japan'soccupationrealizestheimportance

ofteachingtheMalays,raiseawareness.Japanhasadopteditscultureinthelocalcommunity,
especiallytheMalays.InthisregardJapanhasexpandedtheJapaneselanguageinMalaya.The
MediumofinstructioninschoolwaschangedfromEnglishtoJapaneselanguage.Topromotethe
language,governmenthastakeninitiativetoorganizedshortcoursesforJapaneselanguageforthe
locals.TheadoptionoftheJapaneseculturehasbeencarriedoutthewholecommunitylikepublic
holidayonthefestivalseasoninJapanweredeclared.Japansgovernmentalsobannedtouse
ChineselanguageinChineseschoolinMalaya.
JapanalsoinvolvedMalayaschoolsystemwhichtheyfullyimplementedtorequiresingingtheJapan
nationalanthem(Kamigayo)everymorningandrespectingtheJapaneseflagsothepeopleof
MalayawillhonortheemperorofJapan.

EconomyImpact
TheMalayaeconomicisbadlyaffectedduringtheJapaneseoccupation.TheMalayaneconomy
dependentontherubberexportsbuteventuallyalltherubberreducedproductionduetothewarand
alsobecauseofthepolicyof"ScorchedEarth"asimplementedbytheBritish.
Britishisdamagingalltherubbertrees,factories,Minesandminingmachinerybeforeleftfrom
Malaya.ThereasonoftheBritishistheydon'twanttokeepitfromfallingintoJapanesehands.Ifthe
Britishdidn'tdestroytrees,Japanesewillexportandimporttotheircountry.
DuringtheJapaneseoccupation,Malayahasconsumergoodsespeciallyfood.Malayaonlyproduces
40%ofthepopulationofrice.Afterseveralmeasureshavebeencarriedoutontheorderofthe
JapanesetoincreasericeproductioninMalaya.TheMalayapeoplerelyonothercrops,suchas
corn,bananas,cassava,etc.
Malayabanknotesupto$40million,$2millionfortheJapaneseoccupationaldistributionof
banknotes.BythedeteriorationoftheJapaneseeconomyMalayacommunicationssystemsand
otherinfrastructuredamageareirreparable.AlthoughJapanhasimplementedarangeofindustries,
suchasshoemakingfactories,tires,etc.,butitisnotasuccess.

PoliticalImpact
AftermasteringtheMalay,JapaneseadministrativerestructuretheorganizationasputsMalaya
undermilitarymanagementcalledMalayamilitarygovernment(MMA)inaccordancewiththestateof
waratthetime.MMA'smaingoalistorestorepublicorder,totakeadvantageoftheresources
necessarytosustainthewareconomyandtheneedsofthetroopsinMalaya,toensurethatthereis
sufficient.

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TheMMAManagementhelpJapanesesecretpoliceandintelligenceagencieswerecalledthe
JapaneseKempeitai.UnderthedirectcontroloftheStrait(NNS)directlymanagedbytheJapanese
Governorandthesystemsinotherstatesalsocontinued.
However,therealpowersinthehandsoftheJapanese.InordertogetthesupportofthetheMalays,
JapanmaintainsSultaninstitutionsasadministratoralongwiththeJapanese.Intheearlystagesof
theJapaneseoccupationofMalaya,Sumatracombinedunderoneadministrationbasedin
Singapore(Shonan).However,thiscombinationfailedandseparatedfromNNMSumatratermsof
administrationin1944.
Malayaeconomicimpact,especiallyMalayapoliticalconsciousnessandtoimprovethepatrioticspirit
oftheMalayaindependencefromJapanandBritish.PropagandabytheJapanese,whenthey
inculcatethespiritofnationalismfortheMalaya,ChineseandIndianstodothesameintheconflict
betweenthem.Therefore,thegapbetweenMalays,ChineseandIndians,theethnictensionsfurther
complicatetheprocess,nationalunity.ThesufferingandJapanesepropaganda"AsiaforAsia"has
raisedawarenessofthelocalpopulationtofightforfreedomandindependencepolitics.Japanisvery
satisfiedwithIndianpeopleandhopestheirsupporttothesuccessofJapaneseplanstodominate
India.EncourageIndianstocooperatewithJapan,theliberationofIndiafromBritish.
TheyaskedtheIndianNationalArmy(MIA)wasestablishedbytheJapaneseinMalaya.
AlsogotthesupportofIndia,theJapanesegovernmentundertheleadershipoftheexileinIndia
knownasAzadHindinSingaporeownedbySubhasChandraBose.
JapanesepolicytowardstheIndianswasaprobleminanefforttocreateanationalconsciousness
amongIndiansinMalaya.Theywereexpelled,thetreatmentofprisonersbytheJapaneseand
anotherBritishdignitydecline.TheBritishfailedtoremindthemthattheycannotrelyontheBritish
defenseofMalaya.Thisscenarioawarenessoflocalpeople,theirowntodefendtheirrightsand
interests,aswellastheirhomeland.JapanisregardedastheliberatoroftheliberationofMalayaisa
colonialpowercountry.Whatwillhappen,infactbeenreplacedbytheBritishcolonialruleJapanese
occupationofthebrutalJapaneseoccupationoftheBritishrule.
DuringtheJapaneseoccupation,thisshowsthegrowthoftheMCP.Itbegantogetwidespread
support,especiallyfromChina,isregardedasJapan'soppressionoftheirprotector.
TheyjointheMalayanAntiJapaneseUnion(GROW),whichisestablishedbytheBritish.Thenext
CPMPeople'sAntiJapaneseArmyestablishedtheMalayanPeople'sAntiJapaneseArmy(MPAJA).
MPAJAgethelp,weapons,food,medicine,andtrainingoftheAllies,inparticular,isateamof136.
Japaneseoccupation,CPMhasbecomeapowerfulandwellorganizedpoliticalparty.RecallingCPM

