Solutions Supplement to Accompany QUANTUM PHYSICS OF ATOMS, MOLECULES, SOLIDS, NUCLEI, AND PARTICLES Second Edition [hale Walrad = vary W.)] 1 vt Robert Eisberg Robert Resnick Prepared by Edward DerringhPREPACE This supplement contains solutions to most of the ore-involved problens in the QUANTUM PHYSICS text; with one exception, solutions to probless in the Appendices are not’ ineiudea. ‘The supplement is directed toward instructors, ant this has influenced the presentation, Kot every algebraic step is exhibited. The units have mot been displayed explicity in every equation. (SI units are adopted in the supplement, mainly because they are briefer than the text notation.) Rules with regard to significant figures have rot been stzictly’ ebserved, although there should be no outlandish violaticns. Use of sysbols ard choice of rotation 4s generally cbrious and therefore not exhaustively defined for each problen, Tt is » pleasure to thank Prof, Richard Shurtleff (Wentuorth Institute of Tectnology) for preparing the solutions to the problems in Chapter 18, Preparation of the supplenent, including choice of probleng, was left to the undersigned, who was also his ow typist and illustrator, He would appreciate a note, of up to moderate asperity, from those who detect’ an error and/or mistake. December 24, 1964 Edvard Derringh 41 Montgomery Drive Plymouth, MA 02360Chapter One Ceepter Two. Chapter Three . Chapter Four Chapter Five - ERESRRRBeausey eo.GRNPTER OnE: 2 ‘he radiart eneray contained in volume dV that is moving toware Bat any tine, in the frequency Snterval vy vids 48 &,(vidv = o,(vrev 2 av, here {1 is the solid angle subtended at a? by A. With 2 = acoso/e* ond av = rsinbardedy, the eneray becomes a (vidv = 2 a, ividv Asinécossdndsdy. ‘The energy in this frequency interval that crorces A in time t from the entire upper hemisphere is yz t= iin BF an iebeantatytr jel paheo Bpividy = 2 pinay act. Hence the energy that passes through a unit area in unit time from the upper hemispbere is dvidu = Ba tvidv/at = 2 p.(vidve my a oonw a4 2 2 Pe five - wf # heey gy) 89. ‘a e =A, = =. 7M ee, vy FA, ee 5.4509 x 10" we, wy oy ~ 2282 6 5 cany x 194 Be. 5.51 x 10 ‘Therefore, Vgg * HCW, + vy) = 5.46 x 104 ay by = vp - v= 909 x 20 Be, Since gly) = COnbw3, Je?) (ea — 337, mmarically; ering sc? = 1.006 x 107, Tvg/XT = 4.37, av 1 = 78.08, Dp lYyy) = (2-006 x 2079) (78,04)2 = 1,289 x a0), ‘The area of the hole is Re ret 65 x 109)? w 7.654 x 10 ey Bence, finaly, P= KI7.854 x 107°) (2.998 x 20°) (2.289 x 107) (9.9 x 20%, P= 7.51 W. 1s fo) = arnton = anc7 x 10%) L = 3.685 x 10° w, 15.67 x 10%) (5700) §, (b) The mass lost in one year is Bt = (4.096 x 10) (3.156 x 107) = 1.292 x 1027 kg. mee ‘The desired fraction is, then, 292 x 1917 Me = 6.5 210 2.0 x 10°? r= Be ie (a) The solar constant $ is defined by s- mm F = Barth~sun Gistance, L_,. = rate of energy output of the gun. Let R = zedlus of the earth; the rate P at which energy Ampinges on the earth is ote to ots, ‘The average rate, per n’, of arrival of energy at the earth's surface is Pay - 3 #5 ots, 4am’ nn” 338 Win? 2 411353 wn?) = 338 W/m?® 338 = ot = (5.67 x 10%)n4, = 200K. =f er RO =f with x = he/AkT. Rt 4.965, by Problem 18. Thus, Amant * FO) = 42.403" cen Smmtc?, Now find x such that RO) = 0.2.00)! 2, = 1.882, x, = 10.136. Mmerteally, uo ped = Sete poe ah Ee (2.38 x 10°) (3) = a= 4.798 x 10a, Ay = 4.798 x 1079 1.882 = 2.55 om, -798 x 1079 /20.136 = 0.473 mm. 1-22 By Problom 20, ‘8 that the wavelengths sought mst satisfy 5 L = 1%0n OL, per (he) Sane ¥ doain let x = be/er. In ters of x, the preceding equation becomes ~ xy Solutions are wy - 2.736; x, = 8.080.Since, for Mays x= 4.965, these solutions cive dye LEISe dg = O61 22a Let \" = 200 nm, A" = 400 rms then, 3 ee,” 08 Js ey 2 ee hese"kT . Spermar = = 3-02G°. e 75 (6.628 x 3074) 2.998 230) s5967 x, x10") (0.38 x 10%) 35987/T < = Samat = (3.82) (4)° = 0.1296. 1 Lat x= oP57T, then, pes The photoelectric equation is he = eA + Whe With Vg = 2:85 v For A = 300 rm, and Vy = 0.82 V for 2 = 400 mm, te = 8.891 x 107 + 3 x 107%p, be = 5.255 x 10 + 4 x 10%, +3 x 107 = 5.255 x 10 + 4 x 10 ) fy 7 3-636 x 10779 = 2.27 ev. be = G91 x 107 + (2 x 2077) (3.636 x 107%), he = 19.799 x 10776 Jom, te) ro) 3.636 x 109 = 15.799 x 10°F ng, Xp = 5-445 x 1077 m= 544.5 mm. ra In a magnetic field r= m/oB. 7P= av = eB = (1.602 x 107) (2.88 x 107, p= 3.012 x 1079 keeva, x10 = 2.05607 wey Aso, e = (0.05637) + co.sin)?, EB = 0.5141 Mev. sence, fa) K mE - Ey = 0.5141 - 0.5110 = 0.0031 Mev. (b) ‘The photon energy 1s Byte = 2 = GEES = 0.0175 wavs My 7 Foy Em 1S - Be = 244 bev, 2 (a) Assuming the process can operate, spply conmervetion of . Riareniney and of memes uae @ | © ——> Sewanee make 4 |4 Beo-p. ese equations taken together imply that P= Kye. ro) But, for an electron, Basted, +e)? = pi? + ‘ pe va? + 20/0. on (m) and (**) can be satisfied tovether enly if Ey # 0, which is not true for an electron. (b) In the Compton effect, a photen is present after the collision; this allows the conservation laws to hold without contradiction. Bad Let n = number of photons per unit volume. In tine t, all Photons initially @ distance < ct will cross area A normal to the beam direction. Thus, ates x= BEBE» BORD ey « EE For two beans of wavelengths 4, and A, with X) Aenea oh mM. Me 2 and therefore ny fat aa he energy density is p = shy = mhe/i. Since this differs fron 1 nly by the factor © (which is the same for both beans), then if 1 "oy, the equation above holds again. mes Set Ky = 20 keV, Ry = 0; K, = electron kinetic energy after the first deceleration; then ee eer te a eo 1 with ad = 0.13 om. Since he = 1.2400 ket-rm,cr these equations become LB 29 yy UBM ny ah wa, +0. Solving yields, fa) K, = 5.720 kev ©) Ay = 0.0868 mz A, = 0.2166 mm, 2-28 mV +n = yc, nit + 6) = amy, c = a a= 4/5. Bence, « iz ‘i Senan, ma Say? ond Bt me™p = dyc?/2, Ry the Doppler shift, EY = BL = 69/1 + 8)} = £/3, bea ah = aye? a Laboratory Frame x at rest e— ame © ©— « eo- Benet = me? + aR, Bie = 300" + nye’ He. Merefore, amg? + x = 307 + mcm’, B= 3a’, so that En aye +*K= a,c. 2 Beng any + mye + Ky E = 2(0.511) + 1 = 2.022 Mev, o P= Efe = 2.022 MeV/c: P, = 07 poke + ayia 2 a? + 210.sun ca) = 1.422 mevie. P = (2.022 ~ 1.422) = 0.600 Mev/er = 9:600, - transferred = $920000) = 29.78.233 ‘The murber of particles stopped/scattered between distances x and xide 1s dT (x) = cI Gipax. Hence, for a very thick siab that ultinately stops/acatters all the incident particles, the average distance a particle travels is vee AE = DE = UO the limits on all x integrals being x = 0 to x= =. my, = 1.675 x 1077 iar evidently, the particle is a neutron. oad ee, enya ee, GEE) pada? any' =, But K = ev and E, =m,0%, so that 2, Meme = Gas - FEO Hagan, wd W/2e, * evfanyc?. Therefore, a3 zeta ny ayy Oe) renveiaeivisete Linde: evcemye?; att 1+ ev/amye? = 1 t get a= rycen? ne angey* te B1 38 ne Be He non = pe ne = 6h om oe tye (fer oF Mumerically, ho = (6.26 0 50) 2.998 2 a0" ye) (2.602 x 107 amev) C10 eve” he = 1.2400 x 107? Mees hence, Atm) = = $626 x ws 2.990 2 10 w/e) _ 0.12000 bev s a0 te, 1.602 x 10° Paes ee, # = (0.1240)? + (o.suy? + B= 0.5258 Mev; Ks EB - £) = 0.5258 = 0.5110 = 0.0168 Mev = 14.6 kev. &) p- Slzmo me Sh Fig, = 224 Kat, These are cama-nys, or hard rays. (c) The electron microscope is prefereble: the gamma-rays are difficult to focus, and shielding would be required. 228 fa) Set dx = 10 M. h_ _ 6.626 x 104 Pee a + ti a. 3 p = 2:2120 x10? peeve _ 2.998 x o" m/s _ 9.5868 kev a 1.602 x 10728 s/c s E = Re? + ERS = (0.9868)? + (51107)* = 511.0095 evs K = B~ By = 51100095 - S11 = 0.95 Moric binding energies are on the order of a fes electron wits no that this result is consistent with finding electrons inside ators. th) ox = 10714 5; hence, p= 9-868 Meu/c, fram (a). ee wet oe = once? + ast as.0012 Mes K=E- Ey = 9.8812 - 0.5110 = 9.37 Mev. This is approximately the averace binding eneruy per nucleon, po electrons will tend to escape from nucle! (c) For @ neutron oF proton, p= 9868 MeV/c, from (b). Using $38 MeV es 0 Test enercy, B= (pte? + Ep) * = (9.8687 + 9367) K + = 938.052 Mev; Ey = 936-052 - 936 = 0.052 Mev. Jast result is much less than the average binding enersy nucleon; thus the uncertainty principle is consistent with these particles confined inside nociet. i E (a) Since p, > Cp, and x > tx, for the smallest E use p, = 2p, and x = 6x to cbtain e= due)? + ean? with mare B, the minimum cnergy becomesB= deb? + wou? see tem oat) (b) Set the derivative equal to zero: 2 #--R a ae 30 ~~ seh ae? oe tel” = Gavi Substituting this into the eqression for E hove gives Fain" EEO ~ tiv. ae (a) Let the crack be of zero width and gx = horizental aiming error (1.e., drop point not exactly above crack). This implies an initial horizontal speed v, given by as Bo i= 4s a result of this, the ball lands a horizontal distance x from ‘the release point, given by Bence, the total horizontal distance X from crack to impact point is ears xe ges ESS, ang) Be To mininize, ect gk in (heh, diy "9 + oem Gator. han BAH - OGL ) 16H = 10m, B/G — 1, R~ 0.001 hy, then Ky, = (10 “103)* = 3x 107 m, approninately, ‘Therefore, v a8 8 Put an electron behind each age slit and cheerve any recoll aap 7 due to its collision with 3a consider an electron oscillating along @ dimeter. When at & distance ¥ from the cantar of the atom, the force on the electzon Fa qa omen’, where 9 = 6/ (47/3) > 0 since the net charge on atcn-electron i +e. Therefore, 2 rege Se ‘This force is attractive: f.e., directed toward the center of the atom. Hence, 2 rem 2 wm orem tages. If the electron revolves in a circular orbit of raitius Ry Pom, 2 2 2 Fe ey 2 Fs wae =o? + wl = S ‘The bo frequencies are seen to be equal. The equality applies also to oscillations of amplitude less than R and clroular orbits of radius less than R, since the charge exterior to the amplitude or radius exerts zero force on the electron for spherically symmetric charge distributions. a (a) Momentum conservation: MW = Mucos® + moosb, Musing = ming. eo— > --- © : . . Kinetic energy conservation: tan? a? + ea, ‘The momentum equations give: muccs} = Miv - ures0) musing = Musin®. Bence, rhv? = woe? - auvesee + u7), he energy equation yields nt = mtv? = 0, Bquating the to expressions for =%7 2 (v? = 2uveoss + u*) = Met? =u, ooo =e Zt - Bz ma +Za+ (Since m 0, a minimum for cost, a maximum for ¢. Substitute this valve of u into the equation for cos® tc get2-421 ae, =B=cdp< ot > 700 ) v8 oe . - = ‘The maximm force felt by the alpha-particle in passage through ‘the atom cocurs at the aton's surface: =o im” Grey For maximum deflection, suppose this force imparts momentum 4p perpendicular to the original direction of motion: ap = Pat « Ftat) = FA, - ph. on a ‘Then, anticipating a small deflection @, eo aw ” Trey 2c? Ras) For gold, Z = 79; supose K, = 5 Mov; then 719,2 ao?) AOL a2 2 TE aes 20" eat. (ao) (5) (2.602 x 10) 6 = (8.968 x overall deflection 1s about 0.0001 rad also. Only if all the deflections dus to the electrons are in the sme direction could a larger deflection, about 0.01 rad, be obtained. a +12 ty Bys.4-8,9, 2 zte’, : Oo peg? Oe Ram ‘Whe solid angle of the detector is ee = aye = 1.0/(20)? = 10 trad. Alo, n= (6 moclet per an’) (thickness) , pe e002 (297) (2.661 x 1074) Nence, by direct mmerical substitution, a+ 6.7900 x sin" (8/2) ‘The mumber of counts per hour is # = (3600)a% = 0.2405 —L—. sin'e/2 This gives: = 10": # = 4237; ena: bed. 3 n= m= 2, 7.382 x 1074 = Rt6.626 x 10 ne?2 rary ‘The periods of revolution of electron and proton are equal: ze, Ss. yy fe ‘pe ‘The motion is chout the center of mass of the electromproton system, 20 that ope pbs Ua 12 wae? ave, “2 (a) Frequency of the first line: vy = o/}, = aye - Sh = of the series Limit: v= cf, = (4s - 0}. Frequency Yet y= Bye - 01 marefore, ty w= yy ty. (ml) o 2 by yD . =9. pe aye? 8 O) Fon 2 = NMA, = BE = 26.6 evs K = 26.6 - 10.2 = 16.4 ev. (by Fig, 1 = 13-6 + 16-4 = 30.0 ov. + (a) By nementus conservation, by te, Vunbining this with energy conservation gives 2 try)? BF = vg = by + bi? = bv + HB? = bw # IS tp = te + OO yg Mg, von va + ee, vay = De (b) Since V = CMA, Y= Cpe Aw dg + He ee ed - 4) = 22.089 ev. a Neglecting recoil: dq = age = 102.6 m.24 With recoil: 19, Bs AE, 5 02.089) 0,602 10) 6.040 x 10°, ‘0 ic* (2) (1.673 x 10*7) (2.998 x 10°)? 