Biology EOC Review

Name _________________________

B-2 Structure and Function of Cells and Organelles

1. What are the 3 tenets (parts) of the Cell Theory?

-all living things are composed of 1 or more cells
-cells are the basic unit of structure and function
-all cells arose from pre-existing cells
2. Describe the function of each organelle:
a. nucleus-contains chromosomes made of DNA, functions in genetic control of
cell
b. mitochondria-site of cellular respiration, supplies the cell with energy
c. chloroplast-found only in plants, contains chlorophyll, absorbs energy from sun
for photosynthesis
d. lysosome-contains enzymes to digest materials in cells
e. vacuole-stores materials such as water, salt, proteins, and carbs, smaller in
animal cells
f. ribosome-site of protein synthesis, some on ER, others in cytoplasm
g. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) smooth and rough-complex, extensive network
that transports materials throughout inside of cell
h. golgi apparatus-modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules w/in or
outside the cell
i. cilia-short, hair-like projections responsible for movement of animal cells or
protists
j. flagella-long, whip-like projections responsible for movement of animal cells,
bacteria, or protists
k. cell membrane (plasma membrane)-encloses the cell, regulates passage of
materials, aids in protection and support of cell
l. nuclear membrane (envelope)-surrounds the nucleus, regulates passage of
materials between nucleus and cytoplasm
m. cell wall-surrounds cell membrane for protection and support in plant cells,
bacteria, fungi, some protists, allows for specific substances to pass in and out of
the cell
n. cytoplasm-semi-fluid material inside the cell containing molecules and
organelles, bound by cell membrane
3. Label the organelles:

4. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?

P do not have nucleus, lack most of the other organelles, do not contain
mitochondria (use sun or chemicals for energy), do contain ribosomes, eukaryotic
5. What are the only examples of prokaryotic organisms?
-bacteria
6. Which is prokaryotic and which is eukaryotic?

7. As multicellular organisms grow (from 1 cell to 1,000s of cells), cells become

specialized (differentiated). What does this mean?
-have different structure and function, arrange into tissues, organs, systems
-only specific parts of DNA are activated, those determine the structure and
function
8. What are stem cells? Why are they important?
-unspecialized cells that continually reproduce themselves, have the ability to
differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells
9. What is homeostasis?
-necessity of an organism to maintain constant or stable conditionsneeded
materials in, waste products out
10. Which organelle is most responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
-cell membrane
11. Cell membranes are semipermeable (selectively permeable). What does this
mean?
-allows some substances to pas through, others not
12. Which type of transport does not require energy to move substances?
-passive transport

13. Define diffusion.

-spreading out of molecules across a membrane until they are equally
concentrated (hi->lo)
14. What is osmosis?
-diffusion of water (hi->lo)
15. Describe a situation in which water would move into a cell.
-cell placed into pure water (high concentration of water)
16. Describe a situation in which water would move out of a cell.
-cell placed in strong solution (low concentration of water)
17. What is it called when too much water moves into a cell and the cell bursts?
-lysis
18. How is facilitated diffusion different from regular diffusion?
-need help from transport proteins, still passive b/c occurs along a
concentration gradient (hi->lo)
19. What is active transport?
-substances move against concentration gradient (lo->hi), requires
expenditure of energy
20. Define exocytosis and endocytosis.
-exo-large molecule moved out of cell
-endo-large molecule moved into
cell
21. Most of a cells life is spent in _interphase_, which includes G1, S, and G2 phases.
What happens in each of those?
-G1 cell grows and synthesizes proteins
-S DNA replication
-G2 continued growth, cell produces proteins necessary for division
22. When a cell divides by mitosis, the end result is __2__ cells (#) that are the
same as/different from the parent cell.
23. What happens during each phase of mitosis:
a. prophase chromosomes condense, nucl memb disappears, centrioles
separate, spindle fibers form
b. metaphase chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
c. anaphase centromeres split, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite
ends of cell
d. telophase chromosomes uncoil, nuc membs reform, spindle fibers break
down, cytokinesis begins
24. The very last part of the cell cycle is cytokinesis. What happens during this
phase?
-division of cytoplasm into 2 cells.animals form cleavage furrow, plants form
cell plate
*The cell cycle is driven by a chemical control system. Internal and external signals
either trigger division, or prevent the cell from dividing.
*If a cell loses control of division, it will divide too much. Cancer can be the result
(malignant or benign).
25. How do catalysts affect the rate of a chemical reaction (speed up or slow down)?
-speed up reaction by lowering activation energy (amt of energy needed to
start reaction)

26. Enzymes are catalysts within a living organism. Describe how an enzyme works.
-enzymes are specific (one enzyme for one reaction) it because works on only
one substrate
-changes in temperature and pH damage the enzyme and cause it not to work

