Scribd Logo
Fazer o upload

Bem-vindo(a) ao Scribd!

  • From Hand To Mouth

    Enviado por

    Michelle Ramirez
    197 visualizações10 páginas
    linguistica mecanismos biologicos sobre el lenguaje Michael Corballis

    Título original

    From Hand to Mouth

    Direitos autorais

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formatos disponíveis

    PDF ou leia online no Scribd

    Você considera este documento útil?

    Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

    Denunciar este documento
    linguistica mecanismos biologicos sobre el lenguaje Michael Corballis

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    197 visualizações10 páginas

    From Hand To Mouth

    Enviado por

    Michelle Ramirez
    linguistica mecanismos biologicos sobre el lenguaje Michael Corballis

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 10
    200 Michal A. Arid progres from prelanguage to Inguage. This remains speculative, nd one “Should note tht bilogial evolution may have continued to reshape the rnome fr the uma bri eve afer the skeletal form of Homo sapiens ‘ras eset tabized ait cetily has dane fr skin pigmentation and tthe phic characteris, However teat hat people can master any Tenguage equally well respective oftheir genetic commmrity shows tha these changes are otal with respect othe structure of inguage FURTHER READING ‘he orginal statement ofthe mor aystem hypothe appens in Risa ed Abad mos ay devo to dein Arb 030) Since te prs here more etd wo peurslence an ter in hs toa eds my ih oa fo Ben an Ards (199) fo a torogh x ple one wn oi ters lngunge mechanics throng he sper ‘Tlie done, Lleborman 2000 provides another ew of hana ala ‘enn langege itn ele matron ech pofacon Touaabrorical macnn The ste ron evolution bt ete atenge tovatnee the opel stp logical oc aur hat nd to lngoge Renders toning more gnealpspectie cn the ractreand apo ee brain 5p Ternto ib cal (1997 fracrprcene vere ofthe bri om the pr ‘pnts of eevroastry smi ste and conve al compat ‘rosea Arb) cn th ter and proves 2 comprehensive gue ‘ote lg models te bn ant conectos modes a utc snd pycholgea peer that 255 cna ates well oad Ihab te ee navi trough twentieth —nelng Thevod mip on ingen Spech Proceso which cons aries enn ting! hme rsa mchanngar wea connecnlt mole Cg a al 201) ay bene compan othe esa alma proving well ong computational ppoaces othe evo of Engu nd cman buts ery ie aboutthe ben Tay for took at prove wey rent raming pepecie fr the aceite peter te fe Erg bu cin good correo oa nati or nornsan 1 ew of haman langage ofa Cable (19) ges an secs vw a Tamu evelation wih ephatas th refed emergence of hr thet mae ot fies Fal MeN (199) good poeta earings there of gestae ina cot, wie Corals (202 efreavew on th Fela ean in he even a langage ht complements the teoy P= fener. bree i From Hand to Mouth: ‘The Gestural Origins of Language Michael C. Corballis Introduction ‘Speech eo much part of our ive that it nyse obvious hat at "ve alwys been that way-—at asa ag se have bad language Pe utes are noisy creatures oitmust seem equally obvious tht speech and Indeed language self evolved fom tel perssent vocalizations Yt there ‘ne good reasons to blew tha ena call have nothing to do with he evolution of speech, or even of lnguage ite Nou Chomsky cersinly Televed this to beso. In is I966book Cartesian Linguists be wrote: “Thenboundetnerof human speech arancxpreonflnitesthoeghtieanen ‘ie frst nater [om ani comunsaton) becas othe ers oe ‘ils contol andthe prope tone stations. Modern suds ot {tal rein ver Gr omer enc tte Caron nr that aman ange ses on ane dierent pie. 77 Chora wat vaguest how language did come aout nour specced fn this chapter want tro persade yo tat emerged from masa treater than fom pms cals Precursors to Language in Primates Primate Vorsiation Primates certainly ean vocaize Gla baboons, for ample, are said to ave at least twenty-two diferent vocal al, which have been given Tels such as moo, grant ep sar eam, pot and soon (Duar end Dunbar 1975). simlar ist of chimpanee cls was compiled by Goodall 202 Mich ©. Corbalts (1986 wh also gave names to ther, sac as panto food grant wrask, tnd many others Unlike na sped though, these calls exis as wholes fd canot be broken down int aterchangeable pars and they ae not ‘Combinad nto soguence. Por the most part, piste clls sem to be invohntry. and even our oust celatve among the peas, the chimpanzee, ees o haved ‘ly ether producing voedzatonsin the absence of atrigesing situation Gc suppresing rains induced hy sstomatc triggers. Jane Goodall, tho hs spent a good pat of her Iie observing chimpanzees inthe wld {k Gombe in Tanzania eeconds a instance of chimpanae who found « ‘che of bananas, an evden wished wo Kep them for sel He was Lumble to suppres the excited pant-hoo sigoaing the discovery of fod, but attempted best he coal to mule by placing his handover hie ‘mooth Shel eas that, conversely The production of sound