2. = 661 am. ‘The kinetic energy of the electron is k= osu mn gig». wien = 0.0400, this Gives K = 409.9 eV, For helium, the second ionization potential from the ground state is 2 2 3.6 8 (13.6) Bn GE aug ae 54.4 ev, Hence, Bp) = S44 + 409.3 = 463.7 o8, a = BS = 2.674 mm, per Ay (a) Bat a -4). Seer Na nestin, 22 2 age yk Bt 9 Rig hse — de: TE Ay = Aggr CER Zeng? + ng=4, Jens2 > n=6. 2s (b) Now take into acouunt the reduced mass ur 28 28 1.2 yy (a07et 2 Miel2)7e ge "a> Teg aa Ae = a 0 ic 4mic Ye a 5 a (e) 5 yt ER BBY ae ETE eal - Zh. Therefore, Mie > Mar po that ew eas Ak Ts Tala = aE? Mal a Hence, compared to the hydrogen Hi Line, the helium 6*4 Line wavelength is a littie shorter. () Since A « yo? (the factor 2 is combined vith Way - Moy to aive equal Values for # and He), Mea ~ te Yite = er Oe Mize es eee: Bh = (4.084 x 1074 (656.3 nm) = 0.268 nm. - +8, ae os My saz ‘The momentum associated with the angle @ is L = Iu. The total energy E is 2 a Bekeke ab. L te indopondent: of 8 for a freely rotating object. Henen, by26 the Kilson-Somerfeld mule, 6 180 = nh, Lg de = L(2s) = (ZTE) (2m) = nh, RTE) = Mie pe. oe) la) ‘The time-dependent part of the wavefunction is MUCH SABE. oi2avt | ‘Nwrofore, sQ% eam + ve dG Wh) Since E = by = 2eHu, ean. (0) The Limiting x can be found fron vA Acvonting to Frample 5-6, the nomalizing integral is 5 z/C) 4 eye) 25 x we @ Sein 7k i=2'@!) 2 - sin’ " a (zee = x4 ® (aE/O* 0 este + sts ecm, ca problem 5-3(c) provides the Limits on xz the wavefunction is 1a 2 7 wie SH tat mn 228 Hence, the desired probability is given by 52 (a) Since 1 = Brook ct, ‘2 SZ prob. = Bene? (ex/a) dx = BloosMoas = $ - 12 = 0.1955, G 16 independant of B. ¥ = Asin(2rx/aye HP, In the grown state, E = Fy (c) The space parts of the weve AY, functions are ¥ Vy = Roos (axsad, 7 Asin (2rx/a). $ceciI lates more rapidly, since with By > Egy Wet Ae * I+ e4y/te?| = BFie,9,| > |= eee les?| = Bie,94L, for most x. ze (a) To nomalize the wavefunction, evaluate 3/2 2 -{ vevdx, J-af2 IY = 0 outside this resion), Wlth ¥ = Asin{2u/a)e HEM, this becomes 2 l= wife ome -ix fustow . lo aad. tb) This equals the valve of A for the ground state wavefunction and, in fact, the normalization constant of all the excited30 states equals this also, Since all of the space wave functions are simple sines or cosines, this equality is understandable. Se12 The wavefunction ts. v= BYeintem/aye Me, 40/2 EY sin? (aec/ada = 0. af +af2 Seotete Scola, ae oe : sth wah? = 7 i FE we Ot, p= gat. a (a) Problems 5-11 and 5-12 yield . Bw emidy = ye? - athe ¥ sep = tray = emily = he? - Be asa BL (&) In the ground state, soup = (0.288) () = 1.2 f In the first excited state the uncertainties in position and momentum both increase over the ground state values, due to the higher energy of the particle. soe ‘The normalized wavefunction is ee Hc s7 2H gaits 17 ' (#) with B= BW/(c/m. (a) Since the kinetic energy is p?/2n the corresponding operator is g a - (er Fan 2B on ty, 2 2 Fe wa'fa - ean = BGS owe. fo Sinilarly for the potential energy U = yew:2 Fn LB OO hay « nek fate, cao" 7) =k se foe T= nS Sa Fae. (>) This same relation, U = T = 46, is obeyed by the classical oscillator also. Seis ‘Use the notation er, = + jri= ey = fe Cleerty = afro B+ ne = Op), - implying that (Gp) end (xp), cannot both be real. Also, by integrating by parts, - Op) = iKbery| \ on = ofa. Thus, pl, = Cpe. If Gp), 4s real, this last relation says that (sp), 4s real also, which contradicts the first finding above. Bence (xp), is complex and therefore so is (xp) 2. How try - salen + fpr oe Sp = 40), + Gp) ,} = Gp), + GPE), 5B = Be(xp) so that Chis new ip 45 resi, as desired. = With V = 0, the energy of the photon is E=p. Replacing the eneray £ and moventum p by their operators gives HE - ~iy_ 2, nH - -ie BL Now set ¥(x,t) = pOdT(t) and divide the equation by ¥ to cet wdZ- wel B-x, where K is independent of x and t. Write K = kjie and the two. equations directly above became i se perce Fe -tkor + 7 , Be tey + peck, fence, for the photon, yn etklect) | = fa) Gh} toe curvature of 4 proportional to |V = 8]: here |v 2B] Se targe the function oscillates rapidly in x, and Ubere |v -B| is small it oscillates less rapidly (hence, nodes are close tovether in the former case, farther apart in the latter). In the first state, |V ~ | is just large enoush to turn Overs no notes. The loth state will have 10-1» 9 nodes, leading to an odd function since V is symmetrical about the crisin, The wavefunction decays exponentially wherever W>E, the classically forbidden region. For further discussion, see Buaeple 5-12, which treats the sintlar sinple harmonic vacillator potential.3s (c) Classically, the probability deneity function P is clven by Peay, 8? the nomaltzation constant. Geray conservation gives vi B= tet tex, the upper sign for 100, Using this, re @ ‘ego. ‘te determine B, uso the nomalizaticn condition Te a Grattsr Je tag) - meee ee ee are given by v=0Qork=V= Sx. Evaluating the integrals cives ?-aretor Particular values are: PIO) = C/Ae PEEVE) = PL-E/C) = =: Lomo) © 207 yee? (d) The graph of the classical density function xeserbles that for the simple harmonic oscillator, the lack of a horizontal ‘tangent at the origin being the main difference an a rough ketch. ee36 5224 See Probles 5-25. 325 With no amp, the wavefunction will be sinusoidal inside the classical regicn of motion and a decaying exponential cutside. The lowest energy wavefunction will contain no nodes, In the present situation, in the region of the hump the Gapared sath the ne-np case) Is needed cutside the Bamp. foro V~ 0 oo that the curvature is proportional to E. Hence, a larger E is required: that is, the first eigenvalue with bimp is greater than the first eigenvalue withoct the inp. = By essumption, B= 5, + vy, = bump potential energy, ¥ = wavefunction with no bep in potential. The integral is the area under a curve of TUY VS x. Now Vy, = 0 except where it 1s ecual to Vp/10. Clearly the area Will be larger if the bump is located where yHY is relatively large (1.e., in the center for ¥,) than if the bump is placed where YY is amall, i.¢,, at the edge in this case. Evidently then, &, i larger’ for the contered Lrp. o-27 Schrodinger's equation is Sy. Be -weeo. Jn the region in question, = ¥, = constant, E < Vp, so that «By, - ¢ Biv, -H > 0. Bens, a ie the general solution, However, =o, = is yoo) = 0, requiring B= 0, ee, as the wavefunction. xe Since is real, the probability density P is Pewee Neo Recalling that x is measured from the center of the binding region, the suggested eriterion for D gives nb PAEDD oI, 2_n Bath) oR DL oor 2amvy - BY s31 Use the scheme suggested in Problem 5-26: Ea By + sytved, An which and ¥ are eigenvalue and eigenfunction of the lowest thersy state of the Infinite, flee, square well potential. Pros3 Bemple 59,10 the time-independent. part of ¥ 1s a= hos tena. Fence, f a &, Synod = 2) ene? texyady coe (ex/a ex = —2|cos” rafal, ha 5232 ‘The wavefunctions in question are 9, = Dosim, 2, = Dhsincer(ae eh, with B, = 48). The Linear combination t= ve 1 #6 Normalizing this last gives 1 = femrae, eye + TO eT + Gey te = Since ¥, and ¥, already are nomallze’, agp rye The real pazts of J¥yY,@e and S75¥,Gx each are a [estore - foome = 0. la ‘MRerefore, in order that ¥ be nomalized, it is required that 38 cyef + on68 = 1. 5233 ta) The total enersy ie E = pt/ae + v. But V = 0 in the region of notion, 20 that 2 E Frm = EG, re B= Reyes + gmp zign + eytyee Pyne «By Aiso, by Problem 5-32, /Y¥jc = /¥gY,dx = 0 and therefore FE qqrme + Binge. 2 22 E + egg OS, a* F2 Lt E = ccf, + 030382. (©) Since oct + ey¢$ = 1, E= = cxepe, + cok, = By + cych(B, - By). With 0 < cocg <1, this means that BS Fky Hence, if the particle can be found either in level 1 or 2, making transitions between then, its averase energy, as WOuld be eqected, Lies between the energies of the two levels.40 5-34 (a). The probability density yey has a time dependence of il: ~ Eth and thorefere the frequency is =, - Bm -—— $e no? 811.67 x 1077) Go)? 42.602 x 10°)” 051 Mes B= 4B, = 8.206 Mev, y = B= 2005), ) ape x 197) me, 4.136 x 107 (b) The froquency of the a ¥ Fhoten is the same as in (a). The hy = 6.204 = 2.051 = 153 Mev. {e) Photens with this = energy lie in the gmme-ray region of the Gare six Mere A = amplitude of incident save, B = amplitude of reflected wave, C = amplitude of the Nangnitted wave. There is ro wave moving in the +x-direction In region I. Also, 1 4 {20 = vy)) ke » © —S- (Qeeimuity of wavefunction and derivative at x = 0 imply A+BEC, KA FRE = KC. ‘These equations may be solved to give the reflection and the Hranmnission amplitudes in terms of the incident amplitude, the results being: k, . pe Bota capen ae a ‘The reflection coefficient R and transmission coefficient T now became wp et oka? a= Ratt Gee CCM, 2 _ Mk, tT = 6 ge . BR GE ae "hese expressions for R and T are the same as those obtained if ‘the incident wave came from the left. a(a) Assuming a wave incident fron the left: region 1: y= neh +e, = amet region 2: y= FEM 6 cel, = Canty, = EA region 3: y= Ce + pe AK, but D = 0 since there exists only a weve moving to the riche in this region. Continuity of the wavefunction at x = 0 and x =a require that: A+B=P+G, aw Pek 4 galt 2 oeihia, ay) Continuity of dy/déx at these same points yields: tk - tk,B = -kP + kG, cau ko 4 colt? = tr, col, av) (2) From (4), A+B-Ger From), +B GES Gate ogthit, roy BoE ecke® KH cell Gass From (ii), Aik, ~ Bik, = -ky(A +B - G) + kG, Alik, + ig) + Bik - ik) = 2k, (ita) From Gv), Aka “aoa + BG) + cx ol a ag — BTR + a cela s TH = cr A, vay Row work with (11a), (ita), (ive). From (Lisa), ooh - Gm BETA, + thy) + Bok, ~ thy)}. Substituting this into (11a) gives AU 9 the /2kade®* + ch - an, /anre™®*) (ity + BEC = i 2K VE + + Hey de RAY o cole, and (tva) becomes AUS + Sh, /2e,)02* ~ Cy ~ 8h, /2e,)0*24) lave) x, + BEG = ty foe te = 05 + eI MY = AC e fers Solve for B in (iib) and substitute into (ivbls if q, @* are detained by Galt ik tel = ty, the result may be written 28 gathse os (co = Big + gee) + Bigels® ~ gee) = 10 at Now solve for C/A, using the definitions of q, q*, such as Fat? = sey Mhgy etc., to obtain“4 Hence, the transmission coefficient is YAO “Hay nde 41 Gy Pegde™™ 2 UaeR Pee Pe gla y = 26 Oy Mig) hq2gh?ch2® — HA)? — eg? - ge?) 7¥7, 2 2 py2y2(h2® 2 ghey? 25-2, T= L6G, VU (1 > Kye) Ce @ EY)? + 160, D7, 2p 2,2 (L + kK) re gn et. 2p, Fizally, os TE kg >> 1, then eM! >> o*!* and the transalssion coefficient hecenes, under these clremstances, za Tor Ee y o Now 0 < E/W) <1 and therefore = sz wea-2i 4, e! —f wEa-% “o “o Since, in fact, it is assumed that k,@ >> 1, ere > 1, 1,57 6-4) “o Yo and therefore, under these conditions, z Ey gta Te16 Bu - Pee. 0 0 weiss ye atkia y peter, region 21 v= PoE 4 comthee, reaton 3: b= oot, Tn these equations, = 3, = -¥95, w= mera ky = Game - 4) (a) Contimaity of the wavefunction at x = 0 and x =a ives At+B=F+S6, peikt® , gothaa . pyle Contimity of dy/éx at x = 0 and x = a givesByh- DyB- age - ye, Piro - eco - ti 0e9, () These are the seme as the corresponding expressions in Problem 6-5, if in the latter kp is replaced with -ik,. Making this alteration in the expression for T in Problen 6-5 yields for the new tranemission coefficient, a-k t=f- WOM) Using the expressions for i, k, given above reduces this to jist _ gctkeny? ro we ee-D ‘00 ce (a) The opacity of a barrier is proportional to 2,877" and therefore the lower mass perticle (proton) has the higher probability of getting through. (b) With vq = 10 Mev, B= 3 Mev, a = 207M a, At foLtous eat we z ae ‘The required masses ae m, = 16679 #1077 ig, mg # Dye FOr the proton k,8 = 5.803 and, using the approximate fommla, Bp 7 3-26072 (5-803) = 5.06 x 269. Since n= 2n,, 22 noted above, ka = /2(5,802) for the deuteron, 207. Hence, = 2.36072 8-207) 2.5 x a0? a -19,2 ga Pe ox uh Maney? @) B= zor = (19) (2.38 x 1074) 047 8.625 x 10? Mey = 0.002. 138 xT = 2x 10> m; also, MRM EY Se t= oon. (c) Numerically, a= 2c B,-£ as FO - Fy = 0.032; kas wo a ZF 2-1 re (a + Bt = 0-409)" = 0.0073. 