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he Spatial Plan the Rpublic Sebia is based seve! main m: obtainment greate integration
degree the space Sebia, mor rational use space and
particular resource~, and, in this sense, us. reserv~s in
space, nd as partxcular purpose, preservatlOn nd xmprovement living environment quality.

r ~ -

8 Qy,icke social and economical development and population

concentration manifested in relatively small zones, so

that the Plan is giving the suppot the development and
settling mor zones relatively to the n expressed nden.5
cies, paticularly zones having important resources, but in
~
agglomeation onm and population did not play n adequate .
~
' the aim to make mor rational the network public nd othe sevices
' II
relatively to the rathe economical basis, thee proposed solutions
if
or its concentration nd in the sae tie solutions dispesion the onm (small
~
Jactones, wheeve it is possible in consideation technical-economical nd ecological
r::: criteria). This rationalization could realized divison Sebia into 37 subregional depatments (in pespective eveage size about
.~ 300.000 inhabitants). The divison in six macroregional wholes is de.fined, with six macroregional centres. The stimulation Sebia
~ deetropolization is solved the support the development Novi Sad and Nii nd greate numb small toums. There
~ given paticular planed solutions or the JoUowing domains: the use agricultural nd settling ground, wate, wateeconomy,
o=t
* mineal and enegetical resources, woods, tourist trade, urbanization process, centres and settlements, inJrastructural systems, protection living environment nd immovable cultural goods.
particular pat thee elaborated in details problems plan implementation, id est ways solutions application m thic Plan
m the geneallevel (through standards nd criteria) in different kinds plans on regional nd locallevel.
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........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

Dtn

is well known that the ecologicalJactors take

important place among n others aJfect~
ing the quality ! living in the urban environ
ment. Inthispaperthe "ecologicalimpactJactors"

are examined in more detail. review "ecologii

~
.
cal impactJactor" (natural and anthropogenic) is
]
given and theirimportanceevaluated, particular~
[ Jrom the point ! view ! the public health. The
i
examples are cited Jrom number ! Serbian
i::
towns and regions illus~ trating the state ! environment. They clearly show, that in n ss air, water and key words:
- living quality
: land are menaced. At the time, it evident that the quality ! air is the
- urban evoironment
- most Jrequent "ecological impact Jactor" in the urban environment. This indicates
.;
- ecological impact factor
~ the importance ! the "ecological impact Jactors" in the urban planning, the necessity
- environment state
~" their valorisation, their in the ecological "zoning" ! the sites, well in the - air quality
~ proposingoJ prevention measures through the plan solutions. short review is also
- urban planning
~ given ! the possible methodological approaches, shown Jew exemples Jrom
- ecological "zoning"
the existing practice in Serbia.

'i

UDC: 504.03:711.58

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OcEKIVANO STANJE ZIVOTNE SREDINE

Zona

duz ul.
V.Stepe i 700
Kumodraske

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zagadenje i buka
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i duz Kumodraske ulice

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G.O.*

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Gradske funkcije se nalaze u okviru ostalih zona

* uz pretpostavku dobrog funkcionisanja inspekcijskih sluzbi

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[l0mpetitiveness as basis the market nm is ensured

through products , this n being dependent ele-

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8'

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1* 11
t

the value the natural resource, which is not n

mo

cost. the other , it possible to injluence very much

:1

entsfile, thatenterintoitscomposition. OneoJtheseelementsis

as

to the ! /Jproduction health nnmen",

which mo and mo intruded as imperative the productional seUing cycle. The ecological product is real-

, which cannot avoided, if it necessary at to avoid it.

Between cu Jactors appears "ecological rent", defining the right to s u living environment. utili.tarism
:
theory the ecological u is examined as value and profitable
ness. The value is expressed through the product value, and profitableness as ndition reduced mon spending, as this ecological u exists ! itseif and it

is not necessary to produce . The resources value, regardless ifit material

,i!
energetica~ is conditioned ! the need and its . Doubtless that u is mor valu
able if ! is necessary and if is mor difficult to find . that way ecological resources includ ed into the , as OU is beingJormed. the practice we ! multi-aspects profitableness li.ving elements nn! men, n conditions limited u and necessities diversity nru different, often en competitive possiblities s.
~ second which is necessary tali.e into oun! is "ecological damage", which n cro nm outgrows n economical n.
~ nm the ecological damage is expressed through ou n, decreased effectiveness productional work, as well as through sana*
n indispensability consequences as to heauh and goods. U u environent n, startingJrom investigations, n
trol and planning, u to reali.zation pron technical easures, require investent determined nn ns, that directly indirectly
must provided m the overplus productional work. on the other side,there positive efJects investent into sanation, protection nd
irnpruvemt the envimnml, n orm qualitaJive and quantitative prrx1uction increase or ough techniad-mmrtiwl conditions irnpravemcnt.
t end, it is to take into un! greater value and so as weU greater market the health products, that have to submitted to rigorous
control products themselves, bu! the ennn! as wel~ n which corresponding wae is being produced. So will created the ecological image
determined spaces, that Jurther n their value eal estates market.
w.ards: ecology, nom, market, ecological ent, ecological expenses

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Gorka ., Poskrobko .: Ekonomika ochrony

ordowiska, Panstwowe wydawnictwo ekonomiczne, Warszawa, 1987.
neese ..: Economics and the Environment,
Penguin Books, London, 1977.
..
, , ,

1982.

..:

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1982 .

, , IY, ,

1982 .
Geographie okonomie okologie,
Hack, Leipzig 1989.

Herman

.:
, " " .
,

1990.

..:
, " r" .

