PilotsReference Checklist

by
Michael Grossrubatscher

y
gas

300

ISBN 978-3-00-025253-2
PilotsReference.com

-PilotsReference Checklistby Michael Grossrubatscher

Version:
3.1
Released:
30.06.2008
www.PilotsReference.com

V1
VMCG

V2

VR

VEF

VMU

VLOF

35
height [ft]

PilotsReference Checklist

distance

1,05 VMCA < VR

VMCG <

VEF <

V1

<

V1 < VMBE

VR

1,1 VMU, all engine < VLOF

1,05 VMU, 1 engine out < VLOF
VLOF < Vmax tire

1,1 VLOF < V2

1,2 VS < V2

NAVIGATION

II.

Performance..................................................................................15

III.

Weight & Balance.........................................................................19

IV.

Flight Planning .............................................................................21

V.

Meteorology...................................................................................23

VI.

Aerodynamics ...............................................................................25

VII.

Hypoxia / Supplemental Oxygen.................................................27

VIII. Further Regulations .....................................................................29

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Performance

Navigation .......................................................................................3

WEATHER

I.

Aerodynamic

Find Quick Reference in the Checklist

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Navigation
= longitude (long), = latitude (lat)

pole
lat

mc
long

equator

1. Distance between meridians

= cos 60

[nm]

2. Meridian convergence
mc = sin m (m = middle latitude)

3. Dimensions

equator & meridians:

on equator/meridian:
earths diameter:
rotation:

360 60nm/ = 21600nm hence:

1= 60 nm, 1= 1 nm
6300 km
15,04/h eastbound

4. Conversion angle

pole

ca = mc

great circle

angle: great circle/rhumb line

angle: rhumb line /LEB

great circle
rhumb line
LEB

shortest connection
Constant course
constant bearing

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rhumb line
ca (a/b)

VOR
ADF only

mc (a/b)

line of equal
bearing
(LEB)

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equator

NAVIGATION

I.

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TN

+
TASeffective = TAS cos WCA =
GS + HWC or = GS - TWC

MN
CN

DEV

VAR

WCA

TH

CH

-(Var)

MH

M
H

-(Dev)

TC

CH

TH
course
TC / GS

HWC

to

/ TAS

TN

+
tor:
vec
air / TAS
TH

d
win

rwa
wa

A
WC

course heading
heading track
course
track

DZ

(Wind speed ws; Wind angle wa)

Headwind component (HWC) = ws cos (wa)
Crosswind component (CWC) = ws sin (wa)

ground vector:
TC / pred. GS
DA
track
v
TT / ector:
act. G
S

addit. w
ind

7. Wind components

ng: T
H

wa
= wind angle
rwa
= resultant wa
addit. wind
= additional wind
DA
= drift angle
DZ
= addit. Drift
from

WCA
DA
DZ

effe ct
iv

EW
C

headi

TAS

nd
wi

WCA

6. Advanced course scheme

8. 1:60 Rule
(Lateral deviation from desired track - VOR vs. GPS)
Lateral deviation [nm] =

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Distance to fix lateral deviation []

60

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CWC

TC

NAVIGATION

5. Basic course scheme

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GN

Gcvg
griv
Var
GC

=
=
=
=

grid convergence
grivation
variation
grid course

- TN +

NAVIGATION

9. Grid nav course scheme

MN

Var
griv
Gcvg

GC

Gcvg = cc

: (LM: local meridian, ref. M: reference meridian)

LM west of ref. M
- (negative prefixed)
LM east ref. M
+ (positive prefixed)

constant of cone (cc)

(always 1 for stereographic projection)
cc
= +1 in northern hemisphere
cc
= - 1 in southern hemisphere

course

10. Magnetic compass

6mT: compass erratic line
Acceleration error:
Acceleration north, deceleration south on easterly/westerly
headings
Turn error (magnetic compass indication):
360( 30)
330 ( 20)

inner circle shows compass indication in straight & level flight

outer circle shows compass indication within standard rate turn
300 ( 10)
compass leads in northern half in the direction of the turn
compass lags in southern half in the direction of the turn
see lead/lag: values depicted in brackets
270

030( 20)

lead
060( 10)

as indicated

090

120 (10)

240 ( 20)

lag
210 ( 20)

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150 ( 20)
180 ( 30)

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UTC:
ST:
LMT:
UT:
DST:

NAVIGATION

11. Time definitions

universal time coordinated
(artificial time)
standard time
(time defined by state borders)
local mean time
(time defined by the sun)
LMT @ Greenwhich = LMT east (+ west) longitude (15,04/h)
daylight saving time
(check relevant AIP if applicable)
duration of civil twilight

night

night

day
evening civil twilight

morning civil twilight

sunset (SS)

sunrise (SR)