0.032 (¢) The actual barrier can be Vv wonsidered as a series of harriers, each of constant height but the heights decreasing with ry hence V,-E diminishes with © ond the probability of he penetration is greater than for ' an equal width barrier of ° constant heicht ¥ge es /; — -—- f#— - — - ——_- —fa) Assuming a wave incident from the left, the wavefunction in the indicated regions will be ee ty pete, pm Pe DEE y olka wa cok, The expressions for the k's are ey = VERE - VIM, i = ACE AL. ‘The equations for the wavefunction are identical with those in Problem 6-5 if in the latter k, is replaced with ik, (rote the different for the k's in the two probiens, however) Using Tlk,.k)) from Problen €-5 and making the change gives AGA a8. tey2; tTefl- . 16g /h,) Bt, 2 5; eltet _ ta Oxyse,)" = (B= V,)/Ex we = 21 sint,-),, and therefore, Altematively, apply the continuity of the wavefunction and of Sts derivative at x= 0 and then at x= a to get A*B=F4G, KA = KBs +k, retke® 4 gelked - gatkie, eee calla = nyoatls, 49 ‘These are four equations for the five amplitudes A,B,F,C, Solving relative to ¢ gives hy k ae = ef 8fcosk,8 - a + weir, Aka, wie = wg = hel anigs, Fre = yet rR) 8Q) k a+b. % gic = yet Belay 4 My ‘The transmission coefficient is T = C*C/AtA. Substitution of the appropriate amplitudes civen yields the sane expression for Tas obtained above. (b) In order that T= 1 it is required that sin’k,a = 0 which in tum requires kati may 2p 3) veee In tems of the particle energy E, this is La won, (c)_ In the region of the weil, that 4s, in region 2, the probability density is gh, = rel 4 one ret ¢ co, Seek, Wye = CES + (1 ~ eos! gla ~ x) hy Ls % ‘evaluated by using the F,G amplitudes found in (a). The oscillatory part of this poobsbility density has a macdsum at* xe a. If Ka = ne, it also has a marine at x= 0. Tis inplies that an integral nunber of halfwavelengths fit above the well; ise., that aan ays but this is equivalent to nm) and = 0.7 eV, B= K + Vp where (6.626 x 104)? 3 a9. x 10) (@ x 107)? (1.6 x wy B= n°(0.588 ev). dt By = 0.588 ov > E, and the cbserved vibration is not the zero-point motion. (b) Clearly then, n >> 1 and therefore Banh = 29a? + n= 28 yer take M = 2000 kg: 2 Why? = 2000) UP gw 10°5, (6.626 x 10°} As an example, 530 The zero-point eneray is By = es = sa cc yma ‘Trerefore, 5 By = 442.085 x 107%) A Sean x 104, 41x10 Fy = 0.051 ev.se ea (2) Using By = 0.051 ev, the Level specing will be SB = tn + Whe = Mo = 0.102 ev = 28), () ‘the energy of the photon = AE = 0.102 ev. (ec) For the photon, E = hoy. But =~ he, Sm Se where w = Classical oscillation frequency. Tus, 713, a2. pass wl) 4. lig, en (6.026 10} * . (é) Photons of this frequency are in the infrared spectrum, A= 12,000 nm. Sz ta) on A= AB a35 mee, gate ay 7 0-498 2. &) Esta’ =$Ba? + B= 0.003. (e) Sine n> ay 0.0490 (6.626 x 107") (0,498) (€) Since an 1, ab hy = 3.32 0, (e) A polynomial of degree n has n nodes; hence, the distance between “bumps” = distance between adjacent rodes = 2A/n = 200.00/0.5 x 1074) = 1.3 x 1079 x 10%, mm ‘The time-dependent equation is Bay. Hp ores Whey eet) = Hey, z)RIE) Let. Putting this into the first equation aives ¢ 2 ee ee a - Eye Cbs PEs TY s veuy cyte = eZ a ax? ay? ae” = assuring that V does not depend on t explicitly. Dividing the ns ‘The ground state energy of a hydrogen Like atom is 2.4 gee Be yt. (ane) 2 58© ‘The reduced mass is ee He ue en-=—, Mwe*"e © Mme since each rucieus to be considered is surrounded by one electron. The charges and rasses of the nuclei are a oe ae ny = proton mass. The mass relations are approximate. Since 7 5 = 4 follows thet Fy = yt)? = m0 = hgh)? = 0.9995m,5 Ep = uptt)? = wf ~ gebagy) ? = 0.9997; att gabe Ege © Mpg (2) ‘These cive the ratios: B/By 1.0002; F/B, = 4.0025. ced (a) Since Ryy = xe*/780, wiry = (a7e*/ "Aye, P naw 2 mime where dP/ér = 0: 7, Be le - rfayree 4a, r= 0 and r= = yielding minima. fb) Direct oppiication of Bq.7-29 with #1, n ¥ = Sap. {c) There is a lower Minit (sero) to x, but no upper Limits thus! it is expected that F > dey b= 1 gives a 28 (a) The potential enersy and the ground state wave functicn are: v= = even Yoo = wap erae, () In the geound state, B= ae /(ere,) 720. Since ag = Sree /we?, 4 Face ee. (ancy) an" (0) Ae for the kinetic energy, e EsE+0) W-E+t F~ 0. Kev zs (a) For the state with my Song = DE tedaget 8 c088, 2 eg 32eap (4eg) fiPrgar cos" esinbdrdids,2 oa" co) 24a} (dae) Jy For the Mnits on r,6,4 see Problem 7-8. Now, 0 that ror the states with m, = fi: tren Be Polat maine Aim, and therefore 2 Yan --——# s Fei petedbdb, 4na9 4969) Jo 2 ¢ £ eax. tae 2 ay teen) ‘This is the same as (#) above. Hence, reqariless of the value of Me Vay = (b) In the case of k= 0, san = ba Me engl, giving 2 2ypt/ ye Eyes agree reaay, 2 2 aan * Tap htnagy| (2 ~ 21m Me» - egy) = 28+ (c) These results are expected since, with v« r”>, the average Potential eneray seen by the electron is the seme for al n = 2 states, regardless of i. Thus, the expectation value of an energy Will be the same for these states. wy Rr) must satisfy Bq.7-17: &.28+H0-on-10 +d. ur-x, Boat, Boose ye ‘Substituting these into the radial equation gives nes et? « Reger — vel) Been + wet? Now E is 2 constant independent of r, and V = k/r; thus the to tems in {} ate proportional to ct, x). as x approaches zers, 2 5, 2, Al, pence, {+ 0, and the equation is satisfied. zu (a) To avoid infinities, intagrate radially to a finite limit Rr 1 1 2, p-—t_[w 2nrainedrde = (1 - cose), «m3 ad f= P(z3.5¢) = G.147¥. (b) For this state: 5/2 _-E/ 2a Soyo ~ Weare Eo.SR "ZRRERY) Y ESS of WT eS wees eee AY ae INKS TIN i fo faze Pe a Roti of ated yetei iy 3 aed Spat i; ay ; * on 4 ¢ i 24 bits66 and therefore FR - H3,0,010,0,0) + (3,2,09463,1,0) + 263,1,040,1,0) + (3,2,008(,2,0) + 2,2,08G,2,1) + 2G,2,2)9G,2,2)). Noe substitute the specific expressions for the various wavefunctions appearing in the shove. La2 tome: 24(3,2,1)*03,2,1) + (3,2,2)*(3,2,2)) = a e001 + 2000%e - aecetoy 2081) Ty 63,2,0)#(3,2,0) = 2,5 rhe 2/8%¢ (300049 - 1%, (81) “a9, Hence, the sum of these tems 1s 2 ,A,-2t/3e0, 3081) 75a, Independent of 64+ = 1 tems: 203,1,0)4@,2,1) + @,2,0)*0,2,0) = an E2272 independent of €,4. Tho & = 0 toms depend on r only. Thus, all tems in JE); have been accounted for and their sun found to be independent of direction, so that ¥G, is spherically symmetric since it depends on r ony. 7216 () Lijop 7 ihlaind $5 + cottons 2, = ghee 2 F/B ag pelt Yanan ~ ane Tae Mretnbe Moa 2a, Ba ey gots BAP tn ‘Therefore, Kxoplar1 ~ Ktdeotesing + coteccs¢) iy, 11 Hgvcnaiaa "HODES (enee + saingye,,., = Heotse' th... (b) This result cannot be put into the form Se,opfai-1 = Faia with © independent of 1, i ‘The operator 1s question is civen by 2 2 . yl 2 ay, © 1h + igh; Fplcine ty aa By By.7-13 this may be written 2 ate ob, = a? - bee? By, mut Bt? & - ooke? B - oat. + oe -3e wire), 2? B era + vy -3e -wre by By.7-17.- Schrodinger's equation Ls We = Hav - Ee. Substituting these last two results into the expression for L?, ives co ny =an+ Dee.238 (a) Since Lee 2 =e, yal, Pop ox Pgh = ~1H BE = (90 dE = Hct and thus the eigenvalue’ is Wk. () Using y =e, repiace k in (a) with -k to get the eigenvalue ~Hk. (c) These results indicate that measurements of momentum will yield Hic precisely. (a) § = sinkx, cost are not eigenfunctions since 4/ax converts sine to cosine and cosine to sine. (e) These states, not being eigenfunctions of the momentum operator, will not yield precise values cf the momentum upcn measurement. 12 ‘(a) With R a constant and v= 0, the total energy E ts E=Keven, But the kinetic eneray K is simply Kea ie? = royn? = 122, where I= rotational inertia about the z-axis, Hence Bek=L sar. ) 5 eZ * Lop "Eajop "Map 1G, = Gan Saas oe Bp = we. Also, ¥ = ¥(r,8,¢,t); but r= R = constant, 9 = 1/2 = constant, g0 that ¥ = Y(9,t). Substituting the operators into (a) gives, then, Tet 14,0 = 2, gw, 2122. 422 =e, -£228-u22-:, 222 (a) Prom the preceding problen, Ba Ba Fe Bay ree, ‘he nomralization constant will be incorporated into 6. (5) ‘The solution above represents an oscillation of frequency w given by B= hos But thie de the de Broglie-Finstein relation. Hence E is the total enerey. ra Ts spc iW Gay tit i 2, a te * o=0. oft70 ‘This is analogous to the classical simple hammonte oscillator equations os tak =o. & he corplex forms of the solution will therefore be eae ce, n= YE 2m ) ‘The particular solution being considered is jmp @ = e'™ = coming) + taining). Single-valuedness requires that 9(0) = 8(2x) + 1 = dost) + isin(2m). ence, sin(2m) = 0; cos(@m) = 1; m= 0, ty 42, see (&) By Problem 7-23 n= tm, ret, aso... {@) Solving the problen via the old quantum theory gives 2 2 oe = e=5 =p BEI, 2,3, @ Evidently the new version, in contrast to the old theory, introduces an = = 0 {E = 0) state; aloo, the excited levels are now tworfold degenerate. (@) apparently there 4s no room for zero-point cnorgy since R is assumed constant. In actuality, the masses, on a microscopic scale, would be atoms which osefliate slightly, so that R cannot be assumed to be fixed. ts ‘The complete wave function is, from the preceding problems, n y= el MIE, The wavefunction must be normalized at any tine t: thus, Joredy = 1, as [~ tie! )ag = CO, jo a. 2 Use eect, 1, = an 5. “ cal aa . te frou Bag = - gee ma, - o Denk oo) 21 2 3 a 3% iyo? Lay w ny a0" lo Also, frm (a) TP wey, Since TP = 7?, measurerunts of L, wild ylelé mi exectiy.ae (a) Let the aru of the ellipse be ‘then, wr ER the period of revolution. The angular momentum is L = mr“aesats also, aR = bras, so that since dh/at equals a constant in classical mechanics if the force is central. Therefore, Bog acfE-& 3. a (b) This result 4s identical to By.8-5, derived aseming a circular orbit. a ‘The first apparatus produces two beams, one with spin parallel (in quantum mechanical tems) to the direction of the Held (+2), ‘the other with spin antiparaliel. This latter bean is ‘the first diaphragm. Hence, a “polarized” space quantization along z'. In analogy with the Passing of polarized light through pelareia (except that the angle for no transmission is 90° in the optical case, 180° in ‘the atomic), the second magnet allows only the projection of the smtering spins along +2" (rot ~z*) to pass. Thus, if I" is the intensity of the beam entering the second acperatus and Ip the intensity of the unpolarized beam entering the first, T= §I'CL + cosa) = Mig(L + coea). 2 2B as ‘The deflecting force is F = y,08 fez, Hy” Thee 0. I€ D is the deflection and F is constant, D = bat? = her/m) yy)”, L = length of magnet and v = speed of the atoms. Thus, 2 D = bGoyypeg/m) (2B, Jaa) AN, For atoms emitted from the oven, ‘nv? = kf with T= 1233 K. Hence, * = 200.38) 2 10°) 1239) 10.0005) . 29 gin, eS mg 0-8)" (2) 8.27 x 107%) (8) as fa) The orbit and spin eneraies are (9,4,",0F and (a,4m,)P- Honoe, with respect to B= 0, Em GAMA + SgtPSP ~ (pry + Hara ~ Oy + ARP (b) For n= 2, & = 0,1 aiving the result” ‘Thus the energy level diagram appears as follows: tao fold deg. tuoxfold deq. tro-fold dos, (c) The maximum separation is Bre 7 4B = 10.2 ev, 409.27 x 107") p = (10.2906 x 10 B= 4.4 x 1087, a8 Since L,j > 0 and 6 = 4 the relation AIG + DPS Wk + D) - Yee + Da, 3G +0 22440 2-400 + D> (i) & = 6. In this case (A) reduces to j6 + D237. But for 1 = 0, j= 4 (the only possibility), so that the Felation in question is satisfied, 1% (44) © #0. (0) $= 8 +h. Putting this dnte (A) cives Levee +0), which clearly is satisfied for all £ > 0. @) j=f-4n, n= 1, 3, 5, ... Putting this into (a) yields oat +n? = m= 3) > Vena + DD. ®) Bot (8) becomes Oc @-Dern, which is satisfied for # > & (i.e., J» 0), so the relation is obeyed here also. eZ In this event, (2) gives Oc MeN + D. Evidently this is not satisfied for t > hy £ < 0, but is for O £2 ¢ &, Bat then j = - 3/2 <0, which is impossible. 1=S (8) now reduces to 0 < -2m0? + 3an - 9. 8 satisfied for sone £, 0.9. | = 1, bot then j = £ - 5/2 In fact, put 2 =} + 5/2 #9 get of 0 < -22j* ~ 775 - 64, which does not hold for j > 0. Results similar to the last apply ton = 7, 9, ... ete. Hence, since j > 0 the inequality is restricted to the values cf j given in the problem. 