4,

1990.

the work the constation is made, that n traditional theo-

ries industrial and regional development, the technical

frrogress, as the most important developingJactor, is only
!

tially frresent, and that it is n modern theories insujjiciently

- emphasized. ThereisindicatedtheroleoJthetehnicalfrrogress
n the third technological revolution and contemporary "second

.~

developing wave", m the n! ! ! possible influences

changes ! spatial-urban structures, frrocesses and beginning
~.

! w high tech agglomerative Jorms, as "catalyzers" ! the

~
regionaldevelopment.
"
the work the constatation is made, that the concept oJterritor~
>Q
! industrial development, to the begining ! the eighth decade ! the u
Sl[nt century, was based the frrocess ! dezindustrialization. There indi:;::s:
cated attitudes ! contemporary theoreticians, according to which the develop3
ment oJhigh-thnlgil industry n the last decade, through frrocesses oJreindustrialization
~
and spaces reintegration ! production [ spatial point view is conlrary [ the !ormer
" tendencies ! deconcentration and dispersion ! industrial investments and emplayment.
~
: (l! work there is presented file w attitudes development ! high technological industry the aspect ! inJluences the space.
the work is also m the constatation that the mor intensive development oJthe scientifical-technical frrogress has enabled the creation !
hypotheses or the continaution ! n ,theories ! the nm! and territorial development. There is indicated the necessity ! transJormation ! [ the present aUitudes regional development and developing and locational Jactors, having n the role ! the scientifictechnical frrogress ! [ frrocess ! frroduction internationalization, affirmation and key mortn ! "w" development and location Jactors,
among which the most important : scientific-prssinl cadre, frresence ! the university and scientific-investigentional and development
institutions, life quality, and agglomerative and locational nm ! n centres.
word: technical frrogress, industrial development

~.

-!

1.

.eu mn-,

. ~

, , .

. ,

(lg

wave-a)

Rothwell
Kondratijevog

~ .

Schumpeterov

()

: , ,

. (3)

lassen

(long wave-a)

L. (1980)(1)

Kondratieva:
-
- ~,
- ,
- .
Rothwellu (1982) (!)

mi

GoddardJ. (1986)(4)

. lI
:

qj
,

) ,

- (1945 - 1960..),
- ( 1960..),
- (1960 - 1970..).

yr.,,,rt,,, rrI

) ~ ,
~
"

"

(ng \\'\'-).

29

(rural-small phenomenon) .
bl D. Gould . (1984) (10)
high tech

()

Amin i Goddard (1988) (4)

high tech

high tech

40

high tech

Gripaios

(1989)

(11).

. (5)

"

"the Cambridge effect-

"

high tech

Young R. (1986) (12)

- "

, , ,

" " (,

high tech

, ).

, ,

, ) ( "").

, ""

high tech

, .

Galbraithu (1980)

()

high tech
Goddard . (1986) (13)
25-40% high tech

, :

Amin

(Healey , 1990; Gripaios P.et al, 1989;

Wild , 1991; Casstells S.M, 1985; bl D.
Gu , 1984; O'Farrell; Crouchley R, 1984).
Jones . Wild . (1991) (6)
- (high tech)

2. u1lU 1l

Jones

. ,

""

, .

: , -,

Healey

(1990)

(7)

, h

h .

;( "h"
. (8)

O'Farrell i Crouchley R. (1984)

(9)

29% high tech

- ,
- ,
- (rolling),
- " " Uust in time
"" .),

h h

25.00 ,

~ .

30

rn\'1

" }f\f " -

11:\ ., " ,

acopT~MaH

, ,

()

time),

'Just

time"

(jlJst

, .

() . ,

"" "" ,

). (19)

(.

, ""

""

. IM

"" .

, h

U. (

() ,

IBM

) ,

(high

(FPS).

tecll)

IU.

Angel D. (1990)(15)

,
() .

),

1l0

),

(, , ,

"" ),

.).

Oakeya (1982), Markusena i Maleckog (1986), Scotta

(1987), Storpera (1987), Gertlera (1987), Thompsona
(1989), Barkleya (1988).

, (14)

, ,

(""),

higll tecll

; ! R ft)('1" ()f)f;J -

Tr

\ -

31

.

.
: ,

l)')~~~> --\Ir':1
wa ;:':';<:~~:; ""'''~

1S1RAZIVANJE 1 RAZVQJ INVES11CIJA

"'

PRJ]lVOO'
5QOd. PROIZVOO 2
600lNE - _

PRO!ZVOO

CZJ

t,ST

(NEO) PROFIT

1: .', - ', pau

( )

, .

god

high

th

high tech

(),
,

~ :

Maggi R Haeni

(1986) (16)

,
,

high tech

, "
" .

Rothwell (1982) (!)

- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- .
Haug . (1991 (18)
high tech

"" ,

- .
Schumpetera

(Vernon i Hir s ch, 19 7 6 . . )

high tech

,
.

high tech :
- ,
- .
Oakey (1984) (1984)
high tech

(PLC - product life ciclus)

"the Cambridge effect",

69% .

PLC

, .

PLC,

(Gertler, 1987, Storp e r, 1087 ,

Thompson, 1989, Scott, 1987.).
-
high tech

high
tech .
. Scott i Storper (1987) (19) high
tech ~

Oakey (1984) (17)

Ol'i high

tech ( . 1).
Oakeya

32

I .(1 7 ) ,' !'"

1, " '''":l1H~ ( , ),

Scott i Storper Markusena

(1986)(20) Maleckog (1987)

1.

, ,

Gertler, (1987),

high tech

(high technology agglomerations),

2. ,
3. 128 , ,
4. Qj CeBepHQj

, h

1985..

