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Accident Investigation
Reviewer
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation
Definition of Terms
Accident (Legal meaning) an accident is any happening beyond the
control of a person the consequences of which are not foreseeable.
(There is no criminal liability in accident provided, the following
requisites or elements under the law must be satisfied;
1. performance of a lawful act
2. with due care
3. causes injury to another by mere accident
4. without any fault or intention of causing it
Articulated Vehicle - shall mean any motor vehicles with a trailer
having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer rest
upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the
trailer and of its load is born by the motor vehicle.
Benz Patent-Motorwagen - (motorcar) built in 1886, is widely regarded
as the first automobile. It is a vehicle designed to be propelled by
an internal combustion engine.
Box Junction - is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent
congestion and gridlock at junctions. A road area at a junction marked
with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only if its exit from
it is clear. Box junctions were introduced in UK during 1967,
following a successful trial in London.
collision.
Disengagement is the separation of a traffic unit in motion
from an object with which it has collided.
Final Rest of Stopping it usually stabilizes the accident
situation where both vehicles in a collision has ceases its
force, and stopping may occur with or without control by the
driver or pedestrian.
Classification of Road
1. National Road
2. Provincial Road
3. City Road
4. Municipal Road
5. Barangay Road
6. Private Road
Compressed Air Car - is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor
powered by compressed air. The car can be powered solely by air, or
by air combined (as in a hybrid electric vehicle) with gasoline,diesel,
ethanol, or electric plant.
Crosswalks - are designed to keep pedestrians together where they can
be seen by motorists, and where they can cross most safely across the
flow of vehicular traffic.
Defensive Driving is an act of driving while preventing accidents
despite of the wrong actions of others aggravated by the existence
of adverse driving conditions. Which requires knowledge, alertness,
foresight, judgment and skill.
Karl Friedrich Benz - was a German engine designer and car engineer,
generally regarded as the inventor of the first automobile powered by
an internal combustion engine, and together with Bertha Benz,
pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.
Last Clear Chance - it means that the driver who is in the better
position to prevent the accident shoulders the responsibility of
preventing the accident. The last clear chance principle is always
applied in any traffic accidental investigation in order to justify
penalized the driver who was not defensive in its driving.
Lester Wire - a policeman in Salt Lake City, Utah. He developed the
first electric traffic light in 1912 which used red-green.
Macadam - is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer
John Loudon McAdam around 1820. The method simplified what had been
considered state of the art at that point. Single-sized aggregate layers
of small stones, with a coating of binder as a cementing agent, are
mixed in an open-structured roadway.
Mesopotamia - (Present Iraq) location of the oldest constructed roads
discovered to date. The stoned paved streets date back to about 4000 BC,
in the Mesopotamia cities of Ur and Babylon.
Milestone - The earliest road signs, giving distance or direction.
milestone is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road
or boundary at intervals of one mile or occasionally, parts of a mile.
They are typically located at the side of the road or in a median.
Motor Car Act 1903 - introduced registration of motor cars and
licensing of drivers in the United Kingdom and increased the
speed limit.
Motor Vehicle shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other
than muscular power using the public highways, but exempting road
rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, bulldozers, graders,
fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles which runs only on rails or tracks,
tractors, trailers, and traction engine.
Negligence indicates a deficiency of perception. If a person fails
to pay proper attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury
or damage impending to be caused there in negligence. Negligence
usually involves lack of skill.
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot - was a French inventor. He is known to have
built the first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, the
world's first automobile.
Nikolaus August Otto - the German inventor of the first
internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a
piston chamber.
Paris - in 1964, first time that police women were used for traffic
control duties.
Pavement Markings are markings on the roads and surfaces whereby a
message is conveyed by means of words or symbols, officially reflected
for the purpose of regulating, warning and guiding traffic.