8-10 : i (a) Larcest j= 4 +} = 9/2; a larmest j= 9/2. the magnituded of the vectors are: T= AGG + DK = 799K, La Vne + DM = 20K, S = 4is(s + 1K = m2. _>76 n Neply the law of cosines to the L,S,J triangle: Hence, 2 4 u? at? +s? ~ mscostB0* - 0), Men ERS ae Bw +3 + at200)}o008, = Somes ‘ a 2 a fst 17 Fer F 7 Eat - = coe) = 58.91". ange! * : Tf P= py. then {b) Since Tj, ds antiparallel to L andj, is antiparanie: to 8, exe the angle between 3,3], = 58.91". BE = Pamgc®. ” 4 | Mow using classical expressions, in the spirit of the woot = B= Bor = 25.28". auproMaesC, 4 2 | gevem foete-wi, =2 so that = 2 Define the relativistic energy as = mvs ‘2° Bee 2K + Vs ae Now With E = constant and V = -<"/4rcy, the above yields the final Kent - aye! omy - a, quoted remit directiy. a5 f = v/e. The relativistic momentim p is peeve mest - 64). (a) The integrals to examine are Feet ygaes Sep (e2iayar. ‘To express K in tems of p note that Since both ¥4 Hp are single electron eigenfunctions, each has Bev sa- 654, a- sharers the fom Yaga, ™ (Rrtemy)« Hence each integral may be written eFingt im )* timer. pt oo Mow the parity of # is odd: Pit) = -f; the parity of (n,t,m,) ‘i 2 B= mgt + pra = meta + tet? = dere na =a, As (-1)* eo that the parity of tnytm)*intam,) 43 (-1)™ and therefore is even resardless of whether & is odd or even. Thus 2 58 the parity of the intayrand above 1s od, and the integral over 2b » conte? ph te aay (b) Electric dipole moments constant in time do not exist, since the governing integral above 1s zero. Only sntagrals8 receded by oF, aapenting on time, nay bo non-2er0, os Forn=2:2=0,m,=0; t= 1,m, =1, 0, -1. Bence the integrals to be considered are (8) 70,0,0,)4CEF (2,L,2006rs (41) £01,0,0) (er) (2,1, 00ers (444) £(2,0,0)* (et) (2,0,0)4r, where Ynsme, = (nptemy). Also, ¥ = (reinteing)T + (reindcoed)] + roosth, Substituting the explicit expressions for the wavefunctions gives the following for the integrals above. rt) age Fd (ho */204 tt Peinparanay, Insert the expression for r given above, The integrals over r, ©, and @ that appear are [erate Pe [aren [isto - oO fe hey = (i (oosp + ising) a4 #0. 0 Fence 1(1,0,0)*(e2) (21,281 # 0 and 2 transition is permitted; in this case Af = 1, in accord with the selecticn rule. (ii) ‘The integral here becomes eset! ype #/ Me Pysrpccuteroae. Fr cre T5 terme, thm integrate fatngty = Joowpiy © 0. tn the tems Tenaining, however, an [ovr vnc re cos*enineas = 3 4 0. lo lo ‘Thus here also [(1,0,0)#(er) (2,1,0)de # 0 and a transition is allowed, again in accord with the selection rule since here el. (411) Finanly, this integral gives ese */0 0 2 ~ epee?! esnedeaady. 1.3 terms vanish for the sane reason as in (11). But this time the @ intecral in the & tem is t As desired to check the selection rule gn = fi by evaluating Tae gay «feta since y(u) 4s real and u = x. (1) ny = 3, ng = 0. In this case, ag 2 re {jm = athe outs = {er ~ athe aa, re2peh - 20) «0. But An = 3, 90 the selection mile is not violated. (AH) ny = 2, ng = OF2 rea = 20% um = 0, since the integrand is of odd parity; dn = 2 in this instance. (18) my = Ay ng = 0. 2 r «(Bf au #0, and dn = 1. ‘Tuas the selection male in = tl is obeyed in these three cases. Bo18 (a) Prom By. 8-43, the transition rate R is v= diem’, ‘The integral in the expression for R is, with u = (on) yt, _ apf =a 2 wea, 0 Pa hen aynih ‘The nomalization constant A, and A, are determined from: -) 3 ie sofia et a Solving these last for Ay, A,, the expression for P becomes P= be LBP. (om Puteing this and the expression for v into R gives finally, for n= im, R= MeAAEreg ice”, 18,2 26x 219 x 109) 00°) _ 99 2.503 x 10°)7 (1.67 x 1077)? () Tho lifetine is g13 The infinite square well eigenfunctions, apart fran the not- needed nommalization constant, are 9, (8) = sininrx/a), n evens g,3) = cosinmx/a), Roda. Tt Ss required to evaluate v= fnwone« (fon ba In the following, u = n/a; also, nym denote the tuo levels. (4) Transitions between even-n levels: +n P « Jusin(na)sinimias = 0 se ince the integrand 1s 003. (44) Transitions between odd=n levels: he r «fein ota =0 alagain since the integrand is odd. (11) Transitions between an odd and an even-n level! Pe (Piatavina - eftnimomtara, tee P= jestcininsal , stokaingely — 4cooknienl , coobeinims, tom)? evaluating the final intecral. Clearly the above is not zero for n even, m odd, Hence, transitions are permitted only between, Jevels such that one is of odd n, the other even n; i.e., the selection mile is n= th, 4, 45, car ‘The eigenfunctions are Toye, m= 1, 2, oe Pe = [ase Bot Reosp = x, Reing = x, Dropping the sbeolute value signs, awe Bf emote : cette, ser Efe he finSay ae +00) cosy = biel + Now, on 2n ae (i = |eos ine) a8 + feos = Ztsinzen - tcosdm + 1). o Hence, 1f n= 1, 2, 3, ev r= =0. On the other hard, ifn = 0, then 2n [rite [=m Tus, I, #0 only if either (1) de + l= 0, or (11) fm= 1 that is, only if an = 41. since 4), sing = Fret - 5,7 let Mainads ~ afm tty ay ‘The integrand is similar to the one for selection mule is Om = 71. ‘Therefore, the 2 By By. 8-43, 2p For voros ‘The probability densities are 4 ri + ware ‘as = pig (1) og Cry, (2) 9, (2) = We) Vg 2g), 2) m1 w £ egcanyg (21g, Cdyg (2) + og DYEED9, (9,2). Making the switch interchanging 1 and 2, tems I and IV interchange, as do IT and IIT. Thus, wi =} tar tore mys Savi mrt + = agg aR AA a4 Prom Example 9-21 Vy 7 rl 10% (210, (9) + Hg ADD, (214,08) + 4, DG, 2) = Hy Ch), (2)9,, (3) = % (9, Ge, (3) = 0, DH, (2045 (3) As an example, interchange particles 1 and 3 to ant 2 * 4 Fare (1M (299,13) Hy (AD, (2) 4 (3) + Vl, (26,13) - 0, (Gg (2), 3) - W, CG, (2), = Wg (2) ¥, (20%, (9) he Ry ‘The seme result is achieved Sf, instead, particles 1 and 2, or 2 and 3 are interchanged,a6 x6 The antisyrmetric function for three particles is yt Farid Hg (20, D+ HyI¥, CIGD + 4 (LU, (2,63 = WO) 4p (2)¥, (3) ~ Hy (20,0209, (3) — (10, 2149 (3) Pe Upon forming Jegy,dc there appears the following tems: (4) Six terme, each the square of those above; for eample, S05 09 CD95 NY, 4g (204, (BE, ae Ay = UR Ody, Car Sop tag (2) dea) Lies (306, (addr) = axa) =2, assuming that each weve function 4s momalized. Hence, these tems adi to 6, (44) Cross tems; for example, (1D og (2) 99 3) ¥, Cy (2) ¥, (Bet at Gr 5, = (Igy, (20 4e 2H (2g (214 HLH (20%, (Deg) = (0}{2}{0} = 0, ace to the orthogonality of the eigenfunctions, All of these eran terms vanish. ‘Time, the total integral equals 6 end, since 31 = 6 also, oy 4s nomalized as originally written. 2 By assumption 7 YopeceYspin* Look first at the symetric space functions; since both of the Glectrons are in the sone (aroond) state, 7 3 Sapace ” 73% 90'1¥y09(2) * ¥yp92)%99 (2) a Fee Beetle eh by rtesh *0 0 must be antigymetric since the space functicn was chosen to be symmetric (electrons in the same level). The coulorb energy is eons. ane, F2" where ry) ¥ x, ~ Fis the distance betwoun the electrons. Thos Wm Nagetger 3 385,402, in which 9,0, are the spin variables. Yow V is independent of ‘the spin of the electrons, so that if the spin wave function is normalized, then Putting in the weve function sives = rytre 34 Jot) foe A aarp tine sine 907244. af: 32 an nhabch Ey = Kyp(tystgr Oye gebyrg) + Now suppose that the antisymmetric space function had been chosen. With both electrons in the ground state, this will be 4 - Sepace * Fa 390 [1 %yp9 2 ~ Vyp9 2) Fygg (22? =o ‘Tt may be concluded then that with both electrons in the ground ‘state, the electron spin must be in the antisymmetric (singlet) state. The coulonb interaction, being positive, will increase ‘the ground state energy over that calculated by ignoring it.a 20 Consider two cleenfunctions ¥4,%%, solutions of a Ew m9, a: BS, @. Take the complex conjugate of (2) to get za ES ene. o multiply (1) by ¥f. (G) by $, and subtracts this gives & a Bog S42 - 9, nay, Row intesrate over x: - 3a, - 5) Mtoe ty yo, uy oy, a Eqs she-g dts, Co *e a8 7 (4) TE 8, 4B, and the systen is bound, ‘the wavefimcticns ‘approach zero at both infinities, Thus the integral vanishes and fe (i) In the continuum region (unbound system), the wave function remains finite at large positive and negative'x. In practice, however, box nomalizaticn is invoked and the wavefunction ‘Vendshes at the surface of the box, so that the result above is achieved here also. (ui) Te g = gy (degenerate case), construct Ha AYH + ghye faiso a solution for this potential. If a,,ay are chosen properly 4g Con be made oxthogenal to 4: Feges = 0 = ahve + agysp sce, agrees + ag@ vir) 2 2 “A ge va) = ea.2 on HB. where E),, = ground state eneray of the hydrogen atom, Values of 2(r) may be taken (not easily) frem Pig.9-21. (>) The results are shown on the preceding page. The first ‘thuwe levels of argon are By = 3500 ev; E, = -220 ev; B= -16 ev. oe (a) By.9-27 is, with B, referring to hydrogen, In the ground state (n= 1) of helium, Pig.9-6 gives B = ~A0 ey and therefore 00 2-22, = 2703.6, 2, = 24 (b) With 80 few electrons, it is not clear whether an inner or cuter shell is being described. If 2) «n= 1 an cuter shell is snAteated; for an tener shell, 2) = 2-2= 2-2-0, (c) Tre fact that 2) equais (or roughly equals) neither n= 2 (cater shell) nor Z- 2= 0 (inner shell) implies that the Hartree method 1s not applicable to helium. This is not very surprising since a statistical method cannot be expected to Work well with 30 few particles (tuo electrons) . 1 15 (a) Prom Fig.9-€, BL.) = +30 ey @) Fou, 249 +E = 0.16 mm. oy For the electron £,= F x B and L is perpendicular to the plane f the orhit. Now % #0 anyuhere in the orbit and therefore BO. IfL 40, tear xO ‘everyshere and the electron avoids the mcteus (r = 0). If L = 0, the electron would move en @ straight Line through the mucless. tf) 2 - =E, BexiveEey 52 2 ee dey + rp) +. But L = xp, (since Fx B= 0) hence, a - 2 2 Go eB Bev. (©) In ope dinersion B= 0, b= 0 and R= piyin + vt. This and the preceding equation are formally identical if vt = yee + v,92 (c) If the electron is bound, vir) < 0. Clearly L?/amr” > 0 (rwcall that Lig a constant for central forces). For small enough x, L2/2nr* >» |vir)| and V' > 0, indicating a repulsive core in the oné-dinensiensl fomaliam. Only 1€¥ er, n> 2 will this core disappear (unless L = 0). a8 (a) ‘he potential in question ts V'1 venv+ t/a Now, in electron volts, 2 ewe eee ius), \ zt a (elegy? trlay) Clearly, for £ = 0, U' = V; see Problem 9-13, For £= 1, Vie) 83 220 ev. (c) The classical region of notion is shown on the sketch: it falls within the range for which Pp, (r}, Fig.9-10, 4s large aw=D. (@) For t = 0 see Fig.9-13. The classically permitted region there falls within x = Q.2a, bit smaller than fort = 1. ‘his regult also corresponds roughly to Fig.9-10, where Pap 46 large at x = 0.54). There is qualitative agreement betaeen classical and quantum results. om (a) Prem Fig.9=15, the ionization enervy for the first electron is 24 eV. In the Ground state the eneray of the atcm, from Fig.9-6, is -78 eV. Thus the energy after the fixst electron is renoved is -76 + 24 = -54 eV. The eneray with hoth electrons removed is 2ero; thus the energy needed to renoue the remaining electron is $4 @v. (b) With the first electron gone, the helium aton resebles 2 hydrogen atom with @ = 2. For such an atom the ground state enexay will be a2 =F = B= 2° (E yy) = 2°(-13.6) = ~54.4 ev, and therefore 54.4 eV are required to ionize it. Agreaent with (a) is excellent. SE ee NO v0) BE Paiaag ul e 2, 34a) < stostey) = 2h). “ "4 s', this becomes 0 <= 4a +284), the relation gives If j= vhich is impossible. But i£ j' = i! - ston, 0 that * = a contradiction. So try j* = s' - t* in (*), which with now reduce to Ble which 4s acceptable. For exarple, Ly aivang q = 5/2 > 2, as required, (ii) For the case ¢ < 1, the formla for g requires that JG") +s! (stay < ater). =) #2, e'81, J 82-15 rej! a" 48%, (4) becomes106 Orsttestetist, Which ie impessible. But if j" = 2! - s", (##) reduces to Lt > st, For exemple, £" = 2, 3" (b) Consider this second caser t! ‘Then, risenbek ated aaah u x5") = 150°. ¥&K, SS" = /2H, 3" = va, Since Oe = ds 94,72. raw Uy in Lenath to ‘as_long as eis seen Ue Ay te aboot beat ae tog indicating that ¢ = k. - 10-17 (a) 1p) yields three levels, the 3P2 five, 3p) three, and ‘the “Py qives one; thus the total meber is 12. 