Scott,

, ,

Storperu,

(FPS).
high tech

- ,

, ,

: h

high tech

. ,

- -4 (Breheny, 1987.),
- (Saxenian, 1988, bl, 1988.),
- (Haug ., 1986.),
- (Gripaios et al., 1989.).

- (Hall ., 1987.),
- (Pottier, 1987.),
- (Nishioka i Takeuchi, 1g87, Toda, 1987.),
- (

ru,

Scottu i Storpe-

, r

, h

.
( )

,
.

Scotta i Storpera

, ,

128,

()

ian (1985),(21) Scott (1985),(22)

Saxen-

(1988).

high tech

high tech

, ,

Nijkamp, Gordon, imball, Castells, Amin, Goddard .

Thompson (1989)

high tech

Casttells

(1985) (8)

Gord on i Kimball L. (1987) (23)

, high tech

Edgington

(198)

(23)

() .

, h

Brotchie (1984.

t -

(Thcmpson, 1989).

, -.

1987.) (25)(26)

;;lr1r~

r" :,

- -

33

Tode (1987), Massera

(1990),(27) Murata (1988), Glickmana (1979) . Glick-

, ,
.

Scott (1988)(28)

- ,

Coates (1982) (19)

urban impact.

FPS,

gl

(1990)(15)

Saxenian

(198) (30) ll

(1987)

,
,
.
u

1) lassen L. (1980): Regional dynamics, Netherlands Institute, series Foundations of

empirical research, Rotterdam
2 ~ Rothwell (1982): The role of technology i
industrial change, Regional studies, No 5/1982. Perg: press
3) . . (1987):
-
, .

4/87.,

4) . Goddard . (1986) : Technological

change, industrial restructuring and regional development, ll and Unwin, London
5) . (1989):
,
,

6) Jones . Wild . (1991): De-indstrialization and

new industrialization in Britain and Germany, Anglo
- German foundation, London
7) Healey . (1990): Urban regeneration and development industry, Regional studies, vol. 25,
2/1990.
8} Casstells . (Ed) 198): High technology, space
and society, Urban affairs, vol. 28, Beverly Hills,
9} O'Farrell i Crouchley R. (1984): industrial
and spatial analysis of new firm formation Ireland, Regional studies, vol. 18/1984.
10) bl D. Gould . (1984): New firms and
rural industrialization East Anglia, Regional studies, vol. 18, No 3/1984.
11) Gripaios . et l (1989): High technology

industry peripheral area, the case of Plymouth,

Regional studies, vol. 23/1989.
12) Young R. (1986): Industrial location and
regional change: The United States and New York
State, Regional studies, vol. 20, No 4/1986.
13) Amin . GoddardJ. (1986): High technology,
space and society, Urban affairs, vol. 28, Beverly
Hills, (Kalifornija)
) Schoenberger . (1987): Technological and
organizational change production, Reg. studies,
vol. 21, No 3/1987.
15) Angel D. (1990): New firm formation the
semiconductor industry: Elements of bl
facturing system. Regional studies, vol. 24, No
3/1990.
16) Maggi R. (1986): Spatial concentration location and competitives, Reg. studies, vol. 20,
No 2/1986.
17) Oakey R.P. (1984): High tech technology small
firms, Frances Pinter, London
18) Haug . (1991): The location decisions and
operations of high technology organizations in
Washington State, Regional studies, Vol. 25, No
6/1991.
19) Scott . . Storper . (1987): Industrial change
and teritorial organization, ll and Unwin, Boston
20) Markusen . Hall . (1986): Silicon landscapes, ll and Unwin, Boston
21) Saxenian . (1985): The genesis of Silicon Valley, Markusen . and Peter ll (1985): Sili landscapes, ll and Unwin, Boston
22) Scott . . (1985): High technology industry
and teritorial development: the rise of Orange
try complex, University of California, Los Angeles
23) Gordon R. ll L. (1987): Industrial structure and the changing dynamics of location high
technology industries, University of California, Santa
Cruz
24) Edgington D. (1983): High technology as
regional catalyst, Planner, No 21/1983
25) BrotchieJ.F. et al. (1987): The spatial impact of
technological change, Helm, London, s.141156
26) BrotchieJ.F. (1984): Technological change and
[, Environment Planning, 16, 583-596
27) Masser I. (1990): Technology and regional
development policy: rewiev of ]apan's technopolis
programme, Regional studies, vol. 24, No 1/1990.
28) Scott . (1988): Flexible productions systems
and regional development: the rise of new industrial
spaces North and Western , Inter.
]ournal Urban reg. research, No 12/1988.
29) CoatesJ.F. (1992): New technologies and their
urban impact, Knight R.V. (1982): Cities
the 21. st century, s. 177-195
30) Saxeni(;ln . (1993): The genesis of Silicon Val!, Built Environment, No 9/1983 .

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....
...............................................................................................................................
'

34

d 1S f 1ow-rlS

]- ur
OUSlng
"

:~

~
1::
~

-3

go

:;;"
g
::::
",
6
..d

uu u-

'

uu-

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ue

u : -

u u hu-

, 1t.u,1-t uu
, yu1tO .

u oopebme uOu

N edeljkoBorovnica *

u Ou u u-

..

u, Ou .
. , Ou uu u
. u u,

.~~

~ , u uu u'u . G u , u
~ u, uu u u u " " u'u, n

~ u'tt', .u (, u 1-tu 1l .) u uu jOU1ie lJluu

1 -n' un.

:
1. u u -

1 n ynu1le u
nu ' . n' eu
yu "' " u n .

ooocua ' , Ou unn n ( n

1l0 , , u, .) , , n .
2 . ha -

yuOu n ll n n- eu un n,
jlunu,n ' yu!;u u n'n un .
!. 1l0

rj:J(lKUlOP un1,

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uomephen.

