out ertay STRUCTURILE VERBALE FUNDAMENTALE ALE LIMBII ENGLEZE (Fundamental English Verb Patterns) Tinind seama de impirtirea verbelor in cele dows mari categorii: verbe tran- sitive (care cer in mod obligatoriu un complement direct) si verbe intranzitive (fri un ascmenca complement), distingem urmitoarele structuri verbale (Verb Patterns) fundamentale tn limba engleza? I. Cu verbe intranzitive: ubstantis + Vb. intranaitio yume) Birds sing. She has left Structura ar, 1 cuprinde mii de verbe intranzitive 2, Sirwtura mr. 2: Substantiv + Vb. intrancitiv + Adverd —————— (sau. pronume) bird sings beautifully. Tom walks guickly. he is: here Nota: Steuctara de mai sus include gi yerbut fe be ++ Adverd pe Ih 3. Siructiera nr, 32 Stibsiantio|Promume + Vb. intranzitiv + Ad ject. The man remained silent The child looks funny. They are healthy. Verbele (numite copulative) aparjinind acestei structuri sint foarte putine. In schimb sint freevent folosite in vorbirea curenti. Structura nr, $include fn primul rind verbul foe, precum si verbe ca: become fall, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, marry, remain, seem, smell, sound, taste, turn, ete Exemple Bs gi mile de verbe became dark. My brother marrizd young. hey fell ith The dish smelts good. Lele oe. The answer sounds right, My friend is goiting old. She ‘went pale The man grew thin. The children kept quiet We were tired This take tastes good. The boy turned red. fructarile-verbsle fundamentale prezentate alcl se dezvolté tnte-un numat mult rai mare de structurt printr-o serie ineaga de Wansformaii (structuri interegatives ncge- five; pasive, relative ets) si adaugare de nol clemente sintactice (determinangi, comple neni ete). Structurile fendamentale se pastieaz® inst, binsingelen modificate, im toate Structure castente fn limba englead, Structarile verbate fandamtentale deverise sic difera in'unele privinje de deserietile attoriior englesi giamericant, tatructt am abordat problema finind scama 9i de situsfiile din limba romand STnta verbolor aparbinind Stracturii nr. rfimins deschish, droarece si alte verbe pot fifolosite in wnele carari in stractura de mai st. Sittafia este idemvicd si penta listele Reverb care apartin stmeturllar urmitoare. Cazurie foarte rare ale folosich galter verbo fn asemenea structori nu presi Insd interes -pentrw primele tape. ale invita limtai englere 2334. Structura nr 4: Substantiv] Pronume + V uate John’s cousin looked a foo Peter will live-a bachelo Structura ar, 4 include in primal rind verbul to te si alte citeva verbe ca ecome, grox, Liste, look, remain 3, Struciura nr. 5: Substantiv + Vb, intran sa pronume) The students went to see the Exh Nota, Infiuitival din stroctusa-de mal sus exprimd scopul seu intenfia Lista verbelor apartinind structurti nr, 5 cuprinde un numér foarte mare de verbe, aga ci nu poate fi dat aici Structara nr, 3 cuprinde §i constructiile Jo be fo, f0 be able to, to be allowed to, to have to, ouglt to ete, Exemple The new hoiel 18 t0 be tie 7 sioreys I (modal We can seim You must speak English She may help Structura nr. 6 cuprinds verbele : can, may, mest, shall, will, need, dare si do TI. Cu verbe tranzitive: 1. Structura_wr_1; Substantio| Pronume + Vb, tran 0 ot Gau pronume (compl. dir The student toug We found the ma tura nr, Zinclide mii de ve comuiie in limba englezi Siructuri on di @ dictionary be tranzitive gi este una dintre cole mai Substantio + V ity + Substantiv ( (sau pronume) (sau promun The teacher gave the student a novel mpl. indirect) + Substantiv pl. dir.) Our cousin sent us her address. Complementul indirect pierde prepozitia ‘0 fn aceasta structura. Structura nr. 8 include un numar limitat de verbe, dintre care cele mai obignuite sint buy, call, cause, choose, cook, deny, dof ive, hand, leave, lend, mail order, pass, pay, promise, reach, read, send, sing, shoiw, spare, tl, throw, wish ete. 3, Structura ar 9 Substantiy + Vb, tranzitis + Substantio (compl. dir.) + Substantiv (compl. indir.) sau promun (sau pronume) (sau promum The teacher gave the novel to the student, The teacher gave the novel to him. She gave it to him, Structura nr. 9 implici o subliniere a complem indirect. 