RocioSaucedo

HonorsAnatomy3rdPeriod
Mrs.Lafferty
04/07/16
DigestiveLabReportNumberSix
Introduction:
ThislabreportaddressestheStructureoftheMouthwhichhadexperimentsand
conclusionsperformedofthemouthstructure.Thestructureofthemouthcontainsthreeprimary
partsthemouth,salivaryglandsandsaliva,andteeth.Thewholeprocessbeginswiththemouth
whichisthesectionofthedigestivesystemthatreceivesthefood.Thejobofthemouthisto
mechanicallyandchemicallybreakdownsolidparticlesintosmallerparticlesandusessalivato
helptheprocesswhichisknownasmastication.Speechandsensoryreceptionareanotherjobof
themouthstructure.Sensoryreceptionstartstheaspectsofsensingflavorsanddeterminingthe
temperatures.Themasticationstructureismainlydonebytheteeth,whichisthehardest
structureinthemouth.Eventhoughteetharehardasbonestheyarenotconsideredpartofthe
skeletalsystem.Butteethareuniqueinseveralways,theycontaintwotypesofproteinthatare
notfoundinotherbonesandtheyareformedintwosets.Theprimaryordeciduousteethisthe
firstsetofteethanditeruptsearlyinchildhood.Thecentralincisor,lateralincisor,canine,first
molar,andsecondmolararetheprimarysetofthetentypesofteeththatareinorderfromthe
midline.Aftertheprimaryteetheruptsandtheirrootsareabsorbedthesecondaryorpermanent
teethpushestheprimaryteethout.Thesecondaryteethorthepermanentteethhas32teeth,16
oneachjaw.Thearrangementissimilartotheoneoftheprimarysetofteethwiththeexception
ofsomemolarsbeingadded.Itstartsfromthemidlineinthecentralincisor,lateralincisor,
canine,firstpremolar,secondpremolar,firstmolar,secondmolar,andthirdmolar.Thefunction
oftheseteetharetobreakdownthefoodwithmechanicalmovementsandthesurfaceareaofthe
foodsothatenzymescanworkmoreefficientlyincreasesduetochewing.The

tongueisasmall
organmadeupofseveralpairsofmusclesthatarecoveredinathin,bumpy,skinlikelayer.The
outsideofthetonguecontainsmanyroughpapillaethatgripfoodasitismovedbythetongues
muscles.Thetonguetastebudsonthesurfacedetecttastemoleculesinfoodandconnectto
nervesinthetonguetosendtasteinformationtothebrain,italsohelpspushandmovethefood
downtheesophagusandhelpsinswallowing.Theesophagusconnectsthepharynxtothe
stomachwhichisknownastheuppergastrointestinaltractwhichcarriesthebolusorthechewed
upfooddown.Atlastthesalivaryglandswhichsecretesalivamoistensthefoodtohelpkeepit
collectedandstartsthechemicalpartofmastication,anditalsoactsasasolventinwhichacid
bufferhenceittocontainbicarbonateionssothatitkeepstheacidlevelsatneutral.Thesalivary
glandsworksasdifferenttypesofcells,serousandmucouscells.Theserouscellcontainsthe
digestiveenzymesalivaryamylase,whichsplitsstarchandglycogenmoleculesdown.Whilethe

