Primary

Aztec Smallpox Victims. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2016.
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aztec_smallpox_victims.jpg>. This is
a 16th-century Aztec drawing of victims of the smallpox. This helped us realize the
effect of smallpox on the natives in the New World. It also provided an effective
visual aid for our website.
Edward Jenner Vaccinating His Young Child, Held by Mrs Jenner. Digital image.
Hamilton's Thoughts. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2016.
<http://hamiltonsthoughts.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/03/Edward_Jenner_vaccinating_his_young_childcopy.jpg>. This picture provided information on what the vaccination process would
have been like. It also was useful for us because we used it as the banner for our
website.
Jenner, Edward. "The Effects of Vaccination in Preserving from the Smallpox." Letter to
William Dillwyn, Esq. 19 Aug. 1818. Readex. NewsBank, 2004. Web. 3 Apr. 2016.
This letter described how much the vaccine had changed the lives of those who had
been vaccinated. It was very useful for our project.
La Goleta "Maria Pita" Digital image. Castao De Indias. N.p., 10 Nov. 2011. Web. 26 Feb.
2016. This website gave us a better picture of what the Expedition would have
looked like. It further gave us a greater understanding of the time period that it took
place in.
Man Has Smallpox; Body Is Covered with Smallpox Lesions. Digital image. Immunization
Action Coalition. N.p., 10 Oct. 2011. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.immunize.org/photos/smallpox-photos.asp>. This source gave us an
idea of the severity of smallpox and showed us what it looked like. It helped us get a
better understanding of just what the vaccine helped prevent.
Map Showing the Route of the Royal Philanthropic Expedition to Introduce Jenner's
Smallpox Vaccine Into the Americas, Phillippines, Macau, and Canton, led by
Francisco Xavier de Balmis. Digital image. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Oxford
Journals, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/9/1285/F1.large.jpg>. This map gave us

a general idea of the route of the expedition. It was more detailed than some other
maps we found, which was nice.
Picture of Edward Jenner. Digital image. BBC.co.uk. British Broadcasting Corporation, n.d.
Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/52bd683056fb4d534d340fceae7b64243a170
a50.jpg>. This source gave us a simple idea of what Edward Jenner looked like. It
also helped us to understand the time period better.
Picture of Francisco Balmis. Digital image. Biografas Y Vidas. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb.
2016. <http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/fotos/balmis.jpg>.This
picture of Francisco Balmis helped us to understand the class he belonged to and
the time period he lived in.
Quintana, Manuel Jos. "To the Spanish Expedition For the Promotion of Vaccination in
America, Under Don Francisco Balmis." (n.d.): n. pag. Web. We were convinced by
this poem that Balmis's expedition was very beneficial to those that were vaccinated.

Secondary
Aldrete, J. Antonio, MD, MS. "Smallpox Vaccination in the Early 19th Century Using Live
Carriers: The Travels of Francisco Xavier De Balmis." Southern Medical Journal
97.4 (2004): 375-78. US National Library of Medicine. Web. 17 May 2016. This was
a very useful source providing much more detailed information about the BalmisSalvany Expedition than most other sources we could find. It was also useful
because most of the sources we found were in Spanish, and this article was in
English.
"The Balmis Expedition." Clinical Anatomy Associates, Inc. Digital Development Division
of CAA, Inc., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2016. <http://clinanat.com/100-mtd/576-thebalmis-expedition>. This source gave us some basic information about what
happened during Edward Jenner's life and shed some light on what he did and how
he affected the Balmis Expedition.
"Francisco Javier De Balmis Undertakes the First International Health-Care Expedition
(November 30, 1803)." History of Information. Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc., n.d.
Web. 25 Feb. 2016. <http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?
id=4578>.This source gave us a lot about the path of the Balmis Expedition. It

showed a lot about where he went and where he visited and gave us a greater
understanding about the course of the expedition.
Franco-Paredes, Carlos, Lorena Lammoglia, and Jos Ignacio Santos-Preciado. "The
Spanish Royal Philanthropic Expedition to Bring Smallpox Vaccination to the New
World and Asia in the 19th Century." Clinical Infectious Diseases. Oxford Journals,
n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/9/1285.full>.This gave us a pretty in
depth description and image of what the Balmis Expedition was like. It had a little
bit of everything and showed us quite a bit of information that we in the end used
for our project.
Lawler, Omar Alleyne. "Balmis Expedition: Changing the Americas."Black History Month
365. Sugar Media and Marketing, 15 Feb. 2016. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-intros/balmisexpedition-changing-the-americas/>. This source gave us just some brief ideas and
general information about the Balmis Expedition. It didn't say much about the
things it brushed up on, but we were able to get more subjects to research because
of this source.
Ong, Willie T., MD. "Health Ties between Spain and Philippines."Philstar.com. The
Philippine Star, 26 June 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.philstar.com/health-and-family/2012-06-26/821277/health-tiesbetween-spain-and-philippines>. This source gave us a basic timeline of the Balmis
Expedition. It showed us what happened and when in a very basic format that
helped us gather more leads to research.
Ong, Willie T., MPH. "Dr. Francisco De Balmis and His Mission of Mercy."Society of
Philippine Health History. Society of Philippine Health History, n.d. Web. 24 Feb.
2016.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20041223112019/http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/bal
mis.htm>. This source was in sort of a lecture format and was really useful because
it helped us think deeper with some "study questions" and really made us think of
the accomplishments of the Balmis Expedition.
"Thank You, Edward. Merci, Louis." Review. PLOS Pathogens 12.1 (2016): n. pag. PLOS
Pathogens. Public Library of Science, 14 Jan. 2016. Web. 2 Apr. 2016.
<http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?

id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005320>. We were able to come to a better understanding

of the creation of the vaccine from the information on this website.
Tuelis, J. "Francisco Xavier Balmis (17531819), a Pioneer of International Vaccination."
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. Trans. Jose J. Tato. BMJ
Publishing Group, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2016.
<http://jech.bmj.com/content/56/11/802.1.full>. This summary gave us more
detail on the expedition, which helped in preparation for nationals.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Smallpox." MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of
Medicine, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2016.
<https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallpox.html>. This source told us about
the symptoms of smallpox and gave us an idea of how horrible of a disease it
actually was.