inthe ‘vec ofthe sppeopite emotional at seems to be an alos impos be taskfor a chimpanzee (Goodall 1985125) ‘Sine most imate calls sigaal warning, or telat 0 testory ot mating it maybe that lack of voluntary coals adaptive beaut mals ther had to fke (Knight 1998) Warning signals must be reliable and not s- jected to he whim of the soial who might ey wo is ue that soe ad, uch a the pare or mocking bird are sled ina but toy -nowedge primates have not made practice of vc decepon, Butt precsly Deus primate cals cannot be faked tha they are d-uted 0 apttion frintntonsl communication. A much beter candidat isin ‘heforelimbs _Manpultve Primate “Tes ftlllons of years of aaptaton to if pent most the trees ave sven peimates, mane iclaed, intentional conrl ore the limbs and ‘ips the hand and arms. The hand and the bra areas that conta them are specie for ative sch e raping, maniplating, atch- Ing insectsond grooming Pinatesare alo wal restr, unique ong not-haman mamma poesesing ophisicaed colour vison, andithas ee estimate that abou aloft primate brains volved, in one way ‘raothe withthe analysis ofthe visa world (Blkemore 1991), "Therese aio spell’ brain mechanism for mapping petceptons Gestural Orgs of Language 203 ‘onto actions. Rizzolat and his xleagucs have discovered nearons inthe premotor cortex ofthe monkey that spond when animal make paricat ‘raping movements or gesture with heir rms and and, Sore of thee ‘neurons, dubbe'mirror neurons alzo respond when the animal obeerses the same movement made by another. Thewe neurons therefore perform the funetion of mapping gestures perceived onto gestures produced ex sty the sort of mappingone would expect gets are to vere to cn ‘munict. Thi is oto say that these monkeys poses gestural langue the mitre nerons may serve communis functions, but thie sno cridence that monkeys have anything resembling gestural language sel ‘Nevertheless. mistor neurons may wel have formed the bal forthe suse ‘quent evoton ofa gestural language (Rzzlat and Arb 1998. tis becoming clear that ret apes at east make exten we of ge ‘uresto communicate. Taner a Bye (1996) counted some thy difer ent gtstures made by lowland grils inthe San Pranctco Zan ere he animals are enclosed i alnge atric ae, Smarty, Tomaslo 284 hiscollenges have extensively studied the gestures made by free ranging captive chimpanzees fn one study thirty geatre were selected fr sd these did nt exhaust the fll ange of gestures, bt were chosen becae ‘they were ready observed and counted by human observers (Temasello et 1997) Neary alo the iced reference to smother ind o tly in away that ved reciprocation, indating that they wee dua ‘Gestares were produced more often when the rcpt wat ooking ling thatthe gestures were restive to when others were watching tem ‘he dyadic nature ofthese gestures distinguishes them from chimpaneee ‘sealizations which are general ot directed to speci others. ‘One exception. pecbaps, might tng jn which chimpanzees go: lasand baboons among others exchange cls wth one another when they tre out of vial contact Detaled analyser of the sequences of chimpanzee ‘alls dung such vocal exchanges show, however, tht they have none af the properties of snvesation When people converse they tnd to dose words dfrent from those they have jst heard—the response toagueston snot the trea the question sl Even fom an acoustic point of view ‘human comersation consist ofthe aeration of snd that stn genera ‘Seyorbuman spect presents esos which ist cppimate de othe ctw Never lay eal 195). Tegel ena hat tbe Neder wee dst om Hoe tap ret coamon scr tig ne 50000 yen op {Cg rd snd Singer 19M dt igh ao be eos conclae thimscanmen acer do pseu ict ono othe fone ‘anne perch hi tberman (95) hs long agd hog that the change tt sete inthe morn human weal at werent comple ale aac fouron spc erod IN yeep an at ey wee ‘So Bcompec ne Seanderal ten ore 30000 es apo ‘ance ening ayn ew yrs oe onpaniedbyaatenget te esha aet dings Sther pms ne una aes th (Lebrun 199) The igo uth ne ora sth gh fhe parent (ram the ghengd cat hip Lace acs at Sheounef hams aprox etl ng oem thio prdacetherangeo!oweleondrwe in nr speech The fn ce shoe tor Neal cous i ote tnd fs ‘Stor urd longo mori he of ope Sethe Batering fh sad pp ot cael inte Nese ik er ‘Resumption ering earch aso ntisken leo ‘atl ncomplte Norco or eg oth prostate ath shel naan bv ten ped inte ch Ti wl uy ve prcned the poor cess walwag Whe is might pe ‘Sp cplin hye Nendo beane ents ore abo ‘pps th Gg te fae sl wc ech ate enw Peart ech hadot yeeros estural Origins ofLanquage_207 Neanderthal (P.itbeman 20) f Libra argument is cret the fay formed human vocal ct steve cmeed the prting othe veaysbetveen the Nandita ad he line aint Hm pes a ded. tmigh beconsdered acetal arto thespeaton cet ta gave "setoourewn species some 70000 year-ago thought sal aglow ‘ht aly autonomous spec ny haveerped een ate icbermar views are contre ino nd fee 1989) butt ‘nna that pec