servicestohelptheBritishagainsttheJapanese,peoplethinkthisisalegitimatepoliticalpartysince
1945.FailedtoachievebytheConstitution,promptingtheCPMarmedrebellionsinceJune16,1948
infurtheranceoftheirgoalscaptureofMalayaandthensetuptheMalayanCommunistRepublic.
TheJapaneseoccupation,ledtotheemergenceofpoliticalconsciousnessofassemblyand
associationbetweentheMalayanPeopleaftertheJapaneseoccupation.Betweenpoliticalparties
thatexistisUMNO,MCA,MIC,API,CAUTION,PKMM,HizbulMuslimsandothers.
Isalsoavailableasaseparateidea,becauseoftheJapaneseoccupation.Ithaspromisedtogrant
independencetoMalayaundertheambitof"IndonesiaRaya".Tothisend,thepeopleofIndonesia
Peninsula(KRIS)UnionwereestablishedinJuly1945.Theleadersofthetwocountries,Dr.Yaacob
IbrahimBurhannudinandIndonesianleaderSukarnoandHatta,heldthetalkinordertoachievethe
mutualindependent.

Conclusion
Followinganincendiaryact,destroyedmanyJapanesecities,theAlliespreparedforexpensive
Japaneseinvasion.TheendofthewarinEurope,NaziGermanysignedtheInstrumentofSurrender.
TogetherwiththeUnitedKingdomandtheRepublicoftheUnitedStatesknownastheJapanese
surrender,"thePotsdamDeclarationofJuly26,1945,thethreattoJapan,"arapidandtotal
destruction.TheJapanesegovernmentignoredthisultimatum,theUnitedStatesdeployedtwo
nuclearweaponsdevelopedbytheManhattanProject.ThelittleboyofAmericanpilotsdroppedcity
ofHiroshima,August6,1945,thefatmaninNagasakionAugust9.

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Seriouslyaffectedinthefirsttwotofourmonthsofthebombings,thedeathof90,000166,000
peopleinHiroshimaand60,00080,000inNagasaki,abouthalfofthedeathsoccurinthefirstdayof
eachcity.Estimates,theHiroshimacountyhealthdepartmentpeoplewhodiedthedayofthe
explosion,60%diedfromflashorflameburns,fallingdebrisand30%,10%,forotherreasons.Inthe
nextfewmonths,alargenumberofdyingofburns,radiationsickness,andotherinjuries,
exacerbatingtheeffectsofthedisease.Theestimateddirectandshorttermcausesofdeathinthe
UnitedStates,1520%diedfromradiationsickness,2030%burnsandotherinjuries,exacerbatedby
5060%ofthedisease.Inthesetwocities,themajorityofthedeadwerecivilians,althoughthe
Hiroshimahugegarrison.

Question2:Elaborateonthefactorsfavoringtheformationof
Malaysiaandtheconsequentchallenges.

Introduction
Malaysiahasannounced16thSeptember1963asaNewNationwhichincludesMalaya,Singapore,
SabahandSarawak.Thereareseveralfactorsthathaveleadtothismajorformationandwillbe
discussedhereafter.

TheCommunistThreat
ManypartiesinterestedinthejointintheFederationofMalayaandSingapore.TheBritishcamewith
thefactthattherearemanysimilaritiesinthehistory,laws,economicandfinancialaspectsofthis
jointagreement.
TheBritishandtheFederationofMalayacertainlydonotwanttoadministrateSingaporeleadersof
thecommunistideology.IfSingaporeelectionisheldwithinthatformationperiod,leftwingpartyhas
achanceofdefeatingthePeopleActionParty(PAP)andtakeovertheadministration.Thiswaswhat
theFederationofMalayawantedtoavoid,acommunistadministration.

