CELL GROWTH AND

DIVISION
(mitosis, cytokinesis and all the rest)

CELL GROWTH
Limited by:
Amount of DNA cell needs enough DNA
to meet the demands of the cell
Rate of Diffusion
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
cell volume increases at a faster rate than
surface area = smaller surface area to volume
ratio

SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME

RATIO
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells

Section 10-1

Cell Size

Surface Area (length x width x

6)
Volume
(length x width x height)
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

DIVISION OF THE CELL

Cell Division
Produces two daughter cells
1st stage Mitosis (nucleus divides)
2nd stage Cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)

DNA Replication
DNA is copied
Occurs before cell division

CHROMOSOMES

Centromere

SISTER CHROMATIDS

*Chromosomes
Wound up strands of DNA
and proteins
Visible in dividing cells only
Invisible in nondividing
cells because DNA is
spread out in the nucleus.
Appear during 1st phase of
mitosis
Chromosome number
specific to species
Example: Humans have 46
chromosomes
*Structure:
Sister chromatids
chromosome copies
formed after DNA
replication
Sister chromatids
attached at the
centromere

Chromosomes

THE CELL CYCLE

Series of events that cells go through as they
grow and divide
Consists of four phases:

G1 PHASE CELL GROWTH

S PHASE CHROMOSOME REPLICATION
G2 PHASE PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS
M PHASE MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

CELL CYCLE

M
phase

INTERPHASE
Cell wall

Plant cell

Nucleus
Chromatin
(DNA)
Nucleolus

INTERPHASE

Nondividing phase
Includes G1, S, and G2 phases
Nucleus and nucleolus visible

Animal Cell

MITOSIS
Asexual reproduction for single cells
Growth & development for multicellular
organisms
Four phases:
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

1ST PROPHASE
Nuclear envelope &
nucleolus disappears
Chromosomes appear
Spindle fibers form

2ND METAPHASE
Animal Cell

Chromosomes line up
at the center of the
cell
Plant Cell

Chromosomes

3RD ANAPHASE
Sister chromatids
move to opposite
sides of the cell

4TH TELOPHASE
Nucleus and
nucleolus reappear
Chromosomes
unwind
Spindle fibers break
down

Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm pinches into equal parts
Occurs after mitosis
Two daughter cells produced

CYTOKINESIS
In Animal cells
Cytoplasm pinches
inward to form a
cleavage furrow
Cleavage furrow

Cell plate

In Plant Cells
Cell plate forms to
build new membrane
and cell wall

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

Nucleus is visible

Chromosomes
appear

Chromosomes line
up in the middle

Sister chromatids
move apart

Two new Nuclei

reappear at
opposite ends of
cell

Mitosis Animations
Nice animation - http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/486/498658/CDA8_2/CDA8_2a/CDA8_2a.htm
Cells alive site - www.cellsalive.com
Online Onion Root Tip activity - http://www.biology.arizona.edu/Cell_BIO/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html

REGULATING THE CELL

CYCLE
REGULATORY PROTEINS (Cyclins)
CONTROL CELL GROWTH
STIMULATES THE CELL TO PRODUCE SPINDLE AND BEGIN
CELL DIVISION
NORMAL CELLS STOP GROWING WHEN THEY COME INTO
CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER

 Cancer Cells
Dont respond to signals that control the cell
cycle
Dont stop dividing
Form tumors

Carcinogens
Damage DNA, results in cancer
Radiation
Cigarette smoke
Environmental chemicals