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n n u u n eu ,
eu (n yu , u, .),
u 'n n .

5. u

un nu , ; m

n ' ' .
un u u ,
uu, n

yuope!;uea1bY uu un

hen discussing forms of residential construction, i.d. the physical forms of housing,
detailed analysis of the political-institutional
and social context in which it is organized cannot
avoided. Analyses of the degree to which various housing
forms are represented in different political, social and
institutional conditions, as well as literature these matters, point to the irrefutable influence of the socio-p olitical cntity of socicty at largc even such seemingly m arginal proccsses and activities as thc forms of }lOusing
construction. The housing policy and the modalities of
satisfying the housing needs of country's citizcns cannot understood outside the context of the citizens'
postition and rights in given country's political and
lcgaI systcm. Civil dcmocracies with their instituionaI
protcction of individual civil rights have placed tllC resolutio."l of housing requirements within thc domain of
indiYidual rights, but with developed system of incentive measures and mechanisms (which differ both in
scopc and form from country to country), whictl r" r il; _
tates the satisfa cti"n of housing requ irement s ". ! f \ ; . , , 1" .

1 n.

framework of specified housing standards (stan dards

regarding construction, equipment, building materi a l,
surface area, construction density, rental fees, the morlgage loan system, etc.). the other hand, state socialism systems or noncivil states (former and present rea l
socialism countrics), have transferred tlle authority to
solve citi zens' housing needs to state institutions and
thereby, as r ule, reduced and in some cases completely
o bstructed p rivate and individual intiative . Si the
statc wa s to satisfy the housing rcquirements of all
its citizens, smaIl umr resolved their rbl
side the istitu til framework (ilegal st r uti, Sl]
tenant status, different forms of individual construction
without finan cial asistance and other support from the
state, etc. ) . Second YugosIavia bclonged to this grol1p
of countries, with quite singular modalities in its housing
policy, b otll in terxns of time (continol1s changes in tlle
housing system aftcr the Second World War) , and territory (noticeable differences among the housing poIicies of tlle former federal units). In such system,
if)~t itllional arrangements and rcg 111 a tions were

35

generated relations in the construction industry,

urban planning and area planning fields which favored
protection of the interests of those l who in d i fferent ways, directly or indirectly, were in conjunction with
the fIlainstays of social power and decision making,
which l provided short-term solutions. Such short-term
policies in the field of hosuing construction resulted in
enormous newlybuilt housing stock (let us not forget
that in the Second Yugoslavia at the end of the 1960s and
in the 1970s, to ten percent of the gross national product was earmarked for housing construction), but this
housing stock is of extremly poor quality and v~lue,
both in the area of social housing construction as well as
in the private sector. When we say " quality and
value", this refers both to comparison with European
stallidards and to the quality obtained in view of the
funds invested. need not great pessimist to foresee further decline in the quality of housing in most
multi-story residential housing in the immediate future,
not l to the present crisis facing the Third Yugoslavia,
but primarily due to the manner in which residential
buildings are being constructed, the building material
used, design mistakes and omissions, the ownership status, and in particular due to the unresolved problem of
residential building maintenance. We should not overlook
the fact, either, that large number of present owners
(those previously having tenants' rights) do not use
(Owl) their apartment as matter of choice, but
they were "given" it (when it to their turn the
housing list at their l of work; the specific apartment
was the result of the organization's situation,
its ability to purchase apartments specific location,
in specific type of building, with suitable surface space
and Iayout, etc.). the other hand, private builders, the
owners of apartments in residential housing of relatively
high-quality (but not always functional) residentail
struction, particulary those that were ilegally built
(whose is estimated at being at least equal to the
of legally constructed residential buildings in
the Republic of Serbia), will constantly faced with
regarding their community's insfrastructure,
with educational, health and other services.
After rather short-live "episode" of building residentail high-rises, ro countries based civil democracies, even when the state is considerably involved the
of housing construction, have encouraged different
forms of housing construction, both in terms of officien standards (which includes the construction and
tion of building, .. estimating the cost of mainte~, its potential in terms of reconstucting and adapting 1 building to the economic and culturaHy different
phascs undergone physical structure with relatively
long lifetime such as residential housing), and in term of
the standards of the buyers' preferences, which used
to evaluate the building's market value. The l of the
state is primatily in creating the conditions in which to
orgal1ize those forms of housing construction with the
best ktig prospects among potential buyers, along
with respecting the quality criteria and housing standards accepted in the political and social organizations
of society as whole.
When discussing the benefits of specific types of
housing and establishing criteria to evalua l (' I}' r i r
use vallle, as well as their market vallJe ~V}) irf, ; , I

36

criterion civil democracies and market

economies, it seems that socio-psychological criteria
singled out which carries the most weigh in
opinion, it also contains other essential
criteria in this fleld. This is the criteria of spacial supervision control the users (owners, lease-holders). The
concept of supervision ( control) is understood to
the performance of the physical housing space (the
building and its immediate vicinity) in which users
organize and ensure the unhindered course of their
daily life, satisfying the various needs of their primary
group, the functioning of the vital elements of the
building (apartment), high-quality maintenance and
adaptation in proportion to the user's economic possibilities and other relevant preferences, the safety and protection of the apartment, building and immediate surroundings. Therefore, everything that ensures high
level of space utilization and the psychological and social
secority that apartment definition must provide the
. As shown research and the wealth of
world level this type of housing, low-dense housing in settlements fulfill the above-montioned
socio-psychological criteria with considerably fewer limitations compared to housing in multi-story residential,
high-rise residential building. In addition, the indisputable p5ychological advantages of these types of apartments due to their direct contact with the ground and
their [, unconstructed (green) areas as integral
part of the apartment, guarantee of significant
efits and preferences compared to other types of
housing, i.d. multi-story residential buildings.