May Indicate a Number of Things like
1. Where lanes are divided
2. Where you may pass other vehicles
3. Where you may change lanes or which lane to use for turns
4. Where pedestrian walkways are located
5. Where you may stop for traffic signs and traffic signals
Skid Marks - are marks caused by tires on roads which occur when a
vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of
the road.
Importance of Skid Mark In Traffic Accident Investigation
- Skid marks can be analyzed to find the maximum and minimum
vehicle speed prior to an impact or incident.
Kinds of skid Marks
1. Pavement Grinding is the collection of many fine scratches
and some larger one form by particles of gritty materials
such as stone, gravel, glass and sometimes bit of metal
embedding itself in the rubber of the tire or in the thread
pattern and being ground or scored against the road surface.
2. Tire Grinding is the collection of particles of rubber
ground from the tire surface by gritty paving, especially
before the tire gets hot enough smear. It occur on hard,
dry, granular surfaces, particularly weathered or new but
not traffic-polished cement.
3. Erasing is a clean light area where a sliding tire had
erased or removed dirt from the pavement. Erasing is most
likely to be found on traffic-polished concrete road.
4. Squeeze Mark are areas where a sliding tie rubs moisture
of the surface in its path. It occurs on some kind of surface
as erasing except that the surface is wet.
5. Smear of Soft Material materials such as snow, mud, or
debris usually wet smooth or spread by a sliding tire. It
occurs on road covered with snow, or mud.
6. Smear of Bituminous Material is excess asphalt or tar,
usually warm which spread by a sliding tire this occurs in
pavement patches and joints in very warm weather and else
1. Man Power
2. Animal Power
3. Water and Air Power
4. Petroleum Fuel
5. Bi-fuel, bio gas, and Ethanol fuel
6. Hydrogen
7. Electric
Registration Classification of Vehicles
1. Private
2. For Hire
3. Government
4. Diplomatic
Scuff Marks are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or
scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.
Types of Scuff Marks
1. Decelerating Scuff are left while the vehicle is slowing
by braking effort and tires are both sliding and rolling.
2. Accelerating Scuff are left by a wheel driven by the
engine and spinning on the ground.
3. Side Scuff are scuff marks left by a tire that is free to
rotate without braking or power the sliding sideways, these
are usually left by a vehicle steering around a curb and
also in collision.
4. Combination Scuff are combination of slide with either
decelerating or accelerating scuffs.
5. Flat Tire Scuff are marks lefts on the road by the edges
of under-inflated or greatly overloaded tires. They are
usually smear of rubber, a flat tire rolls it become a very
hot specially at the edges where the pressure is greatest.
3. Prosecution
4. Adjudication
5. Penalization
Enforcement action is usual limited to:
1. Verbal or written warning;
2. Summon or citation requiring the offender to appear in court;
3. Arresting traffic violators for traffic violations not attended
4. Suspension or revocation of license;
5. Payment of fines or civil damages, and;
6. Prosecution of criminal offenses in relation to traffic.
Traffic lights - a set of automatically operated coloured lights,
typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road
junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts.
Traffic Light Signals is a power operated traffic control device
by which traffic is warned or directed to take some specific actions.
Light: Flashing Red
1. This is the same as STOP SIGN.
2. STOP at the designated line.
3. Vehicles will be crossing from the other side
4. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
5. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.
Light: Flashing Yellow
1. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN.
2. Proceed through the intersection with caution.
3. You have the right of way over a flashing RED light.
4. Vehicles on the other side will proceed to a FULL STOP.
information.
Types of Guide Signs
1. Route markings is usually found on highways composed of
several lanes which are going into different direction.
2. Destination and distance signs is usually erected on
highway informing the motorist as to the number of kilometers
and at which way to take going to its place of destination.
3. Information signs is usually erected on highway which
informs the motorist of the establishments in the era, such
hospitals, restaurants, restrooms, hotels, and other
establishments which provide services to motorist.
Transfer Evidence it is an evidence found at the accident scene
that will connect to the suspected vehicle and with the crime scene.