elf are sly. ren Lieberman hs ako Jee at the Neandertal prota seal bat bon th all rangofriclaton poten by Homa open Pesamaby cderan ‘score thy woud have he oc ange of moder uma nfs The ‘Serato teva slong witha changes be evewed bo tmnt hveocuted gradual pehapereachng te rest leo Shboraton withthe emergence oo spe ‘Speech, nls beating fr anesthe muses of he thorax ad abdomen, which are innerate hough he hrs ein othe Spina ‘eT region cor ee node hana ete in non human Primates adn he pe open rena eet inthe ead place onthe muses yee ae fa ‘nisl show th the element snot preset inthe cy ‘inias or een in Hare ete dat fro be. lion eno ower is cle preset in several Neanderthal esas MacLarvon 5d Heit 195) Th pin get tht a es dietary on of ‘Speech may hae eve inthe cmon scetor of ores td the Ne ‘acer same 500.00 esa (Chu from Present-Day Humans Gestation People habitually gestre as they speak. Tis olen considered tobe on ‘veal communicaton unrated to sposch el McNeil (1985) asso, onthe cory. thatthe estres we ue wn we peakarin at preily synchronized wth tbe speech. suggesting tha speach and gesture together forma single, integrted syste. Goldin Meadow and MeNell (989) pro- ose that speech caresthe state component while icone gestreselp convey the acta content especially tinclades spatial remational com onents dficut o putin words. I people te prevented from speaking 208 Mel Corbis while tey explain something their gestares then begin to take onthe ey {Getiecomponent wel Goldin: Meadow etal 1996), On lin languages therefore reall blend of sound and ation cs eadilyposhed in either rection, towaa ttl geste when we yt gta message acoso those vio speak diferent tongue oretipped fal gestae when teaches usvia telephone ord, Tobe sure speech dominates ot gesueis not far biow thesurface. And peopel gesture when the akon the telephone, or on sido. “The gestucesthat people we when they talkare often cd gestation, to dstnglsh them from those that occrin sign languages Sipe Languages Some communities communist entirely in manual gestures, or have de ‘eloped gestural syste for ocraion he spech is impossible ov for Some reson no permite These include eliious communities sworn to lence people working in extremly noisy envionment, indigenous peoples involved in tua of lence, and, above al def peopl Te sgn Tangungs iaventd by dest people al ove the worl provide pertaps the strongest evidence tht lngaage atleast coud have been purely gestural, ‘rithoat ay les of expressivity ocomplexty. The most extensively soda of the sigs Languages ofthe de Amer can Sige Language (ASU and itis now clear that thas syntax as complex $s that of any spoken language (Nelda 2000). incorporates sche {eres as tense and mood Iie the ofc lngusge of Gallaudet University. ‘id beth worlds nly university that caters exclusively forthe deaand the teat Term all the usu sabes even poetry, without 2 word be ngayon (els 198) Many of he gs ued by ASL ges coal stich tony thy or ini th objeto acon they epee, Tur wth exended we thy become abstract Chars Darwin 65 62) oes auetiom abo pba 17 The cnc of aot it och hres etre a he na Teele wey coon amen een us Dice qiice topes steel toca okra ena e naed ‘Seton daftaddueh uo ae caterer: * nel ra WS 470 bk The Def ath Dn nd 7D Gestcal Originsof Language 209 ‘Thistendency fc signsto shorten and become moreabstrac afte of ‘etal ll communiction satin and scaled conentonalzation. (Chidren exposed only to sgn language go through the same develop mental stages asthose who earn to speak ncading stage when they at: ally babble in sign making repetve movements nalogous tothe repeated ‘ylbls of veal babbling (Peto and Marenet 1991), Inded there is Some evidence tat deaf ehilren lar sign Ingunge tore quickly than bearing chiles learn to peak (esr and Newport 1990) Cots (2000 121) has recently emasked "Though highly speciale the language fc- ty isnot ido specie sensory modalities contrary to what was autned ‘ot long ogo. Thus, the ign language ofthe def structrally very ac like spoke language andthe course of ssustion very smi Browman and Goldstein (1991 among olen, have argued that speech ‘sls best considered s made up of gestures ofthe articalstors, rather than as combinations of phonemes. Thelr mod! ofhow speech work wis lensed ona theory previously developed to describe sled motor actions i genera an an eaty version ofthe model was xa the model wed foc contelingarm movements, wth the articulator othe vocal tact i= plysubstiuted for thos ofthe ar (p. 313). Viewed thi ight ae might Suppose that language iin fae a combination of eral and maul gestures, ith orl gestares gradually but not compet replacing manual ane, "ven toda) we often naturally ncladermansal gestures inaeatence tub state fr spoken wordy ain Hes completely [orcy] wheres spling gee tareintherepon of the ead substitutes forthe word eracy. ‘Many ofthe gestures of sig anguage involve expressions ofthe fe,

    Você também pode gostar