B-3 Energy
1. Summarize the chemical reaction of photosynthesis: plants make food (glucose)
a. light-dependent reactions (ETC) solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and
stored (temporarily) in ATP and NADPH, water is also split
b. light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle, dark reaction) CO2 and energy from
ATP and NADPH is used to produce glucose
2. What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight
C6H12O6 + 6O2
3. Summarize the chemical reaction for cellular respiration:
a. glycolysis -glucose broken down into pyruvic acid
b. aerobic respiration
1. Krebs cycle -pyruvic acid is converted to CO2, H2O, and 2 ATP
2. ETC -forms most of the ATP, series of chemical reactions resulting in
water
c. anaerobic respiration (fermentation) -occurs without oxygen
1. lactic acid ferm. forms lactic acid in muscles, causes burning
2. alcoholic ferm. forms ethyl alcohol and CO2, occurs in yeast and some
bacteria
4. Describe the structure of ATP. How does it store energy for the cell?
-adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups (tri)
-energy is stored in the bonds between phosphates, when bond is broken,
energy is released and
ADP is formed

5. Complete the chart about organic molecules found in living organisms:

Molecule
Carbohydrate

Monomer
Monosaccharide

Function
Main source of energy

Protein

Amino acids

Structure, transport,
hormones, muscles,
enzymes

Lipid

Triglycerides + 3
fatty acids

Nucleic acid

Nucleotide

Long-term energy
storage, insulation,
cell membranes
Stores genetic info

Example
Sugars and
starches
Hair, muscles,
insulin,
hemoglobin
Fats, oils, waxes
DNA, RNA

6. Describe the role of each type of organism in an ecosystem:

a. producer (autotroph) -complete photosynthesis to make food for the
ecosystem

b. heterotroph -consumes other organisms, cannot make own food

c. herbivore (primary consumer) -eats plants
d. carnivore (secondary consumer) -eats other animalsthat eat plants.that
make the food
e. omnivore -eat both poducers (plants) and consumers (animals)
f. detritivore -decomposers, returns nutrients to soil, water, and air to be reused
7. How do a food chain and food web differ?
-food chain simplest pathway of energy (what eats what)
-food web many interconnected food chains (all the different pathways)
8. What is a trophic level?
-each level in the transfer of energy
9. An ecosystem can be diagrammed using various pyramids. The 1st trophic level
(producers) is always at the bottom and the last trophic level is at the top of the
pyramid. Describe what each type of pyramid shows:
a. energy pyramid -represents the amount of energy available at each level
b. number pyramid -represents the number of individual organisms at each level
c. biomass pyramid -represents the total mass of living organic matter at each
level

B-4 Genetics
1. What is the function of nucleic acids in living organisms?
-organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and for all cellular
activity
2. Compare the structure of DNA and RNA. (include sugar, nitrogen bases, and # of
strands)
-RNA ribose sugar, A U C G, single stranded (double helix)
-DNA deoxyribose sugar, A T C G, double stranded
3. How do nitrogen bases pair up in DNA? A T, C G
In RNA? A U, C G
4. What is a chromosome?
-structure in nucleus that is a tightly coiled strand of DNA
5. What is a gene?
-specific location on a chromosome, segment of DNA, codes for a specific
protein
6. All cells contain a complete set of chromosomes (number varies). How many do
humans have? 46
7. One pair is known as the sex chromosomes and determines male/female. In
humans, which combination do males have? XY Females? XX
8. Where did the pairs of chromosomes come from?
-one of the pair comes from the mother, one from the father
9. Before the cell can divide, the DNA must replicate. Summarize this process.
-DNA unzips, new corresponding nucleotides bind to original strands, whole
chromosome is duplicated
10. Describe the function of each type of RNA:
a. mRNA -messenger RNA, carries copy of DNA to ribosome
b. rRNA -ribosomal RNA, the ribosome itself is made of this
c. tRNA -transfer RNA, carries correct amino acid
11. How does a codon differ from an anticodon?
-codon is the 3 bases on the mRNA, anticodon is the complimentary 3 bases
on the tRNA