Heat Transfer
Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of energy through
matter from particle to particle. Heat may be conducted from
one body to another by direct contact of the two bodies or
by an intervening heat-conducting medium.
Convection - is the transfer of heat by the actual movement
of the warmed matter. Transfer of heat by the movement of
air or liquid.
Radiation - Electromagnetic waves that directly transport
energy through space.
Ignition Temperature - The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air
must be heated in order to start self-sustained combustion independent
of the heating source.
Heat - The form of energy that raises temperature. Heat is measured
by the amount of work it does.
Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from decomposing compounds.
These compounds may be unstable and release their heat very quickly or
they may detonate.
Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture of matter in a
liquid. Some acids, when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose
exposure problems to nearby combustibles.
Mechanical Heat Energy
Frictional Heat - The heat generated by the movement between
two objects in contact with each other.
Friction Sparks - The heat generated in the form of sparks
from solid objects striking each other. Most often at least
one of the objects is metal.
Heat of Compression - The heat generated by the forced
reduction of a gaseous volume. Diesel engines ignite fuel
vapor without a spark plug by the use of this principle.
Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the owner and ma nages
the use of a building for him.
Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and
oxidizer used to set off explosives.
Cellulose Nitrate or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and
explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a
cellulose material.
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic substance,
materials or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro cellulose)
as base.
Combustible, Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials
that are easily set on fire.
Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such
as cotton, oakum, rags, waste cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw,
Spanish moss, excelsior and other similar materials commonly
used in commerce.
Combustible Liquid - Any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8
C (100 F).
Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with
organic matter or with certain chemicals.
Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive
materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof
trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments
so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.
Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a
result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop
in temperature of the immediate surroundings.
Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air duct system
which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
Distillation - The process of first raising the temperature in separate
the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and
condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified
substance.
Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the
proper proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.
Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage
of an electric current across a space between two conductors or
terminals due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.
Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has
partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.
Finishes - Materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental
or protective purposes.
Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat
and light of combustion.
Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn
easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.
Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or
system to warm the occupants of the building or fire fighting
elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to
undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress
the fire.
Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire
separation walls or partitions.
Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an
increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which
may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations
and the safeguarding of life and property.
Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept
opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient operation of
fire fighting units.
Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the
protection of buildings or persons to include but not limited to
built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic
extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion
products and other warning system components, personal protective
equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and other
garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves
during fire.
Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and installation of walls,
barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress, etc. integral to and
incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger
to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is
evacuated. These features are also designed to achieve, among others,
safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of egress sealed
from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or
floor of origin and de lay their spread to other parts of the building
by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and floors.
It shall also me an to include the treatment of buildings components
or contents with flame retardant chemicals.
Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which any material gives off
vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.
Forcing - A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing
its shape or dimensions.
Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by
percussion.
Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of manufacturing, fabrication,
conversion, etc., that uses or produces materials which are likely
to cause fires or explosion.
Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through
or around a wall in approximately the same floor level.
Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment
are stored and arranged for fire fighting.
Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a
Fire - exothermic reaction involving the oxidation of some substance (fuel) resulting in the release of energy in
form of light and heat.
Fire Quadrangle
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat
4. Ignition energy
Triangles of Fire
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat
- removal of any of these results in the suppression of the
fire.
Some major products of combustion
1.
water
2. carbon dioxide
3. carbon monoxide
4. oxides of sulfur
Definition of terms
1. Vapor Density - the density of the vapor relative to thedensity of air and is calculated by dividing the
2. Convective/convection heat transfer - transfer of heat through physical movement of materials and oc
only in liquids and gases. Hot gases rise and spread heat to nearby ceilings and walls.
3. Radiative/radiation heat transfer - heat is transferred if the form of electromagnetic energy directly f
one object to another. ex. infrared radiation from the sun.
8. Combustion - or burning - is the sequence of
exothermic chemical reaction between fuel and an oxidant
accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of
chemical species.The result of the heat can result in the
form of either glowing or flame.