EthnicPoliticsandEthnicBalances
AmergerofMalayaandSingapore,whichwillmaketheirmainindigenouspopulation(sonsofthe
soil),ChinesetodominatethepopulationofMalayinMalaya.Thisimbalancecanbecorrectedifthe
BritishterritoryofBorneojoinsinthefederationtoo.

IndependenceFactor
InSingaporetoalargeextent,anautonomouspolicy,SabahandSarawak,togivethechildto
maintaintheirowndictatorialpowersintheBritishcontrol.InBrunei,theSultanmaintainedhis
autocraticpowersbutwascompelledtoreceiveadvicefromaBritishResident.TunkuAbdulRahman
believesthatwiththeMalayaformationwiththesecolonieswillaccelerateindependencefromthe
British.

DeclineofBritishPower
Britishpowercontinuedtodecline,asithassincetheendoftheSecondWorldWarsteadily.
Inthiscase,itisrelativelyeasytosurrendertheirpower,ratherthantryingtocontinuetheirroleasa
colonialpowerinMalaysia.

EconomicCooperationandInternationalRelationintheregion
TheBritishbegantotakeoverasadministratorinMalaya.Rubberandpalmtreeswereintroduced
forcommercialuse.TheBritishfoundthesourceoflabour,fromChinaandIndiaratherthanMalays

toprovideexpertise.Althoughmanyofthemreturntotheirrespectivecountries,theyagreedatthe
endofitsterm,somestayinMalaysia,andasapermanentsettlement.Overthetime,Malaysia
becametheworld'slargestmanufactureroftin,rubber,palmoil.Thesethree(3)commoditiesand
otherrawmaterialstofirmlyestablishMalaysia'seconomicrhythmtothemid20thcentury.
TunkuAbdulRahmanwaskeentomergewithSingaporebecauseofeconomicpurposes.Singapore
hasalargenumberofindustrialenterprises,largepopulationtocomplementitspositionismore
important.Thecountryalsocomeswithitsowntradingportsinthisarea.OneoftheareasofBorneo,
ontheotherhand,boastawealthofnaturalresourcessuchasoil,naturalgasandtimber,andfertile
agriculturalproduction,pepper,rubberandmore.TunkuAbdulRahman,themergerofthese
colonieswillbemuchvalueforMalaya.TunkuAbdulRahmanalsoseeksindependentfrom
colonization.

Consequentchallenges
TheideatouniteMalaysiawithneighbouringcountrieswasraisedseveraltimes.In1961,Tunku
AbdulRahmansuggestedthemergerofMalayawithSingapore,NorthBorneo(Sabah),Sarawak,
Brunei.
Themainpoliticalreasonstocurbthecommunistthreattoboostandacceleratetheindependenceof
Brunei,Singapore,SabahandSarawak.

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Tunku'sproposaltriggereddifferentreactionsfromthepeopleinthefivecountries.
LeeKuanYewwelcomedtheidea.However,therewasastrongoppositionfromleftwingleaders
UnitedPeople'sParty(UPP),PeopleActionParty(PAP).LeeKuanYewmoredeterminedtomerge
initiallypeoplenotsokeenpreferredBruneitoachieveownindependencebeforejoiningMalaysia.
Someagreedtotheideaofmerging,SultanOmarAliSarifuddinwasinterestedandthoughttheidea
wasexcellent.TheideaofunitywiththeneighbouringcountriesofMalaysiamadea
numberoftimes.
In1961,TunkuAbdulRahmanproposedmergerofMalayaandSingapore,NorthBorneo(Sabah),
SarawakandBrunei.Mainlypoliticalreasons,inordertocurbthethreatofcommunism.Inorderto
facilitateandspeeduptheindependenceofBrunei,Singapore,SabahandSarawak.
ThePhilippinesandIndonesiastronglyopposedtothedevelopmentinthisarea,claimedthat

MalaysiaandIndonesiaonbehalfof"neocolonialism"andthePhilippinesclaimedSabahastheir
territory.Sukarno,andtriedtoopposetheformationoftheIndonesiangovernmenttopostpone
MalaysiaSarawakUnitedPeople'sPartyleadership.Asaresultofthesefactors,theformationofthe
eightmembersoftheUnitedNationsteamhadtoredeterminewhetherSabahandSarawaktruly
wantedtojoinMalaysia.MalaysiawasofficiallyestablishedonSeptember16,1963,fromMalaya,
Sabah,SarawakandSingapore.In1963,Malaysia'stotalpopulationofabout10million.

Conclusion
Ifwedon'thavetheabovemotivatingfactor,maybetherewillbenoMalaysiatoday.Addingtothat
wehavefewcountriesjoinedwithusandwithmorepopulation.Thelivingenvironmentalsohasbeen
differentbecauseofmixpopulationofdifferentraces.

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