12. Each gene codes for a specific protein. Protein synthesis occurs in 2 main
stagessummarize each:
a. transcription DNA -> mRNA, DNA unzips, complimentary RNA bases bind
temporarily forming mRNA which then moves out of nucleus to the ribosome
b. translation -mRNA -> tRNA -> protein
13. Define the following:
a. haploid -cell containing only 1 of each pair of chromosomes (generally only
gametes), humans 23
b. diploid -cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes1 from mom, 1 from dad,
humans 46
14. In order for sexual reproduction to occur, gametes must form that have half the
normal number (1 of each pair). Which type of cell division results in 4 cells with a
haploid # of chromosomes? meiosis
15. Define the following:
a. homologous pair -2 chromosomes containing the same genes, find each other
in meiosis I (X X)
b. sister chromatid -duplicated chromosome (X)
c. centromere -holds sister chromatids together
d. allele -different forms of a gene (usually 2, a dominant form and a recessive
form)
e. homozygous -both copies of a gene are the same (TT or tt) 1 came from
mom, 1 came from dad
f. heterozygous -the 2 copies of a gene are different (Tt) 1 came from mom, 1
came from dad
16. Summarize what happens in each part of meiosis:
a. meiosis I -homologous pairs find each other (crossover occurs), line up in the
middle, and homologous pairs separate (sister chromatids do not separate until
meiosis II), cell divides forming 2 cells each
b. meiosis II -sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell, separate
(centromere splits), cells split into a total of 4 cells.each with a haploid number of
chromosomes (1 of each instead of 2 of each)
17. Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics. Explain his 3 laws:
a. Law of Dominance -one form of a gene is dominant (that trait will always show
up if at least 1 of 2 copies is dominant), the other form of a gene is recessive (that
trait will only show up if there is not a dominant gene present)
b. Law of Segregation -during meiosis the pair of chromosomes is separated,
each gamete receives only 1 copy (could be from mom or dad, its random) so that
when fertilization occurs baby ends up with 2 copies
c. Law of Independent Assortment -segregation of alleles of one trait does not
affect the segregation of another trait (inheritance of freckles has nothing to do
with height..)
18. What is a punnett square used for? -chart used to predict the probable genetic
combinations in offspring from different parents gene combinations

19. Since Mendels time, scientists have learned a lot more about inheritance.
Explain each:
a. gene linkage -genes that are located on the same chromosome will be
inherited together, they travel together during meiosis (gamete formation)
b. crossover -alleles in close proximity to each other on homologous
chromosomes are exchanged (during prophse I of meiosis), results in new
combinations
c. incomplete dominance -one allele is not completely dominant over the other,
phenotype expressed is intermediate (white x red pink)
d. codominance -both alleles for a trait are completely expressed (people with
sickle cell trait make normal and sickle shaped blood cells)
e. multiple alleles -more than two alleles can exist, only two forms are actually
inherited (blood typeA, B, O)
f. polygenic trait -traits controlled by more than one gene, show a wide variety
of phenotypes (height, skin color, hair color)
g. sex-linked trait -gene for these traits are found on the X chromosome, since
males only have one copy of the X chromosome these traits are expressed more
often in males than females (colorblindness, hemophilia)
20. How is a pedigree used?
-chart used to show an inheritance pattern within a family through multiple
generations
21. What do the following symbols mean?
Square = male, circle = female, empty shape = not affected, filled in shape =
shows trait, partially filled in = carrier
22. What is a mutation? A chemical that causes a mutation is known as a
__mutagen__.
23. If a mutation occurs in a body cell (somatic cell), what is the result?
-only daughter cells resulting from the mutated cell will be affected, mutation
will not be passed on to future offspring
24. If a mutation occurs in a gamete (sperm or egg cell), what is the result?
-mutation will be passed on to offspring, can result in genetic disorders
*Mutations can affect single genes (gene mutation) and cause diseases such as
sickle-cell anemia, Tay-sachs, Huntingtons disease, cystic fibrosis, or albinism.
*Mutations may affect a large number of genes or a whole chromosome
(chromosomal mutation). For example, nondisjunction is when a cell receives too
many or too few chromosomes (Downs syndrome).
25. Genetic engineering is the process of replacing a gene from one organism with a
gene from another. Describe each application of genetic engineering:
a. cloning identical copy of a gene or whole organism is produced
b. gene therapy -insertion of a normal gene into chromosome that is missing or
has defective gene
c. stem cells -undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become
specialized in structure or function, can be found in embryos and adults

B-5 Evolution
1. What is meant by survival of the fittest or natural selection?
-occurs because the individual member of a population have different traits
which may allow them to survive better, over (lots and lots of) time this trait may be
inherited by the whole population