0) For the 4s election £ 1) 22RD = Dr For the 3p electron £ = 1) 2(21+41) = 6. Clearly, with (6) (2) = 12, the field has removed the Seoeneracy completely, a8 For a singlet s = 0, so there is only orbital angular morentur to consider. The potential enerey of orientation is en bh, 107 For orbital anwular romentum g = 1 #0 that Ley bed: ue Be If 8 is in the z-direction, p we- tes. Pop - Fan, = “wy Br- giving rise to 28+) levels. Since s = 0, 2 = 3; making this substitution, and insorting a factor q = 1, loads to SF = -y,om,, which agrees with Bq.10-22 in the case g = 10-19 In the classical model, picture the mametic field building up to a valve B from zexo An tine T. Faraday's law requires an indiced electric field B, Retr P= rh ‘This inparts an additional velocity av to the electrons, which circulate either clockwise or counterclockwise, sien Fret eeteBr avsare Ere SreSe bre ‘The new speeds are ses veut, yielding frequencies v given by weet R-bv-ingt 2B, e=-wB, corresponding to By.10-22 with g = 1,oF 30-20 (a) For *p,, 3° = 1 90 there are three levels; the “p, has 3* = 2 aiving rise to five levels with the field, Por both these states 6 = 0 50 that g = 1 and AB = mt. Hence, the lever spacings are the sme for each state. (©) The selection rules are nj = 0, 71, allowing zero to zero since Aj" #1 © between these states. The group I of transitions give the sane wavelength as uben B= 07 for IT, AF < s& 50 that yp > Api IN THE, JF > OF) and therefore Agyy < Ags ALSO, with all the level spacings the came, ali wavelengths in IX are equal, as are all in IIT. Group I has wavelengths equal to those with R= 0 and so aro all equal. ence, three Lines appear. (c) The wavelength of a line i2 given by rake, & Considering tuo transitions whose energies differ by 4”, the wavelengths of these lines differ by ee Bape = pte Now clearly, Age - 4p "4e - Amr and consequently Oyy = Wiyry = OA = Agy — Age The eneray oe, corresponding to Gn} = 0, gives wavelength ty, which 1s identical to that for ‘p, + 4b, when B= 0. From Fig.10-8, this is AE 10 = 3.6 = 6.4 ev = 10.24 x 1079 g. Since tj = 1, = yBlenty = 4B = (9.27 x 1074) (0.1) = 9.27 x 10-5 5. Therefore a -] 34 ay = 162626 x 10% s98 2 10D gy 20°25) = 0.000176 mm. (20.24 « 10") (@) As civen in (c), the eneray difference between the Gecenerate B = 0 levels is 6.4 eV. A photon emitted in a xanaition botwean levele semacsted ty this enerwy hes @ wavelength 10-21, (a), () Prom Br.10-25, AE = yBimy + Any. Nov 21 ds ne tener,e agod quantum numbers tins the levels are identified only as 72, 45,uo neo men n-orbit splittins “a -1 tea-feld #1 degenerery navoatscye LL Irsgiy an the B= 0 line. 43 og A cy Are st hy mp = Shy bt = By my = 10,1. sina ene relation for 4&, these civer mo tonite of PD 1 4 2 1 + ° o a . 4 2 a 4 ° a 2 G44) or Aaain my = fh, But "= 0 and therefore mj = 0 only. AE = fuP, end no level exists at the B = 0 positicn. The selection roles are inj = 0, O35 = 0,21 un 0-22 (a) From Fig.10-R, the approsinats cnoraien for the 2p” revels are: 3 2,1,08 Had ev ("= 2, t= Ws yy: sow i at = De Ysg? #6 ev =o. now the 7p, and 's, levels both have s* = 0. Tus their eneray difference corresponds to Lining up 7, and T, “parallel” in one cape and "antiparallel" in the other, This energy difference is 20 8.6 = 1.4 ev. In the 22 | 9 and 4b, levets, 2, ant B, axe rouchly parallel in one and antiparallel inthe other. Hence, the eneruy difference is due mostly to different spin coupling, or 11.3 - 10 = 1.3 eV. Therefore, the aligning energy, spin or orbital nomentur, is about 1.4 e. (b) The difference in “paraiiel-antiparailel” enoray gives 719, wa = Maas DS oto, 219.27 x 30 *4) (c) ‘The lareest taboratory fields are about 100 T.ab? (a) Ba.21-25 is Fy dofinition, bu -E-» ep? Soo" Tae (b) Let x = ktfhv; T+ 0 implies x + 0 also, Then, in tems ofx en oat As x +0, 0M 55 1; therefore cy + ROY? tence, for anal x, G2 ee new, aie 2 Pato rdedyecys. Fence, Lin 7eV* oo, x+0 aod Line) = 0. Tso For mall T, ay = ne OT oes pery?. uz ua ‘The Debye specific heat is, with y = e/T, = nwfes jr 2 0 1. 3 For y << 1, the second term becomes ts =z al atye yar ae Peet implying that Lin —Y— = 1. yo ed —1 ‘The first term is x 3 a). = a ‘0 < inte) = on - 1) = Ry roi’ *S the Dulono-Petit result. Lele (a) Let the sample he a square of sides a, so that A= a”, and oriented as shown, p.ll4. If standing waves are set up in the material, then,m4 Elx;t) = Byysin (n/a) sindrut, Ely,t) = Byysin(2ny/ay)sinznt. ‘There must be nodes at the houndary: hence, Fah, = nt BaP, ener An, = 041.2, IE the wave rakes an angle g with the x-axis, p with the pasts, and has wavelencth 1, then ay, § Avoosa: ay = cose, and therefore abs rh a PMc + oot Ma peo sd" > =o emp. Monee, the froqueney ia poked Bt us Each frequency is represented ty "y) 2 ok oF wots of pounts mys. rf ig + ng* = zav/v, then the PoINts ny Ry represent vs It follows that all points on 2 circle of radius 2ay/y stand for frequency v. The density of the points 48 L/mit aroa, Thus with Po tng + ait, the newer of points betusen rand reds is Nixie = 2Far = hone, and this ts the allowed nmber of freaencies between y and vedur 2 wividy = 30 Bran ~ Betty = Bes, (&) There are seti1 3”, motes por role, 80 that mn [fem =3)° 23 atv, where A is chosen so that there are Np atoms in the sompler ay, = Betas y= vONy/a* ‘The average eneray of each oscillator is 5-3 es 50 that the total enery of each role will be‘Tf x = by/kT, = amen oe le = A= ay/mis sing this gives Finally, cbeerve that x, = by_/kT is dimensionless; hence, ty, /k hes the dimensions of a temperatures let v,/k = 8/h, giving rt peer tg 0 = Meme}. (c) The specific heat per mole is ft 5-208 ett. TE 7/8 Ty but in £ omet Ty 7 wa 2 =| —* = a Finite maber. mus, a Ling) = T. ne ue (a) Since the atoms are distinquishable, use Boltzmann statistics: myn ea; nw net, since Fy total mumber of atoms, wecne ans om trem means eh; nee, * = lite the total enezgy 1 ane Bank + ag, ng ey = Re (6) ae vom, te spendin test de Bye" 3-8 = le au¢+e y (c) Let x = E/kT; then, ve* ee eae For x <¢ 1, T lame, &™ = Ld off = oe. On the other hand, with x >> 1, T small, e TK nO, and osm = x7, A sketch of the specific heat ws. T is on the next page.on ack ‘The population of the levels is ny wane alk? ne Ee, a ‘A= constant. Hence, the fractional difference is ge BoD WD Way Tay RYT” FS) with af = 8, = #,. mow, tor TY attqned paraiiel or aptigaraliet to the field, 4 = QBs = 20.4 x10) a) @ 2.6 x 0 3, a) et = (1.36 x 1975) (300) = 4.14 x 10 3, Bence, fF 6.76 x 0. ns Then, to @ good azproxination, oy -6 Bak Ba 34’ 223 i 4 ) T= 4K, kr = 5.52 x 10 J. this gives F/T = 5.07 x 104, and since this is so small, the same approxiration as in (@) ‘spplies here also; therefore, An/¥ = 0.00025. uaz fa) At T = 300 Ky KT = 2.585 x 10° ev. For hydrogen, w-03.0-4)- 20, 1 2 aiving AB/ct = 395, Thus, icnoring the degeneracy of the states, npn, «ABE. 49395 po 170, (b) ‘The degeneracy of the levels is a; therefore, = 0.01 = Be“sB/RE, nn, 0.01 = 5e ober = 0.0025. ‘Therefore, AE/ME = -1n(0,0025) = 6; T= AB/EKs T= 20,000 K, since BF = 10.2 ev. des ‘The desired ratio is iueeauass But, 3 L = + pty) = SE : of Ty170 therefore Ra PT ‘At room temperature, KP = 1/40 e. (a) S-ray regions © 0.3 mm ye 3 10! we, Be hy = 124 kev. Tus, hy >> kr, Rs PMT ) visible: = 600m, v= 5x10" Hz, B= 2 ev, atving hw/kE = 80, oF R= =, once again. (e) Microwave: X= Lom, v= 3x 10" we, R= 12% 10 ev: ePAMER 5 9-05 5 1.005, 80 that R = 0.005. 12 (a) Assuming no degeneracy, 2400 oe = op = 2-138 ev; KT = 0.0259 ev, nay = (6 x 10%) 6° 2-294/0-0259 5,65 x 1074 stems, i.e., none. (b) A laser pulse operates untiz the population inversion is destroyed; hence E = (5 x 107) (2.138)(1.6 x 107) = S143. u For a beam of radiation, applicable ts a laser (stimulated exission) , pelen 1.334 x 10 spmes. 98 3 1 The transition rate is Rm rep = (3 x 1074) (3.2 x 10°) (1.334 x 10%, R= 1.28 x 10% ot Since weak = Heath hex, the total munber M of particles is 3 mI Me 5 3,5) 5 | Spee ey . B . aeaieafia +a ees ey w 10 with A =e". Now, fer 7 a a Med) = wd, o e ‘Therefore, wm Ween Mantgaa + 27m TVA so, h 3. w= 2a Ve VAY. nvim a-24 ‘The eneray of a Bose system yy wht x = EAT, 2 2 = |cynenes = Scan?) bom a, > ¥ jete™ - 2 0 As an Problem 11-23, pot ma IH eX = with A =<, the anexgy becomes Sindbaaiere ene a nee ole Bat, (ome " wale ody ww 5/2 2B, meretere, 3/2 ema dena 297% 6 SHE « 0. 1-25 ‘Tre average enexuy per particle in a Fermi gas is, exeroximately, 5/2, pan Since the average energy in a classical sas is 3kT/2, quantum degeneracy occurs when the second tern in the above is not recligible compared to the first; 1. » certainly when 123 g— » >h amen? Now 16 ce Ey then 2 spo Eaw. 5 = eee)? Substituting this into the inequality shove yields 8 Shee nen? » a, which clearly is satisfied. Thus, when &, >> KT, quantm effects must be considered. 41-26 ae T=OK, l, O ate) = Honce, the total number of particles 1s 3,5 3) r froma = (riner = ay = wee 7 fo Ba . Thos, the averace enexey per fermion is (nenne “5 Fee. 0 01 1-28 he depth of the well 48 Vp = Hy + Fp = 48 OY + Pye Bence, it ds only necessary to compute the Femi energy. If kT cc then, * 2 anz/a Spm ean) ‘The electyon density is nw 199.3 x 10) (6.02 x 107) _ 7 9x 0 3, using this and m = 9.11 x 102 kg ives E, = 5.53 eV: Vy = 4.8 + 5.53 = 10.3 eve a2 It is given that 2) Bs hp no = have; ng =" > 0, E> Ry, (a) The munber of particles is Fy a= forme [etal acam* Bt, Oo so that hae, ©) The average eneruy is Fp hore enteynice) de = Uh eizrkcansey tae ~ $ £29372, 0 Using the expression for N found in (a) gives F = £/3. 130 Wor ellver, Bo,= S05 ev at T= 300 K (T << 109 K, above which the material 4s classical in behavior). Since KI = 1/40 ev, KT << Ee, and the Fermi distribution is close to the T= 0 K distribution, Appreciate the distrituticn by = 1 for mercies less than Sp-KT, n= 0 for enersies greater then fip*kT, and in the feensition reglon the serassht n= BAe, ae? ne Bie ane Ry KTS Ec Bt, (ny zeasonable approximation will yield the came final result, ‘The rember # of particles with energies greater than the Fos energy is ee sor, = bwae = Weed M ey Eg EO PE) = \Nnwmar pcan t— of + Bae, ae anv(amy' +e a as8By, me 4 = we?) baka? For the tote mbar of particles, the value caleulated at = OK may be used: see Problem 11-26. Hence a B= Jom = 840-25) 6 0017 = 10°,a ‘he potential eneray of R and Cl” sepaiated by distance r is Sefer 0) x10) 6 x 30719)? ve MEd ue. oayogsae °, 19, vy = 2x) xD gy = dal ey (rinm). F Gin mm) x 10° ‘The required dissociation eneray is the nesative of the energy required to assenble a KCl molecule from neutral atons of K and Ci; initially an infinite distance apart. This latter process imolves: (4) removing an electron from the K atom; energy needed = 4.34eF (Ld) attaching the electron to the Cl atom: eneray required = -3.82 ev (i.e., energy is released); (444) moving the newly croated ions from infinity to ‘their equilibion positions at a sqparation of 0.279 rm) this requires = 5.161 ev 0-209 of energy (energy is Liberated) « fence, the energy needed to fom the molecsle is 4.34 - 3.82 = 5.16 - 4.64 ev, Tus, to dissociate a KCL mlecile requires H1.64 ev OF enezay. ae A bound KBr molecule must have negative total energy. Hence, the possible separation distances are hounded by that for which = 0. By Problem 12-1, the total energy of 4 Kir molecule in Re ays 3.5 - 4.3) 7, 126 am Ry in mm. Bence, Ry gag = RP is given by 14H og = Yo aA 0.8 =0; Re = 1.8m. is (a) tf a = #/2mer, then pair) ny np(ae + De At the desized level, an Jer = ete + a@r+ 07) #0, cette. OB. (b) Prom p.426, for HCL, I= 2.66 x 1077 igen”; also, 23, ver = {1381 x 10) (600). 9.08172 oxy 1.602 « 10 2 55 x 107 we ogo = 0.00261 ev. (2.66 x 3047) (2.602 x 10) ‘Therefore, from (a) 9.051724 r= GOUBS ye a9 + re ae ‘The rotational energies are From Table 12-1, p.429, for H,, K/2 = 7.56 x 10> ev. Thus,emus seme At tenperature T, the average translational kinetic energy is ‘Bet/2. Since k ='8.617 x 1079 eU/K, these enercies are equal at reinK. ‘Therefore, at room temperature T = 300 Ky sane molecules will be in excited rotaticnal states, as the moving molecules have energies of translation sufficient to excite xotation upon collision. 