mucouscellssecreteathick,stickyliquidcalledmucusthatbindsfoodparticlesandactsasa
lubricant.
Proteinisbrokendownandrebuilttomakegrowthandmaintaineverycellinourbody.It
isextremelyimportantforhumanstohaveenoughproteininthebody.Themostimportant
collectorofproteinfromwhathumanseatisthedigestivesystem.Inorderforushumanstobe
abletousethisproteinandtransportitthroughoutthebodyitmustfirstbebrokendowninto
aminoacidswhichislaterusedformusclesupport,maintainingtheimmunesystem,andred
bloodcellrepair.Theuseofenzymesandfluidsthroughoutthedigestiveprocessbeginsinthe
mouthandendsinthesmallintestine.Thedigestionproteinfirstentersthemouthwhere
masticationtakesplaceinwhichthesurfaceareaincreasesandmakesiteasierforthesalvia
releasedfromthesalivaryglandstofunctionproperly.Afterthattheproteinentersintothe
esophaguswheretheproteinhasbeenmoveddowntothestomachandletinbythelower
esophagealsphincterbyperistalsis.Thestomachhasseveralfunctionsofdigestingprotein,it
mixesthefoodwithgastricjuices,startstheprimarydigestionoftheproteins,doesasmall
amountofingestion,andmovesthechymeintothesmallintestine.Thestomachthenunfolds
andtheproteinsinyourfoodofthedigestiveenzymescanperform.Enzymesareactivatedand
cliptheproteinintosmallerpartcalledpeptideswhereitinactivatesanyharmfulmicroorganisms
thatmayhaveingestedalongwithyourfood.Thepeptidesinthestomachnowmovetothesmall
intestine.Thepancreassecretesabicarbonatebufferintothesmallintestinetoneutralizethe
acidicfoodparticlescomingfromthestomach.Thegutencouragestheactivityofmore
proteindigestingenzymesthatcomefromboththepancreasandthecellsliningtothesmall
intestineduetotheneutralenvironmentitison.Systematicallybreakingdownintoevensmaller
peptidesandthensnippingofftheaminoacidsonebyoneistheworkdoneofthefoodpeptides
oftheenzymes.Theabsorptivecellsofthesmallintestinecarriesthesingleaminoacidstothe
bloodstreamandthenontothecellsthroughoutthewholehumanbody.
Whenthefoodhasbeencompletelyprocesseditisthenreleasedintothesmallintestine.
Infigure20wecanseethestomachanditsdifferentareanames,therugaeisafoldingofthe
wallofanorgananditallowsforthestomachandothertissuestospreadwhenneeded.The
processedfoodgoesthroughthepyloricsphincterintothesmallintestine.Thesmallintestinehas
3segmentstoit,theduodenum,jejunum,andileum.Itismusculartubethatbreaksdownfood
usingenzymesreleasedbythepancreasandbilefromtheliver.Theduodenumismainly
responsibleforthecontinuousbreakingdownprocess,withthejejunumandileummainly
responsibleforabsorptionofnutrientsintothebloodstream.
Itreceivespartiallydigestedfood
knownaschymefromthestomachandplaysavitalroleinthechemicaldigestion,thepancreas,
liverandgallbladdermixwiththechymetofacilitatechemicaldigestion.Theduodenumismade
upof4differenttypesofinnerlayers,themucosa,submucosa,muscularis,andthesurosa.
As
seeninfigures27,29,31itshowstheapproximatelocationofthethreesmallintestines
segments.Oncethenutrientshavebeenabsorbedandtheleftoverfoodresidueliquidhaspassed
throughthesmallintestine,itthenmovesontothelargeintestine,orcolon.Figure32showsthe

largeintestineandtheseveralareasonthecolon.Itismadeupoftheascendingcolon,transverse
colon,descendingcolonandsigmoidcolon.Itismissingthesigmoidcolonafterthedescending
colonandtherectumwhichisfollowedbytheanus.Insidethelargeintestineweseethehaustra
whicharesmallpouchesthatprocessessolidwasteandmovesitalongtheintestinaltract.The
largeintestinemainfunctionistoprocesswastesothatemptyingthebowelsiseasyand
convenient.Basicallythelargeintestineabsorbsthewaterfromthechymeandholdsitthere
untilfecescanbereleased.Thecolonfunctionistoreabsorbfluidsandprocesswasteproducts
fromthebodyandprepareforitseliminationThepancreasplayanimportantroleaswell,it
releasesdigestiveenzymesintotheduodenumwhichbreaksdownprotein,fats,and
carbohydrates.Italsomakesinsulinwhichisthechiefhormoneformetabolizingsugar.Figure
27demonstratesthelocationonthepancreasandwhatitlookslike.Thelivermainfunctionin
thedigestivesystemistoprocessthenutrientsabsorbedfromthesmallintestine,figure26isthe
liverandthelittlesacintheliveristhegallbladder.Theliverhasbileductsthatdraincellsinto
canalsthatarecalledbilecanaliculi.Thisductisconnectedtomultipleotherductsintheliver
thatcarrybilethroughoutthewholeliver.Thefunctionofthegallbladderistostoresand
concentratesbilewhichisthenreleasesitintotheduodenumtohelpabsorbanddigestfats.The
rectumisthelaststepbeforethefecesareeliminatedthroughtheanalcanal,itissimilartothe
colonelectrolytes,therectumholdsthefecesuntilthebodyhascontractedandisrelaxed.Lastly
inthewholeprocessofthedigestivesystemandthelastpartofthedigestivetractistheanus.
Theanushastwosphincterstheexternalandinternalsphincters.Theliningoftheupperanusis
specializedtodetectrectalcontents,itletsusknowwhatthecontentsareanditistheexitofthe
wastematerial.AllthestructuresthatwerejustdiscussedareknownastheGItract,theycontain
fourmainhormoneswhicharereleasedatdifferenttimes,allofthehormonesarepeptides,but
notallpeptidesintheGItractarehormones.Theyhelpwiththegrowthofthestomach,small
intestine,andpancreas.