234 Ver cu deosel prepoziti Lb ’ Am fs ous com te tele sit We Lai ti sebirea c locuirea trun adj The We str dintre ce Ver expel, ft (= inten a (site citeva verbe ca fputio dung ju intentia amir foarte mare de bh, t0 be allowed to, fh i Inpinilis. senrt il, need, dare si do fina dintre cele mai [Subsiantio pl. dir.) structurd, tre.cele mai obignuite , kane, Lend, mail, ill, throw, wish etc. tio (com pl. indir.) oni) indirect. Verbele care apartin Structurii nr. 9 sint aceleasi ca in cazul structurii 8. eu deosebirea c% in cazul verbelor buy, call, choose, cook, do, get, order, reach, spare prepozitia Zo se fnlocuieste ca prepozitia for in Structura nr. 9. Exemple? T ought somcihing tor you. She left a book Yor them. We chose @ fine book tor ter He got some oranges Yor me. 4. Siructura_nr_10 Substanive -VE. transite | Suslantio | Subsiantio sau ad jectiv {sau pronume) (sau pronume) My brother supposed the doctor a good surgzon. Fratele meu credea c& doctorul ¢ un chirurg bun, They believed the story the truth Au crezut ch povestea ¢ adevirati Their friends considered them foolish Prietenii lor i-au considerat aesocotiti We supposed the bays honest Am crezut ci biietil sint cinstiti Structura nr. 10 include un namdr redus de verbe transitive (urmate de dou’ complemente) dintre care cele mai obignuite sint: believe, consider, call, sup- spose $i think Nota: Vneori uncle strtctust se pot confunda, ceea ve poate duce la jocuri de ewyints de telul semiter ie 9 tai.” BL “All right, You're a taxi Call mea toad | (Structura nr, 8) “Call « tat for me, iaseamnd tn” (Structura nr, 10) “Say that f don a tazt 5, Structura ny. 11 Sibsian Wanziliv + Substantiv + Substaniio sau pronsimne) (sau promune) We cel too? comps ride L-am ales preyedinte pe viru vostru The girls soled my sister the best singer Fetele au proclamat-o pe sora mea drept cea mai bund cintireat’. Structara nr. Il pate, la prima vedere, si coincidh cu Structura nr. 10. De schirea const, insi, in acéea ck verbele apartinind Structurii nr. 11 nu permi Jocuirea substantivului reprezentind cel de-al doilea complement al verbulu tr-un adjectiv, ca in cazul Structurii nr. 10, Structura nr. 11 include un numér foarte redus de verbe, dintre care cele mai obignuite sint! appoint, choose, find, leave, elect, make, name, nominate 51 vote Structuri cu Infimitioul 1. Struchera ny, Substanti (sau pronume} he dtctent sale afer — student voea s& Paspund We hope to leave carly — speriim si plecim devreme Structura nr. 12 include un foarte mare numér de verbe si este si ca una dintre cele mai comune in limba engleza. Verbele cele mai obignuite care apartin acestei structuri sint : arrange, attempt. ‘nogin, cease, come on (= begin); commence, continue, dare, decide, desire, endeavour, expect, fear, forget, guarantee, have, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean |= intend), niced, neglect, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, regret, remember, start, swear, try, undertake, want, wish, 2. Siructura_nr, 13: (Acuzativ’ + Infinitiv lung) (Substantiv + Vb. tranzitio + Subsiantio + Infinitiv Lung) (sau pronume) (sau fronume in acuzatio) , trai tio + V0, la infinitioul LungThe teacher asked the student 10 speak Profesorul i-a cerut studentului si vorbeasc’. We taught him to swim, — Lam invitat 8 inoate. Structura nr, 13 include verbe care exprimi o dorint&, intentie, porunc activitate mintal etc, Verbele si constructiile verbale cele mai obisnuite, care apartin acestel structuri, sint: admit, advise, allow, ask, can + bear, beg, cause, mand, dare (= challenge), decide, desire, determine, di Encourage, entreal, expect, soree, git, give someone to undersiand, hate. help, implore, induce, instrucl, intend, invite, lead (= cause), leave, Hike, love, mean (= intend) oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, prepare, press (— urge), premise st, suffer, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, wish ete 3, Structura_nr. 14: (Acuzativ + Infinitiv scurt) Suibstantiv + Vb. transitiv + Substantiv + Infinitio. sewr (sau pronume) (sau pronume in actzaiie) The boy heard my brother call him Baiatul a auzit pe fratele meu cheminds- We saw them cross the siveet, — L-am vaaut traversind strada Stiuctura nr, 14 inclade verbe care exprim’ perceptii ale simturilor, ca feel, hear, mark, notice, obscrve, perecive, sce, watch precum §i verbele help, let, si make, Exemple T have never known him lose his temper. Nu Lam stiut niciodat sii iasi din fire They will let you