29 The highest rotaticnal level that can fit into aE 4, = 0.08 ev is given by ##7(2.36 x 10°) = 0.04, r= 40. a0 (a) ‘The internuclear distance R, is given by 3v/2R = 0; hence, Fon” oo" h) T= pes with wy = sige Ty > Tye (2 B= rer + D/A) since I, >I, FL, > By. (d) ‘The energy F = 0 separates the bound and unbound states. Since curve 2 becomes more negative, Ey > Fay- le) The zero-point energy is Re Berry Pot juy = yy! ABs, elasetealty, Pra ley =k, uhere v= Woe, A larger k yields a sharper curve of V vs. x. Hence, k, > k; aod therefore Ey, > Ey). (©) The vibrational energy is B= (v + WJbuy, 60 that BB, = Img = Bye Tus, from (e), BE. > BE. B- (a) ‘The vibrational states are net degenerate, so that = Es ser Bln = , By = 74 Shy. Therefore, By By = by = 5.9 x 10° 3, by Bample 12-3(¢). For T= 1000 K, xP = 1.381 x 10° 5, giving (B-B,)/eT = 4.27 and 0) Let in, = mmber of molecules in both the ground retaticnal and cround vibrational states. For rotation, ning = (ar + en Mr Pad ee, For r=1, yin = 3072, Bince B= 0. But z= rte + ui, a Eo 264 0? wesg Also, with T= 1000 K, kf = 8.617 x 10? ey giving ny/ty = pe 00808 = 2.91. Thus, ® 2.91 aeltyy Be = BB ma. 12-14 Let x= hivg/kt. Ther, Se ae, Be " "0 ‘Therefore, R= _ % ws Bm kan? = Sg ew 2, 0° Bey © 2's we x (35) (2.673 x 20 “ary ‘oo 8.555 x ao ‘Ez. ‘Therefore, 2 or? = Bigs 216.626 x 2074) (8.555 x 10), A= 0.0190 mm. BL 32-17 As proportional to 7 ‘The classical vibration frequency (= and therefore, m bipf%g = 4 Salty 37,35 ‘the reduced mass is, in u, Vp = classical frequency. Por c1}) 3738. FPS = 17-006. “37,35 ~ For 03°95, uss 55 = $035) = 27.500 c. Putting these mbers Into the first equation above, v: *¥, u -u bough = BEDE Sas, Hs.98 35,35, ¥35,35 20-8 Sy 35 == 5 2255 17.908 BoB rs ¥97,35 = 2900 a? + ay = 40 on, 12030 The vibrational levels are separated by hyp in energy. But hy = Why 96 that Tug (H) = C/2 = 20.265), = 0.3748. Using this, AB, ~ (03788) 1 = 0.375 ev, For HD the reduced mass y= (1) (2)/(1 + 2) = 2/3, 90 that Boy = (0.3748)/7 (2/3) = 0.460132 anak For air to be opaque to visible Light, visible Light photons must be energetic enough to excite the oxygen or nitrogen molecules; 1.¢., carry over 3 e¥ Of energy. But in the visible resion of the spectrum, 4 > 400 mm, this shortest wavelength Characterizing the most exergetic Uisible photons. Their enersy is Ch eke ea barely sufficient (bot close). All other visible light photons are less energetic. 2-23 For the Laser, Dm 90.3 me: v= 4.321 x 20" we, using ¢ = 3 x 10" m/s. 4 fed B= ele + L)N?/21. new be = 2; B, = OF /2E = 14.88 x 10 ev. Ey = 0, 0 bu! wE, =F, =, Giving vi = 3.593 x 20" a, 14 22 ‘The Raman lines have frequency v-v' = 4.321 x 10°" - 4x 10° = 0.4317 x 10) tz, OF Agy = 69469 me ‘If there are @ough molecules in the r = ] state, the r= 1 to = 3 transition can be cbserved. But B, - 5, = 104"/2r = 26.8 x 10 ev, giving v' = 5.99 x 10" Be, Again, the Line Frequency is v - vt = (0.4321 - 0.0006) x 10! = 0.4315 x 10” He, indicating that 2, = 695.2 mm. (e) ‘The intensity ratio equals the Level pooulation ratio. Since the Ayo Line originates at r= 0 and a, with r= ly is. nyiny = (ar + ye Pe/K, agli = BaylTag = 26 F with B, = 2(2.48 x 10" ey, KP = 1/40 eV, this intensity vatio is 2.94. m3 (c) For vibrations, &f = hyy, giving v' = yp. For Ky, vy = "2360 qu which transiates into v! = 7.08 x 1013 Hz. Hence, the Line Frequencies ate Wp zVeu 10 = 0.4321 x 101° wz + 0.0708 x 10! we, vo = = Vip = 0-5029 A 596.5 nm iad yx 10% me, 20 py = 0-363 py = 00.3 mm. @) Asin @), P AEE) AES tive Ti/Tgy = Myf 2 TROT MT, Since yy = 7.08 x 10% itz, bvy = 0.293 eV, At room terperature Kr = 1/40 eV, and these mumbers give T/T (0.293) (40) = 6.1% 10. ae-26 The coergy of the rotational levels, above r= 0, are given by Ea r(r + 21. Wear = 0.0005 ev w= 0, “Jn War = 0.0008 ev wt = 1). ‘Thus the energies of all the levels can now be assigned, shown on the diacram. — For rytation-vibration transitions, the selection mules are ir = Shy Ov St (rotation transitions with tv = 0 are in the far and are not considered here). that te v= 0 bard ie cocepicd, the allowed tianaitions ate srauk, a x i are The photon the atffecence between the enerstes134 - 3a . ao 3 noe 3 2 5.24 2 1 meme 3 r B24 eueres 36 (ev) 1234 S578 7 nme 2 o.00a 5 ’ ams 1 : 1 5 ‘These infrared transitions are not seen in molecules with identical muclei, These molecules display only the Raman spectrum. The Raman spectrum is seen in non-identical nuclei molecules also. Por these traraitions the selection rules are av = fl, ar = 0, 32. The resulting transitions are show above. If the nuclei have identical spin each equal to zero, then one set of the Raman lines will be missing: i.e., those that originate either on even-r or odd-r levels. tT 542 bs137 131 fa) Metallic: charge density uniform, Like an electron gas. as. 24g + sense = cxtet, (fH) Tonic: altemating positive and negative distribution. HE Ge) * 0, F, < 0, indicating an attractive force. covnlent* most cpaque high hard fair metallic reflective high hard excellent (*) Properties vary, depending on bond eneray. as Miso, by Problem 12-8, for a netal the resistivity incrossce From Fig.dd-L, B= $.1 e¥y £ = 0.24 m, Since linearly with T near room tenperature. Fron p.497, the ies conductivity of a seniconductor increases with 7. oe Use of these considerations gives the follewing results: 5:10 tame x ao ti (©) Sovalent, since the conticts cht covalent, the wwity Sncreases with Ty 20 {c) covalent’ semiconductor: Sse (@) tonic (Af covalent, conductivity may increase with "; (e) molecular, by virtue of low melting point. ae bs (@) By Ba.13-1la), @ v= 3 (ott) -B. Since E.B = xpeosa, e-- bik - tn. By analogy with the classical Boltzmann gas, OF # ae wat = de: a or13a Due to latetee vibrations, each fon has a cross section that is proportional to an’, 2 the amplitude of osetlation. The electron can be treated as a point particle. Thus the collision ross section aleo is proportional to oA“, In tine & the electron collides with =7(7t)n fons, m= den mnber density. ‘The Cistance travelled in this time is Vt and therefore teatoweyn = ves at = naa®, But ak ety «Tt, oath a thy a2, (>) For kr <« 3, the Femi function changes slowly with T, which indicates that ¥ is independent cf T. Ths p= T in this event. 133 (a) The cursent density j is $= 8am neg vy = t/ner. ‘The Fermi energy is 2 ¥ 2 Secnat ¥, = eye? + n= Seem?) 3/2, so that Mg = 47 679°/) (0) (aed) = ran? (tn)? Peata?, Puc t= S Ay Bp = 7-1 0, € = 0,00) m to get vy = 4463 x 10 ns. 0) F = (er/m4; for P= 300 K, T= 1.17 x 10° mes this Lo the rootemssn-square velocity. lo) 5, = is = izle By.13-1(a) gives nea’ for the resistivity, which is defined by R= e/a, R= resistance of lensth L of wixe, Therefore BLY. r-} Pot = Wea, 20 that, = nek, ne'er 23 3, = nev, + Pav. The mobilities are given by v= Bu, so that Hi, = (coete4,2,uo where H, is the transverse (y) Ball electric field, Te find Fy consider the transverse current j,, Tt is the sum of tuo parts: (4) Prem the Hall elestric field E,, vtiich sends the positive and negative charge carriers in opposite directions; the current from this is lou, + PHJO! (14) by the magnetic field, which sends the positive and nesative carriers in the same direction; its contribution is Pen ~ Py = My ~ POEL with Epy B, defined by eyP = hye Ov,B = OF. Hence, this transverse current became $1 = ney (GAB) ~ Poy O%,B) = ney CC FB) ~ Pay, (FIED, 41 = tng - ge. Jn equilibrium, the total transverse current j, = 0; that 1s, taking (4)+(11) = 0 gives lin, + Pup) ey + tou - PARE = 0, . os haem, But 3, = (Pu, + muJeE and Hall coeff. = 5y/5,B which yields Hall coeff. = eee a. otra, + Fu) @) Tf B, = 0, Hall coafficient = 0 and from (a), an. nen The fraction of the current carried by holes is f- pe a ete Bot u,, = up(b/n)* undor these conditions, 0 that tz. 1-14 (i) the Rem emery ts 2 B= Bean, ‘where n= munber density of electrons. If each atom contributes @ Sincle electron, n = number density of ators aloo. With A= 64 and p= Rafem, n= MJB = 7.525 x 1978 53, cts gives Ey = 6.52 ev (b) The band width is Faw ES For the intermuciear spacing, use a = n7/¥ = 2.37 x 107 n, using (a). Then, B= 667 eV. a+b (a) For the Fermi energy use 2 & = Bonn, By Problem 13-14, 1008 copper has n = 7.525 x 10" a”? « runber density of electrons. In an alloy with 10 zinc atoms each contributing 2 atans, to every 90 copper atoms providing 1 each,uaz the averace number of clectrons per atom is MU = BOO) 8 as mayo Dlg 10 + 30 ’. ‘Therefore, the formula for the Fermi eneruy of the alloy gives Fe attoy 7 2D 7E, gy = (14066) 46.52) = 6.95 0, (©) ‘The band width is Wx2/2ma” and depends solely on the Anternuclear spacine. This, by assumption, 1s unchanged’, and therefore there is no difference in band width between copper and the alloy. a7 (a) From Tabie 1-2, p.408, Rp = 3.1 ev for Ma. By definition, “ Epo kTpr Tp = 3.6 x 10° RK. (b) Room temperature is about 300 K, much less than the Femi ‘temperature above. Bence, to 8 good spproxination, put T= 0 K instead of 300 K and use P-D statistics (classical methods not applicable since T << Tp). (e) By Bample 13-2, (a) By definition, Vp = (pm? = 1.25 x 308 ae, since ® = 4.72 (®) ‘The de Proeiie wevelencth is 6.626 x 107" rede = Sn so 500m. 6.11 x 107) (2.29 x 20%) 13 This is comparable to the interatomic spacing a, which can be estimated as follows: from Table 13-1, p.451, tq) = 1.70 x 10! mye, 80 that . = 1.70 x 10) (2.602 x 10") = 2,723 x 10 B®, asa? 20.30 m, 1-20 ‘The Fermi distribution is smdged over a region = 2kT wide about the Forni eergy” OF the Noy electrons (f.6., one mole of Ts, one valence electron per attm; see Table 13-1), Nsyt/T, ‘their enercy increased upon beating (by Fuample 15-2, Tice tp oT. The average energy increase is sgyworiaately KC, oo et us Fo +x, where K = the constant enersy of the other electrons, Hence, w oy = FH By For the lattice, ‘the Feri temperature from Problem 13-17(a). 3n22 In moment space, tuo electrons occupy each point, out to the surface of a sphere of radius pp; exterior points are ety. Electrons with »-nonentum = py lie on a circle, oriented as shown on the sketch, next page. The runber # of electrons with16 seromentun to the area 48 proportional, ‘the circle: 4.¢., "5 4 = an? = ari - BB, o« onga - 2b, \\ oe1- wep + ‘the nuiber {of electrons in the conduction band to the total mmber 3 is, by Example 13-6, syn = GE 2g Fa/ MP Comparing conditions at the tue temperatures T, and 7: z 3/2, gd 2 yf = PV Pemok= = 2) With T, = 300K, the number ratio = 20, X= 0.67 «V, this gives 125 =e 0.266 = a/R, 3 a arr x, Ms (a) The Fermi distribution is ny = oP RAT, y-8 and the density of states is 3) nm = AG -E)4 a. eer Hence, the nunber of conduction electrons 1s me ve = 5) Me ERIN 4 lee Ee IE the material is a smiconductor or insulater, st 4s expected that, over the range of integration, (E, - Ep) >> kT and tus alse (E - Ep) >> iT, so that aye {= ~ apie Ht, ! a= sotto fa ~ 2) Ee) Mag, Fe =a perso 9A, ‘The value of the integral is ¥/n/2 and therefore, inserting the ‘expression for A, 2 3/2,.- Cee) ez. af Senn a (b) Por the valence band, BG) = Am, - #4.186 ‘The number n, of holes ts given frem tone fou fx = BMe FRIAS 5 yy Tae, 1 1 At follows that ‘To obtain this result from direct integration, note that if Gry) >> KT, then Gip-H) 2> KF over the range of integration, a7 ‘Therefore, 2, (a wr teEP OT. hae (3 Bi ~ OE ag, 0 o Ey By “ (a. - phe - sorter awh EM, ; ‘The first integral is is - she Write the second as [mie mr is - om teen, jo Pie By But (iy-E,)/KT >> 1, so At may be assumed that Ey/kt >> 1; then, replace lower Limit with infinity with little error, and ‘second integral becomes a onion = Bonn? Mo wen ead 2 | OREM G32 Ay, ror use the T = 0 waluer wcdas sohcae = 2 ag? ‘Therefore, the same expression as cbtained above is derived. here alecs Lee, for n/V.fa) By Problem 13-25, the densities are (with an chvicus change in notation De ng = Beam 2 SCENT, nw Biren BAIS, which depends on T and the enersy gap £, only. (b) The conductivity ¢ is © = Sita * ts with ng = Ay om Oy a, Spiel wiih 3/2 Bef 2K, on ase e (atin * Ip? = ‘Therefore, into) = ~ 32) + ant t2mer3/? iy Bd vaned in * us so that a plot of In(o) vs. 1/T is a straight line with a slope plupertional to Ej, provided that T is not too large (in which ‘case the second above cannot be considered as’ roughly constant) . 