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BACKGROUND
Animals are constantly exposed to
potentially harmful physical and chemical
pollutant irritants, which affect their olfactory
systems as irritants are inhaled through the
nasal cavity.
The olfactory system consists of the olfactory
bulb, main olfactory epithelium (MOE),
vomeronasal organ, and Bowmans glands.
(Figure 1) The nasal epithelium near the
posterior region of the nasal cavity, is the first
to be damaged when exposed to irritants.
The MOE is made up of brush cells,
microvillous cells, basal cells, supporting cells,
and olfactory sensory neurons (Figure 2).
Figure 1a. Mouse
olfactory system
DATA
Figure 5a. SKN Position 1
5
Unexposed
0.3461
0.4328
0.0120
0.1041
Exposed
0.2827
0.027
0.0553
2.5
0.0154
Normally, odorant molecules bind to Gprotein channel receptors. This causes a signal
transduction cascade as the production of
cAMP opens ion channels to allow Ca and Na
ions to flow in, causing the depolarization of
the cell. Ca also activates Cl ion channels,
allowing Cl ions to flow out of the cell and
augment the depolarization. (Figure 2)
Unexposed
Exposed
0.0536
0.3935
0.2367
0.3703
0.1725
0.1487
IMBX
Ger
Cit
2-hep
DMP
Pro
0.0264
0.0008
2
3
1.5
2
0.5
0
0
IMBX
Ger
Cit
2-hep
DMP
Pro
Tri
High K+
Unexposed
3.5
0.079
0.0434
0.0848
0.1309
4.5
Exposed
0.1427
Tri
High K+
4
0.2194
0.4364 0.1085
3.5
Exposed
0.0230
0.2692
0.2500
0.0275
0.2034
0.3948
0.0545
IMBX
Ger
Cit
2-hep
DMP
Pro
Tri
0.1285
2.5
2.5
1.5
ANALYSIS
1.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
IMBX
Ger
Cit
2-hep
DMP
Pro
Tri
High K+
Wild Type
0.3782
0.2690
0.1876
0.3189
SKN
0.4405
0.3917
High K+
0.1458
0.0647
3.5
3
Wild Type
0.4460
0.4455
0.4816
0.4254
SKN
0.4129
0.2453
0.1070
0.1124
2.5
2
2
1.5
0.5
0
0
IMBX
Ger
Cit
2-hep
DMP
Pro
Tri
High K+
IMBX
Ger
Cit
2-hep
DMP
Pro
Tri
High K+
EOG PROTOCOL
Immediately following exposure, a mouse
was euthanized using CO2 and the head was
disarticulated to prepare for the EOG
recording of field response to odorants. The
head was then bisected sagittally. The septal
cartilage and the septum was removed from
the left side. The MOE was mounted in
agarose, with a stream of Ringers solution.
Volatile odorants dissolved into Ringers
solution were used to stimulate the MOE with
three non-consecutive 1000 millisecond
pulses, where receptor potential of the
epithelial cells was recorded with Axograph.
Odorants included 100 M solutions of 3isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), 2heptanone, geraniol, citral, 2,5dimethylpyrazine, propionic acid, and
trimethylamine, and a 40 M K+ solution.
EOG recording responses were measured in
two sections of the MOE, indicated in Figure
4. Comparisons of the largest amplitudes
were made between water and irritantexposed wild-type mice, water and irritantexposed SKN mice, and irritant-exposed SKN
and WT mice.
WT Water Exposed
WT Irritant Exposed
WT Irritant Exposed
3.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
IMBX
Ger
Cit
2-hep
DMP
Pro
Tri
High K+
IMBX
Ger
Water exposed
2.5
P = 0.0613
0.8
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
SKN
0.6
0.5
High K+
P = 0.0958
1.5
P = 0.0352
0.2
Wild Type
1.4
0.4
Tri
1.2
0.8
0.6
Pro
P = 0.0049
P = 0.1388
DMP
Irritant Exposed
1.2
2-hep
Irritant Exposed
P = 0.00621
Cit