Glowing combustion - occurs when solid fuels are not capable of producing sufficient quantities of ga
during pyrolysis to sustain a flame. If access to the oxidant (air) is limited, glowing combustion may re
Flaming combustion -commonly recognized type of fire and occurs with gaseous fuel sources only. Th
color of the flame can give some indication of the composition of the fuel.
Spontaneous combustion - the ignition of organic matter with out apparent cause, typically through he
Explosive combustion - can occur when vapors, dust of gases, premixed with appropriate amount of a
ignited.
Definition of Terms:
Arson - intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.
Fire analysis - the process of determining the origin, cause and responsibility as well as the failure analysis of
or explosion.
Fire cause - the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ignition source together with proper air or
oxygen.
Fire spread - the movement of fire from one place to another.
Flash fire - a fire that spreads with extreme rapidity such as the one that races over dust, over the surface of
flammable liquids or through gases.
Fuel load - the total quantity of combustible contents of the building, spaces or fire area, including interior fini
and trim expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood.
Point of origin - the exact physical location where a heat source and fuel comes in contact with each other and
fire begins.
Rekindle - a return to flaming combustion after incomplete extinguishment of a fire reigning at some time afte
being put out.
Spalling - chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.
Definition of terms - (RA no.9514)
Abatement - any act that would remove or neutralize fire hazard.
Administrator - any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for him.
Blasting Agent - any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.
Cellulose nitrate or Nitro cellulose - a highly combustible and explosive compound produced by the reaction
nitric acid with a cellulose material.
Cellulose nitrate plastic (Pyroxylin) - any plastic substance,materials or compound having cellulose nitrate a
base.
Combustible liquid - any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8 degrees Celsius or 100 degrees Fahrenhe
Corrosive liquid - any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals.
Curtain board - a vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and extending below
bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments so that heat an
smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.
Cryogenic - descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements
produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.
Damper - a normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically closes to restrict the
passage of smoke or fire.
Distillation - the process of first raising the temperature to separate the more volatile from the less volatile par
and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce as nearly purified substance.
Duct system - a continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
Dust - a finely powdered substance which when mixed with air in the proper proportion and ignited will cause
explosion.
Electrical arc - an extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric current across a space betw
two conductors or terminals due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.
Ember - a hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned and is still oxidizing without the
manifestation of flames.
Finishes - materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purposes.
Fire - the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of combustion.
Fire Trap - a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire
escapes.
Fire Alarm - any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of the building
the fighting element of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake immediate action to save life
property and to suppress the fire.
Fire door - a fire restrictive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.
Fire Hazard - any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the occurren
of fire or which may obstruct,delay,hinder or interfere with firefighting operations and the safeguarding of life
property.
Fire Lane - the portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times fo
expedient operations of firefighting units.
Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - any device intended for the protection of buildings or persons to inc
but not limited to built in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing system,detect
for heat,smoke and combustion products and other warning system components,personal protective equipment
such as fire blankets,helmets,fire suits,globes and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to pro
themselves during fire.
Flash Point - the minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to for
an ignitable mixture with air.
Forcing - a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimensions.
Fulminate - a kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion.
Hazardous operation/process - any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion etc., or produces materials
which are likely to cause fires or explosions.
Horizontal exit - passage way from one building to another or through or around a wall in approximately the s
floor level.
Hose Box - a box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arranged for firefight
Hose Reel - a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is connected.\.
Hypergolic fuel - a rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ign
simultaneously on contact with each other.
Industrial Baking and Drying - the industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for the purpose of remov
solvents or moisture from the same and,or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform glazing the surface o
materials being treated.
Jumper - a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electrical system.
Occupancy - the purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.
Occupant - any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by virtue of a lease contrac
with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.
Organic Peroxide - a strong oxidizing organic compound which release oxygen readily. It causes fire
when in contact with combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.