go now. — Te vor lisa si pleci acum We mad: them do. it, — Tam determinat s& fac acest Iucru He helped her carry the suitease ajutat-o'st-si duet valiza, Siructuri cu Participin si Gerund challenge, choose, 1, Structura_nr, 15: (Acuzativ + Participin prezent) Substantiv -+ Vb, tranzitiv +Substanti + Participin present (cau pronume) (sau promume in acuzativ) We saw the boy waiting at the door. My neighbours heard me playing the piano. Structura nr, 1Sinclude aceleagi verbe care exprimi perceptiiale simturilor ca si Structura nt, 14, precum si verbele catch, find, get, heep, leave, set si start, Exemple T caught him smoking —l-am prins fuminud ie found me playing chess — m-au gisit jucind sah They got things going — au pornit treaba You mustn't keep him waiting — nu trebuie s8-1 faci si astepte Structura nr, 14 cu verbe exprimind 0 percepjie senzorial& arati actiuni indepiinite, in timp ce Structura nr, 15 arat& actiuni In curs de efectuare. Bxemple We saw the old woman cross the road. —'Am vizut ¢& bitrina a traversat strada, (Structure nr. 14) We saw the old woman crossing the road, — Am vizut bitrina travers strada, (Stractura nr. 15) Nold: Adeseori Structura ur, 14 se taduce tm limba romfnk ca gi Struetura nr. 15 dick of eu gerunail (participiul prezent romance}, wuclura nr. 16: %, ranzitiy +Gerund Substaniio {sau pronwme| Please stop laughing — va rog incetati risul. We like reading novels — ne place s& citim romane 236 st endure, star, w; preposit oF pratieme vorbiti & un com zitii artentie, porunc’ i obignuite, are ear, beg, cause determine, dictike , help, Ympiore, mann (= intend) promise, remind, tte. da. smfurilor, ca le help, let, brow ale simfurilor ca si si start, Exemple: astepte ali arati actiuni jefectuare. Excmple: rina a traversat Witrina traversind i Structura nr, 15, preporitii ca to go on, fo gice up orc, mit Ferm caceia vorbiri corecte si suficient de bogate pentru oricine tnve recomandi elaborarea a cit mal numeroase exercitii supiimentare pentra_ Tarului esential sia structurilor verbele, profesorul avind libertatea grad&i cestora In funcfle de nivelul cursantilor fespectivi, (For Te fn care apare verbul fo be la diferite moduri si timpu: mace numix de adjective descriind situafii variate, ca de exemplu: important, impossible, natural, necessary, possible unnaiural, unnecessary, unusu admit, Structura nr. 16 include urmitoarele verbe si constructii_ verbale advise, avoid, can't bear, begin, consider, continue, defend, delay, deny, detest, can't endure, enjoy, excuse my, fancy, fear, finish, forbid, forget, hale, can't help, like, Jove, mind, miss, neglect, postpone, practise, preser, regret, remember, risk, can’t stand, start, slop, suggest, try’, understand, Notd: Structurile in care gerund s folosegte dup preporitii sau verhe compuse ox inclase in capitolul de fafi, deoarece regula con “pi prepositi se foloseste gerund e 0 regal generalZ, Gheorajte general Cadmul prezentulai manual nu a permis 0 tratare aprofundata a problemet ctructisilor limbit-engleze. Tasusirea temeinicd a folosiri structurilor de mai sus va oferi insi posibilitatea unei limba engleza. Cu acest scop cuir, vecabe- Struciura_ny, 17: For + Substantiv/Pronume (in acuzativ) + Infinitiv lung Structura aceasta constitule, in mod curent, in special In limba vorbiti, un complement circumstantial de scop sau de rezultat, corespunzator unor propo- zitii circumstantiale, de acelasi fel in limba romana, Stroctura For To este cera de\un mare numir de propositvn impersonale formind predicate cu un advisable, all right, anxious, better, convenient, difjicull, easy, good, imperative, right, unbearable, unex pected 1, unwise, useful, useless,’ wrong etc. ii cerind folosirea acestei structuri. Pot fi, uncori, gi alte sit Exemple: It's possible for them to come earlier, E posibil ea cifele si vin mai devreme. It wasn't advisable for her to go to the seaside now. Nu era recomandabill ca ea st se ducd la mare acum. I will be impossitle Jor him to arrive to day. Va fi imposibil ca el s& soseasc’i azi Ti would be unexpected jor our team to lose the match. ‘Ar fi cova neasteptat ca echipa noastr si piardi meciul. It might be disicult for us to walk such a long distance S-ar putea sé ne fie greu s4 mergem pe jos o distanya atit de mare. Ti wouldn't be easy for our friends to travel to Australia, N-ar