13-28 ‘The electron of an ionized donor is at the donor level, in energy. If contributions from the since the Femi enersy distribution gives the fractional at any given level. Also, ag = 12 = gle EOE 4 yt | + Na (a) Current p to nt ‘The mechanism is thermal excitation of electrons from the top of the p-valence band to the conduction ‘band. By Problen 13-25, the nunber of electrons per unit volume in the conduction band ie Framer V2—° EINE go Ey AB fet, . where 22 = Feusi energy measured from the top of the p-valence Current 2 to pt The mechanisn is that (1) there are sone Clectrons in the n-conduction band and (11) sone of these may be themally excited to above the kottam of the p-oanduction band. Hence, the current ds propstional to the mmber of electrons per unit volume times the probability of surmounting a barrier of height FEED: i.e, taking the sun over E> 2, current « my (2)e°0E MT go OE Dg OBE Pet current « 0° Eg AP ATM EPR) er BD) Her, where Femi energy measured from the top of the mevalence band. TE follows that150 11 =3 5 ky =F Cant vy - EY = 12.55, @ « cantrtiox sma ® T=16 wo - pea 2.45 x 1072, nt Bence, ---[----------|--5 T= (1.00 x 10%) (1.602 x 207) (anes x 2072, el" T= 1.83 x A. current nts p< oF AE) Ta ERP Pt which agrees with current p to n (proportionality constants are ‘equal and depend only cn 7). (b) Tf a forward bias is inpressed, then the potential barrier Sten by the electrons in the n-condoction band is reduced, in ‘effect, by ol, the enercy gained by the electrons in moving through the field. (For reverse bias, the barrier is increased ‘by eV). The current: n to p now is proportional to OE) A RON Eg (HE BB Aa, ‘The net current is (m to p) = (Pp to n) and is proportional to Rag EBV MT a BBP UKE _ yy ubero T is the harrier penetration probability. For this, use 1.650:if) RET =O, Ky = et, a0 that r= 1300 m. itz Ihe relevant epatone ace feat --S8 decd, tect (a) The first of the equations ebove implies that ty fit --Peage If p= 0, then 42/ée = 0 siving F = constant, not. necessarily poll ofs-at =o. ) IfB=0, Pot a current exists on the surface and outer 1 of the r i.e., J #0. Hence p = 0 unless JJudf = 0. 182 Ag=3 Consider the total field inside the superconductor as the sum of an extemal field and an internal field die to the currents set up in the material as the external field changes. By Lenz's law, if the total field is zero and. one tries to change the extemal field, the indiced currents flow 60 as to set up intemal fields oppositely directed, so that the total field yenaing zero, If the material can do this, the currents must be able to respond precisely to the changing external field, i.c., © = 0. Hence, Meissner effect implies o = 0. Lenz's law states that an induced current will flow in a sense 80 as to Oppose the change that produced it, but this carries ro inplication that the original change will be annulled completely even if p = 0 (above, it vas assumed that complete annalinent cocurs). For example, if jdt = E(t), the current set up may be independent. of ty fin which case Br = 0 (eissner effect) cernot be satisfied for all tine. Mt sermul paremegartisn as superconducting. 1 1 i ' ' ' 1 t Il ' ' ' 'For naturally cocuring vanadium, in atomic mass wits, M = 0.9976(S0.9440) + 0.0024(49.9472) = 50.9416. Hecce, (50,5816)(5.300) = (49.9672) 7, = 5.252 K. 1s-10 Pg."5 14-2, 14-3 are Baudir uf Hed. Inside & superconfctor B= 0 and therefore the above ‘eply that ugie sgh he Bet yea. Fem, R= Phy Gnys w+ wk = ‘The last of these with y = -1 cives B = 0, consistent with the above. Aged fo) Since fi=yt6n). He oes I) gy oF ave, (ar x 1077.) ass (s) For one ke-nele, = 6.022 #10"; then, my _ 46.022 « 10%) ((2.8) (9.27 x 10°%)) | ‘sat "'V 2.4 aie. x, (a) with x = Bye, Set M = SH, = try to get x = Inv = 0.549, (b) By Fig.1d-6, at M=M,, B/T = 0.53 T/K. Therefore, - 8, a 0.549 = — St . 1.381 x 10 w= 143 x 109 opr 14-33 ‘The magnetization is assuming Curie law (x = C/T). Hence, BT, = BT, + 1, = 0.01 K.lan18 ‘The magnetization is a nen SS, e+e” with x= uB/kT. If yB/KT >> 1, then e* >> 2 o™* a 1, 90 that >> eo, Thus x ge vem Som the saturation value. * fete) E) After some antiparailel-spin electrons make the transition to: paraliel-spin, as indicated, the excess dn of electrons with Perallel spin over those with antiparallel spin is represented hy twice the shaded area, which may he approximated by a rectangle. Ths, 3)% en = 26,8) (nO) = 2648) (1) saab, 4m which the factor of 4 cocurs since the upper curve stands for, only half the electrons. The total number of particles § of a Fert cas is as? 7? 33%, Wo so that the excess per unit vohime is 2. 2 = mow/7., woere n= minber of clectrons per unit volume. ROW By = Kip ard Pu, y= 2u, 4) =u, civing Me Pu = Sng /aR = Pigs (bp For conver y= Wp = 7-1 oU able 11-2) and» = 1.1368 x 1027 nr} fable 13-1). Substitution of these into above for the susceptibility aives y = 1.62 x 10-5. tera (a) The mmber of dipoles per unit volume, aligned parallel ard antiparallel to the field is a = cnet, Bat ‘The energy associated with parallel aligrment 1s =yB, with antiparallel alicunent +yB. Hence, the total energy is U = Vim ua) + my 4B) = Beane Ty _ PUB, Now, with x = yByer, aenenaenese catte = X14 97, Pat this into the expression for 0 above to get2 ine on lee The specific heat 1s so that 2m -8- pote. Se OT a () Uist (b>), (c) See Problem 11-11 replacing E with ~2ua. teu @ Kg = Ry = (22g By = 677 since T= 1000 K, Then the intemal f1e1é m, 1s Hy = Byty = 5-4 x 10 avn. (b) The ramber of atons in 1 cn is 219, 36 ‘Since all the dipoles are aligned, w= 226.02 x 07) = 8.492 x 10"? ox mm My = (8.052 x 1079) (2.2) (9.27 x 1074) = 2.73 «10° Aye. co U = mer, = 1200 J. ies (a) Tf B= external field, H, the molecular field, ™ Seas a, assuming Curte’s law. If By = 2M, then ¢ m= fm +0. With susceptibility defined by H =asa ‘Tae rumber of levels equals 2i+1 if j > 1 and 2j+1 if 4 > 4. In this case the mumber of levels is 4 and 7j+1= 5 (j= 2), that } > 4. Therefore, 4 = 2itl, or i = 3/2. 15-2 Boron: 7 = 5, A= 10, N= 5, i = 3, symmetric. fa) Assume 5 protons, 5 neutrons. Hees Sp = Soy mses = 10 u 5 Gare “41, Gq = 0, charge = #5. Se ey -'8i'0 particles each ‘of spin hy integral spin. i protons and neutrons axe fermions; 10 fermions: (I = +2, symmetric nucleus. All of these agree with chservation. () Assume 10 protons, 5 electrons. Mass: mp = 0, mass = 10 uj agrees with cboervaticn. Sat cohen fe et total charge = +5; agrees. fermions (15), total spin half-intecral: Smrgr CD15 « antisymmetric nucleus; disagrees. i5=4 (a) Prem Pig.15-6, p.Sl8, x = 6.6 E. (b) @ = Ayr = Afr. The kinetic energy K = 1000 Me >> 0.512 Mev = electron rest energy, so that t = ho lhe ashe ae 4 w Mats p10" ras 20) a 240 = 0") (1.602 x 107 With this, 160 61 0 = 12 « ote mt a n*, a vateh pa) = cone éansisy, (0; ‘ ree) meraty 14 @fFree ve.s, wee, area, Vo. the central density 1s +e Ate =e, a, = } 2 ree 21S reaebin( + 2%), a= 1073 © 1.0702) V3 a ‘Margins Bn 4 ase.used) require thet kyr aem@ar enc rn ome Av, = Myyyoose + mLy,coet? mYysind - my, sind. Using classical expressions for K also, this last gives toms.) sine ae (ip, ~ Cap *eoee = cry oee, (akyrgioos"e = Zn, + Bpcon"e - 2(6K, Fn m) Yooed. But, 2, sin’e sinty = SE 1 = cos%e, 2, aun ot - 7 Fruating the two expressions for cos" gives te THE, ty > 20 RA, oss = 0. Finally, ROR +R 163 Using this to eliminate K, gives o- na + -yo-3-2 - Zen np toes. asa ryt) + 0 = many, O= (atom) ~ mcr) }c%, © = {2(25.98260) - S1.s40Si}uc*, © = (0.02469) (931.5 Mov) = 22.0 wav. 2-2 a 9 Ome * Mey ~ Fie HE 0 = (2.0141022 + 3.0160500 - 4.026033 = 1.008654) (uc), © = (0.0188835) (uc) = (0.188835) (931.5 Mev) = 17.59 Mev, () In By.1S-16, let a=’, ben, A=H, B= Het; then, mys dt ying = by tom ind) = v2/ez m= 0.5 Mev. ‘With these, By.15-16 becomes 35.68 = SRY/2- mE) m= 15.9 Hew. = ‘The binding energy sF is BE = (om, + Ra, - Mlatom) He"),oF = (6 (1.078252) + 6(1.0086654) = 12.0000000}uc*, GF = (9.098943) (931.5) = 92.265404 MeV. The average binding enerey per nucleon becomes BB _ 92.165404 _ AE — 2A ASEHOS 7.68 Me, 15-16 (a) ‘The energy release is Fm {2p — Aygle? = (2¢2.0141022) - (4.002603) }uc*, R = (0.026012) (951.5) = 23.8 Mev. (b) With the nuclei just touching, their centers are 3 F apart: 3) 19,2 2 - Ua phe S = ays wT 0.48 me (3 x 107) (166 x 0) 15-15 a) with rt = 22a? x 107? m, 2,2 2 pts a, . ) 2: : = (4xeq) (1-2 x 10 this has the seme for es the Coulomb tem of the mass fomla. 0b) The energy ovefticient in V above is 19,2 988 x 19°) 692. = 22 —)__ «0.7054 mev. 2 x 1072} (1.602 « 10°) cenpared to 2, = 0.000763 u of the mass forma. 165 15-16 (a) The binding enercy of 5a as, with masses in oy 25g = (Smy + Gm, - Je = (a.osinie - E, = 76.209 Mey. 009305) (931.5 Mev), Sinilarly, the binding enersy of Sc! ss B= (my + Sm = mc = (22.090278 - 11.011632) 6931.5 He, Be = 726445 Hove ‘The difference is 2.764 Mev. (b) From Problen 15-15, V = (0.7854 Mev) vor cll, 2 = 6 and for *s required’ that = 5. Assuming the some r', it is RMB Py = area; et a 2. (c) This is somewhat larger than the meon redius (= 2.5 F) of tthe charge distribution of 6c12 given in Fig.15-6. a (a) Por *re%, 5 = 26, A= 56, N= 30. The mass fommla is By. 15-30 and the ferns are the following: Yass of soparate parts: 1.007825(26) + 1.008665(30) =56.4634 u. Volume tam: -a,A = 0.01691 (56) = -0.94696 u. Surface tem: 43,077 = (0.01911) (56)7 = 0.279717 u. conten’ tem: 0270/3 = {0.000763} (26)7(56)"¥/9 = 0.134816 u. Asymmetry tems a, (2 - ¥x)4/m = (0.10275) (297/56 = 0.007268 u. RALEing tam: # even, N even so this tem is ~a,27% = (0.012) //56 = 0.001604 u. (b) To convert to energy, mltiply by 931.5 Mev/u. To form the average binding eneruy per nuclecri, onit the first tem, add156 and divide by A: SB mw |-15.7517 + 4.6528 + 2.24252 + 0.1209 - 0.02668]. volune surface coulomb asymmetry pairing ‘There is cood agreement with Fig.15-12, except that the pairing tem is too small to discriminate from the orach. {c) The atomic nase is the mum of the terre in (a): to wit, 55.9364 u. (2) From (b), AE/A = 8.762 MeV, and agrees well with Fig.15-10. ee (a) The binding eneruy of *c'? is (ly + Se, ~ me) 31.5 Mev /ad = 92.2660 meV, and that of Zhe! is (any, + 2H, ~ Myp) (931.5 MeV/u) = 28.2970 Mev, ‘The difference, BE(C) ~3RE Qie) = 7.275 MeV, and equals the Binding energy of C cn the alphe-rarticle teosel. (b) The binding enerey of “0%, caiculated as above, is just 127.62463 MeV. "Then, BE(O) = 4B) = 16.44 MeV, afd is the binding eneray of 0'cn the aiphe-particie nodel. (e) The murter of bonds de MIN - 19/21 = 3 fer fel? = 3) and 6 for 8018 = 4). Se nde ra fel, ¢ nate <> (@) The eneray per bond for §l? 19 7.275/3 = 2.43 mov: *ol® gives 14.44/6 = 2.0) MeV, virtually identical. 35-21 + Protons: an even number: J = 0, P even. 5 = Sip Neutzons: 5, 3 in Ipy jo? i = 3/2, P= (e1)¥ 08a; hence, (3/2, O84). ™ca"*. pven B, even 2: (0, even). is? rs®!_ 2 even, 3 = 0, P evens N= 33, last single neutron in fg jo J = 5/2, P= G1) = -2, giving (5/2, o@d. 3a279, x even, J = 0, Peven. N= 41, last single neutren in Bigot = 9/2, P= (-1)* = 42, predicting (9/2, ever). 2B, 61, (b) Discrepancy is + chserved 1s (3/2, edd), and predicted As (5/2, O88), The fea, %qy9 Levels are very Close together, ‘s© one neutron in 2p, , couples with the single neutron in fg yar leawing a nucleon in 2p, ., Siving 4 = 3/2 rather than 5/2. Parity is unaffected since (-1)" = 1)! = Ey? == 15-23 (a) By Example 15-10, spin i = 5/2. (b) By Bampie 15-11, parity -1* = (-10? is even. (@) Urpaired neutron ds in a ld.) state: f= 2, j= 5/2 + JPL +s. By Fig.1519, the lower Schmidt line gives - i.e., negative. (a) & = 8, which is a magic mnber; hence, q = 0. 15-24 (2) 7°" nas oa 2, oven Wi v5" nies close to the upper (J = 1+) Line, so that on this basis #= j=) = 7/2-1/2= 3 As emected. (b) By the shell model, an even mumber of neutrons couple in pairs; the last proton is in Ifo! the folevel has £ = 3, which agrees with (a). aes (2) Prem Fis. 15-20, ofts"? = 0.08 > 0, The desired ratio is 1+ qtr!? = 1.08.168 (by Prom Bye15-6, a = 1.07a/3 = 1.07080 = 6.0526 F. fc) alfa" = 1.09; hla" # a7) = 6.0526. Solving these bo equations gives a’ = 6.31 F, a" = 5.79 Pe > (@ The cross section is an ellipse of small eccentricity: e = 0.26, ee ‘The quadrupole mament ¢ is defined by a= pos - tad + y? + 2? Jar ‘The origin of coordinates is at the contér of the mucleus. Fer the oylunder, put the anmds alan the axis of the cylinder and tise cylindrical coomtinatesy then, ex = 2erdrdz, Padey a= onl [v= ~ x") rasa, lett = amity ep - w és % = dotatek? — Therefore, q > 0 for LR > /3. él (a) The decay enerey is B= 00m) » (26 ~ acme 307, 34210 pg 206 1.007852 83.609675 81.633825 2.008665 2) 126.1086 126.0313 “aa -3,5511 ~3.08346 aw? O.6751615 0. 