Harmony with Nature

While recognizing environment's physical characteristics and the variability of its values, in realation to the
process of town and architectural planing and design, it
is necessary to establish initial premises [ the integration of the house with surrounding conditions. This
would certainly to effect when dealing with
planning, designing and construction of low-rise housing
forms. Therefore, the initial planning hpase, it 5
essary to analyze, environmental parameters, through
models and advanced computer software, applying the
experiences of those countries that have engaged in
this [ quite some time.
The application of some simple principles of bio-climatic planning and designing generates considerable
energy saving possibilities, something that has quite
neglected in midst. The application of these principles in town planing and architectural design consid reduce requirements for heating device capacities
and specific heat consumption. Additional rationalization achieved passive of solar energy. These
rules pertain to the density, buildings disposition, their
surface and volume ratio, orientation of buildings relative
to the Sun and prevailing wind direction, land furm, etc.
the basis of previously mentioned analyses, and site
characteristics, the settlement planned using, to
theutmost, site's qualities and reducing those effects
of less valuable features.
The heating requirements of building in part
established its shape . It is therefore necessary to
,' energy timiZ::l. ti lzig the 5hape of the

gud-l,

ratio of uildigs surface and build-up

as well as to perform thermal zig of the structure. Extremely high losses are thercfore thc result of the
idqut ratio of the surface d ll lc vlu of buildil1g. These fidigs fim the imt of duig
this lti to the miimum thereby hvig as result
the mtss of the uildigs d the svig of
gy. f-stdig itd [ house has greater
htig d lig quimts th house stut
cd dig to the compact method, ml i parallel
line blocks. closed blocks uildig method increases
the density of stuti, sultig i more favorable
specific heat sumti .
Regardless of whether aew stuti or stu
tion is at stake, possibilities for duig htig requirements lie the use of thermal isulti, efficient
htig systems or adequate uildig methods.
Lg-tm ivstmt as is the quality of the stu
tion materials also affect maintenance costs and should
sidd i the g sumti estimates.
These principles are easier to apply at the level of
idividul users, who are giv the privilege of i
the some stages of stuti d litti.
Ddig 's fiil capability, the user
offered lttivs which will bl g svig
lig passive d active solar architecture, isd
thermal isulti, choice of htig system, slti of
materials, lmts and mts, which 't carried out i multi-story residential construction. user
shoulcl also provided with rrsdig
lsis d indicators of profitability over specified
period of time. g costs will soon st
item i the family budget therefore, important
factor i its sumti tt. I lig d
designing sidtil it is ss to tiit
these costs, d offer them to chose tw difft
slutis . squtl, 10\v-rise husig forms with
kw users are more desirable both for the designer as
well as the user.
I dditi, it is necessary to su the liti of
the prescribed standards thermal isulti buildigs i private husig stuti, d thus tibut
ig to lldigg idllmt, dllti of ul fel
sumti d the possibility of usig solar g
d imvig the livig ditis.
It is also necessary to md reglllations and st
g svig istlltis d muls [or settlements
and lldigs .
Optimal slutis i the various stages of lig
ddsigig of uildigs d sttlmts require
itgl which, i dditi to til g
Sllmti, eqllall takes it ut other factors
such as m, futilit and the creation of
heallhy d bl vimt.
It should itd out that i the dsig d construction of uildigs sidtil areas it is almost impossible 10 mss al1 lvt factors which
impact g svig. Dlle to mizig d other
circumstances, it so hs that the dditil criteria
are imposed, this gltig g parameters.
th from the d political it of view
gy svig is of high priority. It is of the m
, social d ecological objectives associated with
tw d gi l r 1O> nnin (y , Nrr" r",rf' , ;, nr rr c <-:> r " tn

adjllst

g quimts

to these objectives.

The Effects
Ud

reglllar iumsts, wh varied husi g

is ld, withollt restrictions
flits ldigg ll husig, this form of hu s ig
represents uifiti of multistory d ind ividual residtil stuti form, udtkig, from both, valic!
featllres d iortig them it dsigd models
u hllsig i low rise forms.
Primarily, to t he tt possible, higher dsitis were
tk from multi-story forms, while areas which l1 tribllte to the private character of husig, particularly space areas, were tk from idividlll forms .
two basic premises i models designi ng thc
following:
- hllsig complex is composed large r
of uits;
- private outdoor (gd) is accessible from uit
first diti satisfies the ds (requirements)
society as whole, while the other meets the ds [
idividuls or better husig ditis.
dig to the established criteria, sv basic
h ouse types dsigd, as variable types low rise
husig forms. These :
- twin house,
( . );
- qlladruplet house,
(.);
- sigl row houses,
(.);
- double row houses, (D.O);
- stacked row house, ( . );
- patio house,
(F.O);
- terrace house,
(.).
Except for the first two ( d ), the rest of house typcs
modifications the row house.
effects made with these forms, i mis with
idividlll, detached forms, related to the issue of residential density, while mig to high-rise forms it
ggs i ld use.
Rsidtil dsit i lo\v-rise grollps average
two d half to three times greater th i tditil
idividul stuti, d precisely i that ti
the ll of Ilew, mostly agricultllral ld this
type ofhousing is reduced.
Thus, this type husig provides tilit similar
to higll rise husig [, as some of the research models provide residential dsitis of about 350
itts . Tllis tilit wllicll is demonstrated greater dsitis (which at the same time means
less occupied space), i addition to stuti efficien (time use d [ constrllction per uit of area) represents the m i rationale of those fvig multi-story residenti a l housi ng stuti. "taking " greater
densities [ high rise forms, the same arguments
tlle rational use of space i tllis type of stuti
righ tf lly employed.
Space rrgmts withi these typological models,
i term s of USE divided into three qualitatively di[ferent areas:
- areas i public use;
- areas i semi-private use; d
- areas i private llse.
Areas nl1~tllti111d that are ig privately
stuti

