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Agenda
Introduction
Inter-RAT Handover
Considerations
International Roaming
Deployment References
Introduction
Dedicated HW or
soft phone on any
Wi-Fi device
VoWiFi
Until Recently
offered by OTT
(Skype) providers
Save Money
Increase customer
engagement/analytics even
when they are off the cellular
network
Growing
Seamless
faster than
smartphone cellular data
Capability to address
coverage/capacity issues
services
Identity Ecosystem
For
Minutes of
Use
(Trillions)
per Year
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 71%
29%
0
2014
VoWiFi
VoLTE
VoIP
53%
41%
6%
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Source: ACG, Cisco VNI Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast, 20142019
Standard based:
ePDG/IPSec 3GPP
23.402
Voice Handover
between Wi-Fi/VoLTE
Residential
Enterprise
Cisco ePDG supports EAP-TLS, EAPTTLS and EAP-MSCHAPv2 for NonUICC devices
Internet
ePDG
3GPP AAA
PCRF
TAS
HSS
TAS
Cisco product
IMS Core
AAA
Non Cisco
PCRF
PGW
PGW
HSS/HLR
S5/S8
SWm
S2b
PMIPv6
GTPv2
ePDG
ePDG
Wi-Fi
access
MME/SG
W
Gi
MSC
SGSN
3GPP access
RNC
SWn
Untrusted network
(e.g. home/ent)
SWu
eNodeB
IMS/VoLTE
IPSec
NodeB
AuC
HSS
MGW
CSCF
3GPP
AAA Server
Voice Core
MGCF
TAS
AP
WLC
A-SBC
IPSec Tunnel
between UE & ePDG
ASR5K
AP
L3 Infra
ePDG
I-SBC
ASR5K
L3
PGW
vGiLAN
GiLAN
S2b
AP
WLC
PCRF
AP
Internet
HSS
SWx
S6a
PCRF
Gxc
Rx
Gx
SGi
3GPP
Access
Serving
Gateway
PDN
Gateway
S5
S6b
S2b
Gxb
SWm
3GPP AAA
Server
ePDG
S2a
Operator's IP
Services
(e.g. IMS, PSS
etc.)
SWn
Gxa
Non-3GPP
Trusted
Non-3GPP IP
Access
SWu
Untrusted
Non-3GPP IP
Access
UE
Wi-Fi Un-trusted
SWa
STa
Tunnel and QoS mapping between S2b bearers and access network
Routing of downlink packets towards the SWu instance associated to the PDN
connection;
Enforcement of QoS policies based on information received over S2b control plane
P-CSCF restoration)
PGW
ePDG
1. IKEv2 SA_INIT
2. IKEv2 SA_INIT_RSP
3. IKEv2 AUTH_REQ
4. DER
6. IKEv2 AUTH_RESP
7. IKEv2 AUTH_REQ
5. DEA
8. DER
9. DEA
AAA
UE
PGW
PCRF
OFCS
OCS
PCSCF
TAS
4. Peer UE
procedures
5. 200 OK
6. AAR
7. RAR
8. AAA
9. RAA
10. 200 OK
11. CCR
12. CCA
13. Create Bearer Request
14. Create Bearer response
H(e)NBGW
ePDG
SAMOG
PGW
SAEGW
Performance and
Scalability
Multiple
Hardware
Platforms
Cisco ASR
5k Series
Multimedia
Core Platforms
Flexibility and
Elasticity
Cisco Virtualized
Packet Core (vPC)
OpenStack Ecosystem
ePDG
ePDG
Cisco StarOS
Linux Kernel
Cisco StarOS
Linux Kernel
OpenStack
(OS + Hypervisor)
KVM (Hypervisor)
vSphere / vCloud
VMware ESXi
Networking
Integrated OS + Hypervisor
KVM as Hypervisor
AuC
Access Infra
AP +
EoGRE
CPNR
DHCP
CM
DNS
Cisco
Prime
Infra.
HSS
Prime
Perf.