fi usor pentiu prietenii nostri s& ciltoreasci pind in Australia. Tt could be necessary for us to Lend them our car. ‘Ar putea s& fie nevoie si le fmprumutim magina noastra. For them to miss the concert is impossitle. E imposibil ca eifele sa lipseasca de la concert The new dictionary was too expensive for me to buy now Noul dictionar era prea scump ca si-l cumpir acum. Noid, Structura For To se tnlocuiesie, de regul, in engleza literara, prin structuri subjonctivale cu should, dupa cum se arata mai departe (p. 239). Structura wr. 18: (Nominativ + Infinitiv lung) (Subiectul primalui verb este si acela al infinitivului) Substantio + Vb. transitiv -+ Infinitie lung (sau pronume) He tas thought to be an honest man. — Era socotit un om ci Shakespeare 18 known'to have been buried in the church of his town. — Se stie c& Shakespeare e inmormintat in biserica oragului siu. Nota, Verbsle folosite in aceasti structurl apar, eu unele excepfii la diateza pasivi, 237Structura nr. 18 ¢ folosita de verbele care exprim’ perceptii a sau activit3{i mintale, ca: to sec, fo hear, to observe h, to consider; to know Shall io expect, to believe, to suppose etc. Tot acestei structuri pot apartine si verbele Wha 10 make, to repert Si to say. Exemple His father was considered by many lo be a great man Tatil sau cra considerat de mulfi drept un om mare Your cousin was known, to be a greai physician Se stia ci yarul vostru e un mare doctor internist. zent si tre The running boys were seen to disappear in the di um, sens Buictii care alergau au fost viaufi dispirind in depir The child seas mad? to put on his clothes Thes Copilul a fost obligat Sa-si fmbrace hainele aul They are said io know several fore wages The Se spune ci ei cunose mai multe limbi striine Sala Jura_nt 19:, (Nominativ Our Gubiectul primului verb este 5 Particjpiului Pri Substantio + Vb. tran Participiu Present ee ee (sau pronume) (de regulA) eu ve The children were seen running to the river ee Copii au fost vazufi alergind spre ru ee Structura nr, 19 e folositk numai de verbe care exprimi percepfii fixie Dact to har, 40 sce, 10 observe cte ce Our friends in the next room were heard talking together 0a Prietenii nostri din camera aliturat% erau auzi{i vorbind impreuint itis The car was seen going down the hit E ne Automobilul a fost vizut coborind dealul t i Notd, Verbele folosite in aceasta structuré apar numa Ie clatera pas ce The soprano wos heerd Soprana a lost avvata clntind ta Era The mien sas verted working hard ra Osnul « fost veut muncind din geen fv grading. Struciuri Subjonctivale Modul subjonctiv, ca atare, a cispirut contemporani. El se mai intiineste indeosebi in unele uriri ca Long live the presid. ale Subjonctivul se foloseste in mod curent, inst, in cazul verbului fo fe, a cArui form’ de subjonctiv trecut: were, apare in propozitiile subcrdonate conditionale (la toate persnanele), dupa conjunctia if si in propovitiile subordonate di de verbul wish, care cere un timp trecut dupi el!, Exemple If he were younger, he would like to play tennis, — Daca ar fi mai tintr iar plicea si joace tenis. I wish I were a painter, — Tare as vrea si fiv pictor Pentri: exprimarea notiunii de subjonctiy din alte limbi, in limba engle intilnim, in modul cel mai obisnuit, structuri cu infinitivul sau cu gerund I want rest a little, — Vreau sd md odihnese putin I like reading detective stories, — Imi place s@ citesc romane politist Dupi unele verbe, ins, si dupi citeva expresii impersonale se folosesc con- struetii eu verbele modale should, may si might, care formeaza wn subjonctiv analitic cativulald al verbului pe care i insotese, Shall 91 would au de asomenca, in uncle cazuri, sen: Dac subjonctivai, foloseste t ¥ Gramaticile engleze day uneeri si Sn vval_prezent al_yerbulai fo be: 1 be, Pres you be, hejsie be, webe, yeu be, they be — foamve rer folosit in bteratera mai-mult- 238{phi ale simturilor Comsider; 10 know Parfine gi verbele percept fizice impreuns fin limba englei bg live the Quscom, [ului 0 te, a cirni hate conditionale donate depinaind fn limba englez% tv cu gerund, Ane politiste, tse folosese con- ubjonctiv analitie tmnele cazuri, sens hului fo be: 1 be, ‘hall (ca si should) exprima un sens subjonctival in. propozitii interogative Shall T tell you? va spun? What shall we do? — Ce si facem? Shall they come tomorrow? — Sa vind ei/ele miine? 