37

usedrange from l % to 81 % nf total area, or over 70%

for all models average. Greatest part of these areas are
space, predominantly green areas. The rest of the
area covering private lots is build-llp space. Although
they are not visible, in the total are<i distribution, they
are categorized as private property.
These models have exceptional advantages as compared
to multi-story residential construction without
areas that used privately. If comparisons are at all
possible between these two forms of housing in terms of
of total areas (as shown in Figure 3.2), it is obvious
that in multi-story residential construction ther~ are
area:s which are neither used as or semi-private*
and their share in the total urban areas in housing
complex ranges from 9.6% (9 stories buildings) to 34.7%
(3 stories).
Consequently, preconditions are created [or the maintenance of space in private use way to satisfy
the hygienic and sanitary requirements and, what is
equally important, to ensure totally different image of
these housing complexs in contrast to areas under multistory residential construction. Also, of greater
importance are the effects achieved in more comfortable
living conditions. Namely, green areas lot, which
amount to at least 40 sqm in all models, represent
extended living area during greater year period.
In addition to greater residential density than in individual construction, the rationality of research models is
also ref1ected the much smaller share of roads total

..

.'8

SINGLE ROW HOUSES

D.O.

DOJR

,Ji: R()W () J!'F.S

areas. The smaller share of roads also expressed

in length (meters per inhabitant), which also means
shorter lengths of ll infrastructure systems, as well as
surface (sqm per inhabitant), which certainly
tributes to lower price of construction. For example, in
some models roadway surfaces amount to 2.0 sqm per
inhabitant, which is five times less than in most ratio! types of individual construction.
In some models, particularly in sloping land varietis,
it is possible to expect higher specific prices of structure
construction, but precisely these models provide most

.. STACED

E.l.

STACED

ROW

HOJSES

ROW HOUSES ON SLOPING LAND

rational solutions for semi-private areas (traffic roads)

and infrastructure systems.
Finally, the following should rointed out:
1. These models of low-rise urb::J housing should contribute to the improvement of llOlJsing the versatility
forms, rational use of construction land, better maintenance (individualization of maintenance costs), more
comfortable housing (green areas accessible from the
flat) as well as tlle more agreeable ambience for the
r c~ i ( kt]L ~ L ] t~.l] t s i,kfi;.l ;trr;jS ;il 11lISS

()r

llJlli

2. As demonstrated in this study the low-rise models, cannot applied to large scale housing construction.
3. Presented models are particularly suitable for reconstructioJl of old urban areas and low-dense zones.

. In multistory residential construction, areas used. as

neither or common are only "conditionally" private
as these represent net housing area per floor, which is not
directly includec1 i the l of areas covcred l\\'

p l.-J!lllill}.j,

S!L>ry blJil(!illgS;

'.. IO

]()l; SE

lJl

(111 )' ",

lJllil,J - u "ICd,.

---,
(;.l! .

.2.

!.!~! ~ \CJ.

!!OLS1:

HOUSE ON SLOPING LAND

39

3
,,-,

~"

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(
I

I
i
r

1ilutin Borisavljevic, PhD (:rag;ujevac, 1899 - Paris,

8111970) unites the activity ! bilder, architecture aesthetist
and theorist. French student (1918-1926) he got [ docto's
degree Sobonne with the thesis "Theory ! architecture".
was delivering lectures n France (Higher Scholl ! Social Sciences) and n Belgrade (1934-1941), where he Jounded the
Chair Aesthetics at the Faculty od Philosophy. was
engaged n physiology ! the sense ! sight and optical-physiological perspective in the attempt to establish the scientific architecture aesthetics. The bibliography ! his scientific woks surpasses
widely county jrames. His most impotant waks have en
pblished n France and n other countries (Great Bntain, Argetina) and
to rwads have not n translated into Serbian.

The text pblished n this occasion has n rin n 1964 at the request !
the then responsable editot-in-hiliver n, PhD. Reasons havingresulted n nonpbli

cation ! the text seem ti! om the tQ-d's [me perspective. The honaanum to Borisavlje could not payed n Joejg exchange and he was very angry because oJthat. "1 declare,
that 1 do not wish wrrrks to pblished n u country", has he asserted n pivate i, and this wish was to respected during his life.
, when Borisavljevic than t decades is between alives, with Jull ! responsability we pblishing this summay !
his life wok, aware that his residue becomes omn cultural inheritance.

" Ji. (, 1899 -, 1970) , "t

...... "t . (1918-19i) 1la . " u ".
( ) (1934-1941)
. . u . "ty.tia "tQ-u. . HaJ"tHY
. upau HaJ"tHUx .. leoa u"t
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42

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St. Etienne

du Mont

. .,

ri ,
. .

'Traite d'esthetique scientifique de l'architecture"

(. 210-262) .

, KO~
,

,

.

1) ritik der Urtheilskraft, str. 72, 157, 199,

izdaye Vorlanger.
2) "Traite
d'esthetique scientifique de l'architecture",
Paris, 1954.
3) Zur exper. Aesthetik, Leipzig, 1871. Videti, takode, !; spis Le nombre d'Or (
lanchard-a, Paris) .

. uuh, u, u
nuu,

Laureat de L 'Academie des Beaux-Arts

1954, 1956. i 1958. godine. Charge de recherches

Centre National de [ Recherch Scientjfique, u. u.

Ecoles des Hau'tes Etudes Sociales u Parizu, u. .
u. nuu, Officier de ['Instruction Publique.