Manager
SWx
STa
CSCF
PCRF
3GPP
AAA Server
A-SBC
L2-GRE
S6b
AP
WLC
L3-GRE
Core Infra
TWAP
SGi
L3
PGW
TAS
I-SBC
ASR5K
ASR5K
S2a
L3-GRE
MGW
MGCF
Voice Core
AP +
MAG
vGiLAN
TWAG
AP
CAPWAP
Internet
HSS
SWx
AAA
Gi
P-GW
GGSN
Gi
Gn
STa
GTPv1
(Diameter)
Radius
EAP-SIM
Non EAP-SIM
Web Portal
Packet Core
WiFi access
TWAP
S2a
GTPv2
Local Breakout
TWAG
DHCP
PMIPv6 / EoGRE
EoGRE
WLC
AP
WLC
AP
SaMOG GW
TWAP: Trusted WLAN AAA Proxy
Data path connectivity to EPC for Tunnel Switching and packet forwarding
Authentication
EAP-AKA using Radius / Diameter
Web Authentication
Web Authorization
For non EAP-SIM UE (tablet, laptop)
3GPP Rel.11 trusted Wi-Fi model did not place any UE requirements
for PDN connectivity
IKEv2
allocated
2610:8dba:82
e1:ffff::/64
Host:
10.10.1.1
SWu
173.38.2.1
ePDG
SIPTO
Enabled
TWAG
Including
SWu NAT
traversal
functionality
Default APN
P-GW
SWu
DHCP
allocated
173.38.0.1
802.11
SIPTO
Match IP
173.38.2.1
S2a
Default APN
Configuration
UE Pool:
173.38.0.0/24
IP
NSWO
IPv4
Internet
DNS Resolves
ePDG to
173.38.2.1
UE
Radio
eNodeB
S1u
SGW
S5
Voice / QCI 1
Voice / QCI 1
Video / QCI 2
Video / QCI 2
Video / QCI 2
802.11
(IPSec)
AP
WiFi QoS
WMM (802.11e)
DSCP based
SWn
(IPSec)
PGW
IMS IPv6
Video option
S2b
ePDG
PGW
IMS IPv6
DSCP
LTE QCI
DSCP
Downlink
802.11e WMM
802.11ac
LTE QCI
QCI to IP
DSCP mapping
DSCP
AP
AP
ePDG
PGW
PCRF
1. Rx AAR / AAA
IMS
IMS core gets SIP invite
and it requests QoS from
EPC
2. Gx RAR / RAA
Internet
Wi-Fi
NAT
SWm
PGW
EPDG
IPSec
IMS
Bandwidth Requirement
Typically VoWiFi uses AMR-WB: 56.65 kbps per call
Ideal
Tolerable
One way
Latency/Delay
<75ms
75ms -100ms
Jitter
<2ms
2ms-10ms
More than
90%
Native
OTT
Client
Native/embedded
with Phone OS (iOS,
Samsung & Nokia)
Downloaded as an
app
Dial Pad
WiFi/Cellular
mobility
VoWiFi/VoLTE
supported
Wifi calling
Native App
OTT App
Android
VoWiFi considerations on UE
Initiates IPSEC tunnel establishment towards ePDG using IKEv2 (Including DPD)
Idi in form of root NAI (IMSI@realm); Fast Reauth ID; X.509 certificate etc
Child SAs
ChildProtocol ESP
DHGroup 2
IKE
DPDEnabled True
DPDInterval 600s
DPDMaxRetries & Retry Interval 4&10
IMS Config
EnableWiFiCallingWithoutEntitlement True
P-CSCF - 192.168.1.1
defaultAuthAlgorithm - AKAv1-MD5
Remote Address
epdg.<domain>.com
3GPP Config
APN IMS
SupportsVolteCapability True
Companion Device
Compete with Skype/Facetime
One Number
Increase Service Stickiness
How to
Authenticate these
Devices ???
Proven, reliable,
standard interfaces
Re-use existing
infrastructure and
systems
EAP-TTLS based
authentication
EAP-TLS based
authentication
Single phase
Two phases
Inter-RAT Handover
Consideration
S5
S6b
HSS 3GPP
AAA
SWm
S2b
PGW
Gx
WiFi
PCRF
ePDG
3GPP defined Dual Radio VCC (DR-VCC) specification is utilized at Client Side
for the handover from WiFi to 2G/3G. TS 23.237 Dynamic STN method
IMS Core and service
P/S-CSCF, SCC AS ,
MGCF etc
AP
Handover of Active
call between Wi-Fi
and 2G/3G with Call
Continuity function
SCC AS
ePDG
PGW
HLR, SMSC
IN/SCP etc
NodeB
RNC
MSC
WiFi AP
P/S-CSCF
SCC AS
MCGF
MGW
NodeB
MSC/VLR
RNC
Connection threshold
management based on RSSI,
beacons, SNR, 802.11k and
802.11v, rate shifting
APN2
IP1
IP2
iRAT Logic
Connection manager
connects to Wi-Fi AP
APN1
Virtual IP2
Virtual IP
interfaces hides
interface changes
on inter RAT events
APN Connection
Policy
Virtual IP1
Policy selects
seamless, non
seamless or LTE
access for each APN
LTE
Modem
MME
Non 3GPP
Modem
SGW
IPSec
IP1
IPSec
IP2
IP-W
PGW
Connection
Manager
WiFi
Modem
ePDG
Internet
International Roaming
Existing
Home PLMN
Home MSISDN
MSC/I
MS
Foreign
PLMN
OTT MSISDN
OTT
Client
Foreign
IP/Wifi
OTT
MSC/I
MS
Home PLMN
VoWifi
Home PLMN
Home MSISDN
Foreign
Wifi
ePDG/
PGW
MSC/
IMS
IMS APN traffic goes to ePDG and all other data local breakout wifi
IPSec tunnel always up when wifi connected. Capable for outgoing/incoming calls
Voice service only at launch SMS to follow
Also plan to support Non-SIM devices
Multi-service software
ePDG available in
Dedicated HW: ASR5500, ASR5000
Virtual NFV x86 platform: vPC
Thank You!