Overloading - the use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or consume electrical curren
beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical system.
Owner - the person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.
Oxidizing Material - a material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support
combustion.
Pressurized or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - type or burner where the fuel is subjected to pressure pri
discharge into the combustion chamber and /or which includes fans or other provisions for the introduction of a
above normal atmosphere pressure into the same combustion chamber.
Public Assembly Building - any building or structure where 50 0r more people congregate, gather or assemble
any purpose.
Public Way - any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, dedicated for pub
use.
Pyrophoric - descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.
Refining - a process where impurities and,or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture in order to prod
a pure element of compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
Self Closing Doors - automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and delay the spread
fire.
Smelting - melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.
Sprinkler System - an integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure or
with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by heat or
combustion products from a fire.
Standpipe System - a system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on each floor,
including a system by which water is made available to the outlet as needed.
Vestibule - a passage hall or ante chamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or building
Vertical Shaft - a enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor as well as from the base to
top of the building.
RA no.9514 - Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008 (Dec. 19, 2008).
PD. 1185 - known as the fire code of the Philippines, was enacted into law 1977, repealed by RA no. 9514.
RA no. 9263 - Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Ac
2004.
BFP Powers/Functions
1. Preventions and suppression of all destructive
fires on
a. buildings
b. houses
c. other structure
d. forest
e. land transportation vehicles
f. ships/vessels
g. petroleum industry installations
h. plane crashes and similar incidents
2. Enforcement of the Fire Code of the Philippines
3. Investigate all causes of fire
4. File proper complaints with the prosecutors office
BFP Organization
Headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by a Deputy Chief. It shall composed of a Provincial, District
City and Municipal stations.
In large provinces, district offices may be established to be headed by a district fire marshall.
In large cities and municipalities, district offices may be established with subordinate fire stations head
by a district fire marshall.
There shall be at least one fire station in every provincial, capital, city and municipality.
The local government unit shall provide the site of the fire station.
B. Burning
C. Fire
D. Combustion
Ans. A
4. Means on fire or very hot or bright.
A. Flame
B. Burning
C. Fire
D. Combustion
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ans. B
The rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen
involving the production of heat and light.
A. Flame
B. Burning
C. Fire
D. Combustion
Ans.D
The quality of being hot or high temperature at which fuel will
continue to burn for atleast 5 seconds after ignition by an open
flame.
A. Flame
B. Heat
C. Fire
D. Smoke
Ans. B
The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible.
A. Flame
B. Heat
C. Light
D. Smoke
Ans. C
Is one of the 4 fundamental states of matter, the other being
solid,liquid and gas.
A. Flame
B. Plasma
C. Light
D. Smoke
Ans. B
The lowest temperature a which the vapor of a combustible liquid
can be ignited in air.
A. Flash point
B. Ignition temperature
C. Fire point
D. Boiling point
Ans. A
10. Is the temperature at which fuel will continue to burn for at least
five seconds after ignition by an open flame.
A. Flash point
B. Ignition temperature
C. Fire point
D. Boiling point
Ans. C
Remember the following:
1. Fire - Combustion or burning in which substances combine
chemically with oxygen from the air and typically give out bright
light,heat and smoke.
2. Flame - A hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by
something on fire.
3. Conflagration - An extensive fire that destroys a great deal of
land or property.
4. Burning - Means on fire or very hot or bright.
5. Combustion - The rapid chemical combination of a substance with
oxygen involving the production of heat and light.
6. Heat - The quality of being hot or high temperature at which fuel
will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an
open flame.
7. Light - The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things
visible.
8. Plasma - Is one of the 4 fundamental states of matter, the other
being solid,liquid and gas.
9. Flash point - The lowest temperature a which the vapor of a
combustible liquid can be ignited in air.
10.Fire point - Is the temperature at which fuel will continue to burn
for at least five seconds after ignition by an open flame.
Fire Technology and Investigation Reviewer 2
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10.A