43

11

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POSLOVNI - 081LICEV VENAC -8EOGRAD

8U SINESS CENTER ! ILI VENAC - BELGRADE

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the article there is emphasized the necessity

m rational organization and building-up

towns, id est, towns renewal as cultural and nomical component if the building estate use in Serbia.
]"
There cited and surveyed problems system
~
un planning and its unadaptation to new social
:
conditions, in which two tendencies being the
~
moreandmorepolarized:tendencyoJmarketdevel~
opment, id est individual interest, and tendency
5
:;;:
public interest protection.

the base experiences in Serbia rom the earlier

.; *
period and experiences oJthe developed countries,
.~..
there is emphasized the importance oJregulation plan, as instrument
u
towns renewal, inJront oJwhom there must exist the clearly deJined pol~
itics, the land, communal and cultural, expressed general town plans
~ and general politics ifspatial and economical development.
~ the article there is given the aspect the regulating plan (table contents and tasks) the base
author's practical experience.
~

1:

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"Pr\nciples and Practice of
Urban Planing", Institute for
raining of Municipal Adm.
,

1968.

var, there is made

the three years aJter the war destruction oJVuko lot works in order to n
the l and renewal oJthe town.
ImYll edialely aJter clearing u streets and ruins, there
::
was taken into consideration the study and planned
...;
gramming renewal. tr deJining the main intentions, based reconstruction and revitalization, there
have n made detailed town plans, and then the working designs as w according to which the reconstruction

the
town is being perJormed. ll documents - plans made
~
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towns demolished in the war devastated through unadequate building-up
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~
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~ First was renewed the inJrastructure, hospitals, schools, nursery-homes children during day-time, then
~ housing and nm. Nowadays in Vukovar exists voluminous documentation its planned renewal and development that in the course.

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mn"tn n"t

} Art Deco and N ational

~ Tendencies in Serbian
'"
f Architecture
"..

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19. ,

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~_ Reprint from DAPA Fal11990.

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omantic artistic ideals constantly prevail

over classical ones in Serbian architecture. The development of shapes, imagination, and literary background are valued
more highly in Serbian architecture than are
sustained expression, rationality, and abstract
expresson. This phenomenon, particularly present
around World War 1, is grounded in Serbian history.
Historically the Sava and the Danube vs

north and south of the great rivers, howe\er, the organization of the cities and the manner in which private
and public building were constructed were totally different.
Between 1830 and 1835 the Serbs, in their renewed state south of the Sava and the Danube,
had adopted western Europe's system of
planning as well as its building techniques, and
had thus broken with centuries of tradition. The

Fig.2.
Momir runar
(1883-1969)
Fig.1.
M omir nrun
(188 3-1 % 9),
Post Office,

Belgrade, 1928.

represented not only . firm border between the

two monarchies of the Austro-Hungarian and
Ottoman empires, but it also served as border
between two civilizations, that of western Europe
ant the Levant in the east. Although there had
casual, physical mingling, such as when
the Austrians had broken into Turkish territories or when the Turks pushed to the north, in
p .<:ychological sense thc bordcr was stable. the

lm ommer,

Jagodina,1931.

ease with which this and the demolition of the

remains of Turkish cities took place
plained series of factors.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century,
those Serbs remaining to the south of the Sava
and Danube did not possess indigenous culture because they had lived in villages or in
refuges in the woods. Serbs who had escaped to
the north centuries before, the other hand, .
had mingled in Pannonian towns with other
tionalitir<; and had adopted foreign ways.
1 l' autonomous building tradi- 85

Fig.3.
Momir orunovic
(1883-1969),
residence in Kumanovo,
1930-31.

tion, which would have rested system of

great historical styles, accounts for the extremely
broad spectrum of ideas that appeared in Ser architecture in the early twentieth century.
The Serbs of the north to aid the Serbs
of the south. In spite of their academic education, northern Serbs preferred Byzantine architecture and wanted their country liberated not
only from Turkish but also from possible AustroHungarian rule. It was, therefore, accident
that Serbian architects from the north - for
Fig.4.
ample, Svetozar Ivackovic (1844-1924), Jovan Ilom Korunovic
(1883-1969),
kic (1857-1917), Dusan Zivanovic (1853-1937),
study the
and Vladimir Nikolic (1857-1922) - were outPost office n Belgade, 1912.
standing pupils of the famous Teophile Hansen,
Private Collection, Belgade
whose neo-Byzantine visions were realized in and villas, however, numerous examples of hischurches and chaples built in Serbia in the 1880s toricism, based classical traditions or
and the 1890s.
pletely free combination of romantic shapes, are
The domestic, autochthonous romantic detectable.
school originated under the influence of
The different tendencie~ characteristic of Sertional political program that, since the 1860s, architecture categorized into severhad dedicated to uniting all the south al groups whose guiding forces were the decoraSlavic peoples into state. In the 1870s the tor Dragutin Inkiostri (1866-1942), who was
first architects educated in Serbia, Mihajlo Val- originally from Dalmatia, and the architects
trovic (1839-1915) and Dragutin Milutinovic Branko Tanazevic (1876-1948), Petar Popovic
(1840-1900), paid visits to medieval monasteries. . (1873-1945), and the most significant of them,
Their pupils during the 1880s and the 1890s for- Momir Korunovic (1883-1969).
mulated the basis of the Serbo-Byzantine style,
Dragutin Inkiostri's designs for interior decothe character of which is more decorative than ration, furniture, and everyday objects were
structural and, thus, natural1y and easily based traditional patterns derived from weavmerged with local variants of Art Nouveau of Se- ing carpets or carving, which were then still livcesslOn.
ing folk crafts. His ideas should have led to the
Between 1900 and 1914 the academic tradi- foundation of 'an institute of national art which
tion was prevalent in Serbia, especially in the ar- would have ' estabilished Serbian artistic craft
chitectural treatment of schools. In large traditions. NeverthC'k<;s, indigenous domestic
86 public buildings ;md i priv~te residences c()ltrihution to the blstory of European applied
v

Fig5.