2. Explain Darwins 4 principles:

a. overproduction of offspring individual has many offspring, increased chance
that some will survive
b. variation offspring are different from each other, some may be more
successful at finding resources and reproducing
c. adaptation successful traits will increase in frequency in a population (more
successful individuals will survive and reproducepassing on successful traits)
d. descent with modification after many, many generations the whole
population will have been modified and have the successful traits
3. How does each type of reproduction result in increased variation (and better
chances of survival)?
a. sexual meiosis produces gametes which combine during fertilization,
offspring has new combination of traits which may help it to survive better
b. asexual one parent produces offspring that are mostly identical, very little
variation unless there is a mutation
4. Explain how each influences genetic variability:
a. genetic drift random change in frequency of alleles over time
b. gene flow movement of genes into or out of population due to migration
c. non-random mating limits frequency of alleles (traits that make individuals
more attractive will be more likely to be passed on)
d. mutations increases changes of alleles in a population
e. natural selection allows more favorable phenotypes to survive and be passed
on
5. The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a population in genetic equilibrium. What
conditions are necessary for equilibrium?
-large population with no genetic drift, no gene flow, random mating, no
mutations, no natural selection
6. What is speciation? How can this occur?
-formation of new species because of evolution of a pre-existing species,
occurs due to isolation of organisms in a populationthose individuals become
adapted to their specific environment
7. Describe each of the following patterns of evolution:
a. gradualism gradual changes over a long period of time
b. punctuated equilibrium abrupt, quick changes after long periods with no
change, often due to environmental changes
c. adaptive radiation/divergent evolution individuals of one species become
different from each other, resulting in multiple species from a common ancestor
d. convergent evolution different types of organisms develop similar
characteristics in order to adapt to a similar environment
e. coevolution two or more species living in close proximity change in response
to each other
f. extinction elimination of a species when it cannot adapt to its environment,
can occur gradually or rapidly (mass extinction)
8. How has each of the following provided evidence for evolution:

a. anatomy shows similarities in structures that point to a common ancestor

(homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures)
b. embryology organisms often share embryonic structure even if in their adult
form they are quite different
c. biochemistry similarities and differences in DNA, RNA, and protein provide
evidence of how closely related organisms are
d. paleontology study of fossils (comparing current and ancient) can show
pattern of changes over time
9. How is a phylogenetic tree used to show relationships among organisms?
-diagram used by scientists to classify species in the order in which they
descended from a common ancestor using physical characteristics

B-6 Ecology
1. Describe each of the following interactions among organisms:
a. predation the predator hunts/eats the prey
b. competition relationship that occurs when 2 or more organisms need the
same resource, generally one will be better at getting the resource the other will die
out
c. symbiosis two different species live together in direct contact over time
1. mutualism both organisms benefit from the relationship (bacteria in
stomach of termites)
2. parasitism one benefits (parasite), one is harmed (host) (tapeworm, fleas)
3. commensalism one benefits, the other is not affected (barnacles attached
to whales)
2. Describe the relationship between predator population numbers and prey
population numbers.
-as predator population increases they eat more prey causing them to
decrease, as prey population decreases there is less food for the predators so they
will decrease, as predators decrease prey will increase which then allows the
predators to increase again
3. How are a niche and habitat different?
-habitat is the physical place an organism lives, niche is the role of an
organism in its environment (type of food it eats, how it obtains food, how it
interacts with other organisms)
4. How do limiting factors affect population size?
-keep the population limited to a specific size due to limited resources
5. What are density-dependent factors? Give an example.
- factors that depend on the size of a population, for example: competition,
parasitism, disease
6. What are density-independent factors? Give an example.
-factors that affect all populations the same, for example: weather changes,
pollution, natural disasters
7. How do biotic and abiotic factors differ? Give examples of each.
-biotic living or once living, plants, bugs, animals, fungi
-abiotic nonliving parts of the environment, air, water, temperature, sunlight
8. When does primary succession occur? What are the first species that begin to
grow in these areas?

-occurs in an area that has not been previously inhabited (bare rock surfaces
from recent volcanoes or rock faces scraped by glaciers); pioneer species are the
first to live here
9. When does secondary succession occur?
-begins in an area where there was a pre-existing community and well-formed
soil that was destroyed (by clear-cutting, forest fire, abandoned farmland, etc)
10. At the end of succession, a mature community results that has very little
change. What is this community called?
-climax community
11. How are each of the following elements cycled through the environment and
living organisms?
a. carbon photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, biochemical compounds,
combustion
b. nitrogen nitrogen-fixation, intake into organisms, decomposition,
denitrification
c. water (hydrologic cycle) intake into organisms, transpiration,
respiration/photo., elimination
12. The composition of Earths atmosphere is the result of life processes of living
organisms and is maintained as these elements cycle through the environment. For
example, describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are recycled.
-oxygen is used by organisms in respiration and produce carbon dioxide,
plants use oxygen in photosynthesis and produce carbon dioxide
-other elements needed by living organisms are also cycled through the
environment in order to be reused
13. What is the ozone layer and how is it related to the greenhouse effect?
-ozone is a special form of oxygen that is present in the atmosphere, it is
responsible for preventing much of the suns radiation from reaching the surface of
the Earth, as the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, water vapor)
build up in the atmosphere they trap heat from the sun
14. Define carrying capacity.
-carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals that an environment
can support, determined by the limiting factors (how much food, water, etc)
15. How are renewable and nonrenewable resources different?
-renewable resources are produced at about the same rate that they are
consumed; nonrenewable resources are not produced at the same rate (consumed
much quicker than produced)