Sun

twilight

light scattered
by the
atmosphere
appearent
90 W
movement
of the sun

SS

zenith

nort

true sun

CNP

viewer

night

north

O
(Greenwich)

1200 LMT
@ 180E/W

60 N
true horizon

MP

earths
rotation
(15,04/h)
90E

CSP

day

day (24h)

twilight

equator

Pic showing north

summer

SR

nadir

12. Height of the sun / meridian passage

h = (90-) dec;

Height in Lat:

( = Lat of viewer position, dec = declination of the sun - see actual air
almanac)

Dec of sun and lat of viewers position in same hemisphere:

add dec
Dec of sun and lat of viewers position in contrary hemisphere: subtract dec
Equation of time:
LMT MP = true sun (sun in zenith)
data from air almanac 1990:
Date

Declination

MP [min]

Date

Declination

MP [min]

01.jan
01.feb
01.mar
01.apr
01.mai
01.jun

23,0S
17,1S
7,6S
4,5N
15,1N
22,1N

+ 04
+ 14
+ 12
+ 04
- 03
- 02

01.jul
01.aug
01.sep
01.okt
01.nov
01.dec

23,1N
18,0N
8,3N
3,2S
14,4S
21,8S

+ 04
+ 06
00
- 10
- 16
- 11

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bearing (european)
QDM
QDR
QUJ
QTE
desired QDM
intercept heading
interception
inbound
outbound

formula
MH + RB
QDM 180
QDM Var
QDR Var
see interceptions
see interceptions

direction
BRG > DTK

BRG < DTK

BRGfrom > DTKfrom

BRGfrom < DTKfrom

right / plus
left / minus
left / minus
right / plus

american
magnetic bearing to
magnetic bearing from
true bearing to
true bearing from
desired track
course to steer

enroute intercept angle (I)

BRG-DTK + 30 (max 90)
DTK-BRG + 30 (max 90)
30 / 60 / max 90
30 / 60 / max 90

GPS/FMS
BRG
BRG FROM
LOP
DTK
CTS

correct to
DTK
DTK
DTKFROM
DTKFROM

CTS
DTK + I
DTK - I
DTK - I
DTK + I

14. Frequencies / modulations / range / disturbancies

Range
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF

Freq. [Hz]
30k............................300k
300k........................3000k
3M..............................30M
30M..........................300M
300M......................3000M
3G...............................30G

Systems
ADF
ADF
HF COM
COM/VOR
GS/Tx/DME/RADAR/GPS
PAR/ASDE

A0
A1
A2
A3
A9

Modulation (AM)
CW
CW, broken
CW + tone
voice
tone + voice

Wave length:
= c/f
theoretical range of VHF and higher frequencies (optical range):
range = 1,23 (height [ft]);

[nm]

(This formula takes the curvature of the earth into account only. Practically, the range is in most cases limited by
the transmitters power and/or by obstacles/mountains)

Freqs in the LF/MF/HF range can be disturbed by:

Statics (convective weather, high solar activity in high latitudes), air density differences (shoreline effect),
reflection (mountain effect), interference (fading, twilight effect)

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NAVIGATION

13. Useful bearing / interceptions definitions

Notes & Drafts:

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12

NAVIGATION

15. Gyros / AHRS / INS corrections

precession leads initial movement by 90

True precession: see systems manual

Apparent precession:
Earth rate precession (ERP)
Earth transport precession (ETP)
precession

v N:
v E:
R:
:
E:

y
W

correction
geographic
north
y-axis
E cos
vE/R

geographic
east
x-axis
none
vN/R

ERP
ETP

N
E
x
z

vector to center
of the earth
z-axis
E sin
(vN/R) tan

a/c speed vector northbound

a/c speed vector eastbound
earths radius plus inflight height
geo. latitude
earths rotation (15,04/h)

16. Chart projections

projection

projection center

charts straight line

used for lat: (N/S)

stereographic
Lambert
Mercator

earths center, adj. pole

earths center
earths center

stereodrome
lambodrome great circle
rhumb line

50...90, Wx charts
20...70
0...40

Stereographic

Lambert

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Mercator

13

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14

II. Performance
1. General
Maximum altitude:
Aerodynamic ceiling:
Service ceiling:
Max operating alt:
Absolute alt:

SR

NAM

mfuel

max. alt. for 30 bank in level flight

convergence of high and low speed buffet
ROCall engines =100ft/min, ROCSE =50ft/min
max cabin alt (FL80) + pmax
rate of climb (ROC) = 0ft/min
TAS
FF

Performance

1
SR

SC =

ROC [ft/min] =GS[kt] Climb Gradient [%] 1,013

Climb Gradient [ft/nm] = Climb Gradient [%] 60,75
ROC =

Thrust - Drag
Excess Thrust
TAS; Climb Gradient [%] =
100
mass
mass

2. Speeds
IAS

3.

instr. error
(see POH)