Milan Kapetanovii
(1859-1934) .
Pavilion Serbia,
Paris, 1900

art reached contempor aty academies for applied

art and design through the Arts and Crafts
movement via the Bauhaus.
Branko Tanazevic also re-evaluated the utilizal:ion of folk crafts in building, and he especially advocated using the shape of the Balkan
house when constructing village schools. designing monumental buildings in Belgrade - the
Telephone Exchange Building (1908) and the
Ministry of Education Building (1912) - Tanazevic merged decorative elements from Serbian
medieval architecture with typically secessionist
features, such as masks or long bands descending from pi1asters. , thus, succeeded in
bining, in typically Serbian way, essen tially
similar anti-academic tendencies of various origins.
Considerably mor e stylistic cohere nce i s
foud in the work of Petar Popovic. His 1908 design for the Local Council Building in Vranje is
an excellent, anthological example of the recent
app~ ication of the Serbo-Byzantine style in Serbian architecture. Because Vranje was located,
at that time, near the Turkish border, Popovic
thou.ght it was best politically to adhere to the
domestic tradition. other works, however, the
architect was inspircrl late Secession i "1 - t n(,

most significant being the Hotel Petrograd in

Belgrade (1914-21), which exhibited features of
the emerging Art 'Deco style.
Momir Korunovic led Serbian architects in
their resistance to Academism. The roots of
runoviC ' s persona l style are numerous. referred to h!s style as Moravian, alluding to
school of architecture that in the fourteenth
century devel'oped unlque decorative system
based Byzantium (fig. 1-3) Admittedly, the
elements of the Moravian school were more precisely adopt e d in works Tanazevic and
Popovic. KorunoviC' s great talent was in fact inspired the spirit of national architecture, but
beyond its formulation, the experiences he
gained numerous journeys throughout
rope, especially his stay in Prague, were equally
significant.
KorunoviC' s sense ?f decoration is overly rich,
violent, and in its extreme consequences (The
monument to Serbian Heroes from Balkan Wars
in Zebrnjak, 1937) close to Expressionism. In its
initial form, such as the 1912 design for the Post
Office Build ing (fig. 4), it resembled typical
romantic fai ry tale recalling medieval knighthood a nd rallied the"" nation before its decisive
battle for surviv~l . .
Politics and architecture were closely connected b efore and after World War . At the
vV f' }li"hition in Paris in 1900, the Ser-

87

pavilion echoed the shape of church

(fig.5). Its designer, the architect Milan
Kapetanovic (1859-1934), was active politics
and ended his careers as Minister for Bulldings.
The final design for the Serbian paviliion
phasized the independence of the Serbian state
tdsig the freedom of the Serbian Orthodox church. the mid 1920s, the pavilion
designed the Krstic brothers for the 1926
World's Fair in Philadelphia also resembled
church , which sdd to the "wishes of
America" and met of the key conditions for
entering the design competition in Yugoslavia.
Immediately before the 1925 l'Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels
Modernes in Paris, competition to design the
Yugoslav pavilion was advertised. Milan Zlokovic
(1898-1965) submitted two designs which was
not practice.One was inspired
pre-modern styles reminiscent of works
guste t, while the other relied folk building traditions.
At the end of the 1920s. romantic tendencies
were put aside in favor of the international style.
Modern architecture arose within the movement Group of Architects of Modern Expression
(1928-34) and of its leaders, Milan Zlokovic.
Although decorativism , peripheral

feature after 1930, numerous projects and buildings built between the 1925 Paris exhibition and
the predominance of the international style
(1930) were infuenced Art Deco. ZlokoviC's
buildings embaraced simple, uncluttered [
cades, stylized reminiscences of Renaissance
shapes, decorative elements, and decorative framing the facades and between windows.
Dragisa Brasovan, also considered of the
founders of the modern architectural movement
in Serbia, similarly broke with eclectis Academism turning decorative elements into
cents that articulated the plain and empty
spaces of the facad~. His 1929 design for the
goslav pavilion at the Barcelona Exhibition (fig.
6) apparently emerged under the influence of
Loos's house for Josephine Baker, whose spiked
corner motifs [ll those Fritz Hoger, at least
from skillfully drawn perspective. That pavilion is the last works in which the decorative outweighs the structural. There is certain
symbolism in Brasovan's statement that the jury
was indecisive in choosing the "most successful
pavilion," and the prize that was later given to
Mies van der Rohe. Thus Barcelona, Serbian
architect contributed to the replacement Art
Deco the international style.

Fig.6.
Dragisa oiJn

(1887-1965),
Yugoslav Pavilion,

88

lona,

1929.

!
~

gdn Stojkov, architect (1912-1993) is

n ! the Serbian Builders who have

brought their shoulders the load ! the
]
aJterwarreconstruction oJthe country and
aJter that have introduced the Serbian architecture into modern courses ! the un
Junctionalism. spent in Sarajevo the ntral and the most important period his working lfe,

designing and building rather large nu oJthe

most important public buildings (Rail-way station,

buildings the Ministry Education, Ministry Local raJJic
and other). was dealing with interpolations in the urbanIabric, with structures ! public standard (schools, children equipments, hotels, workersc canteens) as well as with Jurniture design. From 1963 u to the pension he
was Manager the Projessional Department the Institute Architecture and own Planning Serbia .

1 (1912 1993)
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102