8565605 aga 0.8643179 ©—0,8676299 a, (27a 0.2345095, 0.239063. ta 40.0008281 0, 0008361 209.993652 -205.9875846 from Table 15-1, «(7He") = 4.0026033 u. Then, since 1 u is equivalent to 931.5 Mev, B = 3.23 Mev. (b) By Pig.16-1, B= 5 Mev. 16-2 By the definition of average, tT. (ieee a}, 0 0 whore t= mucloar Mfetime and a = change in the number of atoms due to those that decay betueen € and tect, Now, 169wane ®; ar = a(oyne at. Since N(0) = number of undecayed atons at t = 0, [= = NCO), a + hoc -m = tox. But 4(0) = 0 so that K = =In(I)/R and therefore m L Ant. 1) alg - ot a gana xm =e -TE, men = Fa - 8), 1&2 (a) Correntiy, 3 4 stems of Moin = 1 = Wn, = 2.096 x 104, 4 atoms of lead = my = 2008 = 5.791 x 1079, ‘In the akove, My, = 6.02 x 1079, Tf few muciei are “om the way" (vee have left 90773? but not yet axrivedas ®2pp208), the original mmber N(Q) of thorium atoms is N(0) = (2.596 + 0.579) x 104 = 3.175 x 1074, WN = R(QVS FE ~ sop eFNA/A, tana « Lb 2 nda, ta4x wy (©) The # alphacparticles = (# mcie{ thst have deceyed) (6) = 46) (5.791 x 10) = 3.475 x 1074, The atomic weight of the heli is 4, and therefore, 24 dorms of *hef = SHS AM) . 99 5, 6.023 10 . (e) Assuming radioactive equilibrium, Nght: tg = (2.596 x 10) x 10 My, = 10.57 x 1074,fi 8 For A ators, Broa a ‘The runber of B atoms increases due to acditicnal A atoms that: decay to B atoms, but decreases as B atcms decay to ¢ atoms; hence, Boy A multiply by e°8 and integrate: (ows Sb tee « «farce fre farm Bat Nyy "0 by aseumption. Therefore, = a cg Pat — y me Ss 173 10 a) mang,Me1S Bed} NSBR NS 1.007825 2 12.0939 13.101725 14.10955 (1.006665 (A-) ‘15.129975, 4.1231 13.2645. ae 0.45657 0.45657 0.45657 13 0.17199 0.17199 0.17199 aria 0.036239 © 0.0479823(0.0488483 agit-A2/7/n_——0,00847916 000084213 0,00094213 CLota/at 9 ° ° Summing gives: M2 7, = 26.984997 yp 2 My 27 7 26982379 u; Eps, 95 = 25134.086 Mev My ¢ 7p = 26988406 us = 75135.965 Mev Eyg,27 7 25139.700 Met. (b) The smallest M is the most stable: this belongs to Z = 13. (c) Electron rest nass mi, = 0,0005496 u; rest enersy =n,c* = 0.511 MeV. Masses in (a) are atomic masses, and so the various decay possibilities are: (1) Blectzon entssion by Z = 121 B= Oy 2 - My anlo* = 25135.965 = 25134.086 = 1.88 Mev. (4a) Electron capture by Z = My B= M9 2 = My 270" = 25139.7 - 25134.086 = 5.61 mev. (444) Positron emission by F = 14) E = Oy 97 ~ Mg 97 “ane” = 5.614 - 2(0,511) = 4.59 Mev, 16-11 (2) By the conservation of momentum, with the initial mementos equal to zero,m4 with B= neutrino enerey = (0.00093) (931.5 Mev) = 0.8663 MeV, ignoring the kinetic energy inv? of the nucleus. Bvidently,then, 713, ve Zs ee 3.98 x 10" ays. RC (7) 0.662 x 10°") (2.998 % 1 (b) The process may be monitored by detecting the x-ray enissicn as another electron drops into the hole created by absorption of the Fechell electron, and other transitions. Asea2 (a) For the electron, Hw ph onto, The Kinetic energy K = E = mc” so that x24 met = pF a0; Ke toe! + B04) - me, If p= mc, then Ke m(¥a +n") = 2) Putting in the indicated numbers gives the following: pie 28 49 6 R 5 500 250 mctive*)* 6.916 4.563 2,292 Kfme? e734 5.972 ©) Prom the gregh, p.175, Kage” WO*LL8) = Ch Mev) () = 4 MeV. vnen K, the kinetic energy of the electron, = K,., the eneray of the antineutrino is zero, eo that the decay energy E = 4 Mell. us act?) wow eon om 1 2 « 5 5 km 8 MeV. Fig.16-13 has log? = 0.37 B= 2) T= 1000s; FT= 2000 5, In actuality, PP = 2340 5, Cb) he decay is a Little slower tha rat of Li, for wich FF = 1200 8. 16:15 (a) Use FT = 2900 4 and asmine Mt = 1, Bemple 16-5 uith Pr» 1200 5 gets @ = 3.7 x 1062 Jem. since 2 «rT, the value cf p for the present case will be 2.9 x 10°? gen, (b) The result for this process is a little less than for Example 16-5 due to the larger FT.16 (c) The shell structure of the initial nucleus, a neutron, is ddentical with that of the final mucleus, a proton (Caulorb ‘energy 1s absent with only a single proton as the final nucleus) and thus the eigenfunctions are identical. 1s:36 ul +1 Homes - 4-2 at a = characteristic distance between charges, j = current Gensity and p= charge per unit volume, wan = da? = (ja%ya” = gat, 4 peeas (xa wed thus As B-Sg-tEs Gis h where E = cB for a plane electronagnetic wave in a vacum. 16-17 Caaaaltany = 8? Bae If B= Bysindrg - ved = Eye E x B amcor G ~ ver = 5 fas implying that Pgunaasp * FB MEE = FPA. iB Follow the reasoning on p-580. |i - ig] = 2 = 07 since parity does not change and L is even, rodiation is electric quadrupole ( = 2). (2,even) to (0/even} : wn (L084) to (even): |i; = 4g) = 1 = Li L is odd and the parity changes; indicating electric dipole. (1,088) to (2yeven) 5 The parity of x” is evens if yf , 1s of od parity, the parity of the integrand is odd and the integral vanishes. For the integral to be different fran sero, f rust have the same parity os ty. The other integral being considered is [ao 2-2 Dyer. Ply! = -y, ody eh ~ Eee). - ‘These parities are: #, als odd. ‘Tus the parity of the operator, involving products of those above, is even, As a consequence, ¥j must have the same parity a5 } OF the integral vanishes, is ‘The net reaction te dato M3L Mots att + Taal ‘Tat is, caectn?y 4 my = anche = wesc = me M530) )07 = 20.91.176 tn vey. Using values from Table 15-1, this becomes 5p) — uc4si2) + o,o240sa9}e" = 20.92 Mev, In tame of rest energies, 5p) - gel4sy7) = -1.4953 sev. With the rest enexgy of the Si fectope greatar than that of the P deotope, electron emission can cecur, with energy = 1.5 Mel. ie (a) Using the indloated notation, k= tance = wrap = j (amor) - 100m, 4, ka as cyyt, a= ane ~ vI/H: b = 2 He ke tae tang ety annzaids be ay. ky, and ky can be determined in terms of a and b from these equations. () With k= ky + Mey, ety = eB eller. (gk, Sx, ‘the tom in parenthesis being an “amplitude” that decreases ‘exponential ly. (e) Frem 0), - y= oe If L = distance for yy to decrease ty a factor of 1/e, ay = le La Vay a9 16-27 ‘The probability of fission is given by Peo, © = crose section per atom = 107 n°, n= member of atone per unit area. If m= mass of cne atom = 235 u, then the mass per unit area’= nm and p piss poramit ares, P= go) —__O.0 ns x 10, (235) (1.66 x 10 12 ‘The solid angle of the detector, at the nucleus, is a= ave? = 10 c1)? = 0 ox, 3 eo = Bea = 10> ‘The probability of any one proton being scattared into the detector 4 € = nig = (9.562 x 10 )e, since 0.01 (63) (1.66 x 107°”) ne = 9.562 x 10% 52, ‘The number of protons incident each second on the target ts (20° ¢/e1/(2.6 x 107° ¢) = 04625 x 107 so. since the number scattered to the detector = 240 min b= 4s, 64x10,180 rinaly, Sy ~ Sig = 6.7 10° myer = 0.67 nvr. en the rexber # of dccays in 12 hours is fone, 12 See x 0? += aor aroesrr Es = 21, = 7.87 x 1022, ‘The energy absorbed is = (0.9)(7.87 x 10) (4.87) (1.6 x 10 = 5.52 3. Hence the dose is: cose = ESEEI «7.35 rod, 130 (a) The probability of decaying via a specific charmel = I/Ts the total probability of decaying by means of all the other channels is f,/T. Clearly, Tar + Tyo Ty = 0.160 ~ 0.005 = 0.135 Mev. (&) The cross section is r, any, o,(B,) = wee. ridy? B= = 0.010967. wey sya But B, = 0.29 eV, ond an this Le definitely nonrelativistic, abe = pe ask Tess 5.339 x 107 m, wi ‘Substituting this into the previous equation yields 12 «107 nt, (e) The Uncertainty principle gives an estimte of the Lifetime: re Bessews, : using the result from (a) aca (a) By.16-33 ts L pete, 1 00,2, 4, Evidently, agrement 4s good in all casos. (b) Using Ey as an earpier 2, a-ue. 2.25 x 1074 kgen?, since E, = 0.309 mv, 16-32 Into Bq.15-16,362 put O80, m7 12, m= m2, 8 = 90%, R= 2 Mev, to gut o=naed-na-ds x-n- 8 -e (a) BL MeVs Ok = 0.154 Mev, (b) K, = 0.001 Mev) ax = 156 ov. (a) B= 3KT/2 = 3(6.617 x 10°) (500) /2 = 0.06463 eV, : (4) since i Fa A Ba Sef Be BR ee it follows that 2 i x, = 0.06463 ev = Gb"a mew), : ~16.5546 = nin(}}) = -0.267Iny 8 = 99. 134 ta = (aie?) - mete?) - m3 1004, © = (0.00351) (931.5) = 3.27 Mev. (b) One Mogaton yields 2.6 x 107° mevs hence 48 Megatons gives 1.248 x 10% Mev. The mumber of required fusions is 30 2.249 « 10? 30 22g x 10% 9 anes x 10. Since tio hydmgen atameTare required for each fusion, the rdnivum mass of hydrogen needed is ' 2, m= (0.38165 x 20°) (2) ((2) (2.66 x 10-°”)} a= 2534 ko. RPT SEVEIEEN a (a) By.7-17, with = 0 is 2 Be anne (b) With Rix) = wir) fry ie gem re 3 e Substituting these into the equation for Rix) given in (a) yields -Edy-n-n (c) 83.5943, the time independent one-dimensional Schrodi equation is -ESyewem, identical in form to the equation of (b). (@) Since uta = (eeR*) (eR) = ro), fy r, (e=-[ eniar, 1 7 1 ‘= Gylbrobebility of the neutron=proton separstion being between rd x). 183() Replace E with V, ~ 45 the equations above and their solutions will ber ° 2, rer: Sy + Bho ~ wna = 01 us Asink,T + Boost gers 25 Beane -o1 = OME 4 pak, (c) Prem @) rast Pe Bjoy some coe Be dun. 13 (a),(b) In the solutions given in Problem 17-2, (4) D= 0, othemdiseu+-asr- (Ud) B= 0, otherdee Ri} = ulri/r + teas E> 0. For the xmuining, the conditions at r= r' are (410) u continuous at r'r asink,r’ okt, (iv) continues at x's kyhoowkyr* = -k,ceKeF, ‘These Inst tuo conditions this isply that kyoot kyr") =~. Substituting the expressions fork, snd k, from Problen 17-2(c) Gives the desired relation. 17-4 Making the substitutions indicated in Problems 17-1(e) and 37-3 results in cot tha yp) tra = 204} = <8, wt %o Heys’ = Les. Hence, the equation becomes 4 cot(1.8601 = 204) = ath. The solution found by trial and error is x = 0.055, which gives 4E = 2.0 Mev. Bvidently, to obtain 2.2 MeV, either the depth of the well and/or the range of the potential mst. be altered slightly fron the text values, or greater precision is needed in ‘calculations. In any event, 2.2 MeV will be used in the following problem to maintain conformity with the text.aa (a) With AE = 2.2 MeV, Vy = 36 Mev, x* = 2 F, the constants ky and k, are 0.90 & k, = 0.23 FO um amin), x int = 2 Fy weer porta w, ‘These expressions must be equal at r‘; that is, asin(2.80) = co O46, em = 2.54. Also, 4¢ is necessary that [orto - [inte -2. eo 0 Putting in the expressions for u, and C in tems of A yields wat? (0.90r) ax + [sete oL Byaluating the integrals, 2 {rose waa, (re = ots. 0 2 ‘Therefore, 4n?(c1.223) + (1.54)7(0.866)} = 2s A= 0.16. ‘Tms, the final results are, with x in F, ule) = (0.16)sin(.90r), <2, ule) = (0.242, ey 2, () For V(r), see Problen 17-2. ale) 7 : _ cm) Bie) 1s mm ams om 005168 a6 ‘In the Lab frame, Ky tev? 60 = ew ‘The speed of the center of mass in the Lab frame is +210) .¥ Yon = “} ‘Therefore, a= ety =? + to =H? = ta? = tend, Ra 7 yay wa By Bample 17-1, Ate + K- = 5 Mev. it Xt follows that (a) K > 30 MeV Gives £ > 2, 90 that for K < 30 Mev, $= 1 () K > 60 Mev, £ > 3, and 46 30 rr, normalization 1/6, each have, by Pig. 18-21 lc), color charge product 22/3, tmplying a total contribution 30) (292/) =X, nganding (cb +br)?, there are tuo aqunre teme of the fom Fig.18-210b), x + tb, giving color charge 2(- 4) + 247) = $37, me ey and yb tems of the same form contribute the same color charge, Since the nomalization is zs, the cantrtbution ts 32) x) 3.x?) Thue the total non binding potential wh +hE- tn, +e +e +0, p and e leptn conservation prevent(cE - v2 * rr + yy - BBE ass ‘The (FF = yy) /¥2 gluon couplings to the top, ¥//2, and bottom vertex, = y//2, contribute = x’/2 to the color charge product. ‘The other gluon couples to the top, y//6, and bottom, x/¥6, contributing \7/6 for a tetal - y7/3 for both gluons. ip Given d, = dooe8, + ening, and o, - sooet, + doing, the: strarceness changing part of ul + oS +43, + <3, ss contained in the tvo tems: 4 sum = eels coe = 2 AB, + 5B, = (B+ e079, + (65 + A sin“e, + (B+ Ba - Ba ~ haine,cons.. In this last tem, the umented AS = 1 neutral currents cancel.