2. Should — la toate persoanele — precede verbul in propozitiile subordonate depinzind de verbele agree, decide si deiermine, 1a un timp trecut, si dup’ verbele demand, order, propose, recommend, suggest (si altele asemanitoare ca sens) la pre- zent si trecut’ constructia cu shoud are din punct de vedere al limbii romane un sens subjonctival. Propozifiile subordonate sint introduse de conjunctia that, are se omite deseori in limba vorbits. Exemple. They decided that they should continue their journey Au hotirit si-si continue cilitoria The employees demanded that their salaries should be increased. Salariafii au cerut :4 Ii se mareasci salariile ur friend preposed that we should stop for the night at Sinaia. Prietenul nostru a propus sd rdminem peste noapte la Sinaia. ‘The teacher recommended that the students shoud learn by heart all the irre- gular verbs immediately Profesorvl a recomandat ca studentii si invete pe dinafari imediat toate verbele neregulate. My doctor suggested that I should go to the seaside. Doctoral me a sygorat si plee la mare. 3. Should, la toate persoanele, se foloseste de asemenea dupa expresii ca Tt is necessary/essential/important/strange/surprising/ridiculous, etc, Exemple: It is necessary that all the students should be present at the meeting. E necesar ca toji studentii s8 fie prezenti la adunare It is surprising that they should have thought so. E ciudat ci s-au gindit astfel Tt was necessary that you should repeat the lesson Era necesar s@ repetefi lectia. It is essential thai he should kncw what had happened there. E esential si s/ie ce s-a intimplat acolo. It is odd that he should live by himself. E ciudat si triiased singur 4. May, might se folosesc dupa verbul fo hope si in. propoxi fiale de scop. Exemple: We hope that you may find everything pleasant there Sperim sa gésifi totul plicut acolo, He took a taxi so that he might catch the train. A luat un taxi ca sd prindé trenul. Nold importanta. Se recomard’ tutwror acelora care invati limba engleri sisi srie inten caiet exemplele concrete de folosre a tubsror strocturilor de mai sus, intinice in lecture lor partiewlare, pe misurd ce fuainteaz! in insusirea limbii enuleze, circumstan- weluri condipionale Structurile condifionale sint fraze in care in propotitia principal s¢ folo- seste viitorul indicativului sau modul ccndifional iar propozitia subordonata pro- pozitiei principale este introdusi de una din conjunctiile ij, whether suu unless, fa aermenea iraze dack ta proposi}ia principalk yerbulestefolecit a viltorel ind cativului in propozitia subordonata se foloseste in mod obligatotiu indicativul prezent. Daca in principal verbul este la conditionalul prezent in subordonata se foloseste tecutul simplu al indicativului Prezenta conditionalului trecut in principala mai-mult-ca-perfectului indicativului in subordonata, plic’ la rindul stu folosireaPentru insusirea mai usoard a structurilor conditionale dam aici urmitoarele fraze: I shall speak to John if I mect him at the meeting I should speak to John if I mei him at the meeting I should have spoien to John if I had met him at the meeting Mold. In frazele in care intilnim viitoral in propozitia principals, timpul prezent din propozifia subordonata se poate traduce, in imbe romAnd si cv indieatiah presente nu mum Beek cn witoral In cazul prezentei verbului to be in proporitia subordonati, acest verb se foloseste Ia subjonctivul trecut (vere la toate persoanels) cind verbul din principa apare la conditionalul prezent, In romineste if f were se traduce cu “dach ag fi" Pentru fn{clegerea si insusirea mai uyoart a structuti folosind verbul fo tc im urmatoarele fraze, recomandind invitarea lor pe cirafart T shall come to the wedding party if] em melted T should come to the wedding party if I were invited I should have come to the wedding party if had been invited By phcalOUliaiak my aamewerk wiire ae if you would he so Mund ay to help me ack afi vren si fifi amabil si ma ajutati Pentru scopusi stilistien, conjunctia if we omite wneeri tu frarcle in care apare cond fionalul treent, in care cay subordoaata condifionala trece pe lee inti ficilu-se, uw avelash timp, inversiunea predieatulai cu = Had I been tneited T show ‘come to the wedding party 240 speak are T Doolks he) she bit 6. he Know 5. He 3, We aren't 1s-c