CAS (RAS) compr. error

(v 200kt)

Take-off

V1
VMCG

EAS dens. error

V2

VR

VEF

TAS

( 2%/1000ft)

VMU

VLOF

height [ft]

35

distance

1,05 VMCA < VR 1,1 VMU, all engine < VLOF

VMCG <

VEF <

V1

<

V1 < VMBE

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VR

1,05 VMU, 1 engine out < V LOF

1,1 VLOF < V2

1,2 VS < V 2

VLOF < Vmax tire

15

Notes & Drafts:

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lowest mass or
longest distance

thrust available

TODA
TORA
ASDA
LDA
Useable clearway

=
=
=
=
=

RWY + clearway
RWY
RWY + stopway
RWY
max RWY

Take off
1. Segment

Speed

vmin, level
vmax, level
vmin drag
vmax range

Take Off Field definitions

Climb
3. Segment

2. Segment

minimum 400ft

Final Segment to 1500ft

of f
ke
Ta

th
pa
ht
flig

engine failure
at VEF

35ft

Engines
Power
Gear
Flaps
Speed

one engine inoperative

down

acceleration to V2
Take off

take off power

retraction
take off flaps
V2

max continuous power

up
flap retraction
acceleration to final climb speed

Approach and landing

up
final climb speed

Climb
full stop

50

full stop

height [ft]

4.

all

full stop

Demonstrated Landing Distance (Dry)

distance

115%

27

100%

09

60%

+15%

FAR Field length for landing (dry) = 1,67 Demonstrated Landing Distance (dry)
FAR Field length for landing (wet) = 1,92 Demonstrated Landing Distance (Dry)
Landing Distance available (LDA)

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Performance

induced

TOD/TOM:
all engines
single engine
abort case
MTOM

a/c
app
pow
roa
er /
ch
thr
con
ust
fig
req
uir
ed
par
asit
e

Take off distance , Drag curve

Drag

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III. Weight & Balance

1. Definitions (JAR-OPS 1.605...1.625)
Empty mass (EM):
naked aircraft
Empty mass wet (EM wet): naked aircraft plus liquids (oil, etc)
Basic mass (BM):
EM wet + extra equipment
Dry operating mass (DOM): BM + crew + crew bags + pantry
Operating mass (OM):
DOM + take off fuel (TOF)
Take off mass (TOM):
OM + traffic load (TL)

EM wet + equip.
BM + crew + crew bags + pantry
DOM + TOF
OM + TL

=
=
=
=

Performance

BM
DOM
OM
TOM

2. Center of gravity (CG)

CG =

i(misti)
mtotal

[st]

3. Shift equation
mshift
mtotal

CG
st

4. Lowest of A/B/C method

Actual:
DOM
+TOF
= OM

Maximum masses:
max zero fuel mass
max ldg mass
max t/o mass
+ TOF
+ trip fuel (TF)
=B
= A (lowest)
=C
- OM
= allowable TL
Calculation in blue
on lowest value
- act. TL
(of A,B or C)
= underload

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20

IV. Flight Planning

1. Nautical air miles (NAM)
WCA/GS calculation timeleg
NAMleg = TASleg timeleg

= still air distance range

Performance

2. Overhead/overhead flight planning

legNAMleg + addclimb + addenroute climb subdescent = TF

3. VFR reserves
FAA:

4.

VFR day 30 minutes res. ; VFR night 45 minutes res.

IFR reserves
Trip (TF) plus

Reserve
(+ fuel for all predictable delays)
Contingency Alternate
Holding
EUOPS piston Cruise power set 5% of TF
Opt. Power
45 min
EUOPS turbine Cruise power set 5% of TF
Opt. Power
30 min
FAA
Cruise power set
None
Opt. Power
45 min
Rules to apply

5. Long range (reclearance procedure)

Point of safe return:

PSRab-x =

GSreturn
GSreturn + GSout

Point of equal time:

PET ab-x =

GSreturn
GSreturn + GScontinous

First decision point:

FDP

If contingency > shortfall

GSreturn
A

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shortfall
contingency

Endurancerest [time]
Distab

[dist.]

FT

[time]

flight possible

PSRAB
GSout

wind

PETAB

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21

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22

V.

Meteorology
1. General
PA / QNE alt

120 ft/ dev. ISA

DA (service ceiling)
relevant for a/c performance calculations

alt [km]
exosphere

500

995

990

1005

1000

30 ft/hPa
dev. 1013hPa

(1013,25hPa / 29,92 inHg)

WS

90

CF

50
11

1/273 per
dev. ISA

200

400
288
15C

1015

1010

1005

QNH

S tand ard C yclon e

600

800

1000

T [K]

NS

AC

earth

AS

D E F1 F2

right

right

P ressure

thermosphere
ionosphere

W indshift

True alt

mesosphere

troposphere

WS

stratosphere

CU

T e m perature

relevant for terrain clearance

2. Mist / haze / brme /cloud levels

Visibility

relative humidity

phenomenon

level

clouds

height

1..5km

< 80%

haze (hz)

high

CI, CS, CC

6000 ft / 12 km / -56C

1....5 km

> 80%

brme (br)

middle

AC, AS, NS

6500 ft / 7 km / -35C

Vis < 1 km

rh = 100%

fog (fg)

low

ST, SC, CU, CB

3.

