CHAPTER 5B:

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

PAGES 119 - 150

The ions making up certain important

salts

1. Acid

+ Base (or alkali)

2. Acid + Reactive metal

salt

water

salt + hydrogen gas

3. Acid + Metal carbonate

salt + water
+ carbon
(or metal hydrogen carbonate)
dioxide

SALTS
1. Soluble salts (in water)
- made by neutralizing an acid.
-Prepared by :
- Method A: acid + solid metal, base or
carbonate
- Method B: acid + alkali (by titration)
2. Insoluble salts (in water)
-cannot be made by crystallisation methods
-made by ionic precipitation.

Table 5.11 (page 137) The patterns of

solubility for various types of salts.

SUMMARY:

COPY and ASNWER

Seatwork
Soluble or Insoluble?
________1. NaCl
________2. K2SO4
CaCO3
___________ 3.
________4. NH4NO3
________5. AgCl
________6. CaSO4
________7. Na2CO3
________8. PbCl2
________9. KNO3

PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE
SALTS
Figure 5.26 (page 139) Method A

Figure 5.24 (page 140) Method B

Colour change of the

indicators:

Water of crystalisation
-present in some salt crystals.
-the water gives the crystal its shape.
-in some cases it also gives them their
colour.
-salts are called hydrated salts
-if crystals have lost their water of
crystalisation, they are called anhydrous.

Table 5.12 : (page 138) Some

hydrated salts

Figure 5.26 : (page 142) Flow chart

showing which method to use for
preparing soluble salts.

PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE
SALTS

Example
:

COPY and ASNWER

Seatwork
Soluble or Insoluble?
________1. NaCl
________2. K2SO4
CaCO3
___________ 3.
________4. NH4NO3
________5. AgCl
________6. CaSO4
________7. Na2CO3
________8. PbCl2
________9. KNO3

II. The equation below shows the reaction to

form insoluble salt through precipitation.

a.Write the chemical formula equation with state

symbols: [4m]
b.Write the simplified equation: (ions only with
state symbols) [3m]
c.What is the insoluble salt formed? [1m]
d.What are the spectator ions? [2m]

Soluble 1.
NaCl
Soluble 2.
K2SO4
Insoluble3.
CaCO3
Soluble 4.
NH4NO3
Insoluble5. AgCl
Insoluble6.
CaSO4

II. The equation below shows the reaction to form

insoluble salt through precipitation.

a.Write the chemical formula equation with state

symbols: [4m]
ANSWER:
b. Write the simplified equation: (ions only with state
symbols) [3m]
ANSWER:
c.

What is the insoluble salt formed? [1m]

ANSWER: AgCl
d.What are the spectator ions? [2m]
ANSWER: Na + and NO3

ACIDS AND ALKALIS IN

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
1. Test for carbonates using acids
- If a solid substance (rock sample)
fizzes with reaction to an acid, there
is limestone (which contains
carbonates)
- If limewater ; Ca(OH)2 solution, does
turn cloudy because of the collected
gas, the gas is CO2 and the substance

Testing an antacid tablet containing a

carbonate as the active ingredient.

2. Test for metal ions in salts using

alkali
a. coloured hydroxide precipitates
- salt solution + alkali = coloured
precipitate

b. white hydroxide precipitates

- hydroxide solutions of Ca, Zn and Al
NaOH =
White

precipitate

- Addition of excess NaOH will re-dissolve

the Zn and Al hydroxide precipitates to
give colourless solution.
- The Ca hydroxide precipitate does not redissolve in excess NaOH.
- To identify a Zn or Al salt, repeat the test
with ammonia (NH3) solution. Adding
excess ammonia will re-dissolve Zn

3. Test for ammonium (NH4+) salts using

alkali
Ammonium salt + alkali = ammonia
(NH3) gas
- Ammonia gas will turn damp red litmus paper
blue.

Strong and weak acids and

alkalis

Strong acids and alkalis are

strong electrolytes in a solution.

Weak acids and alkalis are weak

electrolytes in a solution.

Strong acids

Weak acids

Strong alkali

Weak alkali

Donating and accepting

proton in neutralisation
reaction

Basicity of acids
Determined by the number of H+ ions in
acids which can be replaced by a metal
forming salts.

Table 5.13 (page 147) Basicity

of some common acids