PartIStructuresoftheMouth

SalivaryGlands:
TheEffectsofSalivaryAmylaseonStarch

Howlongdoesittakeforamylase(enzyme)onstarch(substrate)onsmallerglands
(product)todigest?
Thepurposeofthisexperimentwastodeterminethetimeofthedigestiveenzymeinthesalivary
amylasetobedigested.Theexperimentincludedhavingtwotesttesttubewhichoneisthe
controltesttubeandtheothertheexperimentaltesttube.Thecontroltubecontainedaportionof
crackerwithonlywateraddedtoit,whiletheexperimentaltesttubecontainedasimilarportion
ofcrackerwiththeenzymesalivaryamylaseinit.Intheconclusionoftheexperiment,therewas
anoticeabledifferenceinthedegreethatthecrackerwasbrokendowninthetwotesttubes.The

iodinetestwasconductedaftera24hourperiodoftimetogivevalidproofofthepresenceof
starch.

Figure1:
Theexperimentaltesttube
Figure2:
Thecontroltesttubecontains
containsamylaseenzymethatbreakdownswaterandthestarchsubstrate.Data
thesubstratestarch(cracker).Datacollectedcollectedisfoundinthetablebelow.
isfoundinthetablebelow.
(Credittoauthor)

(Credittoauthor)

FortheControltesttube1dropofiodine,30dropsofwaterandofacracker(substratestarch)
wereadded.FortheExperimentaltesttubetherewas1dropofiodine,30dropsofamylase
(saliva),andstarchcracker(substrate).

Timeofdigestiveenzymeinsalivaryglands:

Figure3:
Thedatacollectedarecomparisoneffectsofsalivaryamylaseonthepresenceof
starchinasubstanceversusthatofacontrolwhereonlywaterispresent.

TasteBuds:
TheContributionofSmellandTexturetoTaste

Istaste80%dependentofthesenseofsmell?

Thepurposeofthisexperimentwastoproofthattasteis80percentdependentonthesenseof
smell.Thestudentswereblindfoldedandtheirnosewasstuffedwithcottonballstostopthe

functionofsmellandwerenotgivenanyinformationofthefoodthattheywouldbetasting.
Afterintervalsoffiveseconds,theindividualwasallowedchewthefoodtohelphimidentifyit,
andiftheystillcouldnotidentifyittheyunpluggedtheirnose.

Tasteis80%smell:

Figure4:
Thistabledemonstratesthedatacollectedofanindividualbeingtestedtodeterminea
foodbyimpairingsmellandvisionleftonlywithtexture,showinghow80%ofsmellfactorsinto
thefunctionoftaste.Thehypothesismadeforthislabcorrelatedwithwithinformationcollected
duringthelabexperiment,whichwasthatsmellplaysanimportantroleinthetastefunction.

MammalTeethStructure:

Figure56:
Thefirstpictureisasideviewpictureofababygoatskull,andthelabeledteeth
structureoftheupperjaw.Thesecondpicturebesideitisthetopviewofthebabygoatteeth
structureandthelabelsareabbreviationsofthefirstpicture.
(Credittoauthor)

Figure78:
Thefirstpictureisasideviewpictureofanadultgoatskull,andthelabeledteeth
structureoftheupperjaw.Thesecondpicturebesideitisthetopviewoftheadultgoatteeth
structureandthelabelsareabbreviationsofthefirstpicture.
(Credittoauthor)

Figure910:
Thefirstpictureisasideviewpictureofahorseskull,andthelabeledteeth
structureoftheupperjaw.Thesecondpicturebesideitisthetopviewofthehorseteeth
structureandthelabelsareabbreviationsofthefirstpicture.
(Credittoauthor)

Figure1112:
Thefirstpictureisthetopviewpictureofjavelinaskull,andthelabeledteeth
structureoftheupperjaw.Thesecondpicturebesideitisthesideviewofthejavelinateeth
structureandthelabelsareabbreviationsofthefirstpicture.
(Credittoauthor)