7000 ft / 2 km / 0C

Topographic / global circulation

pressure
850 hPa
700 hPa
500 hPa
300 hPa

flight level
50
100
180
300

analysis
temperature
humidity
wind
jet

4. ISA / adiabatic gradients

ISA sea level: 15C, 1013,25hPA

ISA lapse rate: -2C/1000 ft
relative humidity:
0% (ISA)
adiabatic lapse rate:
dry -3C/1000 ft,
Saturated 1..2C/1000ft

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WEATHER

CI
CS
CB

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24

VI. Aerodynamics
( = bank angle, n = load factor, g = 9,81 ms-2)

1. Formulas

Standard turn:

Load factor:

TAS
10
1
cos

Stall speed increase:

vs,n>1

vs (n)

+7

[]
[1]
[kt]

Radius of turn:
(metric input!)

Rturn

v
g tan

[m]

Rate of rotation
(metric input!)

RR

tan
2 v 360 g

[s-1]

Slipping turn:
Skidding turn:

Rlevel off =

[m]

Level off radius

(metric input!)
Stall speed with flaps

vs0

[kt]

Sonic speed

M=

SAT/TAT conversion

SAT = TAT - IAS (appr. 200 kt < IAS)

10

2.

v2
g (n-1)
cL,max,clean
= vs ( c
)
L,max,flaps

TAS

[1]; = 39 T [kt]; (T inK!)

Lift / Drag

CL

L = cL A v2 ; D = cD A v2

LE Flaps

Flaps

best glide

3. Limit loads (JAA/FAA part 25, SF = 1,5)

Clean:
Flaps:

limit +2,5 / -1,0; ultimate +3,75 / -1,5 [g]

limit +2,0 / -0,0; ultimate +3,00 / -0,0 [g]
CD

4. v/n diagram vertical gust speed conversion:

vB
vC
vD

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= 66 fts-1 = 20 ms-1 = 4000 ftmin-1

= 50 fts-1 = 15 ms-1 = 3000 ftmin-1
= 25 fts-1 = 7,6 ms-1 = 1500 ftmin-1

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Aerodynamic

inclinometer ball outbound / descent tendency

inclinometer ball inbound / climb tendency

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VII. Hypoxia / Supplemental Oxygen

1. Hypoxia
breathing
air
100% oxygen
pressure (O2)

first deficiencies
10000 ft
38000 ft
45000 ft

death
22000 ft
43000 ft
50000 ft

2. Time of useful consciousness (TUC)

TUC
5 min
3 min
90 sec

3. Oxygen requirements

TUC
45 sec
20 sec
15 sec

(FAA/EUOPS check EUOPS 1.385, 1.770...1.775)

EUOPS
Cabin
Unpressurized
Pressurized

Altitude
35000 ft
40000 ft
43000 ft

oxygen for
All occupants above F100
All until descent to F100 made

EUOPS: each commander shall ensure that:

above
oxygen for
13000 ft
All flight crew req. for safe flight
10000 ft
as above if longer than 30 min

FAA: part 91 (cabin pressures)

above
oxygen for
12500 ft MSL for min. Crew (after 30 min)
14000 ft MSL for min. Crew, always
15000 ft MSL for each occupant, always
FAA: pressurized cabin a/c (part 91)
above
oxygen for
FL 250
10 min. + emerg. oxygen
FL 350 single hand mask on, auto sup. if cp>14000 ft
FL 350 multicrew
masks off, if quick donning avail.
FL 410
One CM mask on

quick donning masks shall be available in a/c certified for flights above FL 250

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Altitude
25000 ft
27000 ft
30000 ft

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VIII. Further Regulations

1. IFR planning minima (JAA, commercial only)
predicted weather at ETA 1h
sufficient for intended type of approach
sufficient for intended type of approach
intended approach
pred. Wx sufficient for
CAT II / III
CAT I
CAT I
non precision approach
non precision approach
non prec. + 200ft/1000m
circling approach
circling approach

Performance

Airport
T/O alternate
destination
enroute / dest. alt

2. Life vests (private/commercial: check EUOPS 1.825)

50nm over water and/or APP/DEP over water

SE a/c additionally when out of glide distance to reach land

3. Dinghies (commercial: check EUOPS 1.830)

400nm over water or 120min whichever is less (check ETOPS if applicable)

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