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Fly
Temporal range: 2450 Ma
Pre
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Middle Triassic Recent
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Superorder:
Panorpida
(unranked):
Antliophora
Order:
Diptera
Linnaeus, 1758
True flies are insects of the order Diptera (from the Greek di = two, and ptera = wings). Diptera is a large order
containing an estimated 1,000,000 species of mosquitoes, gnats, midges and others, although only 12% (about
120,000 species) have been described.[1][2] It is one of the major insect orders with ecological and human importance.
Mosquitoes (Culicidae) arevectors for malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, yellow fever, encephalitis, and
other infectious diseases.
Contents
[hide]
4Evolution
6In culture
7Notes
8References
o
8.1Biology
8.2Classification
8.3Evolution
8.4Potential uses
9External links
flies", from other insects, so it would be unrealistic to expect rigour in the use of common names. Also,
exceptions to this rule occur, such as the hoverfly, which is a true fly, and the Spanish fly, a type of blister beetle.
Diptera have one pair of fore wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, or reduced hind wings, on
the metathorax. Some species of flies are exceptional in that they are secondarily flightless. The only other order
of insects bearing two true, functional wings in addition to any form of halteres are the Strepsiptera. In contrast to
the flies, the Strepsiptera bear their halteres on the mesothorax and their flight wings on the metathorax.
Adult flies consume only liquids due to their sucking mouthparts, or haustellates.[7] Female Tabanidae use knifelike mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision in the hosts' skin and then lap up the blood. The
gut includes largediverticulae, allowing the insect to store small quantities of liquid after a meal.[8]
Flies are adapted for aerial movement and typically have short and streamlined bodies. The first tagma of the fly,
the head, consists of ocelli, antennae, compound eyes, and the mouthparts (the labrum, labium, mandible, and
maxilla make up the mouthparts). The second tagma, the thorax, bears the wings and contains the flight muscles
on the second segment, which is greatly enlarged; the first and third segments have been reduced to collar-like
structures. The third segment of the thorax bears the halteres, which help to balance the insect during flight. A
further adaptation for flight is the reduction in number of the neural ganglia, and concentration of nerve tissue in
the thorax, a feature that is most extreme in the highly derived Muscomorpha infraorder.[8]
Flies have a mobile head with large compound eyes on the sides of the head, and three small ocelli on the top.
For visual course control, flies' optic flow field is analyzed by a set of motion-sensitive neurons.[9] A subset of
these neurons is thought to be involved in using the optic flow to estimate the parameters of self-motion, such as
yaw, roll, and sideward translation.[10] Other neurons are thought to be involved in analyzing the content of the
visual scene itself, such as separating figures from the ground using motion parallax.[11][12] The H1 neuron is
responsible for detecting horizontal motion across the entire visual field of the fly, allowing the fly to generate and
guide stabilizing motor corrections midflight with respect to yaw.[13] The antennae take a variety of forms, but are
often short, which reduces drag while flying.
For detailed anatomy, explore,[7] which uses examples from the four major fly groups (Lower Diptera, Lower
Brachycera, Acalyptrate, Calyptrate) representing different anatomical expressions.
Diptera go through a complete metamorphosis (egg, larva, pupa, adult). In many flies, the larval stage is
predominant. Most dipteran larvae have a sclerotized head capsule, or variably reduced ultimately to remnant
mouth hooks and have no jointed, "true legs".[14] Some dipteran larvae, such as species of Simuliidae, Tabanidae,
and Vermileonidae have prolegs adapted to hold onto a substrate in flowing water, host tissues, or prey.[15] In
some parasitic species, the larvae are not independent and therefore, are released when they mature and form
pupae. Larvae have limited mobility.
Some anatomical distinction exists between the larvae of the Nematocera and the Brachycera (see
Classification section, below); especially in the Brachycera. Little demarcation is seen between
the thorax and abdomen, though the demarcation may be visible in many Nematocera, such as mosquitoes (see
image in the mosquito article); in the Brachycera, the head of the larva is not clearly distinguishable from the rest
of the body, and few, if any, sclerites occur. Informally, such brachyceran larvae are called maggots,[16] but the
term is not technical and often applied indifferently to fly larvae or insect larvae in general. The eyes and
antennae of brachyceran larvae are reduced or absent, and the abdomen also lacks appendages such as cerci.
This lack of features is an adaptation to food such as carrion, decaying detritus, or host tissues
surrounding endoparasites.[8] Nematoceran larvae generally have visible eyes and antennae, though they are
usually small and of limited function.
The pupae take various forms, and in some cases, develop inside a silk cocoon.[citation needed]
The adult stage is usually short, only to mate and lay eggs. The genitalia of female flies are rotated to a varying
degree from the position found in other insects. In some flies, this is a temporary rotation during mating, but in
others, it is a permanent torsion of the organs that occurs during the pupal stage. This torsion may lead to
the anus being below the genitals, or, in the case of 360 torsion, to the sperm duct being wrapped around the
gut and the external organs being in their usual position. When flies mate, the male initially flies on top of the
female, facing in the same direction, but then turns around to face in the opposite direction. This forces the male
to lie on his back for his genitalia to remain engaged with those of the female, or the torsion of the male genitals
allows the male to mate while remaining upright. This leads to flies having more reproduction abilities than most
insects, and at a much quicker rate. Flies occur in large populations due to their ability to mate effectively and in
a short period of time during the mating season.[8]