Figure1314:
Thefirstpictureisatopviewpictureofaboarlabeledteethstructureofthelower
jaw.Thesecondpicturebesideitisthesideviewoftheboarteethstructureandthelabelsare
abbreviationsofthefirstpicture.
(Credittoauthor)

Figure1516:
Thefirstpictureisasideviewpictureofacowlabeledteethstructureofthelower
jaw.Thesecondpicturebesideitisthetopviewofthecowteethstructureandthelabelsare
abbreviationsofthefirstpicture.
(Credittoauthor)

Figure17:
Thepictureaboveistheteethstructureofmyownlowerjaw.Thefunctionofthese
teetharetobreakdownthefoodwithmechanicalmovements,andtheyaredonebymolars,
premolars,canine,andincisors.

PartIIEsophagusandStomach

ProteinDigestion:
TheEffectsofpHonProteindigestion

Howlongdoesittakeforacetylcholineandpepsinenzymetobreakdownprotein?

ThepurposeofthisexperimentwastoshowtheprocessofdigestionandhowpHplaysaroleovera
periodoftimeof5days.Thelabwasconductedbyexaminingtwodifferenttesttubesonetubebeinga
controlandtheothertheexperimentaltube.Bothtubescontainedwaterandavery,thinpieceofegg
whitewhichactedastheprotein.Thedifferenceofthetwotubeswasthattheexperimentaltubewas
introduced
Hydrochloricacidwhichcausedtheenvironmentofthetubetobeacidic.

PepsinData:

Figure18:
Thecollectedqualitativedataoftheproteindigestionlabwhichisexaminedovera
periodoftimeisshownaboveinthistable.ItshowstheeffectsofpHonproteindigestionfrom
day0today5,anditholdsthecontrolandexperimentaldatacollected.

CatEsophagusandStomach:

Figures1922:
Thesepicturesshowtherelationshipstructureoftheesophagusandthestructure
ofthestomachandtheirrelativelypositioninthebodyofthecat.TheRugaearethewrinkles
foundinsidethestomachandtheyareamucosamodification.Asseeninthepicturesourcat
stomachwasrelativelypinkthantheothercats.
(Credittoauthor)


PartIIISmallandLargeIntestines

IntestinalLabDataAnalysis:
Howdohormonesagentsaffectvarioussecretions,motilityfromtheorgans,andglands?
Thedatafromthisexperimentwascollectedfromsixvirtualexperimentalrats.Theratswent
throughseveralsteps,whichincludedhavingcathetersinthesalivaryduct,mainpancreaticduct
orcommonbileduct.Otherdatawasalsocollectedfromtheratsduringtheexperimentwhich
wasthepHofandcontentoffluidssecreted.Oncetheratswerereadytoundergotheexperiment
the5ratswereinjectedwith1mLofoneofthefollowing:Gastrin,Secretin,Acetylcholine
(AcH),Cholecystokinin(CCK),andGlucosedependentinsulinotropicpeptide(GIP).Ten
minutesaftertheinjectiongiventheexperimentaldatawascollectedasseenonthetablebelow.

Unknown1:

Figure23:
Thistableistheexperimentaldatafromthevirtualrats,itshowshowmuchthe
unknownhormoneshaveofeachexperimentaldata.TheControlcolumnhaspreparedresults
giventostudentsduetothecomplexityofcollectingit.Withthesegivendatathestudentswere
abletoidentifywhichhormoneinjectionwasgiventothe5ratsoftheexperiment.
Unknown2:
ExperimentalData

Unknown#1

Unknown#2

Unknown#3

Unknown#4

Unknown#5

Dropsoffluidfrom
salivaryduct

pHofstomach

Dropsoffluidfrom
pancreaticduct

pHoffluidfrom
mainpancreaticduct

Dropsoffluidfrom
commonbileduct

Motilityofstomach

Motilityofsmall
intestine

Bloodglucoselevel

Strengthof
contraction

Figure24:
Thedatacollectedinthistablecomparestheeffectsoftheunknownagentsonthe
differentfunctionsoccurringwithinthevirtualrat.Theupwardsarrowsrepresentthatthere
wasinincrease,thedownwardarrowsrepresentsthedecreasewhilethedashsignifiesthatthere
wasnosignificantchangeoccurredoftheexperimentaldata,thearrowsweredefinedas>20%
changefromthecontrolvaluesgiven.
Knowns3:

Figure25:
Thedatacollectedinthistableshowstheunknownsandwhichhormoneistheone
thatbelongstotheunknownnumber.

CatIntestines,pancreas,liver:

Figures2631:
Thesepicturesshowtherelativelocationoftheduodenum,jejunum,andileum
inthesmallandlargeintestine.Italsoshowstheseveraldifferentcolonareasfoundinthelarge
intestine,afterthedescendingcolonisthesigmoidcolonfollowedbytherectumandanus.The
largeintestineholdsmostofthefeces,inourcatwefoundinsectsandwormsinthefeces.The
pictureoftheplicaecircularesisamucosamodificationofthesmallintestine,itisacrescent
shapedfoldofthemucosaandsubmucosa.Anothermucosamodificationisthevilli,whichhasa
furryappearanceandisfoundinsidetheintestinewalls.Theyarethecomponentsofeachorgan
whichhaveseveraldistinctstructuresthatserveamajororminorpurposeinthedigestionof
food.
(Credittoauthor)

Conclusion:
IntheTasteexperimentweweretryingtoproofiftasteisdependentofsmell,withthe
datacollectedfromtheexperimentweprovedittobetrue.Duringthefirstpartoftheexperiment
thepersontastingthefoodwasnotabletofigureitoutwhenitwasplacedinhistonguefor5
seconds.Infactfigure4hasthecollecteddatathatnoneofthefoodwasabletobeidentifyby
justhavingthefoodplacedinthetongue.Wecanseesomeresultsoffoodbeingidentifiedinthe
next5seconds,thestudenttastingthefoodwasabletochewthefoodandidentifiedit.There
were2foodsthatthestudentwasnotabletoidentifywithoutunplugginghisnoseandchewingit
for5seconds,itwasthecarrotandthecheese.Cheesehasaparticularsmellthatmakesiteasyto
beidentified,butwhenyoursenseofsmellisblockeditishardtoidentifyit.Thisprovesthat
tasteis80%dependentofthesenseofsmell.Thedatacollectedforthedigestiveenzymein
salivaryglandsdemonstratedthatthetesttubethatcontainedamylaseenzymethatbrokedown
thesubstratestarch(cracker)waslessvisiblethanthecontroltesttubethatcontainedwater.
Figure1and2,canbevisiblecomparedandseetheeffectsontheexperimentaltubeandthe
controltube.Thetimeofthedigestedenzymeresultsareseenonfigure3,within48hoursofthe
experimentaltesttubethatstarchwasdifficulttodetermineduetothebreakdownoffoodor
chemicaldigestionithadundergone.Intheotherhandwithin48hoursofthecontroltesttube,
thestarchwasstillvisiblebecausethewaterdidnotbreakdownthefood.Theeggwhite
experimentlasted5days,inthosedaysdatawascollectedfromacontrolandexperimentaltest
tube.Thedifferenceoftheresultscanbeseeninfigure18,bothtesttubescontainedthesame
ingredientswiththeexceptionoftheexperimentaltube.Theexperimentaltubehadpepsin,
pepsinisanenzymethatbreaksdownproteinsintosmallerpeptides.ByDay2noticeable
differenceswereshown,theexperimentaltesttubewasundergoingfasterchemicaldigestion
thanthecontroltesttube.ByDay3thecontroltesttubewasliquidandsomewhatcloudy,while
theexperimentalwasverycloudyandtheeggwascompletelygone.Infactpepsinwasprovedto
helpchemicaldigestionprocess,anditcanbebackedupbythedatacollectedfromthis
particularexperiment.Aminoacidproteinsplayanimportantfunctioninthestorageitalso
influencesthefunctionofotherorgans,glands,tendonsandarteries.Figures23,24,and25are
tablesthathavecollecteddataofthevirtualratexperiment.Wewereabletoidentifywhat
hormonewasinjectedtothe5ratsbytheeffectschangeofthestomach,pancreas,liversalivary
ducts,andthebloodglucose.Thehormonesinjectedwerecholecystokinin(CCK),secretin,
acetylcholine(ACh),glucosedependentinsulinotropicpeptide(GIP),andgastrin.Ourratwas
injectedwith(GIP),itdecreasesmotorandsecretoryactivityofthestomach,butitmainlycauses
insulinreleasefromthepancreas.WecametotheconclusionofGIPbeingthehormoneinjected
becausethetabledatashowedhighincreasesofbloodglucose,whichistheinsulin.CCK
releasesmainlyinresponsetofat,secretinreleasesinresponsetoacid,gastrinreleasesin
responsetodistentionofthestomach,whileacetylcholineisaneurotransmitter.